Some Aspects of Phrasal Movement in English and Polish

= = = = i= = Table of Contents= = = mobc^Cb== = = = = = = = iv= =

Ce^mqbo=N jodel of drammar= = = = N= = NKNK=fntroduction= = = = = = = N= NKOK=u=J=bar=qheory== = = = = = O= NKPK=qheta=qheory= = = = = = = Q= NKQK=qheory=of=jovement== = = = = S= NKRK=dovernment=qheory= = = = = = V= NKSK=Case=qheory== = = = = = = NN= NKTK=_inding=qheory== = = = = = NO= NKUK=Control=qheory== = = = = = NP= NKVK=qhe=mrojection=mrinciple=and== = the=mrinciple=of=cull=fnterpretation== NQ= kotes== = = = = = = = NR= = =

Ce^mqbo=O pubjacency, Barriers==

and the bCm.= = = = = NT=

=

OKNK=cunctioning=of=the=bCm=in==

= iasnik=and=paito=ENVUQF== = = = NT= OKOK= qhe=bCm=and=pubjacency=in=?_arriers?== OO=

OKPK=oizziDs=bCm=and=oelativized=jinimality== OV= OKQK=pimplified=aefinition=of=_arriers=and= = fts=Consequences=in=Cinque=ENVVMF== = QM= OKRK= Conclusion== = = = = = QS= kotes== = = = = = = = QT= = =

Ce^mqbo=P km jovement Controversy==

in molish= = = = = = RQ= = fntroduction= = = = = = = = RQ= PKNK=^rguments=against=pyntactic=km=jovement= = in=molish== = = = = = = RQ= PKOK=qhe=sm=fnternal=pubject=eypothesis=and= = fts=Consequences=for=km=jovement=in=molish= SM= PKPK=qhe=rnaccusative=and=rniformity=of=qheta== = ^ssignment=eypotheses= = = = = ST= PKQK=brgativesLrnaccusatives=in=bnglish== = TP= PKRK=qheme=pubject=Constructions=in=molish= = TR= PKSK=iong=and=phort=km=jovement=in=molish== = brgative=Constructions= = = = = UN= PKTK=jiscellaneous=Cases=of=lvert=km=jovement= = in=molish== = = = = = = UQ= = PKTKNK= massive=and=Complement=pmall= = = = Clauses=in=molish= = = = UQ=

= PKTKOK= serbal=massives== = = UT=

= PKTKPK= oaising== = = = = UU=

= = = = ii= PKUK=pummary=and=Conclusions== = = = VO= kotes== = = = = = = = VQ= = =

Ce^mqbo=Q bxtraction from kominals==

in molish and bnglish= = = NMT= = QKNK=fntroduction= = = = = = = NMT= QKOK=qhematic=ptructure=of=kominals== = NMU= = QKOKNK= Configurationality=eypothesis= = = = of=diorgi=and=iongobardi== = NMV= = QKOKOK= ^rgument=ptructure=of=kominals== = = = according=to=drimshaw=ENVVMF== NNQ= = QKOKPK= qhe=Consequences=of=the=qwo= = = = ^pproaches=in=the=iight=of=the= = = = cacts=of=molish=kominalizations= NOO= QKPK=qhe=Constituent=ptructure=of=kominals= = NOV= QKQK=bxtraction=from=kominals== = = = NQS= QKRK=Conclusion== = = = = = NRS= kotes== = = = = = = = NRT= = =

Ce^mqbo=R The bCm and th jovement=

molish= = = = = = NSS= = fntroduction= = = = = = = = NSS= RKNK=th=bxtraction=from=Clausal=Complements== NSS= = RKNKNK= th=bxtraction=from=fnfinitival== = = = Complements= = = = = NST= = RKNKOK= th=bxtraction=from=pubjunctive== = = = Complements= = = = = NSU= = RKNKPK= bxtraction=from=derunds== = = = and=marticipial=Clauses== = NTM= = RKNKQK= th=bxtraction=from=fndicative== = = = Complements= = = = = NTO= RKOK=mroper=eead=dovernment=of=the=pubject== = mosition== = = = = = = NTQ= = RKOKNK= mro=fdentification=versus=mroper== = = = eead=dovernment=of=pubjects= = NTR= = RKOKOK= mroper=eead=dovernment=of== = = = the=pubjects=of=bJpubjunctives=NTV= RKPK=_arrierhood=of=Clausal=Complements== = NUN= = RKPKNK= pubjacency=and=fsland== = = = Constraints=in=molish= = = NUN= = RKPKOK= ^nalyses=of=the=Clausal=_arriers= = = RKPKPK= iack=of=airect=pelection=and== = = = _arrierhood=of=Clausal=Complements= NUU= = RKPKQK= aefinition=of=_arrier=in=molish= NVU= RKQK=oelative=Clause=cormation=in=bnglish== = and=molish== = = = = = OMP= = RKQKNK= ^=_rief=Comparison=of=oelative== = = = Clauses=in=bnglish=and=molish== OMQ= = RKQKOK= bnglish=oelative=Clauses== = = = in=oizziDs=cramework== = OMS= = RKQKPK= oelative=Clauses=in=molish= = OMT=

= = = = iii= RKRK= Conclusion== = = = = = ONU= kotes== = = = = = = = OOM= = =

Ce^mqbo=S marasitic gaps and Across the= = Board mhenomena in bnglish==

and molish== = = = OOR=

= SKNK=fntroduction= = = = = = = OOR= SKOK=qhe=^nalysis=of=marasitic=daps== = in=Chomsky=ENVUOF= = = = = = OOS= SKPK=qhe=qheory=of=E_indingF=mathsK== = qhe=Connectedness=Condition= = = = OPN= SKQK=_inding=of=marasitic=daps== = by=bmpty=lperators== = = = = OPU= SKRK=marasitic=gaps=as=^D=_ound=bmpty== = mronominals= = = = = = = OQO= SKSK=marasitic=daps=as=^D=_ound=bmpty== = mronominals=in=molish= = = = = ORM= = SKSKNK= fntroduction= = = = = ORM= = SKSKOK= fnstances=of=marasitic=daps== = = = in=molish== = = = = ORN= = SKSKPK= ^rguments=^gainst=the=math=qheory= OSN= = SKSKQK= marasitic=daps=in=molish=as== = = = mronominal==sariables= = = OSQ= SKTK=pome=oemarks=on=^q_=mhenomena=in=bnglish== = and=molish== = = = = = OTO= = SKTKNK= ^q_=siolations=and=math=qheory=OTO= = SKTKOK= qhe=rnion=of=mhrase=jarkers=and== = = = the=qheory=of=Coordination= = OTR= = SKTKPK= jCso=and=doodallDs=qheory== OTV=

SKUK= Conclusion== = = = = = OUN=

kotes== = = = = = = = OUP=

= =

Ce^mqbo=T pome Aspects of cree tord lrder==

mhenomena in molish= = = = OVN= = TKNK=fntroduction= = = = = = = OVN= TKOK=molish=fs=Configurational== = = OVP= = TKOKNK= konconfigurationality=ceatures=OVP= = TKOKOK= ^rguments=for=Configurationality== = = = of=molish== = = = = OVR= TKPK=cree=tord=lrder=mhenomena=as=pyntactic== = oules== = = = = = = PMP= = TKPKNK= aefinitions=of=qopicalization== = = = and=pcrambling== = = = PMP= = TKPKOK= qhe=oange=of=cree=tord=lrder== = = = mhenomena=in=molish== = = PMV= TKQK=qhe=ianding=pite=of=qopicalizedLpcrambled== = blements== = = = = = = PNS= = TKQKNK= qhe=^rgumentLkonargument=ptatus=of== = = = the=ianding=pite=for== = = = qopicalizationLpcrambling== PNT=

= = = = iv= TKRK= Conclusion== = = = = = PPR= kotes== = = = = = = = PPT= ClkCirpflk== = = = = = = PQQ= obcbobkCbp== = = = = = = PQT=

= = = = v= = = = = mreface= = = = = = qhe=NVUMs=proved=very=fruitful=for=the=development=of= generativeJtransformational=theory=of=syntaxK=qhis=decade=was= marked=by=the=publication=of=many=influential=works=but=two=of=the= most=critical=moments=occurred=at=its=beginning=and=its=half=way= pointK=fn=NVUM=koam=Chomsky=published=his=paper=?ln=_inding?= followed=by=the=classic=?iectures=on=dovernment=and=_inding?=Eid_F= in=NVUN=and=?pome=Concepts=and=Consequences=of=the=qheory=of= dovernment=and=_inding?=a=year=laterK=qhese=three=publicationsI= especially=id_I=became=the=corner=stones=of=the=government=and= binding=framework=adopted=by=generativists=in=the=early=UMsK=qhe= second=breakthrough=came=in=NVUS=with=the=publication=of=?hnowledge= of=ianguage?=EhliF=and=?_arriers?K=qhese=two=worksI=especially=the= latterI=were=the=culmination=of=years=of=research=in=the=theories= of=bounding=and=government=providing=account=for=barrierhood=of= certain=domains=with=respect=to=government=and=boundingK=^=highly= parametrized=version=of=the=d_=framework=adopted=in=?_arriers?=and= hliI=often=referred=to=as=the=theory=of=principles=and=parametersI= allowed=for=a=more=principled=study=of=languages=other=than= bnglishK=qhese=languages=have=recently=occupied=much=attention=of= generative=grammariansK=lwing=to=works=by=oichard=hayneI=oita= janziniI=iuiggi=oizziI=diuseppe=iongobardiI=dugliemo=CinqueI=gean= fves=mollockI=^driana=_ellettiI=jark=_aker=and=many=othersI=such= phenomena=as=for=example=null=subjects=in=ftalian=and=ppanishI=lack= of=bCm=subjectLobject=asymmetries=in=ftalianI=i_C=violations=in= ftalian=and=verb=second=phenomena=in=derman=and=autch=can=be= accounted=for=in=a=relatively=systematic=wayK= =

= puccessful= applications= of= the= current= framework= of= transformationalJgenerative=grammar=in=the=description=of=highly= inflected=languages=showing=a=relatively=lax=word=EphraseF=order= and=null=subject=properties=constitute=the=basis=for=describing= certain=phenomena=from=the=syntax=of=molishI=which=to=date=have= remained=seemingly=elusive=to=a=systematic=and=principled=account= within=the=syntactic=theoryK=qhe=goal=of=this=dissertation=is=to= provide=a=detailed=and=coordinated=analysis=of=various=central= phenomena=of=molish=syntax=which=result=from=the=application=of= EmainlyF=syntactic=phrasal=movementK=ft=is=syntactic=and=ic= movements=that=have=been=at=the=core=of=controversy=over=various= formulations=of=the=notions=of=bounding=nodesI=barriers=and=the= bmpty=Category=mrinciple=EbCmF=in=recent=literatureK=denerally= speaking=we=shall=investigate=consequences=and=constraints=on= syntactic=movement=in=molish=and=the=traces=it=leaves=behindK= = = collowing=this=brief=introductionI=in=chapter=N=we=shall= present=the=outline=of=the=theory=of=grammarI=followed=by=the= presentation=of=major=theoretical=bases=of=our=comparative=study=of=

= = = = vi= nonpronominal=bmpty=Categories=Ehence=bCsF=in=bnglish=and=molish=in= chapter=OK=qhis=chapter=will=contain=description=of=four=systems= making=use=of=different=formulations=of=the=notions=of=the=bounding= nodeI=the=barrier=and=the=bCmIW=that=of=iasnik=and=paito=ENVUQF=in= section=OKNI=Chomsky=ENVUSbF=in=OKOI=oizzi=ENVVMF=in=OKP=and=Cinque= ENVVMF=in=OKQK=te=will=then=try=to=make=the=most=appropriate=use=of= these=hypotheses=researching=various=aspects=of=phrasal=movement=in= molish=syntaxK= = fn=particular=in=chapter=P=we=shall=examine=conditions=on=km= movement=in=molish=in=comparison=with=bnglish=andI=occasionallyI= ftalianK=te=shall=devote=special=attention=to=three=topical=issuesW== = = aF== the=sm=internal=hypothesis=and=its=consequences=for=km== = movement=in=molishX== = bF== _urzioDs=generalizationI=the=unaccusative=hypothesis== = and=qheme=subject=constructions=in=molishX== = cF== certain=constructions=in=molish=which=show=that=?overt?== = km=movement=can=apply=in=this=languageK= = = fn=chapter=Q=we=shall=conduct=an=analysis=of=the=internal= structure=of=nominals=in=bnglish=and=molish=and=th=extraction=from= themK=te=shall=try=to=point=to=the=factors=allowing=for=th= extraction=from=the=km=specifier=position=in=molish=and=ftalian=but= not=bnglishK= = Chapter=R=will=be=devoted=entirely=to=a=close=examination=of= th=extraction=from=various=types=of=clausal=complements=in=molishK= ^=principled=explanation=of=severe=constraints=on=these=extractions= will=be=provided=together=with=an=account=of=the=possible= variations=in=the=interpretation=of=these=structures=among=native= speakersK=qhis=chapter=also=contains=a=section=devoted=to=the= problem=of=relative=clause=formation=in=molish=and=a=peculiar= requirement=on=empty=operator=chain=formationK= = Chapter=S=will=contain=an=analysis=of=parasitic=gap= constructions=in=molish=in=the=light=of=CinqueDs=ENVVMF=hypothesis= of=^D=bound=nonlexical=pronominalsK=te=will=extendI=but=also=in= some=sense=argue=againstI=hardelaDs=ENVUSI=NVUVF=account=of= parasitic=gap=and=^cross=the=_oard=E^q_F=phenomena=in=molish=based= on=mesetskyDs=ENVUOF=math=qheory=in=favor=of=the=analysis=of= parasitic=gaps=as=pros=both=at=a=and=p=structureK= = qopicalization=and=scrambling=are=discussed=in=chapter=TK= qraditionallyI=these=are=contentious=issues=entailing=the=choice= between=classifying=these=processes=as=syntactic=Ethus=being=on=the= ic=side=of=the=grammar=and=subject=to=pertinent=constraintsW=the= bCm=and=_inding=mrinciplesF=or=as=non=syntactic=Eoccurring=on=the= mc=side=of=grammarI=unable=to=affect=the=reading=of=a=sentence= except=for=focal=stressFK=te=will=argue=that=these=operations=are= syntactic=in=nature=and=obey=the=bCm=and=the=binding=principles=if= combined=with=the=process=of=reconstructionK= = Chapter=T=will=be=followed=by=concluding=remarksK= = = qhe=past=decadeI=marked=by=substantial=developments=in= generative=syntax=also=produced=many=generative=transformational= analyses=of=molish=dataK=lur=position=at=the=outset=of=this=study= is=much=more=advantageous=than=that=of=researchers=in=the=early= UMsI=when=there=were=but=only=a=few=studies=of=molish=syntaxK=pince=

= = = = vii= then=major=works=by=diejgo=ENVUNFI=wabrocki=ENVUNFI=hardela=ENVURI= NVUSFI=tillim=ENVUSF=and=qajsner=ENVVMF=have=contributed= considerably=to=its=understandingK=te=shall=then=have=the=benefit= of=relying=on=other=sources=for=data=and=significant=analysesK= eowever=new=developments=and=ideas=addressed=in=the=post=?_arriers?= period=have=made=it=possible=to=reconsider=many=proposed=solutions= and=suggest=new=explanations=for=well=known=factsK=te=hope=that= these=explanations=will=not=only=designate=certain=aspects=of= molish=syntax=as=marked=constructions=typical=of=this=languageI=but= will=carry=a=more=universal=flavor=of=consequences=of=rd=parameter= settingsK= = = Completion=of=this=work=would=not=have=been=possible=if=it=had= not=been=for=three=sets=of=my=academic=colleaguesK== = cirstI=f=feel=deeply=obliged=to=express=my=sincere=gratitude= to=all=staff=members=of=the=iinguistic=pection=at=the=rniversity=of= tales=in=_angor=EdwyneddF=who=were=kind=enough=to=entertain=me=for= the=whole=NVVNJVO=academic=year=as=a=mhKaK=studentK=f=received=most= of=my=inspiration=and=necessary=direction=in=research=from=mrofK= fan=ooberts=and=ar=oobert=_orsley=who=were=patient=enough=to=read= through=numerous=preliminary=drafts=of=my=dissertation=and=provide= me=with=invaluable=commentsK=qhey=were=also=most=helpful=through= organizing=sessions=of=reading=groups=and=research=seminars= facilitating=discussions=on=recent=developments=in=the=fields=of= both=generative=syntax=and=general=linguisticsK=f=owe=a=great=deal= of=academic=respect=to=my=other=colleagues=who=contributed=most= often=to=the=aforementioned=exchanges=of=opinionsW=ar=_ernadette= mlunkettI=ar=jichelle=^ldridge=and=ar=bwa=gaworskaJ_orsleyI=whose= hospitality=helped=me=keep=my=sanity=through=the=worst=of=the=wet= telsh=winterK= = pecondI=it=must=be=stressed=that=my=stay=at=the=rniversity=of= tales=would=not=have=been=possible=without=a=generous=grant=from= the=poros=coundation=at=lxford=rniversity=which=allowed=me=not=only= to=continue=my=mhKaK=program=in=_angor=but=also=to=participate=in= the=NVVO=iinguistic=^ssociation=of=dreat=_ritain=ppring=jeeting=in= _rightonK=f=hereby=wish=to=express=my=gratitude=to=the=poros= coundationK= = qhirdI=f=would=like=to=thank=mrofK=qadeusz=wabrocki=for=his= careful=supervision=of=my=work=after=my=return=from=_ritain=and= mrofK=gacek=cisiak=for=his=continuous=encouragement=and=supportK= Comprehensive=application=of=my=hypotheses=to=molish=data=by=mrofK= qadeusz=wabrocki=revealed=some=of=their=weaknesses=and=inspired=new= solutions=which=very=often=appeared=in=our=joint=detailed= discussions=of=many=drafts=of=this=dissertationK=qhese=drafts=were= carefully=proofread=by=ar=jartin=marker=to=whom=f=am=also=thankful= for=some=critical=comments=concerning=the=bnglish=dataK= = cinallyI=f=would=like=to=thank=all=my=numerous=close=friends= from=_angor=who=revived=my=spirit=whenever=it=falteredK= = jy=dear=wife=fwona=and=son=qomek=deserve=very=special= gratitude=for=their=patience=and=love=which=made=it=all=happenK= = = f=assume=full=responsibility=for=any=shortcomings=of=the= present=dissertationK=

= = = = N= = = = = = Chapter=N= jodel of drammar== = = NKNK=fntroduction= = = = ianguage=is=viewed=as=an=innate=biological=faculty=and=from= the=moment=of=birth=every=single=human=being=is=endowed=with=a=set= of=principles=which=facilitate=the=acquisition=of=grammar=under= exposure=to=the=languageEsF=spoken=within=a=given=communityK=qhe= existence=of=such=a=system=of=principles=Eor=language=faculty=of= mindLbrainF=can=be=hypothesized=on=the=basis=of=the=poverty=of= stimulus=claim=of=Chomsky=ENVUSaFW=humans=are=able=to=acquire= language=and=use=it=effectively=despite=very=limited=exposure=to= linguistic=data=at=the=earlyI=formative=ageK= = eowever=the=most=trivial=and=superficial=observation=shows= that=languages=differ=from=each=other=not=only=phonetically=or= lexically=but=also=grammaticallyK=qhis=opposition=between=language= acquisitionI= conditioned= by= general= and= universal= genetic= endowmentI=and=language=diversity=can=be=resolved=by=the=so=called= theory=of=parametersK=marameters=of=rd=are=responsible=for=a= cluster=of=differential=properties=distinguishing=two=or=more= languagesK=qhe=incorporation=of=the=notion=of=the=parameter=into=a= theory=of=language=acquisition=dramatically=simplifies=the=account= for=the=process=of=language=learningW=it=can=very=often=be=reduced= to=setting=the=value=of=a=parameter=which=results=in=considerable= surface=variationK=rd=can=thus=be=viewed=as=a=combination=of=fixed= principles=and=open=parameters=which=are=set=by=the=language= learner=on=the=basis=of=his=exposure=to=the=languageEsF=used=in=his= communityK=bven=though=a=child=has=access=to=a=limited=amount=of= data=it=is=able=to=determine=the=whole=structure=of=its=language= Esee=Chomsky=NVUNI=NVUSa=for=more=detailed=discussionFK== = mrinciples=of=grammar=do=not=operate=in=isolation=or=interact= at=randomK=qhey=consistently=cooperate=to=define=grammatical= structures=for=a=given=languageK=mrinciples=operating=together=form= subparts=of=the=theory=of=grammar=called=modulesK=jodular= organization=of=the=theory=means=that=the=same=string=of= constituents=can=be=affected=by=several=modules=of=grammar= independently=of=each=otherK=qhus=ENKNF=is=ruled=out=as= ungrammatical=by=two=modules=of=grammarW= = ENKNF=Gqom=knows=xCm=xfm=himself=to=be=happyzz= = = qhe=module=called=_inding=qheory=rules=ENKNF=out=because=the= reflexive=pronoun=in=the=embedded=clause=is=free=and=violates= _inding=mrinciple=^K=^nother=moduleI=Case=qheoryI=excludes=ENKNF= because=the=subject=of=the=embedded=clause=has=no=CaseK=te=shall= present=these=modules=briefly=in=the=following=sectionsK= = ^=grammar=is=modular=also=in=the=sense=that=it=consists=of= various=levels=of=representationI=traditionally=represented=asW==

= = = = O= = ENKOF===== = ===================aJstructure== ====== ============ ===================pJstructure= = = =======mhonetic=cormEmcF============iogical=cormEicF= = = = aJstructure=is=said=to=be=a=pure=representation=of=thematic= relations=Ereferential=roles=such=as=^gentI=bxperiencerI=qhemeI= pourceI=iocationI=qimeF=which=lexical=itemsI=viewed=as=logical= predicatesI=assign=to=their=argumentsK=^ssignment=of=thematic=roles= is=strictly=local=and=whenever=an=argument=appears=at=some=distance= from=its=theta=role=assigner=Enot=in=its=vicinityF=it=is=said=to= have=been=affected=by=a=movement=ruleK=^lthough=now=the=argument=is= in=its=new=positionI=its=original=position=is=not=emptyI=but= ?filled?=by=a=trace=coindexed=with=the=moved=argumentK=qhus=the= rule=jove=alpha=E^ffect=alphaF=operates=between=the=levels=of=aJ structure=and=pJstructureK=^t=pJstructure=the=history=of=movement= is=recorded=by=means=of=tracesK=pJstructure=plays=a=role=of=an= interface=between=the=representation=of=the=grammar=and=other= cognitive=systems=of=mindLbrainK=fnterpretation=of=language=begins= at=ic=and=speech=production=at=mcK=qhe=mapping=of=pJstructure=to=ic= is=performed=by=the=rules=of=nuantifier=oaisingI=th=movementI=or= again=jove=alpha=E^ffect=alphaF=in=generalK=sarious=phonological= rules=of=interpretationI=which=we=will=not=attempt=to=fathom=in=the= present=studyI=operate=between=pJstructure=and=mcK= = = = NKO=== uJbar=qheory= = = = qhis=module=of=grammar=was=elaborated=on=in=gackendoff=ENVTTF= and=ptowell=ENVUNFK=ft=is=generally=assumed=that=all=lexical=items= in=language=can=be=classified=into=a=highly=restricted=number=of= categories=of=which=the=fundamental=types=are=the=followingW= kounEkFI= serbEsFI=^djectiveE^F=and=mrepositionLmostpositionEmFK= qhese=are=lexical=categories=but=not=all=categories=are=lexicalW= fnflection=EfnflF=encompasses=verbal=auxiliaries=and=affixesI= Complementiser=ECompF=houses=elements=such=as=bnglish=that= or= molish=zebyLzeLthatK== =

ENKPF==xfm=qomek=xfDxsmxsD=lamie=xkm=moje=xkD=piora=zzzzzz=

=======qom=======breaks===my====pens= = = = = = ENKQF=============

= = = = P= ===============fm= = = = km== fD= = = = = fnfl== sm= = = = = = = sD= ======== = = ==========s============km= = ============ =========^m======kD= = = = ===================^=======k= = = = bvery=word=is=a=head=and=projects=higher=constituents=of=a= corresponding=categorial=typeI=the=highest=of=which=becomes=the= headDs=maximal=projectionK=qhus=the=following=phrases=classify=as= maximal=projectionsW=koun=mhraseEkmFI=serb=mhraseEsmFI=^djectival= mhraseE^mFI= mrepositional= mhraseEmmFI= fnflection= mhraseEfmFI= Complementiser=mhraseECmF=and=as=has=been=recently=suggested= aeterminer=mhraseEamFEsee=^bney=NVUTI=cukui=and=ppeas=NVUS=and= othersFK= = martly=independently=of=the=lexical=features=of=a=lexical= category=heading=a=given=structureI=the=head=produces=its= projections=in=a=very=specificI=constrained=wayK=Chomsky=ENVUSbF= has=extended=this=proposition=to=nonJlexical=heads=as=well=which= were=previously=treated=as=marked=exceptions=to=the=uJbar= conventionK=uJbar=qheory=claims=that=whenever=there=is=a=head=u= there=must=also=be=its=maximal=projection=umEumaxF=and=at=least=one= intermediate=projection=uDK=uJbar=qheory=defines=levels=at=which= various=dependents=of=the=head=can=be=attachedW=the=intermediate= projection=uD=consists=of=u=and=its=complement=ENKRFI=whereas=the= following=projection=of=uI=uDD=Egenerally=uDDZumaxI=for=two= projections=are=hypothesized=for=all=lexical=and=nonJlexical=headsF= consists=of=uD=and=its=ppecifier=ENKSFW= = ENKRF=xuD=u=J=vm=z= =

ENKSF====xuDD=ppec=J=uDz=

= there=u=is=a=lexicalLnonJlexical=head=and=vm=is=a=complement=of=uK= = qhus=uJbar=qheory=defines=the=skeleton=for=phrase=structureK= qhis=module=must=somehow=allow=for=parametric=variationI=which=in= this=case=will=mean=branching=directionK=cor=example=in=bnglish= Eand=pcandinavian=languagesF=the=order=of=elements=within=the=first= verbal=projection=is=serb=lbject=EslFI=whereas=in=autch=and=derman= the=order=within=the=serb=mhrase=is=just=the=opposite=lbject=serb= ElsFK=uJbar=qheory=accounts=for=these=differences=in=the=following= wayW= = ENKTF====xsD=s=J=um=z==Ebnglish=and=pcandinavian=dermanicF= = ENKUF====xsD=um=J=s=z=Ederman=and=autchF= =

= = = = Q= = fnterestinglyI=subjects=of=clauses=in=all=these=languages= appear=in=xppecIfmz=on=the=leftI=therefore=it=is=not=a=priori= established=that=all=the=categories=will=be=consistent=in=their= branching=directionK=ft=can=happen=that=in=the=same=language=some= category=projects=its=complements=to=the=leftI=while=another= projects=them=on=the=rightK= = qhe=rudimentary=skeleton=of=the=uD=structure=looks=as=followsW= = ENKVF== = = = = = = = um= = = = = = ^m== uD= = = = = = = u= = wm= = there=u=is=the=head=of=the=phraseI=^m=is=its=specifier=and=wm=its= complementK= = = = NKP===qheta=qheory= = = = uJbar=qheory=provides=us=with=a=structural=framework=for=every= phrase=but=it=is=qheta=qheory=which=explains=which=positions=within= the=categorial=framework=can=be=taken=by=which=elementsW=which= categories=can=locate=themselves=in=the=position=of=the=ppecifier= and=which=in=the=position=of=the=ComplementK=^llocation=of=elements= to=various=positions=within=phrases=is=determined=by=semantic= properties=of=the=headK=bach=head=assigns=a=semanticI=iKeK=thematic= interpretation=to=its=complements=andI=for=some=headsI=also=to=its= ppecifier=positionK=Consider=the=molish=verb=lamacLbreakI= it= projects=an=intermediate=projection=sD=dominating=its=km=complement= =pioraLpens=and=its=maximal=projection=smax=Ehere=assumed=to=be= sDDFK=Certain=adverbials=can=appear=in=the=preverbal=positionI=for= example=zawszeLalwaysI=czestoLoftenK= = ENKNMF========== ==============sDD= = =========ppec====sD= = ================s======km= = qhe=km=is=interpreted=with=reference=to=the=thematic=grid=of=the= verbW=lamacLbreak=takes=qheme=as=complement=EsJselectionF=and= requires=that=it=be=a=koun=mhrase=EcJselectionF=thus=the=verb= assigns=a=thematic=EthetaF=role=to=its=objectK=qhe=theta=marking= potential=of=the=verb=is=not=saturatedI=for=apart=from=the=object= theta=role=assigned=internally=Ewithin=sDI=the=first=projection=of= the=headI=under=strict=sisterhoodFI=the=verb=assigns=the=theta=role= of=an=agent=externally=Ethis=role=is=assigned=to=a=constituent= outside=sDLsmFK=qhis=role=is=assigned=to=the=subject=of=the=clause= in=the=xppecIfmz=positionK=qhus=the=thematic=relations=in=ENKQF= have=the=following=formW= =

= = = = R= ENKNNF===x=qomek=x=lamie=x=moje=piora=zzz= ========^gent===verbal=====qheme= =================head= = = qhetaJassignment=is=local=in=the=sense=that=each=head= specifies=semantic=relations=to=phrases=in=its=vicinityI=thus= jarkowiLjark=cannot=be=thetaJmarked=by=lamacLbreak=in=ENKNOFW= = ENKNOF=== mowiedzialem=jarkowiI=ze=qomek=lamie=moje=pioraK= ======f=told=jark=that=qom=breaks=my=pensK= = = bxternal=thetaJrole=assignment=is=not=strictly=local=but=it= can=be=made=local=following=either=of=the=two=assumptionsW= = = ^K===qhe=external=theta=role=is=not=assigned=by=the=head=s= directly=but=its=maximal=projections=and=fnfl=and=fD=are= transparent=to=theta=assignment=by=smax=by=virtue=of=being=non= lexicalK=Consequently=if=non=lexical=heads=and=their=projections= permit=theta=roles=of=another=lexical=head=to=be=transmitted= through=their=projectionsI=they=themselves=cannot=assign=theta= rolesK= = = _K===qhe=external=theta=role=of=agent=is=assigned=by=s=within= smax=to=km=in=the=position=of=xppecIsmaxz=and=subsequently=the= theta=role=assignee=rises=to=xppecIfmz=Esee=hoopmanI=pportiche= NVURI=NVUUI=NVVN=and=section=PKO=for=detailed=discussionFK= = = gust=like=any=other=module=of=grammar=qheta=qheory=rules=out= ill=formed=structuresI=which=violate=the=qheta=CriterionI=one=of= the=most=significant=principles=of=rdW= = ENKNPF= qheta=Criterion= = =======^K=bach=argument=is=assigned=one=and=only=one=thetaJroleK= =======_K=bach=thetaJrole=is=assigned=to=one=and=only=one== = argumentK= ============================== = Eeaegeman=NVVNWPTF= = where=arguments=are=referring=expressionsI=nominal=and=sentential= phrasesW=km=and=CmK=qhus=ENKNPF=rules=out=ENKNQF=where=gohn=is=not= assigned=any=thematic=roleI=for=the=verb=seem=does=not=assign=the= external=thetaJroleW== = ENKNQF= Ggohn=seems=to=me=that=jary=is=intelligentK= = = qhe=formulation=of=ENKNPF=requires=at=least=one=additional= commentW=it=specifies=that=theta=assignment=must=be=unique=and= double=thematic=specification=is=unavailableN_K= = cinallyI=a=position=in=which=a=theta=role=is=assigned=is=a= theta=positionK=eowever=every=argument=position=is=only=a=potential= theta=positionI=for=not=all=predicates=discharge=external=theta= roles=and=require=external=arguments=in=their=argument=structureO_K= qhe=verb=seem=in=ENKNQF=does=not=assign=an=external=theta=roleI= thus=the=xppecIfmz=position=of=the=matrix=clause=in=ENKNQF=is=not=a= theta=position=Ebut=still=an=^=positionFK=

= = = = S= = = NKQK== qheory=of=jovement== = = = qheory=of=movement=deals=with=restraining=the=rule=?jove= E^ffectF=alpha?=operating=between=a=structure=and=p=structureK= tithout=any=condition=on=its=application=the=rule=?jove=alpha?= would=overgenerate=ungrammatical=structures=byI=for=example=moving= elements=across=too=many=maximal=projectionsK== = = ft=is=important=to=distinguish=between=at=least=three=types=of= movement=rulesW=^=movement=which=moves=kms=to=^=positionsI=^D= movement=which=moves=various=ums=to=^D=positions=and=head=movementK== = ^=movement=Ekm=movementF=can=be=exemplified=by=the=process=of= passivisation=moving=a=aJstructure=object=into=the=p=structure= subject=position=xppecIfmzK= = ENKNRF======= ===========fm= = ====km=========fD= = ========f=========sm= = ================sD=======km= = ================s= = ===qom=was===kissed======t= = = collowing=^D=movement=th=elements=in=bnglish=appear=at=p= structure=in=the=xppecICmz=Eth=operatorF=positionW== = ENKNSF= ===========Cm= = =====ppec=====CD= = ========C=========fm= = ===========km=========fD= = ================f=========sm= = =========================sD= = =========================s=======t= = ==who=did=qom=========kiss====== = qhis=movement=of=th=elements=to=xppecICmz=at=p=structure=Eor=icF=is= conditioned=by=the=th=Criterion=of=jay=ENVURFW= = ENKNTF= th=Criterion=

= = = = T= = = = EaF=bach=th=operator=must=be=in=a=ppecLhead== = configuration=with=xHwhz=head= = = EbF=bach=xHwhz=head=must=be=in=a=ppecLhead=configuration== = with=a=th=operatorK= = = = = = = = Eadapted=from=ooberts=NVVPWSPF= = = ^=maximally=local=movement=process=can=also=affect=heads=of= phrases=which=adjoin=to=a=higher=head=EuF=creating=a=complex=headP_W= = ENKNUF= = = = = = = uo₌ = = = = uo_====vo₌ = = = = = = = = = xv=tz= = = fn=all=cases=moved=elements=leave=behind=traces=EtF=which=are= coindexed=with=themK=qhe=relation=between=the=antecedent=and=its= trace=can=be=represented=in=the=form=of=a=chainI=whose=length=and= composition=is=determined=by=both=bCm=Esee=next=sectionF=and= _ounding=qheoryK= =

= =?jove= alpha?I= as= the= most= general= form=of=syntactic= reorderingI=can=operate=either=via=substitution=or=adjunctionK=km= movement=and=th=movement=are=substitution=processesK=aue=to= cooperation=of=various=modules=of=grammarI=there=is=no=movement=to= the=complement=positionK=qhe=process=of=substitution=can=freely= affect=the=specifier=position=as=long=as=the=category=moved=to=it= is=a=phrasal=categoryI=subject=to=further=requirementsK=^djunction= can=affect=both=heads=and=maximal=projectionsK=^s=ENKNUF=shows=head= to=head=movement=is=an=adjunction=processK=^djunction=of=maximal= projections=can=apply=either=to=maximal=projections=EumFI=EChomsky= NVUSb=among=othersF=or=both=maximal=projections=and=intermediate= projections=EuDFI=Eiarson=NVUUI=oizzi=and=ooberts=NVUVI=Chomsky=and= iasnik=NVVNFK== = = qhe=composition=of=^=and=^D=chains=is=of=primary=concern=to= _ounding=qheory=which=identifies=certain=domains=which=do=not=allow= movement=from=within=themK=qhese=domains=are=traditionally=referred= to=as=islandsI=following=ooss=ENVSTFK=qhe=list=of=most=important= islands=for=movement=is=as=followsW= = ENKNVF==qhe=Complex=koun=mhrase=Constraint=ECkmCF= = = ko=element=contained=in=an=p=dominated=by=an=km=with=a= = lexical=head=noun=may=be=moved=out=of=the=whole=km=by= = transformationK= ===================Evan=oiemsdijk=and=tilliams=NVUSWORF= = ENKNVF=then=rules=out=ENKNVF=and=ENKOMFW= = ENKOMF= G=that=did=he=refute=x=the=proof=x=that=you=canDt== = square=t=zz=?= =

= = = = U= ENKONF= G=eow=intelligent=are=you=looking=for=an=au=pair======== = x=who=is=t=z=?= = CkmC=excludes=any=possibility=of=extraction=from=both=noun= complement=clauses=ENKOMF=and=relative=clauses=ENKONFK= = = ENKOOF==qhe=pentential=pubject=Constraint========= = = ko=element=dominated=by=p=may=be=moved=out=of=that=p=if===

= that= node= p= is= dominated= by= an= km= which= itself= is============= ==immediately=dominated=by=p=K=

====================Evan=oiemsdijk=and=tilliams=NVUSWOSFQ₌

=

qhe= pentential= pubject=Constraint=can=account=for=such= ungrammaticalities=like=the=one=in=ENKOPFW= = ENKOPF= G=tho=did=x=that=jary=was=going=out=with=t=z=== = = = = = = = ======= bother=you?= = whereI=as=the=trace=indicatesI=the=th=operator=^D=binds=a=position= within=a=sentential=subjectK= = ENKOQF==Coordinate=ptructure=Constraint= = = fn=a=coordinate=structure=no=conjunct=may=be=movedI=nor= = may=any=element=contained=in=a=conjunct=be=moved=out=of= = that=conjunctK= ===================Evan=oiemsdijk=and=tilliams=NVUSWOTF= = ENKOQF=can=be=illustrated=by=ENKORFW= = ENKORF= G=tho=is=_ill=xx=proud=of=t=z=and=x=tired=of=his== = mother=zz=?= = ENKOSF==qhe=ieft=_ranch=Condition=Ei_CF= = = ko=km=that=is=the=leftmost=constituent=of=a=larger=km== = may=be=moved=out=of=this=kmK= ================== Evan=oiemsdijk=and=tilliams=NVUSWOVF= = ENKOTF= = G=those=did=you=see=guards?= = ENKOUF====rpward=_oundedness=Constraint= = = ko=element=that=is=moved=upward=by=a=transformation=may=== = be=moved=out=of=the=next=higher=node=pK= ================Evan=oiemsdijk=and=tilliams=NVUSWPMF= = ENKOVF=aK=xx=qhat=a=serious=discussion=of=this=topic=could==== =========arise=herez=was=quite=unexpected=z= =======bK=xx=qhat=a=serious=discussion=t=could=arise=here= =========of=this=topic=z=was=quite=unexpectedz= =======cKGxx=qhat=a=serious=discussion=t=could=arise=herez= =========was=quite=unexpected=of=this=topic=z=

= = = = V= = ENKPMF===^JoverJ^=Constraint= = = ko=constituent=of=category=^=can=be=moved=out=of=a=larger===== == containing=constituent=of=category=^K= = = = = ========================Eoadford=NVUNWOOOF= = ENKPNF= G=qo=what=age=can=you=study=linguistics=up=t=?= = = qhe=above=mentioned=constraints=on=movement=rules=in=syntaxR₌ were=subsumed=under=a=general=and=universal=principle=of=the=theory= of=movementX=the=principle=of=pubjacency=proposed=in=Chomsky= ENVTPFW===== = ENKPOF= pubjacency= = = ko=rule=can=relate=u=and=v=in=the=following=structureW= = KKKuKKKx_KKKx_KKKvKKKzz= = where=u=is=separated=from=v=by=more=than=one=cyclic=node=Ep= = and=kmFK== = = = = = = Eadapted=from=Chomsky=NVTPWUNF= =

= =pubjacency= requires= successive= cyclicity= of= syntactic= movement=and=movement=from=Cljm=to=CljmK=qhus=ENKPPF=is=grammatical= if=the=movement=of=the=th=word=progresses=from=one=xppecICmz= position=to=another=without=jumping=over=any=xppecICmz=positionW= = ENKPPF==tho=do=you=think=x=that=gohn=said=x=that=_ill=saw=t=zz== = = qhe=choice=of=bounding=nodes=is=subject=to=parametric= variation=and=therefore=is=language=specificK=cor=example=in= ftalian=Cm=and=km=seem=to=be=bounding=nodesK=qhe=precise=definition= and=functioning=of=pubjacency=will=be=one=of=the=key=issues=of=this= dissertationK=Chapter=O=shows=how=ENKPOF=was=developed=and=refined= in=subsequent=works=by=koam=Chomsky=and=othersK= = = NKR=======dovernment=qheory= = = = qhe=relations=of=cJcommand=and=government=are=significant=for= nearly=all=modules=of=grammarI=they=determine=the=order=of=elements= at=pJstructure=and=ic=as=well=as=their=mobilityK== = CJcommand=Econstituent=commandF=is=one=of=the=notions=defining= structural=relations=on=a=derivational=treeK=te=will=define=cJ command=as=followsW= = ENKPQF===CJcommand= = = = = ^=cJcommands=_=iff=^=does=not=dominate=_=and=every=u=that= = dominates=^=also=dominates=_K= =============================EChomsky=NVUSbWUF= = = qhus=in=our=tree=in=ENKQF=the=verb=lamieLbreak=cJcommands=km= pioraLpens=but=not=conversely=and=km=qomek=cJcommands=all=other=

= = = = NM= elements=in=the=structureK=eowever=the=choice=of=u=can=radically= change=the=cJdomain=of=^K=ff=u=is=any=nodeI=strict=cJcommand= Eimmediate=commandF=domain=of=^=is=restricted=to=the=contents=of= ^DK=_ut=u=can=be=taken=to=represent=the=maximal=projection= dominating=^I=thus=^maxK=qhis=concept=of=extended=cJcommandI=called= mEaximalFJcommand=was=introduced=in=^oun=and=pportiche=ENVUOFK= = ENKPRF= ==========^max= = ===========C====^D= = ===============^=====_= = = fn=ENKPRF=^=cJcommands=_=but=if=the=definition=of=cJcommand=is= extended=to=mJcommandI=^=also=mJcommands=CK=^ccording=to=Chomsky= ENVUSbF=the=two=options=of=the=formulation=of=cJcommand==apply=in= different=modules=of=grammarW=_inding=qheory=makes=use=of=cJcommand= whereas=qheta=qheory=makes=use=of=its=extended=equivalentI=mJ commandK= = =qhe=crucial=relation=of=government=reduces=to=cJcommandI= choice=of=governors=and=presence=of=any=intervening=materialW= = ENKPSF=====dovernmentS₌ = = ^=governs=_=if== = EaF= ^=is=a=headI== = EbF= ^=cJcommands=_I== = EcF= no=barrier=intervenes=between=^=and=_=and= = EdF= jinimality=is=respectedK= ========================== Eadapted=from=ooberts=NVVPWNVF= = = qhe=concepts=of=jinimality=and=barrier=refer=to=the=presence= of=a=closer=governor=and=some=EmaximalF=projections=opaque=to=the= relation=of=governmentK=qhey=are=extensively=discussed=in=chapter= OK== = qhe=relation=of=government=is=crucial=for=the=theory=of= movementK=jovement=may=not=take=place=from=any=random=positionX=the= initial=position=of=a=moved=element=is=subject=to=a=very=strong= local=requirementI=the=bmpty=Category=mrincipleW= = ENKPTF===qhe=bmpty=Category=mrinciple=EbCmF= = = bvery=trace=must=be=properly=governed=either=by=a=lexical= = head=or=a=coindexed=phrase=Ebasically=by=its=antecedent=== = = = = ======moved=locallyFK= =====================Ediorgi=and=iongobardi=NVVMWOMF= = = qhis=general=definition=will=be=elaborated=on=and=refined= accordingly=in=the=following=sectionsK=CoupledI=pubjacency=and=bCm= determine=properties=of=movementK=pubjacency=is=viewed=as=a= condition=on=the=route=of=syntactic=movementI=it=is=thus=less=local= than=bCm=which=determines=the=immediateI=very=local=environment=of= a=traceK=============== =

= = = = NN= = NKSK=========Case=qheory=== ============== = = lne=of=the=characteristic=features=of=nominal=phrases=is=their= ability=to=carry=Case=features=overtly=marked=in=some=languages=on= nominals=EeKgK=molishF=or=present=only=on=pronouns=in=other= languages=EbnglishFK=bven=limited=presence=of=visible=Case= alternations= provides= evidence= for= a= grammatical= process= responsible=for=assignment=of=various=EabstractF=Cases=to=different= km=positionsK=fn=languages=with=overt=inflectional=morphology= abstract=Case=is=spelled=out=in=the=form=of=Case=endingsK=pince= Case=is=assigned=to=km=positionsI=it=is=assumed=that=subjects=of= tensed=clauses=in=xppecIfmz=position=are=marked=for=kominative= whereas=objects=of=verbs=and=prepositions=for=lbjective=CaseK= ^ssuming=that=abstract=Case=is=assigned=to=lexical=kmsI=the= following=Case=cilter=determines=their=distributionW= = ENKPUF===qhe=Case=cilter= = = Gkm=x=phonetic=matrixz= = if=km=has=no=CaseK= ===================== Ediorgi=and=iongobardi=NVVMWNQF= = = thile=kms=are=Case=assigneesI=the=role=of=Case=assigners=can= be=fulfilled=by=both=lexical=and=non=lexical=categories=which= assign=Case=in=two=waysW=structurally=and=inherentlyK= = ptructural=Case=is=assigned=by=certain=heads=Esuch=as= fnflIsImF=under=governmentW= = ENKPVF== jary=believed=x=me=to=have=leftz= ====== klj============l_g= === fn=ENKPVF=jary=in=xppecIfmz=position=receives=its=kominative=Case= from=the=clausal=head=fnfl=and=me=receives=its=Case=from=the=verb= believeK=rsually=verbs=both=govern=and=theta=mark=their=nominal= complements=but=theta=marking=is=not=a=necessary=prerequisite=for= structural=Case=assignmentK=fn=ENKQMF=the=verb=both=governs=and= thetaJmarks=me=assigning=objective=Case=to=itX= = ENKQMF==gohn=doesnDt=believe=meK= ===========================l_g= = fn=ENKPVF=howeverI=the=verb=assigns=the=same=Case=without=theta= marking=meX=instead=it=theta=marks=the=whole=clausal=complement=and= governs=and=assigns=Case=to=its=subject=across=the=clausal=boundary= in=the=process=referred=to=as=the=bxceptional=Case=jarkingK= = fnherent=Case=assignment=is=a=consequence=of=theta=marking=and= can=be=performed=only=on=theta=marked=dependentsK=fn=some=languages= it= is= realized=through=insertion=of=semantically=empty= prepositionsI=as=for=example=of=in=bnglish=nominalsW=

=

ENKQNF===a=portrait=of=jary= ENKQOF===jealous=of=fvonne= =

= = = = NO= kouns=and=adjectives=are=inherent=Case=assigners=and=cannot=assign= Case=structurallyW= = ENKQPF==Gqheir=belief=of=me=to=leaveK= = fn=ENKQPF=the=noun=belief=does=not=assign=Case=to=meK=^lthough=of= governs=meI=belief=does=not=thetaJmark=itK= = = = NKTK========_inding=qheory= = = = qhe=theory=of=binding=accounts=for=the=distribution=of= coreferential=kmsK=^ll=nominal=phrases=can=be=classified=into=three= categoriesW=anaphorsI=pronouns=and=names=EoJexpressionsF=and=one= principle=of=_inding=qheory=applies=to=each=of=them=respectivelyK= ^s=a=result=of=tests=based=on=their=coreferentiality=all=nominal= elementsI=both=overt=and=covertI=can=be=assigned=a=binary=set=of= featuresW=xJLH=anaphoriczI=== xJLH=pronominalzW= = = ^k^melopW=xH=anaphoricIJ=pronominalz= = molklrkpW=xJ=anaphoricIH=pronominalz= = k^jbpW====xJ=anaphoricIH=pronominalz= == molW== xH=anaphoricIH=pronominalz= = ENKQQF====_inding=mrinciples= = = ^W==^n=anaphor=is=bound=in=the=local=domainK= = _W==^=pronoun=is=free=in=the=local=domainK= = CW==^n=oJexpression=EnameF=is=freeK= =====================Ediorgi=and=iongobardi=NVVMWNTF= = = crom=ENKQQF=it=follows=that=distribution=of=anaphors=must=be= confined=to=the=domains=in=which=they=can=rely=on=their=antecedents= for=their=referenceK=qhe=term=binding=is=understood=as=coindexation= Eimplying=coreferentialityF=with=a=cJcommanding=element=in=an= ^ErgumentFJpositionK=qhe=local=domain=in=which=an=anaphor=must=be= bound=and=pronoun=free=is=traditionally=called=the=governing= categoryW= = ENKQRF===doverning=Category= = = EaF=^do=is=coindexed=with=the=km=it=governsI= = EbF=_=is=a=governing=category=for=^=if=and=only=if=_=is=the== = minimal=category=containing=^I=the=governor=of=^=and== = a=pr_gbCq=accessible=to=^T_K= = = = = = = = = EChomsky=NVUNWONNF= = = where= = ENKQSF==== ^=is=an=accessible=pr_gbCq=for=_=if=the=coindexation== = of=^=and=_=does=not=violate=any=grammatical== = principlesK=

= = = = NP= =============================== = Eeaegeman=NVVNWOMTF= = pr_gbCq=is=the=most=prominent=nominal=element=in=a=given=domainW= within=km=it=is=the=pronoun=or=the=full=lexical=noun=in=the= xppecIkmz=positionI=it=is=the=nominal=element=in=the=xppecIfmz= position=in=infinitival=clauses=and=the=^do=element=of=fkci= Eagreement=phrase=is=claimed=to=carry=nominal=features=such=as= personInumber=and=genderFK=kotice=that=any=relation=of=^=to=_=in= ENKQSF=takes=place=under=cJcommandI=for=being=a=nonJsubjectI=_=will= always=occur=in=the=cJdomain=of=^K= = lne=of=the=grammaticality=principles=that=ensues=accessibility= of=a=pr_gbCq=is=the=iJwithinJi=filterW= = ENKQTF===fJwithinJf=cilter= = = ^ny=structure=involving=^=and=_=in=the=following= = configuration=is=illJformedW= ========Gx^iKKK_iKKKz= ========================EChomsky=NVUNWONNJOF= = ENKQTF=filters=out=cases=of=circularity=of=reference=such=as= ENKQUFW= =

ENKQUF===Gx=eeri=husbandj=z=likes=x=hisj=wifei=z=

= = qhe=element=which=is=both=xH=anaphoricI=H=pronominalz=must= have=very=special=propertiesI=it=must=be=simultaneously=both=bound= and=unbound=in=its=governing=categoryK=qhese=contradictory= requirements=can=be=met=only=when=this=element=has=no=governing= categoryK=mol=has=no=governing=category=nor=can=it=be=assigned= CaseK=qhis=requirement=is=captured=by=the=mol=qheoremW= = ENKQVF==qhe=mol=qheorem= = = mol=must=not=be=governedK= = = = = = = Eeaegeman=NVVNWNRNF= = = NKUK=====Control=qheory= = = = qhe=theory=of=Control=predicts=positions=in=which=mol=can= appear=and=the=type=of=relation=holding=between=mol=and=the=nominal= element=on=which=it=depends=for=its=interpretation=EcontrollerFK== = te=should=emphasize=that=the=goal=of=this=dissertation=is=to= examine=properties=of=empty=categories=resulting=from=syntactic= movementK=mol=does=not=appear=at=pJstructure=as=a=result=of= movementI=it=is=baseJgeneratedI=alongside=proI=a=pronominal=empty= category=found=mostly=in=the=nominal=subject=position=of=tensed= clauses=in=null=subject=languagesK=qhus=both=mol=and=pro= are= pronominal=empty=categories=whereas=traces=left=by=kmJmovement=and= thJmovement=are=nonJpronominal=bCs=in=the=sense=that=they=always= have=an=antecedent=in=the=form=of=the=constituent=moved=from=the= positions=occupied=by=these=traces=at=pJstructureK= =

= = = = NQ= = = NKVK===== qhe=mrojection=mrinciple=and=the=mrinciple=of=cull== = fnterpretation= = = = qhe=mrojection=mrinciple=says=that=lexical=structure=must=be= represented=categorially=at=every=level=of=interpretationW= = ENKRMF===qhe=mrojection=mrinciple=EmmF= = = iexical=information=is=syntactically=represented=at=all=== = levels=of=representation=EapI=ppI=icFK= =========================== = Eeaegeman=NVVNWQTF= = = ENKRMF=requires=that=the=qheta=Criterion=be=met=at=aJ structureI=pJstructure=and=icK=ff=an=argument=is=understood=in=a= certain=positionI=it=must=be=thereI=even=when=phonetically= unrealizedK=^s=such=ENKRMF=presupposes=existence=of=bCs=which=are= both=pronominal=and=nonJpronominalK== = =qhe=most=direct=consequence=of=the=mrojection=mrinciple=for= movement=is=that=considering=the=qheta=CriterionI=movement=of=a= maximal=projection=can=be=allowed=only=to=a=non=thematic=positionI= for=if=a=position=occupied=by=a=given=maximal=projection=is= thematic=at=aJstructureI=following=its=movement=to=a=nonJthematic= position=at=pJstructureI=the=argument=will=still=receive=its=thetaJ role=via=a=chain=relating=it=to=its=traceK=_ut=if=it=is=moved=into= a=thematic=positionI=it=will=end=up=bearing=two=thetaJroles=and= violating=the=condition=on=uniqueness=of=theta=role=assignmentK= denerally=speakingI=in=bnglish=the=target=of=movement=into=an=^= Ebut=nonJthetaF=position=is=limited=to=the=subject=position=which= is=either=dethematised=Eby=passive=morphology=on=the=verbF=in= passive=constructions=or=nonJthematic=at=all=in=the=case=of= subjects=of=raising=verbsK= = qhe=mrojection=mrinciple=does=not=provide=sufficient=grounds= for=projection=of=all=necessary=syntactic=positionsK=qhe=presence= of=expletives=in=the=clausal=subject=position=ENKNQF=shows=that=its= projection=is=not=determined=by=the=mrojection=mrincipleK=qherefore= extension=of=this=principle=is=requiredW= = ENKRNF= qhe=bxtended=mrojection=mrinciple=EbmmF= = = qhe=clausal=subject=position=is=obligatorily=projectedU_K= = = qhe=cull=fnterpretation=mrinciple=says=that=at=ic=every= maximal=projection=must=be=licensedIiKeK=it=must=have=an= interpretationW=every=maximal=projection=um=can=be=either=an= argumentI=a=predicate=or=an=operatorK=^s=an=argumentI=it=must= receive=its=theta=role=directly=from=its=thetaJmarker=or=indirectly= via=a=chain=formed=with=its=trace=in=a=thematic=positionK=^s=a= predicate=an=um=must=be=licensed=through=predication=by=having=a= subjectK=^s=an=operator=an=um=must=be=licensed=through=binding=of=a= variableK=

= = = = = = kotes= = = = = = NK= cor=example=inW= = = EaF===gohn=ate=the=meat=rawK= = qhe=meat=superficially=receives=one=thetaJrole=from=the=verb=eat= and=another=from=the=adjective=rawK=fn=order=to=present=the= uniqueness=of=theta=role=assignment=Ein=the=spirit=of=Chomsky=NVUNI= ptowell=NVUNFI=the=above=surface=string=should=have=the=structure= ofW= =

= EbF= gohn=ate=the=meat=x^m=mol=x^m=rawzz=

= puch=cases=are=however=not=unproblematicX=the=small=clause=boundary= is=transparent=to=external=government=and=mol=is=not=protected=from= governmentK== OK= oecent=proposals=of=drimshaw=ENVVMF=cast=doubt=on=the= generally=assumed=practice=of=drawing=the=equity=sign=between=the= notions=of=argument=structure=and=the=theta=marking=capacity=of= predicatesK=phe=suggests=that=keeping=these=two=issues=apart=could= be=helpful=in=contrasting=the=status=of=nominal=and=verbal= dependentsK=pee=chapter=Q=for=some=discussionK=cor=more=detailed= analysis=see=drimshaw=ENVVMFI=oozwadowska=ENVVNI=NVVOFK= PK= ENKNUF=shows=the=model=of=incorporation=proposed=in=_aker= ENVUUF=and=Chomsky=ENVVNFK=ooberts=ENVVPF=develops=the=theory=of= head=to=head=movement=and=argues=that=incorporation=can=involve= adjunctionI=plain=substitution=based=on=morphological=selection=and= substitution=into=an=empty=head=position=producing=DhybridD= structuresK=eowever=these=issues=will=not=concern=us=directly=in= this=study=whose=main=aim=is=to=account=for=phrasal=movementK= QK= kot=only=sentential=subjects=cause=problems=for=extraction=but= so=do=any=complex=subjectsIeKgK= = = Gwhat=did=a=book=about=t=fall=off=the=shelf?= = qhis=problem=together=with=problematic=extraction=from=adjuncts= received=much=attention=in=euang=ENVUOF=and=Chomsky=ENVUSbFK=pee= section=OKOK= RK= bxcept=the=^JoverJ^=Constraint=and=Coordinate=ptructure= ConstraintK= SK= Current=definitions=of=government=differ=mainly=in=their= choice=of=cJcommand=or=mJcommand=as=the=configurational=relations= on=which=they=are=basedK=qhe=difference=is=quite=essential=and= concerns=the=scope=of=head=governmentX=practicallyI=if=the=mJ ==

= = = == = NS= command=option=is=taken=the=head=can=govern=its=specifier=but=if= the=cJcommand=option=is=taken=it=cannotK=te=define=government=as= based=on=cJcommandI=for=Case=theoretic=reasonsK=te=want=to=claim= that=a=head=cannot=assign=Case=to=its=own=ppecifier=positionK=qhis= allows=us=to=make=a=distinction=between=the=heads=that=assign=Case= under=government=and=those=that=assign=case=under=agreementK=qhis= distinction=is=blurred=if=government=is=based=on=mJcommandK= = lne=of=the=consequences=of=this=approach=is=that=theta= government=and=Case=government=have=to=be=kept=apartK= TK= fn=Chomsky=ENVUSaF=the=notions=of=the=governing=category=and= accessible=pr_gbCq=were=replaced=by=that=of=the=Complete=cunctional= Complex=ECcCF=which=in=its=modified=version=can=be=presented=as= followsW= = = Complete=cunctional=Complex= = = = === _eta=is=a=Complete=cunctional=Complex=iff=it=meets== = at=== least=one=of=the=following=requirements=W= = = aK===it=is=the=domain=in=which=all=the=thetaJroles== = pertaining=to=a=lexical=head=can=be=assignedK= = =====bK=== it=is=the=domain=in=which=all=the=grammatical== = functions=pertaining=to=that=of=head=are=realized== = = Ewhere=oJrelationI=possessiveI=counts=as=the=structural== = subject=of=the=kmFK= = = ==================Ediorgi=and=iongobardi=NVVMWRRJSF= = UK= te=have=adopted=this=imprecise=formulation=of=bmmI=for=the= accurate=formulation=of=the=principle=is=still=a=subject=of=ongoing= researchK=qhe=definition=of=the=clausal=subject=position=is=rather= elusiveX=for=bnglishI=molish=or=ftalian=it=is=xppecIfmz=but=for=spl= languages=it=can=be=either=xppecIsmz=or=xppecIfmzK=qhus=it=is= neither=clear=whether=bmm=requirements=are=subject=to=parametric= difference=nor=which=position=is=obligatory=by=bmmK=

= = = = N= = = = = = = Chapter=O= =

pubjacency, Barriers and the bCm=

= = = fn=what=followsI=four=different=systems=exploiting=the= notions=of=pubjacencyI=_arrier=and=the=bCm=will=be=presented=in= a=comparative=wayK=aifferences=and=similarities=in=the=use=of= these=notions=will=be=outlined=and=their=consequences=for=both= the=theory=of=grammar=and=the=analysis=of=molish=data=will=be= stressedK=pection=OKNK=presents=iasnik=and=paitoDs=ENVUQF= analysis=of=the=bCm=and=gamma=markingI=ChomskyDs=ENVUSbF= framework=will=be=analyzed=in=OKOK=and=it=will=serve=as=a=basis= for=the=description=of=its=two=further=modificationsI=iuigi= oizziDs=ENVVMF=theory=of=oelativised=jinimality=EojF=and= dugliemo=CinqueDs=ENVVMF=unified=treatment=of=all=barrier=typesN_K= = = OKNK=====cunctioning=of=the=bCm=in=iasnik=and=paito=ENVUQF= = = = = iasnik=and=paito=ENVUQF=defined=proper=government=in=the= following=wayW= = EOKNF==mroper=dovernment= = = ^=properly=governs=_=if=^=governs=_=and= = aW=^=is=a=lexical=category=u=Elexical=governmentF= = bW=^=antecedentJgoverns=_=ifW= = ========NK=^=and=_=are=coindexed= = ========OK=^=cJcommands=_=== = ========PK=there=is=no=d=Ed=an=km=or=pDF=such=that=^=cJ= = = commands=d=and=d=dominates=_I=unless=_=is=the=head== = = of=dK= = =========================Eiasnik=and=paito=NVUQWOQUF= = = fn=their=analysis=iasnik=and=paito=treat=pEfmF=and=pDECmF= as=deviant=with=respect=to=uJbar=qheory=and=its=structure= composition=requirementsK=Cljm=is=a=singleI=unitary=constituentK= qhe=notion=of=lexical=government=is=fairly=straightforward=and= refers=mainly=to=the=government=of=an=object=trace=by=the= preceding=verbK=ft=applies=also=in=the=bCj=contextsK=^ntecedentJ government=holds=in=the=following=configurationsW= = EOKOF=xpD^i=x=KKKti=KKKzz= = EOKPF=xpD=^i=xpKKKxsmKKKxpD=ti=xpKKKzzzzz= = and=does=not=hold=inW=

= = = = O= = EOKQF=xpD^i=xpKKKxsmKKKxkmKKKxpD=ti=xpKKKzzzzzz= = EOKRF=xpD^i=xpKKKxsmKKKxpDKKKxpKKKxsmKKKxpD=t=xpKKKzzzzzzzz= = crom=these=configurations=it=follows=that=in=iasnik=and=paitoDs= system=sm=is=not=a=barrier=to=antecedent=governmentK=qhe= configurations=in=which=the=bCm=is=violated=correspond=closely= to=the=ones=in=which=pubjacency=is=violated=and=vice=versaK= = iasnik=and=paito=analyzed=thJconstructions=typical=of= bnglishI=gapanese=and=molish=and=concluded=that=although=thJ phrases=occur=universally=in=Cljm=at=icI=there=is=parametric= variation=concerning=their=movement=at=pJstructureW= = EOKSF=f=know=what=gohn=boughtK= EOKTF=Gf=know=gohn=bought=whatK= EOKUF=tatasiJwa=gohnJga=naniJo=katta=ka=sitte=iruK= ======DfJtopic===gohnJklj=whatJ^CC=bought=M=knowD= = =f=know=what=gohn=bought= EOKVF==wastanawiam=sieI=kto=co=prrzyniesieK= = =DEfF=wonder=who=what=will=bringD= = ==f=wonder=who=will=bring=whatK= EOKNMF=wastanawiam=sieI=kto=przyniesie=coK= EOKNNF=Gf=wonder=who=what=will=bringK= EOKNOF=f=wonder=who=will=bring=whatK= EOKNPF=himJwa=doreJni=gohnJga=naze=kubiJni=natta=tte=itta=noK= = == youJtopic=whoJto=gohnJklj=why=was=fired=Cljm=said=M= = == qo=whom=did=you=say=that=gohn=was=fired=whyK= = = molish=and=bnglish=pattern=together=in=thatI=unlike= gapaneseI=they=require=overt=syntactic=movement=of=th=elements= to=CljmK=fn=gapanese=any=th=phrases=remain=in=situ=at=pJ structure=and=subsequently=are=raised=to=Cljm=at=ic=for=reasons= of=scopeK=^lthough=both=molish=and=bnglish=show=th=movement=in= overt=syntaxI=as=EOKVF=and=EOKNNF=showI=the=two=languages=differ= in=the=number=of=th=phrases=that=can=be=fronted=to=a=single= preclausal=position=at=pJstructureK=qhe=provision=in=the=form=of= ?the=preclausal=position?=is=required=because=iasnik=and=paito= claim=that=fronted=th=phrases=in=molish=do=not=necessarily=all= land=in=CljmI=they=could=be=p=adjoined=at=pJstructureK=thile= bnglish=allows=only=one=th=element=in=Cljm=at=pJstructureI= molish=does=all=its=th=movement=overtlyK= = =^lthough=bnglish=allows=only=one=thJphrase=in=Cljm=at=pJ structureI=the=choice=of=this=th=phrase=is=not=arbitraryW= = EOKNQF===tho=x=t=saw=what=z= EOKNRF==Gthat=x=did=who==see=t=z= EOKNSF===thy=x=did=you=buy=what=t=z= EOKNTF==Gthat=x=did=you=buy=t=why=z= = = qhe=ungrammaticality=of=EOKNRF=and=EOKNTF=follows=from=the= bCm=because=at=ic=the=traces=of=the=subject=of=EOKNRF=and=the= adverbial=in=EOKNTF=cannot=be=properly=governedK=iexical= government=is=not=available=for=the=subject=of=a=tensed=clause= and=an=adjunct=and=antecedentJgovernment=from=Cljm=is=

= = = = P= impossibleI=for=Cljm=in=EOKNRF=and=EOKNTF=is=not=accessible=to= the=traces=at=icK========================== = qo=explain=this=fact=iasnik=and=paito=referred=to=the=Cljm= fndexing=^lgorithm=of=^ounI=eornstein=and=pportiche=ENVUNFW= = EOKNUF===Cljm=fndexing=Eat=pJ=and=icJstructureF= = = xCljmKKKuiKKKz===xCljmKKKuiKKKzi== = if=KKK=includes=no=vjK= ====================Eiasnik=and=paito=NVUQWOQVF= = u=in=Cljm=is=thus=treated=as=the=head=of=Cljm=and=EOKNUF=can=be= presented=asW= = ==========GxKKKeeadiKKKzj= ==============where=i#j= = = qhus=given=EOKNUFI=the=ic=representations=of=EOKNQJTF=have= the=following=formW= =

EOKNQF===x=whatj==whoi=z==xti==saw=tj=z=

EOKNRF==Gx=whoi==whatj=z==xdid=ti==see=tj=z=

EOKNSF===x=whatj==whyk=z==xdid=you=buy=tj==tk=z=

EOKNTF==Gx=whyk===whatjz==xdid=you=buy=tj==tk=z=

= EOKNQF=and=EOKNSF=are=grammatical=because=having=moved=to=Cljm= at=pJstructure=the=antecedents=of=the=subject=and=adjunct=traces= triggered=off=the=Cljm=indexation=allowing=for=the=relation=of= antecedentJgovernment=to=holdK=qhis=relation=implies=cJcommand= plus=coindexation=of=the=antecedent=and=the=traceI=which= obviously=cannot=hold=in=EOKNRFIEOKNTF=if=the=Cljm=is=coindexed= at=pJstructure=by=another=th=operatorK=^s=EOKNQJTF=also=showI= lexically=governed=elements=do=not=need=antecedent=government= either=at=pJstructure=or=icK= = qhat=antecedentJgovernment=must=hold=of=both=initial=and= intermediate=traces=can=be=seen=in=EOKNVJOMFW= = EOKNVF==G=tho=left=why?= EOKOMF==Gtho=said=he=left=why?= = whose=ic=representations=have=the=following=formW= =

EOKNVF==Gxthyk==whoi=z=xti==left=tk=z=

EOKOMF==Gxthyk==whoi=z=xti==said=xtDk=xhe=left=tk=zz=

= _oth=sentences=are=ungrammatical=but=while=in=the=former=the= initial=adjunct=trace=is=ungovernedI=in=the=latter=the=initial= adjunct=trace=tk=is=antecedentJgoverned=from=the=coindexed=Cljm= of=the=subordinate=clauseK=eowever=the=intermediate=trace= positioned=in=this=Cljm=fails=to=be=antecedentJgoverned=and= violates=the=bCmK=ft=follows=then=that=intermediate=adjunct= traces=must=be=governedK= = Considering=a=simple=set=of=examples=iasnik=and=paito= concluded=that=movement=does=not=require=traces=by=definition= but=otherI=independent=principles=of=grammar=guarantee=that=they= will=be=createdW=

= = = = Q= = EOKONF==gohn=was=killed=t= EOKOOF==thy=did=you=come=t= EOKOPF==tho=did=gohn=say=xt=xt=came=zz= = fn=EOKONF=the=trace=is=required=by=the=qheta=Criterion=and=the= mrojection=mrincipleI=in=EOKOOF=the=trace=is=needed=by=the= requirement=against=vacuous=quantificationK=fn=EOKOPF=the= intermediate=trace=is=needed=for=antecedentJgovernment=of=the= initial=traceK= = =iet=us=now=turn=to=the=cardinal=set=of=examples=involving= the= bCm= asymmetries= typical=of=subjectsLnonsubjects=and= lexically=governedLantecedentJgoverned=categoriesW= = EOKOQF===tho=do=you=think=xtDxt=came=zz= EOKORF==Gtho=do=you=think=xtD=that=xt=came=zz= EOKOSF===that=do=you=think=x=x=gohn=likes=t=zz= EOKOTF===that=do=you=think=x=that=x=gohn=likes=t=zz= EOKOUF===eow=do=you=think=xtDxhe=repaired=his=car=t=zz= EOKOVF===eow=do=you=think=xtD=that=xhe=repaired=his=car=t=zz= EOKPMF===thich=problem=x=did=you=wonder=xhow=xmol=to=solve=t=t= EOKPNF==Geow=xdid=you=wonder=xtDwhich=problem=xmol=to=solve=tzO₌₌ EOKPOF==Gtho=did=you=wonder=xtDhow=xt=wanted=xxmol=to=solve=this= = = problem=zzzzP₌ = = EOKOQJTF=concern=the=so=called=DthatJtrace=effectD=which= rules=out=EOKORF=in=which=that=as=the=head=of=Cljm=does=not= allow= for= antecedentJgovernment= of= the= subject= traceK= fnterestinglyI=that=does=not=block=antecedentJgovernment=of=the= adjunct=trace=in=EOKOVFK=keedless=to=say=the=presence=of=that= does=not=affect=proper=government=of=lexically=governed=tracesK= EOKPQF=seems=more=puzzling=considering=the=ungrammaticality=of= EOKORFW== = === EOKPPF===tho=xdo=you=believe=xtDDxjary=said=xtDxt=left=early=== EOKPQF===tho=x=do=you=believe=xtDDthat=xjary=said=xtDxt=left== ======== early=zzzzz= = kote=that=in=EOKORF=the=initial=trace=fails=to=be=antecedent= governed=while=in=EOKPQF=it=is=the=intermediate=trace=tD=that= cannot=be=antecedent=governed=by=tDD=due=to=the=presence=of=that= as=the=head=of=CljmK== = iasnik=and=paito=ENVUQF=propose=to=deal=with=these= asymmetries=in=the=following=wayW=they=assume=that=the=bCm= consists=of=two=partsI=the=first=indicates=under=what= circumstances=proper=government=holdsI=the=other=filters=out= structures=in=which=nonpronominal=empty=categories=are=not= properly=governedW= = EOKPRF=====qhe=bCm= = = aK===t=xHgammaz=when=lexically=governed=or=antecedent= ==========governed= = =====t=xJgammaz=otherwise= = bK===Gt=xJgammaz=

= = = = R= =========================Eiasnik=and=paito=NVUQWORTF= = = damma=marking=Eunder=proper=governmentF=takes=place=at=two= different=levelsW=for=arguments=at=the=level=of=pJstructureI= while=for=nonarguments=EadjunctsF=at=icK=kow=EOKPQF=can=be=dealt= with=properlyW=t=in=the=subject=position=obtains=its=xHgammaz= feature=at=pJstructure=from=its=antecedent=governor=tD=which= must=be=present=at=pJstructure=for=gamma=marking=of=the=initial= trace=but=it=need=not=be=present=at=icX=no=principle=of=grammar= requires=its=presence=at=icI=even=the=bCmK=qhus=once=t=as=an= argument=trace=is=gamma=marked=at=pJstructure=all=intermediate= traces=delete=at=ic=and=the=sentence=is=grammaticalK=EOKORF= differs=from=EOKPQF=crucially=in=that=it=is=the=initial=trace=of= an=argument=that=does=not=satisfy=the=gamma=marking=requirement= at=pJstructureI=with=that=as=the=head=of=Cljm=disallowing=Cljm= indexing=with=the=intermediate=traceK=qhus=at=the=output=of=pJ structure=EOKORF=is=ruled=out=with=the=subject=trace=assigned= the=xJgammaz=featureK=EOKOTFI=as=expectedI=presents=no=problem= for=the=process=of=gamma=markingI=the=object=trace=being= lexically=governed=satisfies=the=bCm=at=pJstructureK= = EOKOVF=can=be=satisfactorily=accounted=for=by=the=bCm=in= EOKPRF=with=assistance=from=an=auxiliary=stipulation=concerning= the=function=of=the=complementiser=that=at=icK=qhat=is=present= at=pJstructureK=_ut=nonargument=traces=such=as=t=in=EOKOVF= receive=their=gamma=marking=at=the=output=of=icI=whereI=as= iasnik=and=paito=claimI=that=without=any=semantic=content=has= been=deletedQ_W= = EOKPSF= === qhat=aeletion=at=ic= = = xCljm=t=that=z=JJ==xCljm=t=M=z= ================= = = Eiasnik=and=paito=NVUQWOSRF= = = qhus=through=the=process=of=that=deletion=at=ic=thJadjuncts= avoid=thatJtrace=filterK= = EOKPMJOF=show=asymmetries=between=lexically=and=antecedentJ governed=traces=with=respect=to=thJislandsK=thile=both=EOKPNF= and=EOKPOF=are=clearly=ungrammaticalI=EOKPMF=is=much=more= acceptableK=qhe=differences=in=their=acceptability=status=can=be= attributed=to=the=type=of=proper=government=their=respective=bCs= are=subject=toK=fn=EOKPNJOF=antecedentJgovernment=requires=that= Cljms=of=subordinate=clauses=be=available=for=coindexation=with= intermediate=traces=of=subject=and=adjunct=tracesK=qhese= positions=however=are=occupied=by=other=th=elementsI=heads=of= Cljm=distinct=from=the=intermediate=tracesK=qhe=presence=of=how= in=the=Cljm=in=EOKPOF=at=pJstructure=automatically=excludes=the= subject=trace=from=antecedent=government=and=gamma=marking=at=pJ structureK=fn=EOKPNF=the=adjunct=trace=could=be=antecedent= governed=and=gamma=marked=at=ic=provided=the=head=of=Cljm=which= problem=could=be=deletedK=qhis=option=is=unavailable=because= unlike=that=the=head=of=lower=Cljm=in=EOKPNF=has=semantic= content==and=as=such=does=not=qualify=for=deletionK=^s=a=result= the=adjunct=trace=fails=to=receive=its=gamma=marking=at=ic=and= the=structure=is=filtered=out=as=a=violation=of=the=bCmK=qhe= nonpronominal=bC=in=EOKPMF=being=lexically=governed=receives=its=

= = = = S= gamma=marking=at=pJstructure=and=is=more=acceptable=than=the= other=twoK== = = = = = OKO====== qhe=bCm=and=pubjacency=in=?_arriers?= = = = = fn=Chomsky=ENVUSbF=we=find=a=fully=uniform=clausal= structure=with=two=nonJlexical=heads=projecting=both=single=and= double=bar=levelsK=qhis=expands=former=CljmR_{=into=two=available=} landing=sites=for=movementW=xppecICmz=and=CompK=qhe=observation= that=the=contexts=for=antecedent=government=and=pubjacency= practically=overlap=inspired=Chomsky=to=unify=both=phenomena=and= identify=their=common=propertiesK=^nalyzing=EOKOJRF=he=concluded= that=potentially=all=maximal=projections=are=barriers=to= government=and=bounding=nodes=but=their=actual=barrierhood= depends=on=the=structural=configurations=in=which=they=appearK= qo=a=large=extent=he=was=inspired=by=games=euangDs=ENVUOF= Condition= on= bxtraction= aomainsK= euang= noticed= the= argumentLadjunct=and=subjectLcomplement=asymmetries=in=domains= of=extraction=and=demonstrated=that=a=mere=assumption=of=the= bounding=node=status=of=km=and=fm=that=pubjacency=offered=was= not=satisfactoryK=ee=concluded=that=subjects=and=adjuncts=were= barriers=for=extraction=Eand=epitomized=this=observation=in=the= pubject=Condition=and=^djunct=ConditionFS_K= = crom=EOKOJRF=it=follows=that=for=example=sm=never=counts=as= a=barrierK=qo=account=for=this=fact=Chomsky=ENVUSbF=used=the= process=of=adjunction=and=assumed=that=adjunction=to=any= nonargument=maximal=projection=is=allowedW= = EOKPTF=qhe=^djunction=mrinciple== = = ^djunction=is=possible=only=to=a=maximal=projection= = Ehence=uDDF=that=is=nonargumentK=== = = = = = = EChomsky=NVUSbWSF= = = ^rguments=such=as=kms=and=Cms=cannot=be=adjoined=to=for= reasons=connected=with=theta=role=assignmentW=theta=role=could= not=be=assigned=to=an=argument=with=another=element=adjoined=to= itK=^=typical=adjunction=structure=takes=the=form=of=EOKPUF= where=^=is=adjoined=to=category=_W= = EOKPUF====d=KKKx_=alpha=x_=KKKzz= = and=dominated=by=the=upper=segment=of=_=but=not=the=lower=oneK= lbviously=adjunction=structures=are=crucial=for=antecedent= governmentI=thus=^=in=EOKPUF=must=be=able=to=antecedent=govern= into=the=lower=segment=of=_K=Chomsky=ENVUSbF=follows=jayDs= ENVURF=theory=of=adjunctionK=jay=assumes=that=the=process=of= adjunction=creates=an=extra=segment=of=the=maximal=projection=to= which=it=appliesK=collowing=its=adjunctionI=^=is=not=included=in=

= = = = T= the=maximal=projection=_I=for=not=every=segment=of=_=dominates= ^K=qhe=first=maximal=projection=dominating=EincludingF=^=would= be=some=projection=of=dI=the=governor=of=_K=qhis=assumption=has= vital=consequences=for=the=relation=of=cEmFJcommandW=the=mJ command=domain=of=^=includes=the=content=of=_=but=^=is=not=cEmFJ commanded=from=within=_K== = qo=assure=that=antecedent=government=holdsI=Chomsky=ENVUSbF= defines=a=barrier=to=government=in=terms=of=exclusion=rather= than=dominationK=qhus=EOKQMF=replaces=EOKPVFW= = EOKPVF=== ^=governs=_=iff=^=mJcommands=_=and=every=barrier=for= = = _=dominates=^K= ================================EChomsky=NVUSbWUF= = = = EOKQMF= ^=excludes=_=if=no=segment=of=^=dominates=_K= = = ^=governs=_=iff=^=mJcommands=_=and= there=is=no=dI=d=a= = = barrier=for=_=such=that=d=excludes=^K= ================================EChomsky=NVUSbWVF= = = rnder=EOKQMF=^=in=EOKPUF=is=able=to=antecedent=govern== inside=_=but=clearly=d=is=not=by=virtue=of=being=excluded=by=_K= = ^fter=this=analysis=of=adjunction=it=becomes=clear=why=sm= in=EOKQNF=does=not=count=as=a=barrier=to=antecedent=government= for=the=adjunct=traceK= =

EOKQNF===eow=did=xfm=you=xsm=fix=the=car=t=zz=

= qhe=adverb=of=manner=is=considered=to=be=originally=within=sm= Eunlike=in=iasnik=and=paito=NVUQF=on=the=basis=of=the=sm= preposing=facts=such=as=EOKQOFW= = EOKQOF====gohn=wanted=to=fix=the=fender=with=a=crowbar=and=fix= = =====it=that=way=he=did=tK= = = qhus=at=ic=the=structure=of=EOKQOF=is=the=following=with= the=intermediate=traces=necessary=to=provide=gamma=marking=at= icW= =

EOKQODF===how=did=xfm=you=xsm=tDxsm=fix=the=car=t=zzz=

= = qhus=the=special=status=of=sm=as=a=maximal=projection=that= never=constitutes=a=barrier=by=itself=with=respect=to=other= maximal=projections=can=be=accounted=for=by=means=of=adjunctionK= = = Chomsky=suggests=that=a=given=category=can=become=a=barrier= to=government=on=three=countsW= = = ^W= as=a=_locking=Category=E_CF=and=as=a=minimal=umax₌₌ = dominating=_CX= = _W===by=jinimalityX== = CW= intrinsicallyI=depending=on=the=setting=of=a== = parameterK== =

= = = = U= = cirst=we=will=consider=_=which=is=a=condition=on=uniqueness= of=governmentK=jinimality=is=defined=as=followsW= = EOKQPF= jinimality= = = KKK^=KKKxd=KKKa=KKK_=KKKz= = d=is=a=barrier=for=_=if=d=is=a=projectionLthe=immediate= = projection=of=aI=a=zeroJlevel=category=distinct=from=_K= = = = = = = ==EChomsky=NVUSbWQOF= = = qhe=choice=between=?a=projection?=or=?immediate=projection?= of=a=involves=the=choice=between=broader=jinimalityI=when=the= head=u=protects=both=its=complements=and=ppecifier=from=outside= government=within=umaxI=and=the=narrower=jinimalityI=under=which= only=complements=of=the=head=under=uD=are=protected=from=outside= governmentK=ianguages=seem=to=differ=in=the=choice=between=the= type=of=jinimality=requiredK=cor=instance=if=the=narrow= jinimality=option=is=takenI=km=does=not=constitute=an=absolute= barrier=to=government=Eit=is=not=an=obligatory=bounding=nodeFT_K= = = qhe=jinimality=Condition=is=able=to=rule=out=Dthat=trace= effectsD=without=recourse=to=Cljm=indexingI=for=th=traces=do=not= land=in=the=head=position=of=Comp=occupied=by=thatI=but=in=the= xppecICmzW= =

EOKQQF===xCmKKKtDKKKxCD=xComp=that=zxfmKKKtKKKzzz=

= = Dqhat=trace=effectsD=are=thus=consequences=of=the=jinimality= ConditionI=as=the=closer=head=that=prevents=t=from=being= antecedent=governed=by=tD=in=xppecICmzX=CD=becomes=a=jinimality= barrierK=ff=the=position=of=the=head=of=the=Complementizer=is= not=occupied=by=any=lexical=materialI=it=is=featureless=and=in= order=to=serve=as=a=barrierI=a=minimal=governor=uD=is=supposed= to=be=a=projection=of=a=category=with=featuresK== = = lpting=for=narrower=jinimality=entails=assuming=that=under= certain=circumstances=all=single=bar=projections=of=heads=should= be=barriersK=EOKQNF=however=shows=that=this=is=an=unwelcome= consequenceW= =

EOKQNF===how=did=xfm=you=xsm=tDxsm=xsD=fix=the=car=z=t=zzz=

= = ^lthough=the=adverb=is=within=sm=it=cannot=be=under=sD=in=a= position=reserved=for=complementsK=fn=EOKQNF=both=sD=and=fD= could=potentially=count=as=barriers=by=jinimalityK=Chomsky= ENVUSbF=deals=with=this=problem=by=assuming=that=uD=levels=need= not=be=present=when=not=required=Ethus=essentially=when=a= specifier=of=a=given=uDD=is=missingFK=qhe=level=of=sD=does=not= constitute=a=jinimality=_arrierK=fD=does=not=constitute=a= barrier=because=of=the=defective=character=of=the=f=system=which= includes=fD=and=fmK= = = =_esides=jinimalityI=barrierhood=is=determined=by=lack=of= iJmarking=and=immediate=domination=of=_locking=CategoriesK= = iJmarking=is=defined=as=direct=theta=marking=by=a=lexical=

= = = = V= categoryW= = EOKQRF====iJmarking= = = ==== ^=iJmarks=_=iff=^=is=a=lexical=category=that=theta== = governs=_K= ========================== = EChomsky=NVUSbWNRF= = = _arrierhood=and=_locking=Category=status=of=maximal= projections=is=a=consequence=of=lack=of=iJmarkingW= = = = EOKQSF====_C=and=_arrier= = = ==== d=is=a=_locking=Category=E_CF=for=_=iff=d=is=not=iJ= = marked=and=dominates=_K= = ==== d=is=a=barrier=for=_=iff=aF=or=bFW= = = = aF=d=immediately=dominates=aI=a=a=_C=for=_I= = = bF=d=is=a=_C=for=_I=d=is=not=fmK= == = = = = = = = EChomsky=NVUSbWNQF= = qhe=pubject=Condition=and=^djunct=Condition=of=euang=ENVUOF=are= handled=straightforwardly=by=EOKQSbFK=qhe=defective=character=of= fm=and=fD=must=be=assumedI=for=th=elements=on=their=way=to=Cljm= cannot=adjoin=to=fmK=ff=the=_locking=Category=status=of=fm=were= waived=through=fm=adjunction=of=th=elements=on=their=way=to= xppecICmzI=th=island=effects=could=not=be=accounted=forK== =

EOKQTF===tho=did=xfm=gohn=xsm=tDxsm=see=t=zz=

= fm=is=not=iJmarked=by=CompI=nor=is=sm=by=f=although=it=is= supposedly=theta=marked=by=itK=^djunctionI=parallel=to=sm= adjunction=is=unavailable=hereI=for=fm=should=be=a=_CK=ft= clearly=is=a=_C=but=not=a=barrier=therefore=its=defective= character=must=be=positedK=EOKQSF=is=able=to=account=for=thJ island=effects=and=adjunctLargument=asymmetriesW= = EOKQUF==Ghow=did=_ill=xtDDDxwonder=xwho=xtDDxwanted=xtDxmol=to= = ==fix=the=car=t=zzzzzzz= EOKQVF===who=is=it=time=xEfor=gohnF=to=visit=t=z= EOKRMF==Ghow=is=it=time=xEfor=gohnF=to=fix=the=car=t=z= EOKRNF==Gwhat=did=gohn=meet=xa=man=xwho=fixed=t=zz= EOKROF==Ghow=did=gohn=meet=xa=man=xwho=fixed=a=car=t=zz= EOKRPF==?what=did=gohn=announce=xa=plan=x=to=fix=t=zz= EOKRQF==Ghow=did=gohn=announce=xa=plan=xtDto=xfix=the=car=t= EOKRRF===gohn=expressed=xthe=feeling=xEthatFG=the=meeting== == ========should=not=be=held=zz= EOKRSF==?what=did=you=wonder=xxto=whomz=gohn=gave=t==t=z= EOKRTF==?xto=whomz=did=you=wonder=xwhat==gohn=gave=t==t=z= EOKRUF==?what==did=you=wonder=xxto=whomz==to=give=t==t=z= EOKRVF===xto=whomz==did=you=wonder=xwhat==to=give=t==t=z= EOKSMF==Ghow=did=gohn=know=x=which=car=to=fix=t==z= EOKSNF==Ghow=did=gohn=tell=you=x=to=fix=the=car=t=z=

= = = = NM= = = fn=EOKQUF=the=initial=trace=is=properly=governed=by=the= first=intermediate=trace=tD=from=xppecICmz=and=tD=is=in=turn= antecedentJgoverned=by=tDD=adjoined=to=smK=tDD=however=fails=to= be=antecedentJgoverned=by=tDDD=with=Cm=being=a=barrier=to= governmentK=^lthough=Cm=is=iJmarked=by=s=wonderI=it=inherits= barrierhood=from=a=non=iJmarked=blocking=category=fmK=kote=that= under=the=analysis=in=EOKQVF=the=object=trace=is=lexically= governed=while=in=EOKRMF=the=adjunct=trace=can=adjoin=to=smI= then=move=xppecICmz=but=any=further=movement=crosses=over=one= barrier=CmI=for=being=an=adjunct=Cm=is=not=iJmarkedK= Consequently=an=bCm=violation=resultsK= = fn=EOKRNJROF=the=Cm=within==km=is=a=relative=clauseI=thus= it=is=not=theta=marked=by=the=head=nounK=Cm=constitutes=a= barrier=to=antecedent=governmentK=km=dominating=it=becomes=the= second=barrier=by=inheritanceK=qwo=barriers=are=crossed=and= although=in=EOKRNF=the=bCm=for=lexically=governed=traces=is= satisfiedI=crossing=over=two=barriers=causes=a=major=pubjacency= violation=and=the=sentence=is=ruled=outK=pince=even=a=single= barrier=blocks=antecedent=governmentI=EOKROF=must=fail=to=meet= the=gamma=marking=requirement=at=icK= = EOKRPJRQF=are=cases=of=noun=complement=clauses=in=which=Cm= is=a=sister=node=of=k=under=kDK=qhere=should=then=be=no=barriers= in=these=constructionsI=with=Cm=iJmarked=by=k=and=km=iJmarked=by= sK=eowever=pubjacency=violations=are=detected=Ein=ChomskyDs= formulation=the=grammaticality=status=of=these=constructions=is= intermediateF=and=the=impossibility=of=EOKRQF=indicates=that=one= barrier=must=be=crossed=in=the=course=of=the=derivationK=_oth=km= and=Cm=cannot=be=barriersI=for=this=pubjacency=violation=is=too= mildK=pince=km=is=iJmarked=by=the=verbI=Cm=is=a=more=likely= candidate=for=a=barrier=in=this=constructionI=especially=that=as= EOKRRF=shows=that=deletion=in=the=noun=complement=clauses=is= impossible=implying=that=the=Complementiser=position=is=not= properly=governedK=Chomsky=does=not=offer=an=elegant=solution=to= this=problemU_K= ee=suggests=that=Cm=may=be=a=barrier=for=an=independent=reasonX= kD=is=a=barrier=through=jinimalityK= = EOKRSJRVF=show=an=interesting=and=rather=unexpected= contrastW=EOKRUJRVF=are=said=to=be=much=more=acceptable=than= EOKRSJRTFK=pince=neither=pair=is=fully=grammatical=and=adjunct= extraction=is=impossible=in=these=contexts=at=least=one=barrier= must=be=crossed=in=all=of=themK=fn=EOKRSF=what=adjoins=to=the= lower=smK=^ssuming=that=fm=adjunction=for=th=elements=is= impossibleI=it=can=further=adjoin=to=the=matrix=sm=and=thus= cross=over=one=barrier=Cm=which=inherits=barrierhood=from=fmK= tith=only=one=barrier=crossed=only=a=weak=pubjacency=violation= and=the=bCm=violation=for=adjunct=traces=occurK=qhe=same= analysis=extends=to=EOKRUJRVFK=gust=like=the=asymmetry=between= relative=clauses=and=noun=complement=clausesI=there=must=be=some= inherent=extra=barrier=distinguishing=between=the=two=pairs=in= questionK=qhis=difference=is=credited=to=the=infinitival=or= tensed=status=of=the=th=island=complementsK=qense=makes=fm=a= Elow=level=parameterF=extra=barrier=in=bnglishV_K== = = ?ft=may=be=that=parametric=variation=involves=not=the=