E R IK A S C H U L T E 1, A N D R Z E J G R Z Y B O W S K I2- 3
Erich Wernicke — a Close Collaborator of Emil von Behring.
His Life and Work in Posen (Poznan)
Erich Wernicke — bliski współpracownik Emila von Behringa.
Życie i praca w Poznaniu
d e p a rtm e n t o f A naesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Care M edicine, Charite Universitatsm edizin Berlin, Berlin, G erm any; D ep a rtm e n t o f O phthalm ology, C ity Hospital, Poznan, Poland; D ep artm en t o f Ophthalmology, U niversity o f W armia and M azury, Olsztyn, Poland
Su m m ary
Erich W ernicke was a close collaborator and friend o f E m il von Behring. Their co-w ork is well described. The details o f his 20 years stay in Poznan are, however, much less known. Wernicke was a famous hygienist and im m u
nologist. His stay in Poznan was characterized b y trans
ferring hygienic basic science w hich developed in the beginnings o f the 20th century in the daily life o f people for example on the field o f clean water and disinfection.
From 1899 he was the chair o f the Hygiene Institute o f Posen (Poznan) and from 1905 until 1908 he was rector o f the Royal A cadem y o f Posen (Poznan). His expertise helped to establish in Poznan a m odern water supply system and water hygiene.
K eyw ords: Erich Wernicke, history o f imm unology, his
to ry o f hygiene, history o f city Poznan, history o f public health
Streszczenie
Erich W ernicke b ył bliskim w spółpracow nikiem i przy
jacielem Em ila von Behringa. Ich współpraca jest dobrze znana. Jednak szczegóły jego dwudziestoletniego pobytu w Poznaniu nie zostały dotychczas dokładnie zbadane i przeanalizowane. W ernicke był słynnym znawcą higie
ny i im m unologiem . Podczas swojego pobytu w Pozna
niu pom agał w stosowaniu zdobyczy nauk podstaw o
w ych z zakresu higieny i m ikrobiologii w urządzeniach użyteczności publicznej, np. przy oczyszczaniu w od y oraz jej dezynfekcji. O d 1899 roku b ył kierow nikiem Instytutu H igieny w Poznaniu. W latach 19 0 5-19 0 8 peł
nił funkcję rektora A kadem ii Królewskiej w Poznaniu.
Jego doświadczenia pom ogły wprowadzić w tym mieście nowoczesny system dostarczania w o d y i jej odkażania.
S ło w a kluczow e: Erich W ernicke, historia im m unolo
gii, historia higieny, historia Poznania, historia zdrowia publicznego
1. In tro d u ctio n / M eth o d
Erich Wernicke m ay have deserved the Nobel Prize re
ceived by Behring and Kitasato, but certainly should not have been forgotten. His close collaboration with Emil von Behring in Koch’s laboratory enabled the development o f diphtheria antitoxin and brought Behring the Nobel Prize. The aim o f this paper is to analyse the achievements
o f Erich Wernicke while resident in the city o f Poznan.
W ernicke was a famous hygienist and imm unologist and he published over twenty scientific papers and several articles as well as monographs during his life. However during his time in Poznan, Wernicke introduced basic hygiene, which developed in the beginning o f the 20th century, into the daily lives o f people in the areas o f clean
water and disinfection, for example. ^ e study presented here is based on prim ary sources from the Berlin State Library [1] and the State Archive in Poznan.
2. W ernicke’s life an d w o rk befo re m o v in g to P osen (Poznan) (18 59 -18 9 9 )
Erich W ernicke was born on the 20th A pril 1859 in Frie- deberg/N eum ark (Strzelce K rajeń skie), a sm all town near Landsberg/W arthe (G orzów W ielkopolski) in the district o f Lebus. He was the seventh child born to his parents Henriette W ernicke, nee Benickendorf, and Ju lius Wernicke. Julius W ernicke w as a secondary-school teacher, choirm aster and organist. ^ e education o f the children w as h eavily influenced b y the fam ily’s strict protestantism [2].
A fter graduation E rich W ernicke started to study m edicine at the University o f Berlin as a m em ber o f the
“M edizinisch-Chirurgischem Friedrich-W ilhelm -Insti- tut” in 1879 [3]. ^ e adm ission to this m ilitary institute represented Erich W ernicke’s only w ay to study m edi
cine for fam ily pecuniary reasons. A m ong his teachers at the m edical faculty, there were m any w hose reputations survive the centuries, for example von Helmholtz, du Bois-R eym ond, Leyden, Bardeleben, von Langenbeck, vo n Bergm ann, Virchow , H enoch, and G usserow [4].
In A pril 1885, W ernicke passed the last o f the medical state exam inations [5]. One month later he successfully defended his doctoral thesis covering an obstetrical issue (‘Hydrocephalus congenitus foetalis’) with the highest grade ‘sum m a cum laude’ [6].
From 1885 until 1890, W ernicke gained practical ex
perience as a m ilitary doctor in M uhlhausen/ElsaE and Karlsruhe particularily in the area o f surgical medicine.
It was during this time that W ernicke becam e v e ry in terested in hygiene: Together with H. Salzm ann from the Technical U niversity o f Karlsruhe he investigated the antiseptic effects o f m ercu ry dichloride in w ound dressings [7].
In the spring o f 1890 W ernicke returned to Berlin as a scientific assistant to R obert K och at the H ygiene Institute o f Berlin. A ve ry productive collaboration with Em il von B ehring, w ho w as well know n b y W ernicke from his years as a student, began [ f i g . 1]. ^ e i r field o f activity w as the developm ent o f antitoxic sera and both scientists w orked day and night to develop a diphthe
ria vaccine [8]. O ver the follow ing years B ehrin g and W ernicke succeeded in im m unising guinea pigs against diphtheria. ^ i s w as a difficult p roced ure requ irin g a high degree o f endurance, diligence and skilfulness [8]. W ernicke m anaged the practical experim ents and w rote them dow n m eticulously in a m inute b o o k [9].
Behring how ever directed the experim ents and decided
f ig. 1. Erich Wernicke, Robert Koch and Em il Behring (from left to right), Berlin, 1891, archives o f the ‘Behringwerke’, Marburg, Germany, archive no 1396
f ig. 2. Old building o f the Hygiene Institute in Posen (Poznan), Breslauerstrasse no 16, around 1907. Source: Adam M ickiewicz U niversity Library, Poznan, Poland
f ig. 3. New building o f the Hygiene Institute o f Posen (Poznan), 1913, Konigsring, archives o f the ‘Behringwerke’, Marburg, Ger
many, archive no 1396
the next steps as he w as unable to do the experim ents h im self due to bad health [10]. In 1892 they reported and pu b lish ed together the first su ccessfu l cure for diphtheria using sera from guinea pigs [11]. Later B eh ring adm itted that the developm ent o f the diphtheria antitoxin probably w ould have com e from the Pasteur Institute in France if W ernicke hadn’t done the crucial series o f tests [10]. In 19 0 1, B ehring received the Nobel Price for the serum therapy, whereas W ernicke’s contri
butions to the developm ent o f the diphtheria antitoxin w ere largely forgotten.
Wernicke received his habilitation in 1894 for hygiene and bacteriology from the University o f Berlin [9]. In 1895 he took over the directorship o f the hygiene and chem ical laboratory o f the ‘M edizinisch-Chirurgische Friedrich-W ilhelm -Institut’. From 1897 until 1898 Wer
nicke w as initially an honorary and later a full professor at the University o f M arburg [9].
3. W ernicke’s life an d w o rk in P osen (Poznan) (18 9 9 -19 14 )
3.1. W ernicke and the H ygiene Institute o f P osen (Poznan)
On the 5th A pril 1899 W ernicke accepted a chair at the planned Hygiene Institute o f Posen (Poznan) [12] and his task was to build-up this institute. He did this with great enthusiasm. Under the direction o f Wernicke, the H y
giene Institute o f Posen (Poznan) becam e scientifically ve ry vibrant [12]. The Hygiene Institute was subdivided into three departm ents: 1. the departm ent o f hygiene and bacteriology, 2. the departm ent o f pathology and anatomy, and 3. the department o f chemical analyses and hygiene o f food products. W ernicke headed the whole institute and in particular the departm ent o f hygiene and bacteriology. The two other departments were the responsibility o f two additional leading scientists [13].
f ig. 4. Hygiene Institute o f Posen (Poznan), around 1913 (left
m ost position), Source: Adam M ickiew icz U niversity Library, Poznan, Poland
Fi g. 5. Professor Erich Wernicke and his assistants in one o f the laboratories ofthe new Hygiene Institute in Posen (Poznan), 1913, archive collection o f Wernicke in the National Library o f Germany, Berlin, archive no 156/5, photo no 21
f ig. 6. Professor Erich Wernicke, Posen 1910, archives o f the ‘Beh- ringwerke’, Marburg, Germany, archive no 1396
Initially the Hygiene Institute w as accom m odated in an old building [ f i g . 2] located in Breslauerstr. 16. [14]
A highlight in Wernicke’s scientific life was undoubtedly the inauguration o f the new building housing the H y
giene Institute in A pril 1913 [ f i g 3, 4]. This new building included an auditorium with projector and capacity for seventy people, m odern laboratories [ f i g . 5], central heating and w indow s ‘so big and w ell-placed that all room s o f the institute were truly flushed with light’ [14].
One laboratory was totally isolated from the others to allow studies on plague and cholera. A fter w orking in this high security laboratory everyone had to take a bath before leaving [14].
The m ain task o f the hygiene department was to pre
vent and combat the infection o f diseases such as cholera, typhus, recurrent fever, pox, plague, rabies and others [13].
However, the questions o f water supply, water hygiene and effluent disposal were also im portant fields o f activ
ity. Further areas o f interest included soil investigations, hygiene assessments o f habitations, hygienic surveillance o f com m ercial undertakings, inspection o f disinfection apparatus, education o f staff amongst others. W hile the Hygiene Institute supported routine work, much scien
tific research was also conducted under its auspices as evidenced b y the numerous scientific papers published and the graduation o f m any young scientists [13].
3.2. W ernicke and the R o yal A cadem y o f P osen (Poznan)
The A cad em y w as inaugurated on the 5th N ovem ber 1903 in Posen (Poznan). It was expected to bridge the gap betw een the Universities o f K onigsberg (K alin in grad) and Breslau (W rocław). But in contrast to the
se universities, the Royal A cadem y o f Posen (Poznan) was prescriptive with regard to the age o f students nor their educational background. It served in essence as a com m unity college. In 1903, im m ediately after the fo
undation o f the Academy, W ernicke received a teaching assignment for hygiene and bacteriology there [15]. From 1905 until 1908 Erich W ernicke was rector o f the A cade
m y [16] and from 1903-1905 and again from 19 0 8-19 11, its vice-rector [ f i g . 6] [17]. W ernicke was also a tem porary m em ber o f the A cadem y adm inistrative com m ission [18]. In 1910 the A cadem y was housed in its own building [19]. A s an example o f the kind o f courses and sem inars offered by W ernicke at the Academy, an excerpt o f the lecture schedule for 1909/10 is shown in table 1.
3.3. The situation regardin g the w ater supply in the 19th cen tu ry in Posen (Poznan)
The situation regarding the w ater supply and hygiene in the 1860s and 1870s w as described b y an expert com
m issioned by the local governm ent [20]: everyone was disturbed by the ‘pungent odour’ w alking through the city o f Poznan. In contrast to some European cities the
re was no form o f canalisation. Hygiene analysis o f the w ater from different wells in Poznan showed that the quality o f the water w as terrible. In addition to organic substances and nitric acid, am m oniac was also found in the groundwater. The presence o f am m oniac indicated the contam ination o f the groundw ater b y excrem ent from people and animals. Excrem ent was collected in cesspools, which often leaked and were seldom emptied, so groundwater and the water wells becam e contam i
nated. A s a consequence o f the dirty water, the rate o f infection and disease, and consequently, m ortality was ve ry high at 37 people per 10 00 per year. M ore than h alf o f the children did not reach the age o f five [21]. In addi
tion to the typical infections such as diphtheria, cholera, typhus and tuberculosis, m alaria w as also endem ic in Posen (Poznan) at this time [21].
The first step towards im proving the water supply was the replacement o f the w ooden water conduits with iron ones in 1862 [22]. But the m ain problem was to source sufficient clean water. The water obtained from springs o f groundwater wasn’t enough for the inhabitants o f Posen (Poznan), therefore the water supply w as supplem ent
ed with filtered w ater from the river Warthe. For this purpose a steam -pow ered pum ping station including a filtration facility was built in 1866 [22]. This had to be augmented in the 1870s. But the m ain problem associ
ated with this water was that pathogenic agents were not rem oved or destroyed b y the filtration process and the search for new groundwater sources continued. In 1874, exploratory drilling and pum ping o f groundwater was conducted on the m eadows o f Bocianka and Eichwald in the south o f Posen (Poznan) [22]. A lth ough these attempts were ve ry successful, the water obtained had a strange smell and after a short period o f time it became darkly discoloured [22]. The problem could not be solved and the project was put on hold.
In response to the large epidem ics caused b y using filtered, but unhygienic river water and the city’s grow ing w ater requirem ents (Posen grew from 67,000 to 117,000 inhabitants in 1900) the search for additional groundwater sources resum ed at the beginning o f the 20th century, when Erich Wernicke was already living and w orking in Posen (Poznan). The director o f the w ater
works, Mertens, and the director o f the Hygiene Institute, Wernicke, recommended that groundwater also from the m eadows o f Bocianka and Eichwald should be mined from a depth o f 120m to 150m [23].
The deep groundwater found with this technique was available in abundance and o f good hygienic quality but
Fig. 7. Diagram o f a groundwater well: hatching — the clay layer located above the upper groundwater layer and below the deeper groundwater layer; depth o f groundwater well 23 metres, outlined by Wernicke him self [59]
Fi g. 8. ^ e water supply system o f Posen (Poznan) in 19 11 as outlined by Wernicke him self [23]. Indicated are the historic city (located within the central circle), the river Warthe (curved line on the right), the main water conduit (top to bottom in the middle of the drawing), the wells in the groundwater territories in the north, west and south o f Poznan (dotted)
it has had one fault: ‘It was brown like coffee’ which was how Wernicke him self had to describe it [23]. ^ e reason for this discoloration was a brown coal layer positioned under the bed o f clay. ^ e r e were m any possibilities to re
move the organic m aterial from the water but these were com plex and expensive. In 1906 W ernicke found an easy m ethod to clean the water. I f the brown, deep water was m ixed with the more superficial ferruginous groundw a
ter it had two consequences: the organic substances and the iron and m anganese com pounds precipitated out.
W ith the new efficient Jewell-filters, these com pounds could be rem oved and clear water was obtained eas
ily with this novel m ethod, w hich had not been used previously anywhere else before [23]. In 1908 new deep wells [ f i g . 7] were built on the m eadows o f Eichwald and a new Jewell-filter com pleted in 1909 in the water production facility.
In 19 11 W ernicke wrote: ‘W ith the three developed groundwater territories in the north and west o f Posen (Poznan) and in the south (the m eadows o f Eichwald) [ f i g . 8] and with the new m ethods o f utilisation o f the deep water, the drinking water needs o f the inhabitants o f Posen (Poznan) will probably be ensured for a long period o f time. — O ur water from the conduit is a clear, pure, pleasant tasting water which is free o f infectious or pathogenic agents and is available in sufficient quantity for the whole city’ [23].
Clean water for everyone was one o f the m ain con cerns o f W ernicke. He believed that ‘the m ore cultured people are, the higher is their consum ption o f water.’
[19] He also published some scientific articles about the issue o f water supply and health care [24]. ^ e city o f London was a pioneer in the implem tation o f a water supply; in G erm any city water supplies were initially in troduced in Ham burg and Berlin and followed by Posen (Poznan) — earlier or similtaneously with Germ an cities o f com parable size [23]. Poznan owes much to W ernicke concerning this issue.
3.4. W ernicke’s contribution to hygiene and disin fection in Posen (Poznan)
W ernicke was also v e ry interested in hygiene and d i
sinfection as a means to com bat infectious diseases. He investigated and published effective m easures for the disinfection o f living spaces following various infectious diseases [25, 26]. But he was not only interested in the scientific w ork per se — he also tried to introduce new scientific insights into daily life. For example he intro
duced and trained people to carry out disinfections [27].
Furtherm ore he perform ed educational and explanatory w ork across the social classes: W ernicke published on the relationship between dom estic hygiene and infectious
disease in the bulletin o f a tenants association [28] as well as in scientific journals [29]. In 1910 W ernicke was a m em ber o f the G erm an preparation com m ittee for the Third International Congress o f the School Hygiene in Paris [30]. The follow ing year W ernicke supported with great com m itm ent the International Exhibition on Hygiene in Dresden, an exceptional event for the young discipline o f hygiene [31].
3.5. W ernicke’s w o rk on infectious diseases and im m un ology in Posen (Poznan)
Besides his special interest on hygiene issues, Wer
nicke continued his bacteriological and im m un ologi
cal experim ents in Posen (Poznan). His broad scientific interests are reflected in publications concerning devel
opments on the studies o f tuberculosis (1904) [32], new investigations on cholera (1905) [33], serological changes during an infection o f syphilis (1908) [34] and actual knowledge o f im m unity against anthrax (1914) [35]. The m ain aim o f his studies was to reduce infection rates, m orbidity and m ortality o f infectious diseases. O ver the course o f his scientific life he m oved from seeking to understand the basic science o f im m unology more to
wards the search for effective strategies to prevent disease infection.
The epidem iology and the prevention o f tuberculosis was an particular issue for W ernicke in Posen (Poznan).
He was m em ber o f the ‘International Association against T uberculosis’ [36]. Several publications o f W ernicke on tuberculosis demonstrate his interest in this highly prevalent disease [32, 37, 38]. W ernicke carefully docu
mented every case o f tuberculosis in the city o f Posen (Poznan) and so could identify regions, streets and even houses with a high burden o f this illness. He used this knowledge to target prevention program m es [13]. Wer
nicke initiated and supported the building o f hospitals, sanatorium s and welfare centres for those individuals with tuberculosis [13].
In particular, W ernicke was recognised for his w ork regarding a m ajor typhus epidem ic in Posen (Poznan) in 1904. He demonstrated that this epidem ic was caused b y the distribution o f contam inated m ilk provided by a single dairy [13]. This knowledge was then used to end the epidemic.
It seems am azing that there weren’t publications by W ernicke between 1899 and 1914 on the issue o f diph
theria, the theme o f his m ost intensive scientific work.
But W ernicke was also engaged in the field o f diphtheria im m unisation and prevention in Posen (Poznan). He publicly complained that im m unisation against diphthe
ria w as not as com m on and wide-spread as it should be [39]. Several years later he wrote an article in w hich he
described his m em ories on the fight against diphtheria in Posen (Poznan) [40].
3.6. W ernicke’s p olitical b earin g
an d his person al relationship to Posen (Poznan) W ernicke was characterised b y a patriotic spirit, he w as a supporter o f the m onarchy and an opponent o f social dem ocracy [41]. Despite the considerable con tribution o f W ernicke to com m on issues such as water supply, hygiene etc. it cannot be denied that W ernicke’s engagem ent with the H ygiene Institute and the Royal A cadem y was coupled with his patriotism . Establishing these institutes was to increase the G erm an influence in Posen (Poznan) w hich w as a city o f 117,000 inhabitants (1910) — o f w hich the m inority was G erm an speaking [42]. W ernicke supported ideas including the ‘peaceful germ anisation’ o f Poland in the years before the First W orld War [8, 43].
W ernicke denoted the years he spent in Posen (Poznan) as the happiest in his life. It was satisfying for him to transfer the knowledge from basic science to the daily life o f people. He successfully taught broad sections o f the population. A s an example o f people’s gratitude to W ernicke we found a poem in his estate authored by teachers w ho were instructed b y him [44]. W ernicke’s reply w as also a poem consisting o f six strophes which dem onstrated that he enjoyed this form o f education [45]. A nother example for W ernicke’s citizen-orientated attitude w as his w o rk as a lecturer at the com m unity college o f Posen (Poznan) [46]. W ernicke also took on political duties as a m em ber o f the city parliam ent o f Posen (Poznan) [47].
D uring his time in Posen (Poznan) Wernicke w as of
fered different positions at the Universities o f Berlin and Konigsberg (Kaliningrad) [48-50]. Wernicke turned these opportunities down and stayed in Posen (Poznan). Wer
nicke owned an estate house near to Posen (Poznan) in K ard orf (Chartowo), which was carefully cultivated and loved [51]. Erich and Meta Wernicke had six children [2]:
one son (Heinrich, *1895) and one daughter (Charlotte,
*1897) moved with them to Posen (Poznan). Four addi
tional children were born in Posen (Poznan): Friedrich- K arl (*1899), Johanna (*190 1), H ans-G unther (*1902) and Ursula (*1911) [ f i g . 9]. Years later Heinrich became a customs officer. Em il von Behring was a godparent to H einrich dem onstrating the close private relationship between these families. Heinrich died in 1981. Charlotte studied m usic and piano; she died in 1955. Friedrich-Karl fell in battle in 1918 in the First World War only 19 years old. Johanna died in 1987. H ans-G unther also studied medicine and like his father, Wernicke, his m ain interest w as hygiene. He died in 1984. Ursula the youngest daugh-
f ig. 9. Erich Wernicke and his fam ily in 1910: from left to right:
Friedrich-Karl, Charlotte, wife M eta Wernicke, Hans-Gunther, Erich Wernicke, Heinrich, Johanna; Ursula had not yet been born.
From the ‘Behringwerke’ archives, M arburg, Germany, archive no 1396
f i g. 10. Fam ily grave o f W ernicke in the Kaiser-W ilhelm -Ge- dachtnis parish cemetery, Berlin-Westend, Germany, photos from E. Schulte
ter o f Wernicke was a medical technical assistant and as she lived until 2006, we know m any details o f Wernicke’s life and fam ily from her narratives [2].
4. W ernicke’s life after th e F irst W orld W ar
Following the First World War, W ernicke continued to w o rk at the H ygienic Institute o f Poznan for one and a h alf years b y order o f the Polish governm ent [9]. In 1919 W ernicke prepared courses and lectures on hygiene and bacteriology for Polish doctors. This w as described in non-published m em oires o f Tadeusz Szulc, W erni
cke’s successor in the position as head o f the Hygiene Institute: “ Relations were friendly and w hen W ernicke cited some am using phrases during lectures the student audience showed their approval according to tradition b y loudly stam ping the floor with their shoes” [52]. Szulc also described farewell banquets for G erm an professors in the hotel “ Palais Royal”, w hich shows that they must have been respected [53].
From 1920 until 1925, W ernicke was responsible for the build -u p o f the H ygiene Institute in Landsberg/
W arthe (G orzów W ielkopolski) [54, 55]. A fter retire
m ent W ernicke returned to Berlin, w here he w orked on voluntary basis at the Institute for Hygiene o f Water, A ir and G round [56]. W ernicke died o f a heart attack on the 25th M ay 1928 in his Berlin flat. He was buried in the “Kaiser-W ilhelm -G edachtnis-G em einde” cem etery [Fig. 10] [57]. In 1928 an obituary was published in the daily new spaper o f Posen (Poznan) with the following text: “A lso the m odern city o f Poznan benefited from W ernicke’s scientific advice regarding several im por
tant hygiene facilities and particularly its supply o f clean water” [58].
t a b 1. Excerpt from the schedule o f lectures during 1909/10 of
fered by the Royal Academ y o f Posen (Poznan); courses offered by Erich Wernicke during this time, Erich Wernicke Archive in the Berlin State Library — Prussian Cultural Heritage, Berlin, Germany, archive no 156.
1 Causes, dissemination, and control o f widespread infectious diseases, with demonstration.
2
Lessons about im m unity together with practices o f m odern serological investigation methods — for physicians and scientists.
3 Discussion o f the actual literature concerning hygiene and medicine; only for physicians.
4
Introduction to bacteriology with practical bacteriological investigation methods — for physicians, veterinary surgeons, pharmacists and scientists.
5 Hygiene sum m er school for teachers.
Acknowledgem ents
We thank Susan Smith PhD for proof-reading the manu
script.
References
1. Archive collection o f Erich Wernicke in the Berlin State Library — Prussian Cultural Heritage, Berlin, Ger
many, archive no 156.
2. Details concerning the family of Erich Wernicke were obtained from several personal discussions between the au
thor (ES) and Ursula Geyl-Wernicke, the youngest daugh
ter of Erich Wernicke, in Seeheim-Jugenheim (Germany) between 1996 and 2006.
3. Admission document to the ‘Medizinisch-Chirurgis- chen Friedrich-Wilhelm-Institute, 1879, archive collection o f Erich Wernicke in the Berlin State Library — Prussian Cultural Heritage, Berlin, Germany, archive no 156.
4. Training certificate o f the adm inistration to the medical military academy, 1885, archive collection o f Erich Wernicke in the Berlin State Library — Prussian Cultural Heritage, Berlin, Germany, archive no 156.
5. Erich Wernicke’s pass certificate for the medical state examination, 09.05.1885, archive collection o f Erich Wer
nicke in the Berlin State Library — Prussian Cultural Heri
tage, Berlin, Germany, archive no 156.
6. Wernicke E., [Foetal hydrocephalus and obstetrical consequences], Medical dissertation, 1885, Berlin.
7. Wernicke E. and Salzmann H., [The sublimate ban
daging material] [in:] Militararztliche Zeitschrift 1889, 5, 10 -13.
8. Wernicke E., [In memory o f combating diphtheria in Posen(Poznan)] [in:] Zeitschrift fu r Hygiene und Infektion- skrankheiten 1924, 103, 294-297.
9. Schulte E., [Essential contribution o f Erich Wernicke in the development o f a diphtheria antitoxin], Berlin, Freie Univ., diss. med., 2001, Mensch und Buch Verlag, Berlin.
10. Moller B., [Essential contribution o f Erich Wernicke in the development o f a diphtheria antitoxin] [in:] Reichsge- sundheitsblatt 1940, 49, 964-966.
11. Behring E. and Wernicke E., [Immunisation and cure o f laboratory animals with diphtheria] [in:] Z. f. Hyg. u. Inf.
12, 1892, 10-44.
12. [Life o f privy councillor Wernicke], photo with text, uncertain origin o f this photo, archive collection o f Erich Wernicke in the Berlin State Library — Prussian Cultural Heritage, Berlin, Germany, archive no 156.
13. Wernicke E., [The royal Hygiene Institute o f Posen (Poznan) [in:] The residential city o f Posen (Poznan) and its administration in the year 1911], on behalf o f the mayor, edited by Dr. G. Franke, 1911, 296-297.
14. Author unknown, [A new site o f German science in the Eastern march] [in:] Posener Illustrierte Zeitung Nr.
3659, 14.08.1913, archive collection of Erich Wernicke in the Berlin State Library — Prussian Cultural Heritage, Berlin, Germany, archive no 156.
15. Certificate o f Wernicke‘s appointment as profes
sor o f the Academy, 11.09.1903, archive collection of Erich Wernicke in the Berlin State Library — Prussian Cultural Heritage, Berlin, Germany, archive no 156.
16. Bulletin o f the senate, 21.06.1905, respectively the governor o f the province Posen (Poznan), 29.06.1905, con
cerning the election o f the rector, archive collection of Erich Wernicke in the Berlin State Library — Prussian Cultural Heritage, Berlin, Germany, archive no 156.
17. Certificate o f Wernicke’s appointment as prorec
tor of the Academy, 13.09.1903, archive collection of Erich Wernicke in the Berlin State Library — Prussian Cultural Heritage, Berlin, Germany, archive no 156.
18. Schedule o f lectures o f the Academy 1905/06 and 1906/07, Posen (Poznan), archive collection of Erich Wer
nicke in the Berlin State Library — Prussian Cultural Heri
tage, Berlin, Germany, archive no 156.
19. Newspaper article, without title, Posener Tageblatt 18.01.1910, archive collection of Erich Wernicke in the Berlin State Library — Prussian Cultural Heritage, Berlin, Ger
many, archive no 156.
20. Gemmel, [The sewer system o f Posen (Poznan)]. Re
port compelled by the public authorities, 1872, 3-26, Hofbu- chdruckerei von Decker und Comp, Posen.
21. Schellin E, [Malaria in the province Posen (Poznan)]
[in:] Zeitschrift der Historischen Gesellschaftfur die Provinz Posen 1894, 372-404.
22. Mertens N., [Waterworks o f the city Posen (Poznan)]
[in:] The residential city o f Posen (Poznan) and its admin
istration in the year 1911], on behalf o f the mayor, edited by Dr. G. Franke, 1911, 143-151.
23. Wernicke E., [Water supply in Posen (Poznan)] [in:]
The residential city o f Posen (Poznan) and its administra
tion in the year 1911], on behalf o f the mayor, edited by Dr.
G. Franke, 1911, 152-161.
24. Wernicke E., [Water supply and aspects o f health]
[in:] Blatter fu r Volksgesundheitspflege 1907, 9, 191-194.
25. Wernicke E., [The new proceedings on the field o f house disinfection], official report o f the 17th general assem
bly of the Prussian medical civil servants society, 1900, 1-14 , archive collection o f Erich Wernicke in the Berlin State Library — Prussian Cultural Heritage, Berlin, Germany, archive no 156.
26. Wernicke E., [Precautionary and disinfectant mea
sures during the outbreak o f a dangerous infectious disease], official report o f the 18th general assembly o f the Prussian medical civil servants society, 1901, 1-16 , archive collection
o f Erich Wernicke in the Berlin State Library — Prussian Cultural Heritage, Berlin, Germany, archive no 156.
27. Wernicke E., [Remarks about qualification and train
ing o f disinfectors and disinfector schools] [in:] Klinisches Jahrbuch 1903, 42, 305-314.
28. Wernicke E., [Habitation and illnesses], news o f the tenant association Posen (Poznan), 3, 1912, 1-4 , archive collection o f Erich Wernicke in the Berlin State Library
— Prussian Cultural Heritage, Berlin, Germany, archive no 156.
29. Wernicke E., [Habitation and its influence on illnesses and mortality], Krankheit und Soziale Lage, 1912, 1-13.
30. Programme o f the t t ir d International Conference on School Hygiene, Paris 1910, archive collection o f Erich Wernicke in the Berlin State Library — Prussian Cultural Heritage, Berlin, Germany, archive no 156.
31. Honorary certificate for Wernicke’s support o f the International School Hygiene Conference Dresden 1911, 05.04.1913, archive collection o f Erich Wernicke in the Berlin State Library — Prussian Cultural Heritage, Berlin, Germany, archive no 156.
32. Wernicke E., f f i e latest results on research o f tuber
culosis and combating tuberculosis in Posen (Poznan)], news o f the society of welfare for ill workers in Posen (Poznan), 6, 1906, 1-2 2, archive collection o f Erich Wernicke in the Berlin State Library — Prussian Cultural Heritage, Berlin, Germany, archive no 156.
33. Wernicke E., [Investigations and observations on chol
era in the year 1905] from the Hygiene Institute in Posen (Poznan), department of hygiene and bacteriological work, 1906, 371-8, archive collection o f Erich Wernicke in the Berlin State Library — Prussian Cultural Heritage, Berlin, Germany, archive no 156.
34. Wernicke E., [O ver serum reactions with special regards to the Wassermannsche reaction to syphilis] [in:]
Monatsschrift fu r Geburtshulfe und Gynakologie 1908, 17, 612-623.
35. Wernicke E., [Article on the knowledge o f anthrax immunity] [in:] Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift 1914, 11, 531-532.
36. Writing from the German Central Committee to Combat Tuberculosis, 15.09.1909, archive collection o f Erich Wernicke in the Berlin State Library — Prussian Cultural Heritage, Berlin, Germany, archive no 156.
37. Wernicke E., [Dissemination and prevention o f tu
berculosis in the city o f Posen (Poznan)], festschrift for the 60th birthday o f Robert Koch, 1903, 1-2 0 , archive collection o f Erich Wernicke in the Berlin State Library — Prussian Cultural Heritage, Berlin, Germany, archive no 156.
38. Wernicke E., [Comments on the dissemination and prevention o f tuberculosis in Posen (Poznan)], Aus dem Posener Lande, Blatter fur Heimatkunde 15/16, 1909, 330-
335, archive collection o f Erich Wernicke in the Berlin State Library — Prussian Cultural Heritage, Berlin, Germany, archive no 156.
39. Wernicke E., [Combating infectious diseases. Retrospec
tive view and outlook], speech in occasion of the birthday of His Majesty the emperor and the king on the 27th January 1905 on behalf of the royal academy of Posen (Poznan). From the Roayal Academy Posen, 1905, archive collection of Erich Wernicke in the Berlin State Library — Prussian Cultural Heri
tage, Berlin, Germany, archive no 156.
40. Wernicke E., [Memories on combating diphtheria in Posen (Poznan)] [in:] Zeitschrift fur Hygiene und Infek- tionskrankheiten 1924, 103, 294-297.
41. Letter from Erich Wernicke from the 30th July 1911 to Mr. von Iberg, archive collection of Erich Wernicke in the Berlin State Library — Prussian Cultural Heritage, Berlin, Germany, archive no 156.
42. Speech o f rector Kuhnemann on occasion o f the inauguration o f the Academy in Posen (Poznan), 4th N o
vember 1903, archive collection o f Erich Wernicke in the Berlin State Library — Prussian Cultural Heritage, Berlin, Germany, archive no 156.
43. Supplementary sheet of the ‘Posener Neuesten Nach- richten, 7th May 1910, archive collection o f Erich Wernicke in the Berlin State Library — Prussian Cultural Heritage, Berlin, Germany, archive no 156.
44. Poem from the teachers of the Royal Commercial and Industrial School for Girls, 26th February 1912, archive collec
tion of Erich Wernicke in the Berlin State Library — Prussian Cultural Heritage, Berlin, Germany, archive no 156.
45. Poem from Erich Wernicke (transcription), 27th February 1912, archive collection o f Erich Wernicke in the Berlin State Library — Prussian Cultural Heritage, Berlin, Germany, archive no 156.
46. Article in the ‘Landsberger Generalanzeiger’, 20th April and 22nd April 1924, archive collection o f Erich Wer
nicke in the Berlin State Library — Prussian Cultural Heri
tage, Berlin, Germany, archive no 156.
47. Minutes o f the meeting o f the city parliament, Posen (Poznan), 18th December 1909, archive collection o f Erich Wernicke in the Berlin State Library — Prussian Cultural Heritage, Berlin, Germany, archive no 156.
48. Letter from von Carl Fraenkel to Erich Wernicke, Halle, 24th Setember 1904, archive collection o f Erich Wer
nicke in the Berlin State Library — Prussian Cultural Heri
tage, Berlin, Germany, archive no 156.
49. Letter from Karl Flugge to Erich Wernicke, Breslau, December 1908, archive collection o f Erich Wernicke in the Berlin State Library — Prussian Cultural Heritage, Berlin, Germany, archive no 156.
50. Letter from Julius Schwalbe to Erich Wernicke, Ber
lin, 10th January 1913, archive collection o f Erich Wernicke
in the Berlin State Library — Prussian Cultural Heritage, Berlin, Germany, archive no 156.
51. Article in the Landsberger Generalanzeiger, 20th April 1924 und 22nd April 1924, [author and page unknown], archive collection o f Erich Wernicke in the Berlin State Library — Prussian Cultural Heritage, Berlin, Germany, archive no 156.
52. Szulc T., W Poznaniu i wkoło niego (Wspomnienie).
[In and around Poznan. Memoires.] Rękopis [Manuscript].
Zbiory Specjalne, Biblioteka U AM w Poznaniu [Special Collection, Adam Mickiewicz University Library, Poznan, Poland] sygn. 2801 i sygn. 2803/2, 446.
53. Ibidem, 447.
54. Writings of the ambulance corps regarding person
nel changes, 5th August 1920 und 12th August 1920, archive collection o f Erich Wernicke in the Berlin State Library
— Prussian Cultural Heritage, Berlin, Germany, archive no 156.
55. Lentz O., [Inauguration o f the Hygiene Institute in Landsberg], article in the Landsberger Generalanzeiger, 5th March 1929, archive collection o f Erich Wernicke in the Berlin State Library — Prussian Cultural Heritage, Berlin, Germany, archive no 156.
56. Heymann B., [Necrology about Erich Wernicke and Paul Frosch], minutes o f the meeting o f the Berlin M icro
biologic Association, 11th June 1928, 570-571.
57. Cem etery Westend, Neuer Furstenbrunner Weg, Berlin-Charlottenburg, DI, grid lateral 15.
58. Article in the Posener Tageblatt, 28th of May 1928, archive collection o f Erich Wernicke in the Berlin State Library — Prussian Cultural Heritage, Berlin, Germany, archive no 156.
59. Log book o f Erich Wernicke from 1890-1894, archive collection of Erich Wernicke in the Berlin State Library
— Prussian Cultural Heritage, Berlin, Germany, archive no 156.
