ISSN 1427-549X
Indira Dyusekeneva, Ludmila Kilevaya
Kazachski PaĔstwowy Uniwersytet Pedagogiczny im. Abaja Aámata (Kazachstan)
Ʉɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɨɩɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ/
ɧɟɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɦ ɢ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ
Ʉɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɨɩɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ/ɧɟɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɤɚɬɟ- ɝɨɪɢɢ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɧɢɹ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɜɚɠɧɵɯ ɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɢ.
ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɚ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɧɚ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹɲ- ɧɢɣ ɞɟɧɶ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɚ ɜ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɪɭɞɚɯ, ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɨɫɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɩɨɪɧɵɦɢ, ɚ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɨɥɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɪɚɫɩɥɵɜɱɚɬɵɟ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ. ɗɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɨ- ɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɬɨɬ ɮɚɤɬ, ɱɬɨ ɞɚɧɧɚɹ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɠɢɜɨɣ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɭɠɟ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. Ɍɚɤ, Ɇ.ɘ. ɑɟɪɬɤɨɜɚ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ „ɬɟɪɦɢɧ «ɚɫɩɟɤɬ»
(ɨɬ ɥɚɬ. aspectus, ɬ.ɟ. ɜɧɟɲɧɢɣ ɜɢɞ, ɨɛɥɢɤ) ɛɵɥ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧ ɜ ɚɧɬɢɱɧɭɸ ɷɩɨɯɭ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɧɟɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɥ ɟɳɟ Ⱥɪɢɫɬɨɬɟɥɶ”1. Ⱥ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɣ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɢɣ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɨɥɨɝ Ⱥ.ȼ. Ȼɨɧɞɚɪɤɨ ɩɨ ɩɪɚɜɭ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ/ɧɟɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɦ. ɍɱɟɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɟɬ: „Ʉ ɱɢɫɥɭ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɬɧɟɫɬɢ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɢ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ/ ɧɟɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ/ ɰɟɥɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɮɚɤɬɚ, ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟ- ɧɢɹ, ɥɨɤɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ/ ɧɟɥɨɤɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ”2. Ⱥɫɩɟɤɬɨɥɨɝɢ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɸ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ/ɧɟɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ, ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫ- ɬɢɤɢ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɧɨ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɟ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɯ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɞɥɹ ɟɟ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ3. əɡɵɤɨɜɨɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɩɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɨ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɹɡɵɤɚ. Ʉɚɤ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɸɬ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ, „ɫɩɟ- ɰɢɮɢɤɚ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɣ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ ɨɬɩɪɚɜɧɵɦ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɟɪɟɨɬɢɩɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɡɚɮɢɤ- ɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɢ ɜ ɥɟɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɯ, ɢ ɜɨ ɮɪɚɡɟɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɢ ɜ ɩɪɟɰɟɞɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɬɟɤɫɬɚɯ
1 Ɇ.ɘ. ɑɟɪɬɤɨɜɚ, ȼɢɞ ɢɥɢ ɚɫɩɟɤɬ? Ʉ ɬɢɩɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɪɨɦɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ (ɧɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɟ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɢɫɩɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ), ȼɟɫɬɧɢɤ Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ. ɋɟɪɢɹ 9: „Ɏɢɥɨɥɨɝɢɹ” 2004, ʋ 1, ɫ. 100.
2 Ⱥ.ȼ. Ȼɨɧɞɚɪɤɨ, ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɤɢ ɢ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 2007, ɫ. 80.
3 Ⱥ.Ⱥ. Ʉɚɪɚɜɚɧɨɜ, Ʉ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɭ ɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɟ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɚ, „ȼɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɹɡɵɤɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ” 1992, ʋ 6, ɫ. 103-112.
ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɜ ɪɟɱɟɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɚɯ”4. Ʉɚɤ ɜɢɞɢɦ, ɪɟɱɶ ɢɞɟɬ ɨ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɚɯ, ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɳɢɯ ɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɩɪɚɝɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɹɡɵɤɚ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɨ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɵɯ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɚɯ ɦɢɪɚ. ȼ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɨɩɵɬɤɚ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ, ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɨɩɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ/ ɧɟɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɦ ɢ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ ɫ ɩɪɨɟɤɰɢɟɣ ɧɚ ɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɢɯ ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɟɣ.
Ȼɟɫɫɩɨɪɧɵɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɬ ɮɚɤɬ, ɱɬɨ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɟɟ ɹɞɟɪɧɚɹ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɚɹ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ/ ɧɟɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɫ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɚɬɟ- ɝɨɪɢɟɣ ɜɢɞɚ. ȼɚɠɧɨ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɧɭɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɞɚɧɧɚɹ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɱɢɫɬɨ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɨɣ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɟɣ, ɜɨɩɥɨɳɚɹ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɧɢɹ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ.
ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɭɱɟɧɵɟ-ɤɨɝɧɢɬɢɜɢɫɬɵ ɟɞɢɧɨɞɭɲɧɵ ɜɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɢ ɧɟɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɟɟ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɢɯ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ, ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɹ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɭ ɫ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɦɟɧɬɚɥɶ- ɧɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɨɣ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɪɨɞɨɜ, ɤɚɤ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɞɟɥɚ.
ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɩɨɫɥɭɠɢɥɢ ɤɚɡɚɯɫɬɚɧɫɤɢɟ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɹɡɵɱɧɵɟ ɝɚɡɟɬɵ „Ʉɚɪɚɜɚɧ” ɢ „Ⱥɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɵ ɢ ɮɚɤɬɵ Ʉɚɡɚɯɫɬɚɧ”, ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɳɢɟ ɦɟɧɬɚɥɢɬɟɬ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨɜɨɪɹɳɢɯ ɤɚɡɚɯɫɬɚɧɰɟɜ, ɢ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɢɟ ɝɚɡɟɬɵ „Gazeta Polska”,
„Rzeczpospolita”, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɩɥɚɬɮɨɪɦɭ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ. ȼɫɟɝɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɪɨɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɨ 200 ɝɥɚɝɨɥɨɜ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɢ 200 ɝɥɚɝɨɥɨɜ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ, ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɡ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜ ɝɚɡɟɬɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɬɟɣ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɬɛɢɪɚɥɢɫɶ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɵ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ.
Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɬɚɤɨɜɨɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɟɧɬɚɥɢɬɟɬɚ. ɇɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɨ ȼ.ȼ. Ʉɨɥɟɫɨɜ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɟɬ: „ȼ ɰɟɧɬɪɟ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɟɧɬɚɥɢɬɟɬɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɮɚɤɬ ɢɥɢ ɢɞɟɹ, ɚ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɟ ɞɟɥɨ”5. ɂ ɞɚɥɟɟ ɭɱɟɧɵɣ ɚɤɰɟɧɬɢɪɭɟɬ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɜ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɦ ɦɟɧɬɚɥɢɬɟɬɟ: „Ⱦɥɹ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɞɟɥɨ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɢ- ɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɟɳɢ”6, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ „ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɞɟɥɚ ɢɥɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɚɠɧɟɟ, ɱɟɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ”7. ɂɧɵɦɢ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ, ȼ.ȼ. Ʉɨɥɟɫɨɜ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨɝɨ, ɢɦɟɸɳɟɝɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ. ȼ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɨɦ ɩɥɚɧɟ ɞɚɧɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɵɪɚɠɚ- ɟɬ, ɩɨɦɢɦɨ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɚ (ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ ɜɢɞɚ), ɥɟɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɨ-ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ/ ɧɟɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ɋɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɟ ɢɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɤ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɦɭ ɧɚɪɨɞɭ, ɛɟɡ ɫɨɦɧɟɧɢɹ, ɤɚɫɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɥɚɜɹɧ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ, ɱɬɨ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɩɪɨɹɜɢɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɚɯ, ɱɬɨ ɢ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɟ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ.
Ƚɥɚɝɨɥɵ ɛɵɥɢ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɞɜɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ: ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɧɟɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ. ɉɪɟɞɟɥɶ- ɧɵɟ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɵ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ Ɇ.Ⱥ. ɒɟɥɹɤɢɧɭ, „ɢɦɟɸɬ, ɯɨɬɹ ɛɵ ɜ ɨɬɞɚɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɟ, ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɬɨ «ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɣ» ɩɪɟɞɟɥ, ɩɨ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɞɚɧɧɨɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɞɚɧ- ɧɵɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ”8. ɇɟɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɠɟ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɵ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ
«ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ» ɩɪɟɞɟɥɨɜ, ɬ.ɟ. ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɥɢɲɟɧɵ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɦ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɚɰɢɹ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɨɜ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ
4 ȼ.ɂ. Ʉɚɪɚɫɢɤ, Ɉ.Ƚ. ɉɪɨɯɜɚɱɟɜɚ, ə.ȼ. Ɂɭɛɤɨɜɚ, ɗ.ȼ. Ƚɪɚɛɚɪɨɜɚ, ɂɧɚɹ ɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 2005, ɫ. 21.
5 ȼ.ȼ. Ʉɨɥɟɫɨɜ, ɀɢɡɧɶ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɨɬ ɫɥɨɜɚ…, ɋɚɧɤɬ-ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝ 1999, ɫ. 122.
6 Ibidem.
7 Ibidem, ɫ. 124.
8 Ɇ.Ⱥ. ɒɟɥɹɤɢɧ, Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɤɚ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 2001, ɫ. 77.
/ ɧɟɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɧɟ ɜ ɢɡɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɜɢɞɟ, ɚ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ. Ɍɚɤ, ɜ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɢ Ɋɟɛɟɧɨɤ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɶ ɥɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɚɠɟ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɧɚ ɝɥɚɝɨɥ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɶ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɵɦ, ɧɨ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ.
ȼ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɩɥɚɧɟ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɫɨɛɪɚɧɧɨɦɭ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɭ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɹɡɵɱɧɵɯ ɝɚɡɟɬ, ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɨɜ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɧɟɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ.
ɗɬɨ, ɤɚɤ ɧɚɦ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ, ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟ „ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ” ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɦɵɯ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ, ɚ ɢɯ „ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ”, ɬ.ɟ. ɞɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɞɟɥɚ ɞɨ ɤɨɧɰɚ, ɞɨ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚ, ɞɨ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɟɝɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚ, ɨ ɱɟɦ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɢɥɥɸɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ: ɇɟ ɜ ɤɭɪɫɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɟɝɨ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɟɞɚɬɟɥɶ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ „ɋɥɚɜɹɧɟ” ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪ Ƚɭɦɟɧɧɵɣ, ɨɧ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɟɞ- ɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɹ ɤɨɧɫɭɥɶɫɬɜɚ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɜ ɍɪɚɥɶɫɤɟ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɨɣ ɤ ɜɵɛɨɪɚɦ 4 ɦɚɪɬɚ. Ƚɥɚɝɨɥ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɵɣ, ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚ ɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɟɝɨ ɜ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɟ. ȼɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɧɚɲɢɦɢ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɦɵ ɝɨɬɨɜɢɦ ɩɨɞɚɪɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɞɟɬɢɲɟɤ ɫ ɬɹɠɟɥɵɦɢ ɨɧɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɤ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɫɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɚɡɞɧɢɤɭ ɇɚɭɪɵɡ.
Ƚɥɚɝɨɥ ɝɨɬɨɜɢɦ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɩɪɟɞɟɥ ɜ ɨɬɞɚɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɟ. Ⱥɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɵɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɫɵɝɪɚɥ ɫɜɨɸ ɪɨɥɶ. Ƚɥɚɝɨɥ ɫɵɝɪɚɥ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɟɞɟɥ, ɩɨ ɞɨ- ɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɞɚɧɧɨɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɬɢɥɨɫɶ.
ɉɨɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɹɡɵɤ, ɤɚɤ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɟɥɢɤɬɨɜɵɣ ɢɡ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɢɯ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɩɪɨɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɦɭ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɭ, ɱɟɬɤɨ ɪɚɡɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɧɟɩɪɟɞɟɥɶ- ɧɵɟ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɵ. ɉɨɦɢɦɨ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɹɡɵɤɨɜɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɢ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ/ ɧɟɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɚ, ɷɬɨɦɭ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɜɟɪɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɢɦ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɹɦ, ɢɧɵɦɢ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ „ɫɜɨɣ”. ɉɪɟɞɟɥ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɜ ɪɟɱɟɜɨɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɝɚɡɟɬ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɢ ɤɚɤ ɪɟɡɭɥɶ- ɬɚɬ. Ɉɧ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɫɬɚɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɮɟɤɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜɵɪɚɠɚɟɦɨɣ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɚɦɢ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ ɩɪɨɲɟɞɲɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. Ʌɟɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɚ ɢɯ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɟ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɫɨɡɢɞɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɧɚɱɚɥɨ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ: Na Biaáorusi wzrosáa w ostatnim kwartale popularnoĞü prezydenta Aleksandra àukaszenki oraz chĊü zjednoczenia z Rosją.
ɂɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɜ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɝɚɡɟɬɧɵɯ ɬɟɤɫɬɚɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɧɟɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɵ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɟ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ. ȼ ɩɥɚɧɟ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɨ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɨɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɭ, ɩɟɪɟ- ɞɚɸɬ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɲɟɞɲɟɝɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ: Soczi miaáo zademonstrowaü mocarstwowoĞü Rosji, a juĪ teraz obnaĪa wszystkie sáaboĞci putinowskiego paĔstwa.
Ʉɚɤ ɜɢɞɧɨ ɢɡ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚ, ɝɥɚɝɨɥ obnaĪa ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɧɟɫɨɜɟɪ- ɲɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. Ʉɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɧɵɟ ɠɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɚɜɬɨɪ ɢɡɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɞɚɧɧɨɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɫɜɟɪɲɢɜɲɢɣɫɹ ɮɚɤɬ, ɨɬɩɪɚɜɥɹɹ ɟɝɨ ɤ ɩɥɚɧɭ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝɨ. ɉɨɞɨɛɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ ɚɜɬɨɪɫɤɨɟ ɜɢɞɟɧɢɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɦ ɝɚɡɟɬɧɨɦ ɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɢ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɨɜ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɝɨ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. ɂɡɨɛɪɚɠɚɟɦɨɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɚɜɬɨɪɭ ɧɟɫɨɦɧɟɧɧɵɦ, ɚ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɬɪɚɤɬɭɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɭɠɟ ɫɜɟɪɲɢɜɲɟɟɫɹ ɢ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɲɟɟ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚ: Igrzyska olimpijskie w Soczi przejdą do historii jako najdroĪsze i najbardziej zmilitaryzowane; Tusk nie odpowie za SmoleĔsk.
ɋɨɡɢɞɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɥɢɛɨ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɧɚɱɚɥɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɯ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɥɟɤɫɟɦ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɢ ɢɡɥɚɝɚɟɦɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɜ ɥɢɛɨ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ. ɉɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɭɩɨɬ- ɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɨɜ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɬɪɟɦɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɭɬɶ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚ ɠɟɥɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ. Ɍɚɤ, ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦ ɝɚɡɟɬɧɨɦ ɬɟɤɫɬɟ, ɩɨɜɟɫɬɜɭɹ ɨ ɧɚɪɚɳɢɜɚɧɢɢ ɜɨɟɧɧɨɣ ɦɨɳɢ Ɋɨɫɫɢɟɣ, ɚɜɬɨɪ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɵ, ɬɟɦ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɹ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɵ ɤɚɤ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨɝɨ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɧɟɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ: Charakter wiĊkszoĞci üwiczeĔ wskazuje na symulowanie powaĪnego regionalnego konfliktu zbrojnego w Europie, który moĪe siĊ nawet przerodziü w wojnĊ atomową; Ostatnie parĊ miesiĊcy udowodniáo, Īe Rosja posiada na tyle duĪo róĪnego rodzaju jednostek wojskowych, zdolnych dziaáaü nawet kilkaset kilometrów od baz...
ȼ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɩɨɞɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɨɜ ɛɵɥ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧ ɢɯ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ. Ʉɥɚɫ- ɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɩɨ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɭ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɚɫɶ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ, ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɣ Ƚ.Ⱥ. Ɂɨɥɨɬɨɜɨɣ9. Ɉɧɚ ɞɟɥɢɬ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɵ ɧɚ ɧɟɚɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ, ɚɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶ- ɧɵɟ, ɦɨɞɚɥɶɧɵɟ, ɮɚɡɢɫɧɵɟ, ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɢɱɢɧɧɨ-ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ. ɋɪɟɞɢ ɧɟɚɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɨɜ ɭɱɟɧɵɣ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɵ ɥɨɤɚɥɢɡɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ, ɷɤɡɢɫɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ, ɩɚɪɬɢɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ, ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɫɟɫɫɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɧɨ- ɲɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɦɩɚɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ, ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ, ɝɥɚɝɨɥɵ ɫɬɚɬɭɚɥɶ- ɧɵɟ, ɝɥɚɝɨɥɵ ɮɭɧɤɬɢɬɢɜɧɵɟ. ȼ ɪɹɞɭ ɚɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɨɜ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɵ ɪɟɱɟɦɵɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɝɥɚɝɨɥɵ ɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɝɥɚɝɨɥɵ ɤɨɧɤ- ɪɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɝɥɚɝɨɥɵ ɫɨɰɢɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɝɥɚɝɨɥɵ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ. Ʉ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɦɵ ɞɨɛɚɜɢɥɢ ɟɳɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɝɪɭɩɩɭ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɨɜ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɷɬɚ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɚɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɨɜ ɜ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ Ƚ.Ⱥ. Ɂɨɥɨɬɨɜɨɣ ɧɟ ɡɚɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ.
ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɜ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɩɨɞɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɨɜ, ɦɵ ɨɬ- ɦɟɱɚɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɵ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɧɚɞ ɝɥɚ- ɝɨɥɚɦɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ (ɨɤɨɥɨ 50% ɨɬ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɨɜ). Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɬ ɪɟɱɟɦɵɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɵ (ɨɤɨɥɨ 20%), ɷɤɡɢɫɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ, ɫɬɚɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ, ɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɵ, ɝɥɚɝɨɥɵ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ, ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ (3–5%), ɮɚɡɢɫɧɵɟ, ɩɪɢ- ɱɢɧɧɨ-ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɵ, ɝɥɚɝɨɥɵ ɦɨɞɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ (1–2%). ɉɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɧɢɟ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɨɜ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɟɳɟ ɪɚɡ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ ɦɵɫɥɶ ȼ.ȼ. Ʉɨɥɟɫɨɜɚ ɨ ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɟɥɚ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɞɥɹ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɚ „ɬɪɭɞ”.
Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɜ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨ ɞɚɧɧɭɸ ɝɪɭɩɩɭ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɨɜ, ɨɬɦɟɬɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚ- ɸɬ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɵ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɬɨɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ (ɛɵɥɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɤɥɚɫ- ɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɜ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɧɚɹ Ɇ.Ⱥ. ɒɟɥɹɤɢɧɵɦ10). Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɪɹɞɭ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɵ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ, ɱɬɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɨ- ɜɨɦ ɦɟɧɬɚɥɢɬɟɬɟ ɧɚ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ. ɉɪɨɢɥɥɸɫɬɪɢɪɭɟɦ ɫɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦɢ
9 Ƚ.Ⱥ. Ɂɨɥɨɬɨɜɚ, Ʉɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɵ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɢɧɬɚɤɫɢɫɚ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1982.
10 Ɇ.Ⱥ. ɒɟɥɹɤɢɧ, op. cit., ɫ. 88-92.
ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚɦɢ: Ɇɨɝɭ ɩɨɞɚɪɢɬɶ ɱɬɨ-ɬɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ, ɜ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɞɟɧɶ – ɞɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɧɟ ɧɭɠɟɧ ɩɨɜɨɞ; ɋɟɪɞɰɟ ɪɚɞɨɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɢ ɩɟɥɨ ɨɬ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɦɵɫɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɦɵ ɫɞɟɥɚɥɢ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨɟ ɞɟɥɨ. ɉɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɵ ɩɨɞɚ- ɪɢɬɶ, ɫɞɟɥɚɥɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɢ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ.
ɑɬɨ ɤɚɫɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɨɜ, ɬɨ, ɩɨ ɧɚɲɢɦ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹɦ, ɩɨ ɫɟɦɚɧ- ɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɭ ɜ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɱɟɜɨɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɵ ɮɢɡɢ- ɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɧɨ ɢɯ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɧɚɦɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɨɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɠɟ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɢ (ɨɤɨɥɨ 30% ɫɪɟɞɢ ɩɪɨɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɟɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɨɜ). ɋɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɩɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɭ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɨɜ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɪɟɱɟ- ɦɵɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɵ (ɨɤɨɥɨ 20%), ɷɤɡɢɫɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ, ɥɨɤɚɥɢɡɭɸɳɢɟ, ɫɬɚɬɭɚɥɶ- ɧɵɟ, ɮɭɧɤɬɢɬɢɜɧɵɟ, ɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ (ɩɨ 5–10%), ɩɨɫɟɫɫɢɜɧɵɟ, ɝɥɚɝɨɥɵ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ, ɝɥɚɝɨɥɵ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ, ɮɚɡɢɫɧɵɟ, ɩɪɢɱɢɧɧɨ-ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ, ɝɥɚɝɨɥɵ ɦɨɞɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ (ɩɨ 1–2%). ɋ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɦɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɧɢɟ ɝɥɚɝɨ- ɥɨɜ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɱɬɨ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɜ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɨɦ ɦɟɧɬɚɥɢɬɟɬɟ. ɋ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɧɟ- ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɨɜ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɬɨɣ ɠɟ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢ- ɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɨɣ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɨɜ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɸ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ, ɢɦɟɸɳɟɟ ɩɪɟɞɟɥ ɢɥɢ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɧɚ ɟɝɨ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɟ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɤɚɤ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɥɨɫɶ ɪɚɧɟɟ, ɫɪɟɞɢ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɨɜ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɧɢɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ. Ⱦɚɧɧɨɟ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɩɪɨɟɰɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɦɟɧɬɚɥɶ- ɧɵɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɢ ɜɵɜɟɫɬɢ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɫɚɦɢ ɩɨ ɫɟɛɟ, ɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɰɟɥɢ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɭɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚ, ɚ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥ, ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɵɟ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ – ɜɨɬ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɪɭɫɫ- ɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɦɟɧɬɚɥɢɬɟɬɚ.
ȼ ɪɟɱɟɜɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɩɪɨɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɦɭ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɭ, ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɧɟɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɵ ɪɟɱɟɦɵɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ (30% ɫɪɟɞɢ ɩɪɨ- ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɟɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɨɜ) ɢ ɫɬɚɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɢ (ɨɤɨɥɨ 20%), ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ: MEN nie mówi caáej prawdy o edukacji; Ministerstwo Kultury i Dziedzictwa Narodowego zapowiada, Īe wkrótce przedstawi projekt ustawy, która ureguluje sprawy honorariów dla autorów...
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɨɜ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɜ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɦ ɪɟɱɟɜɨɦ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɨɜ ɜ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɱɟɜɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ ɜɵɞɜɢɧɭɬɭɸ ɝɢɩɨɬɟɡɭ ɨ ɜɨɩɥɨɳɟɧɢɢ ɜ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɵɯ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɚɯ ɦɢɪɚ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɫɥɚɜɹɧ, ɤɚɤ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɞɟɥɚ. ȼɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɬɟɦ ɞɚɧɧɨɟ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɹɜɥɹ- ɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɢ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚɯ ɩɭɛɥɢɰɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɱɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɢɧɨɣ ɪɟɱɟɜɨɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɪɨɞɨɜ.
ɋɩɢɫɨɤ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɨɜ
„Gazeta Polska” (2013–2014)
„Rzeczpospolita” (2013–2014)
„Ⱥɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɵ ɢ Ɏɚɤɬɵ Ʉɚɡɚɯɫɬɚɧ” (2013–2014)
„Ʉɚɪɚɜɚɧ” (2013–2014)
Streszczenie
Opozycja kategorialna limitatywnoĞü/ nielimitatywnoĞü w jĊzyku rosyjskim i polskim W artykule zostaáy zbadane Ğrodki gramatyczne, za pomocą których w jĊzyku rosyjskim i polskim jest przekazywana opozycja kategorialna limitatywnoĞü/ nielimitatywnoĞü oraz charaktery- styki mentalne uĪytkowników tych jĊzyków. W centrum analizy znalazáa siĊ kategoria gramatyczna aspektu (postaci) czasowników dokonanych i niedokonanych – wskazująca na czas wewnĊtrzny, bĊdący charakterystyką jakoĞciową rodzaju czynnoĞci w ciągu czasu, w odróĪnieniu od czasu ze- wnĊtrznego, który przekazuje siĊ za pomocą kategorii trybu oznajmującego. Przewaga czasowników limitatywnych w praktyce jĊzykowej Rosjan i Polaków Ğwiadczy o waĪnoĞci czynnoĞci dla narodów sáowiaĔskich.
Summary
The categorial opposition of telicity/ atelicity in the Russian and Polish languages
The article investigates grammatical means with the help of which the categorical opposition of telicity/ atelicity is expressed in the Russian and Polish languages with the projection on the mental characteristics of their speakers. Grammatical category of aspect is put in the center of the investigation, with the help of which the internal time as qualitative characteristics of action performance is expressed, as against to the external time which is expressed by grammatical meanings of the category of verb tense. It is asserted that the prevalence of telic verbs in speech practice of the Russian and Polish languages proves the importance of the quality of an action, bringing an action to possible endpoint for the Slavic people.
Key words: Aspectuality, telicity, semantic category, category of aspect, mentality.
