R O C2NÏK I GLEBOZNAWCZE, I . t f x X ï I , Nft 3, W ARSZAW A 19B1
ST A N IS Ł A W K O W A L IN SK I, S T A N IS Ł A W A ST R Ą C Z Y N SK A , A D A M W IL C ZY Ń SK I
LIQUID MANURE EFFECT ON PHYSICAL AND PHYSICO CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SANDY SOILS
D ep a rtm en t of S o il S cien ce, In stitu te of A g ricu ltu ra l C h em istry, S o il S c ie n c e and M icrobiology, A g ricu ltu ra l U n iv e r sity of W rocław
A gricultural utilization of liquis m anure (slurry) as an organic fertilizer causes often changes in the soil medium affectic the formation of physical and physico-chemical properties of soil. These changes are different, depending on the mechanical composition and morphology of
soil profile [1, 2, 6, 9]. In view little num ber of works dealing w ith
this problem, the aim of our investigations was to determ ine the effect of differentiated cattle liquid m anure rates on some properties of sandy soil.
The investigations were carried out w ithin the problem “Liquid m anure effect on properties of soils” in an experim ent established at the Experim ent Station Swojec by the Section of Soil Tillage of the D epartm ent of Soil Tillage and Cultivation of Plants, A gricultural University of Wrocław.
O BJECT A N D M ETH O D S OF THE IN V E ST IG A T IO N S
The object of investigations constituted typical river alluvial soils developed from weakly loamy sands w ith loose sands typical silty form ations and light loams in the parental m aterial. Liquid m anure was applied in the first year in spring and in subsequent years in autum n
after the harvest of crops at the rates : 0, 40, 80, 160 and 240 m3 per
hectare. They were mixed w ith soil by means of shallow ploughing and then medium ploughing was carried out. Sunflower, w inter rape and post harvest m ixture were comprised w ith the crop rotation.
M aterial for detailed investigations w ere soil samples taken in the second year of the experim ent after threefold application of liquid m anure a t the rates as above. They were taken in autum n 1978 after the catch crop harvest from two depths w ith the total thickness of
144 S. K o w a liń sk i at al.
0-35 cm, w here in total 120, 240, 480 and 720 m8 of liquid m anure per
hectare w ere introduced into soil. Laboratory determ inations were car ried out by the methods generally applied in the pedologie investigations
D IS C U S S IO N OF R ESU L TS
P h y s i c a l p r o p e r t i e s . Investigations on physical properties of the soils under study proved a distinct dependence of these properties on the fertilization w ith liquid m anure (Table 1). Along w ith the grow th of liquid m anure rates specific density in the arable layer decreased
from 2.64 to 2.45 g • cm“ 8 and bulk density — from 1.57 to 1.38 g • cm-3.
In deeper layer of 25-35 cm no changes of specific density were found, whereas bulk density increased from 1.65 up to 1.81 g • cm "3. Total poro sity was inversely proportional to bulk density. On the control plot in the upper layer to 40.5°/o, increasing up to 43.7% in the treatm en t w ith the highest liquid m anure, whereas in the deeper layer it dropped from 37.7% to 32.2% of total porosity. Along w ith the grow th of liquid m anure rates the num ber of so-called air pores of >3000 |im in dia decreased by 5.6% in the upper layer and by 2.3% in the deeper layer. Also the num ber of pores of 3000-30 \im in dia decreased from 15.0 to 11.0% in the arable layer and from 14.4 to 5.7% in the deeper layer. On the other hand, an increase of the num ber of pores of 30-3 \im in dia in the upper layer from 5.2% on the control plot up to 9.5% in the treatm en t w ith the highest liquid m anure rate has been found. In the deeper layer the num ber of these pores decreased. Sim ilar results were obtained in the investigations of B r o g o w s k i and B o r e k [4].
In consequence of the pore stru ctu re differentiations favourable changes in the field w ater capacity and in the am ount of w ater accessible to plants took place. The fertilization w ith liquid m anure caused an increase of the field w ater capacity in the upper layer of soil profiles from 11.6% on the control plot up to 23.3% in the trea tm e n t w ith the highest liquid m anure rate. Sim ilar results were observed also in the deeper layer, w here the field w ater capacity increased from 10.7% up to 16.2%. While comparing soils from plots fertilized w ith increasing liquid m anure rates w ith the control treatm ent, an increase of the am onut of w ater accessible to plants in the arable layer by 2.8, 3.8, 6.5 and 8.1%
and in the deeper layer accordingly by 3.6, 2.3, 6.2 and 6.1% has
been found.
P h y s i c o - c h e m i c a l p r o p e r t i e s . While analyzing the effect of differentiated fertilization w ith liquid m anure on lines of changes of the sandy soil reaction, a rem arkable increase of pH from very acid to slightly acid one along w ith increasing liquid m anure rates should be stressed (Table 2). The above soil reaction changes are reflected in
10 — R o c z n ik i G le b o z n a w c z e T a b l e 1 P h y s i c a l p r o p e r t i e s o f s a n d y s o i l f e r t i l i z e d w i t h d i f f e r e n t i a t e d l i q u i d m a n u r e r a t e s L i d u i d m a n u r e S a m p l i n g d e p t h D e n s i t y , g . c m ~ ^ T o t a l p o r o P e r c e n t a g e of o f j m e f f e c t i v e p o r e s - I n d i a M a x i m u m h.ygro-W a t e r c a p a c i t y v o l . % W a t e r c o n t e n t i n v o l . % I n c r e m e n t c f w a t e r a c c e s s i b l e to pla n t e in c m in t h e l a - y r r of 0 . 3 5 с a r a t e ra^/ha cm о M it s H- 1 о b u lle s i t y % >3000 3000- - 30 300- - 30 3 0 --1 0 - 310- s c o p i c i - t y W h % m a x i m u m c a p i l l a r y f i e l d W d a c c e s s i b l e u n a c c e s - s i b l e H O + N P K 5 -15 2 .6 4 1.57 4 0 .5 10.2 2 . 0 13.0 3 . 3 1 .9 1 . 2 3 0 .3 11.6 9 .2 2 .4 Л 25-35 2 .6 5 1.65 3 7 .7 9 .5 1 . 1 1 3 .3 2 .7 1 .3 1 . 2 2 8 .2 1 0 .7 8 . 3 2 . 4 . 0 40 5-15 25-35 2 .6 3 2 .6 5 1.55 1.66 4 1 .1 3 7 .4 1 1 .6 8 .7 1.1 0 . 3 1 1 .2 1 1 .7 2 .2 2 .4 1 .3 1 .4 1.0 1.1 2 9 .5 2 8 .7 1 4 .0 14.1 1 2 .0 1 1 .9 2 . 0 2 .2 10.6 80 5-15 25-35 2.62 2.66 1.52 1.69 4 1 .9 3 6 .5 1 2 .9 12.1 0 .5 0 .7 9 .5 9 .1 3 .6 2 .2 1.1 1.2 1.1 0 .9 2 9 .0 2 4 .4 15 .2 1 2 .4 1 3 .0 1 0 .6 2 .2 1 .8 1 3.1 160 5-15 25-35 2 .6 4 2 .6 6 1.49 1.67 4 3 .5 3 7 .2 1 1 .3 7 .2 0.1 0.0 1 0 .5 1 0 .0 2 .5 2 .8 3 .4 2 .7 1 .2 0 .9 32.2 30.0 18.1 1 6 .3 1 5 .7 1 4 .5 2 .4 1 .8 2 2 .4 240 5-15 25-35 2 .4 5 2 .6 7 1.3В 1.81 4 3 .7 3 2 .2 4 .6 7 .2 1 .5 0 .5 9 .5 5 .2 4 .5 2 .6 4 .0 1 .2 2 .5 0 .9 39.1 2 5 .0 2 2 .3 1 6 .2 1 7 .3 1 4 .4 5 .0 1 .8 2 6 .3 С7V L iq uid m an ur e ef fe ct on so il p ro p ert ie s
l a b i e 2 Some p h y s ic o -c h e m ic a l p r o p e r t i e s o f sandy s o i l f e r t i l i z e d w ith d i f f e r e n t i a t e d l i q u i d manure r a t e s
L iq u id manure r a t e m ^/ha Sam pling d e p th cm pH Hn E x changeable c a t i o n s Sum o f e x ch a n g e a b le c a t i o n s S S o r p tio n c a p a c i t y T S a tu r a - t i o n d e g re e vpith c a t i o n s V% P e rc e n ta g e o f e x c h a n g e a b le c a t i o n e i n th e s o r p t i o n c a p a c i t y С % 17 % C/N Ca Mg К Na h2o KC1 me p e r 100 g o f s o i l Ca Mg К Ka O+NPK 5-15 4 .9 4 .0 3 .1 5 0 .3 3 0 .5 7 0 .4 3 0 .0 6 1 .3 9 4 .6 1 30.1 7 .1 12*4 9 .3 1 .3 0 .9 8 2 0 .0 8 1 2 .3 25-35 4 .7 3 .6 3 .3 7 0 .3 1 0 .5 5 0 .1 7 0 .0 7 1.1 0 4 .4 7 2 4 .6 6 .9 1 2 .3 3 .8 1 .6 0 .4 6 8 0 .0 8 5 .8 40 5-15 5 .4 3.8 2 .8 5 0„40 0 .6 2 0 .4 5 C.C6 1 .5 3 4 .3 8 3 4 .9 9 .1 14.1 1 0 .3 1 .4 0 .9 8 7 0 .0 9 11.0 25-35 5 .6 4 .4 2 .9 2 0 .4 3 0 .6 0 0 .16 0 .0 6 1.2 5 4 .1 7 2 9 .9 1 0 .3 14.4 3 .8 1 .4 0 .4 3 3 0 .0 6 7 .2 80 5 -1 5 5 .8 4 .4 2 .8 8 0 .3 4 0 .7 5 0 .7 6 0 .0 7 1 .9 2 4 .8 0 4 0 .0 7 .1 1 5 .6 15.8 1 .5 0 .8 9 5 0 .0 8 11.2 2 5-35 4 .6 3-3 3 .2 2 0 .1 7 0 .6 2 0 .2 3 0 .0 5 1 .0 7 4 .2 9 2 4 .9 4 .0 1 4 .4 5 .3 1 .2 0 .6 3 8 0 .0 6 10.6 160 5-15 6 .7 5 .3 2 .0 2 1.34 1.11 0 .b 9 0 .1 3 3 .5 7 5 .5 9 6 3 .8 2 4 .0 1 9 .8 1 7 .7 2 .3 1.0 8 4 0 .1 0 10.8 2 5-35 5.1 3 .9 3.00 0 .6 4 1 .08 0 .4 2 0 .1 2 2 .2 6 5 .2 6 4 3 .0 1 2 .2 2 0 .5 e . o 2 .3 ; 0 .8 7 0 0 .0 7 1 2 .4 240 5-15 6 .9 6 .1 1.65 2 .1 4 0 .6 0 Cc89 0 .1 2 3 .7 5 5 .4 0 6 9 .4 3 9 .6 11.1 16 .5 2 .2 1.011 0 .1 0 10.1 25-35 6 .3 4 .8 2 .4 0 1. 33 0 .4 3 0 .5 7 0 .1 4 2 .4 7 4 .8 7 5 0 .7 27« 3 6 . 3 1 1 .7 2 .9 0 .4 7 7 0 .0 7 6 .8 14 6 S . Ko wa lińsk i at a l.
Liquid manure effect on soil properties 147
the form ation of some sorption properties of soil. Along w ith increasing liquid m anure rates the am ount of hydrolytic hydrogen ions distinctly decreased. It varied in the layer of 5-15 cm from 3.15 me per 100 g of soil in the control treatm en t to 1.65 me per 100 g of soil afte r the threefold liquid m anure application in the total am ount of 240 m s per hectare. Such dependence has been confirm ed in the investigations of
W a r t a , K u k u r e n d a and M a ć k o w i a k [8]. Some authors [3, 5],
however, have found an increase of the concentration of hydrogen ions under the liquid m anure fertilization effect, w hat was connected to a considerable extent w ith soil kind and local conditions.
Among exchangeable cations significant changes were observed in the calcium and potassium content (Table 2). The percentage of exchan geable calcium in the sorption complex increased quite distinctly on the plot w ith the highest liquid m anure rate (39.6°/o) as compared w ith its content in soil of the control treatm en t (7.1°/o), Sim ilar changes were found also in the content of exchangeable potassium, the percentage of w hich in the sorption complex of control soil am ounted to 9.3% and increased up to 16.5% in soil fertilized w ith the liquid m anure rate of 240 m s per hectare. In the deeper layer of 25-35 cm the percentage of exchangeable potassium in the sorption complex increased even threefold, w hat proved the translocation of this cation deeper into the soil profile. A rath e r intensive potassium accum ulation reaching the critical concentration of this cation in the sorption complex of soil fertilized w ith high liquid m anure rates can lead to a decrease of the calcium and magnesium availability to the plants cultivated [2, 7, 9]. Of th a t the accum ulation of Ca ions in the sorption complex of soils fertilized w ith high liquid m anure rates can bear evidence (Table 2).
Changes occurring in the sorption complex composition were reflect ed in a grow th of the sorption capacity of the soils analyzed, caused by the enrichm ent of soils fertilized w ith liquid m anure in humic compounds. The total carbon content increased w ith increasing liquid
m anure rates, exept or the treatm en t w ith 80 m3 of liquid m anure per
hectare, am ounting to 0.98% in the NPK treatm en t and to 1.01% where
the liquid m anure ra te of 240 m8 per hectare was applied. The C/N ratio,
instead, showed a narrow ing tendency in the fertilized objects, w hat proved a rapid m ineralization of the liquid m anure organic m atter.
C O N C LU SIO N S
1. The threefold sandy soil fertilization w ith liquid m anure led to
considerable changes in the stru cture of pores. In connection w ith these changes a very favourable grow th of w ater accessible to plants took place, consisting in treatm ents of fertilization w ith liquid m anure of the
1 4 8 S. K ow aliński at al.
hectare — 13.1 mm, 160 m3 per hectare — 22.4 mm, 240 m* per hectare
— even 26.3 mm.
2. Under the liquid m anure application effect soil reaction changed
from very acid in the control trea tm en t to sligtly acid one at the highest liquid m anure rate, w hat m anifested itself in successive decrease of the num ber of hydrolytic hydrogen ions.
3. The fertilization w ith liquid m anure led to an almost threefold increase of the sum of exchangeable cations, m ainly in consequence of a grow th of the percentage of Ca and К ions.
4. The soil sorption complex saturation w ith basic cations increa sed w ith the am ount of the liquid m anure applied and was twice higher in the treatm ent w ith its highest rate than on the control plot.
R EFEREN CES
[1] A s m u s F. : D er E in flu ss v e r sc h ie d e n e r organ isch er D ü n g e sto ffe a u f C -G eh alt und H u m u ssto ffra k tio n en in B öden. A . T h a er-A rch iv 14, 1970, 875-881.
[2] B o r o w i e c J., K o s i e n k o w s k i R. : E ffe c t of fe r tiliz a tio n w ith liq u id m an u re on p h y sic o -c h e m ic a l p ro p erties of lig h t soils. P race. Kom . N auk. PTG , W arsaw 1977, 55-64.
[3] B o r o w i e c J., G a j d a J., K o s i e n k o w s k i R. : E ffe c t of fe r tiliz a tio n of lig h t soil w ith liq u id m an u re on th e b a sis of tw o -y e a r g ra ssla n d s ex p e r im e n ts. M ateriały n a k o n feren cję n a u k o w ą O lszty n 15-16.06.1977, 103-115.
[4] B r o g o w s k i Z., B o r e k S . : C h an ges occu rring in so ils u n der th e e ffe c t of a p p lica tio n of h ig h liq u id m an u re ra tes fro m sw in e fa tte n in g farm . M ate ria ły na k o n feren cję n au k o w ą O lszty n 15-16.06.1977, 129-141.
[5] L i c z n a r M. , D r o z d J. : C om parison of som e p ro p erties o f so il fe r tiliz e d w ith d iffe r e n t liq u id m an u re rates. P ra ce K om . N au k . PT G , W arsaw 1977, 41-54.
[6] M a ć k o w i a k C. : C hanges in th e ch em ical coom position of soil under the e ffe c t of fe r tiliz a tio n w ith liq u id m an u re. P ra ce K om . N au k . PTG , W arsaw 1977, 7-40.
[7] N o w o s i e l s k i О. : M ethod of d eterm in a tio n of fe r tiliz a tio n n eed s. PW R iL, W arsaw 1974, 720.
[8] W a r t a Z., K u k u r e n d a H., M a ć k o w i a k C. : C hanges of th e chem ical com p osition o f lig h t soil u n d er th e e ffe c t of h e a v y load o f liq u id m anure. P race K om . N auk. PTG , W arsaw 1977, 65-72.
[9] U z i a к S., К 1 i m o w i с z Z. e t al. : D y n a m ics o f som e p rop erties o f grasslan d so ils irrigated w ith m u n icip a l w a ste w a ters. R ocz. gleb ozn . 31, 1980, 1, 3-26.
Liquid manure effect on soil properties 149
S. K O W ALINSK I, S. STR Ą C ZYNSK A, A . W ILCZYŃ SK I
W PŁY W G N O JO W IC Y N A W ŁAŚC IW O ŚC I FIZY C Z N E I FIZYK O C H EM IC ZN E G LEBY PIA SZ C Z Y ST E J
In s ty tu t C h em ii R oln iczej, G leb o zn a w stw a i M ik rob iologii A R w e W rocław iu S t r e s z c z e n i e
Z asad n iczym cele m badań b yło o k reślen ie w p ły w u zró żn ico w a n y ch d a w ek g n o jo w icy n a n iek tó re w ła śc iw o ś c i m ad y rzeczn ej p ia szczy stej. S to so w a n ie g n o jo w ic y w d aw k ach : 0, 40, 80, 160 i 240 m8/h a , pod słonecznik, rzepak ozim y i m ie szan k ę p op lon ow ą sp o w o d o w a ło k o rzy stn e zm ia n y w stru k tu rze porów . U zy sk a n o p rzyrost ilo śc i w o d y d ostęp n ej dla ro ślin o d p ow ied n io o: 10,6, 13,1, 22,4 i 26,3 m m . O dczyn a n a lizo w a n y ch g leb z m ie n ia ł się od bardzo k w a śn eg o n a ob iek cie k o n tro l n ym , do lek k o k w a śn eg o przy n a jw y ższej d a w ce g n o jo w icy . S tw ierd zo n o też p ra w ie trzyk rotn e zw ię k sz e n ie się su m y k a tio n ó w z a sa d o w y ch w g leb ie, g łó w n ie w sk u te k u d ziału Ca i K, co zn a la zło sw o je od b icie w e w zro ście w y sy c e n ia k om p lek su sorp cy jn eg o k a tio n a m i za sa d o w y m i.
P rof. dr S tanislaw K o w a llń skl Z akład G leb o zn a w stw a A R W roclaw , ul. G ru n w a ld zka 53
