The in flu ence of nat u ral and anthropogenic fac tors on grain size dis tri bu tion along the south east ern Bal tic spits
Gintautas ŽILINSKAS1, *, Dar ius JARMALAVIÈIUS1 and Donatas PUPIENIS1
1 Na ture Re search Cen tre, Akademijos 2, Vilnius 08412, Lith u a nia
Žilinskas, G., Jarmalavièius, D., Pupienis, D., 2018. The in flu ence of nat u ral and anthropogenic fac tors on grain size dis tri bu - tion along the south east ern Bal tic spits. Geo log i cal Quar terly, 62 (2): 375–384, doi: 10.7306/gq.1413
As so ci ate editor: Anna Wysocka
The in flu ence of nat u ral and anthropogenic fac tors on the dis tri bu tion of sand grain size along sandy beaches is as sessed, based on study of three spits of the south east ern Bal tic Sea: the Curonian, Vistula and the Hel. 330 sand sam ples were col - lected from the beach and foredune at 1 km in ter vals. Our find ings show that al though the three spits have some char ac ter is - tics in com mon, e.g. a pre dom i nance of fine- and me dium-grained ma rine sand on their beaches and foredunes, the grain size dis tri bu tion pat terns of the re cent sed i ments along these spits dif fer sig nif i cantly. The key fac tors de ter min ing the grain size dis tri bu tion in clude the dom i nant hydro meteoro logi cal re gime, anthropogenic ac tiv ity and geo log i cal frame work. Trends in the mean grain size dif fer en ti a tion along the Vistula and Curonian spits di rectly cor re late with the di rec tion of the long shore sed i ment trans port: as the dis tance from sources of the long shore sed i ment trans port in creases, the size of sand par ti cles, both on the beach and the foredune, de creases. By con trast, on the Hel Spit, this pat tern is dis turbed in ar eas of hydrotechnical con struc tion and ar ti fi cial beach nour ish ment. Sand dif fer en ti a tion along the beach can also be pre de ter - mined by the geo log i cal frame work, par tic u larly in lithologically anom a lous sec tions, such as the JuodkrantÅ set tle ment on the Curonian Spit.
Key words: long shore sed i ment trans port, hu man ac tiv ity, geo log i cal frame work, lithological anom a lies, shift re gime de tec - tion.
INTRODUCTION
Stud ies of beach sed i ment grain size pro vide in for ma tion about sed i ment prop er ties, depositional en vi ron ment (Visher, 1969; Ed wards, 2001; Alsharhan and El-Sammak, 2004; Fen - ster et al., 2016; Pupienis et al., 2017) as well as the na ture and en ergy flux of the fac tors in flu enc ing sed i ment trans port (Nord - strom, 1975; Gao et al., 1994; Cheng et al., 2004; Barusseau and Braud, 2014; Du et al., 2015).
In the 20th cen tury, many au thors used dif fer ent meth ods based on grain size pa ram e ters to de fine beach sed i ment trans port pat terns and path ways (Stapor and Tan ner, 1975;
Self, 1977; McCave, 1978; Mc Laren, 1984; Mc Laren and Bowles, 1985; Nordstrom, 1989; Pedreros et al., 1996; van Lancker et al., 2004). Dif fer ent au thors (Mc Laren and Bowles, 1985; Gao and Col lins, 1992; Le Roux, 1994; Asselman, 1999) used var i ous meth ods for the anal y sis of grain size trends. The two most of ten dis tin guished dom i nant trend types de pend on the sed i men tary en vi ron ment and spe cific sed i ment trans port
pro cesses (Le Roux and Rojas, 2007). Mc Laren (1981) pro - posed a sim ple one-di men sional method for the anal y sis of sed i ment trans port trends, which was later mod i fied by Gao and Col lins (1992, 1994) and Asselman (1999). These meth ods have been widely used to de ter mine sed i ment trans port in dif - fer ent sed i men tary en vi ron ments and are in agree ment with di - rect mea sure ments of pro cesses and nu mer i cal mod el ling re - sults (Mal let et al., 2000; Rios et al., 2002; van Lancker et al., 2004; Hequette et al., 2008; Maillet et al., 2011; Poizot et al., 2013). Sed i ment trend anal y sis meth ods (Mc Laren and Bowles, 1985; Gao and Col lins, 1992) were used to de ter mine pat terns of the long shore and cross-shore sed i ment trans port in the Pol - ish, Lith u a nian and Rus sian nearshore zone of the Bal tic Sea by Baraniecki and Racinowski (1996), KairytÅ and Stevens (2015) and Kovaleva et al. (2016). How ever, when ap ply ing the above-men tioned meth ods for the de ter mi na tion of sed i ment trans port vec tors, re search ers of ten come across un ex pected cir cum stances, e.g. anom a lies in li thol ogy or depositional en vi - ron ment and anthropogenic ac tiv ity, which might be in ter preted as di ver gence or con ver gence zones of sed i ment fluxes (Viška and Soomere, 2013; Ostrowski et al., 2014; Kovaleva et al., 2016; Krek et al., 2016). The dis tri bu tion of beach sand grain size along the Bal tic Sea coast on three spits (the Hel, Vistula and the Curonian) has been in ves ti gated in part (Žilinskas et al., 2001; Jarmalavièius and Žilinskas, 2006; Kobelyanskaya et al., 2009, 2011; Zhamoida et al., 2009; Ruciñska-Zjadacz and
* Corresponding author, e-mail: zilinskas@geo.lt
Received: November 16, 2017; accepted: January 30, 2018; first published online: May 8, 2018
Rudowski, 2015; Kovaleva et al., 2016; Rudowski et al., 2016;
Pupienis et al., 2017). It was found that sand dif fer en ti a tion on the beach is af fected by hydro meteoro logi cal fac tors (Kobe - lyan skaya et al., 2011; Jarmalavièius et al., 2012a; Furmañ - czyk, 2013; Jarmalavièius et al., 2015; Ruciñska-Zjadacz and Rudowski, 2015; Kovaleva et al., 2016), anthropogenic ac tiv ity (Furmañczyk, 1995; Blazhchishin, 1998; Jarmalavièius and Žilinskas, 2006; Žilinskas et al., 2010; Pupienis et al., 2017) and the geo log i cal frame work (Furmañczyk and Musielak, 2015;
Žilinskas et al., 2016b; Jarmalavièius et al., 2017a). In or der to avoid am big u ous in ter pre ta tions of long shore sed i ment trans - port, it is rec om mended to use sev eral dif fer ent sed i ment trans - port anal y sis meth ods and take into con sid er ation sta tis ti cal va - lid ity (Le Roux and Rojas, 2007) when as sess ing trends.
This pa per ex am ines the im pact of nat u ral and anthro - pogenic fac tors on the dis tri bu tion of sands of dif fer ent grain size dis tri bu tion along beaches based on study of three spits in the south east ern Bal tic Sea: Hel, Vistula and Curonian. The aim of the pa per is to de ter mine the im pact of nat u ral and anthropogenic fac tors on the dis tri bu tion of sand of dif fer ent grain size dis tri bu tions and to iden tify lithological anom a lies in - ter rupt ing the con tin u ous long shore sed i ment trans port along the south east ern Bal tic Sea spits us ing se quen tial grain size data anal y sis and the re gime shift de tec tion method.
STUDY AREA
The main re cent geo log i cal geomorphological fea tures of the spits (Curonian, Vistula and Hel) in the south east ern Bal tic Sea formed al most si mul ta neously (~6.7–6.0 ky), i.e. at the end of the max i mal Litorina Sea trans gres sion and dur ing the sub - se quent pe riod of its re gres sion (Pazdro, 1948; Rosa and Wypych, 1979; Tomczak, 1995; Gudelis, 1998; Badyukova et al., 2007; DamušytÅ, 2011; Sergeev, 2015). These spits de vel - oped from trans gres sion bars (Badyukova et al., 2008, 2017;
Furmañczyk and Musielak, 2015), formed by the Ho lo cene sea level fluc tu a tions at the mouths of the his toric Bal tic Sea rivers (Palaeo-Vistula, Palaeo-Pregolya and Palaeo -Nemu nas), and the tops of the eroded his toric morainic ridges (be tween Zelenogradsk -Lesnoy and Rybachy-VentÅ Cape) on the Curo - nian Spit (Gudelis, 1998; Sergeev, 2015). The re cent litho - logical and mor pho log i cal con di tions of these spits are also com pa ra ble. The beach pre dom i nantly con sists of quartzose sand (en riched with heavy min er als) which is re lated to the Litorina Sea and the Post-Litorina Sea stage (Kobelyanskaya et al., 2009, 2011; DamušytÅ, 2011; Furmañczyk and Musielak, 2015). On all the spits, the beach is backed by the veg e tated foredune. As the tide-ebb am pli tude at the south east ern Bal tic coasts reaches only 3.5 cm (Hupfer, 1979), wind-gen er ated waves and ae olian pro cesses are the main beach-form ing fac - tors on the Hel, Vistula and Curonian spits (Furmañczyk and Musielak, 1999, 2015; Kobelanskya et al., 2009; Jarmalavièius et al., 2017b).
The 36 km long Hel Spit is sit u ated in the west ern part of Gdañsk Bay in the south ern Bal tic (Fig. 1). The beach width ranges from 25 to 65 m. The el e va tion of the foredune var ies from 2 to 10 m (Boniecka and KaŸmierczak, 2015), and in some places, reaches 13 m above sea level (Szmytkiewicz et al., 1999).
The 55 km long Vistula Spit is sep a rated from the Sambia Pen in sula by the Baltiysk Strait (Fig. 1). The north ern, 25 km long part of the spit be longs to Rus sia and the south ern part (30 km long) to Po land. The beach width var ies from 10 m in the
north east ern part to 43–45 m in the cen tral and south west ern parts. The beach is backed by one or two foredune ridges. The rel a tive foredune height var ies from 4 to 14 m (Kobelyanskaya et al., 2011).
The Curonian Spit (98 km long) is lo cated be tween the Sambia Pen in sula and the KlaipÅda Strait (Fig. 1). Its north ern part (51 km long) be longs to Lith u a nia and the south ern part (47 km) is within the ter ri tory of Rus sia. The beach width var ies from 20–35 m in the south ern to 35–50 m in the cen tral and 60–80 m in the north ern parts of the Curonian Spit. The el e va - tion of the foredune var ies from 4–6 m in the south ern to 7–10 m in the cen tral and 14–16 m in the north ern parts of the spit. The re cent abun dance of sand on the north ern part of the Curonian Spit is ex plained by the im pact of the KlaipÅda port jet ties, which in ter cept long shore sed i ment drift (Jarmalavièius et al., 2012b).
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Sur face sand sam ples were col lected from the sea shore of the Curonian Spit in the spring of 2014 (196 sand sam ples), from the Hel Spit of Po land in the sum mer of 2014 (74 sand sam ples), and from the Vistula Spit in Po land (60 sand sam - ples) in the au tumn of 2014. The sand sam ples were col lected from the mid dle of the beach (there in af ter re ferred to as the beach) and the foredune toe (there in af ter re ferred to as the foredune) at equal 1 km long in ter vals (Fig. 2). The meth od ol - ogy of sand sam ple col lec tion is de scribed in Pupienis et al.
(2013) and Jarmalavièius et al. (2015, 2017a). How ever, sand sur face sam ples were not taken from the Rus sian part of the Vistula Spit. The sand sam ples were col lected in calm weather con di tions (wind speed <5 m/s). They were dried and then sieved us ing a “Fritsch Analysette 3 Spar tan Pulverisette 0”
elec tric shaker. The grain size sta tis tics were cal cu lated us ing the GRADISTAT 8.0 in ter preter (Blott and Pye, 2001).
The pat terns of sand grain size dis tri bu tion along the beach and the foredune were de ter mined based on the mean sand grain di am e ter (d) and sort ing (So) co ef fi cient. Un like in pre vi - ous stud ies, sand sam ples were col lected at equal dis tance in - ter vals. There fore, in data anal y sis, we could em ploy the sed i - ment trend anal y sis method pro posed by Mc Laren (1981) and Mc Laren and Bowles (1985). Ac cord ing to Mc Laren and Bowen (1985), sed i ments should be finer and better-sorted (due to win - now ing and se lec tive sand trans port) down the trans port di rec - tion. For the de ter mi na tion of pos si ble dis con ti nu ities in se ries of data on sand grain size vari a tion along the coast, we used the se quen tial anal y sis method of re gime shift de tec tion (Rodionov, 2004). Al though this method is most of ten em ployed in time se - ries anal y sis, it can be adapted to the anal y sis of spa tial data if mea sure ments were car ried out at equal dis tances. It is worth not ing that this method may not work if tran si tion from one re - gime to an other is more grad ual. In other words, this method is suit able for the iden ti fi ca tion of abrupt changes (anom a lies) in the data se ries ana lysed. The anal y sis was car ried out us ing the re gime shift in dex, where the cut-off length is 5 and the sig nif i - cance level p = 0.05, which means that all re gime shifts with the mag ni tude of one stan dard de vi a tion or less will be fil tered out if they cover <5 km (Radionov, 2004). The 2–3 km long small - -scale ero sional-accretionary cells formed along sandy coasts, which are mainly af fected by wave pro cesses, re flect the im pact of short-term changes in hydro meteoro logi cal con di tions on sed i men ta tion pro cesses (Homma and Sonu, 1963; Walton, 1999; Pupienis et al., 2016). Since one of the aims of this study was to as sess the im pact of large-scale long shore sed i ment
376 Gintautas Žilinskas, Darius Jarmalavièius and Donatas Pupienis
Fig. 1. Lo ca tion of the study area (A, B); sur face sand sam ple col lec tion sites (dashes) on the Hel (C), Vistula (D) and Curonian (E) spits
trans port on the dis tri bu tion of sand par ti cles, in our re search we chose the 5 km cut-off length, i.e. dou ble the av er aged ero - sional-accretionary cell length, to smooth small-scale noise.
RESULTS
Anal y sis of the data col lected showed that on all the three spits, the coars est sand ac cu mu lates on the beach, and the fin - est sand on the foredune (Ta ble 1). The beach sand was found to be mainly com posed of me dium-sized grains. The coars est sand with a mean grain size (d) of 0.34 mm dom i nated the en - tire Curonian Spit, and the fin est sand (mean grain size d = 0.30 mm) the Hel Spit. The beach sand on the Pol ish part of the Vistula Spit was com posed of fine-to me dium-sized grains with a mean grain size of 0.32 mm. The great est change in grain
size (s = 0.08) along the coast was re corded on the Curonian Spit, and the low est on the Hel Spit (s = 0.04).
On all the spits, beaches were dom i nated by well (1.27< So
<1.41) and mod er ately well-sorted sand (1.41< So <1.62); while the most poorly sorted sand was found on beaches of the Curonian Spit (mean So = 1.39). The mod er ately (1.62< So
<2.00) and poorly (2.00< So <4.00) sorted sands were con fined to JuodkrantÅ beach stretches with the coars est frac tion. The coarse sand (d > 0.50 mm) on the Vistula Spit was well-sorted (1.27< So <1.41) at the 19th km and mod er ately well (1.41< So
<1.62) at the 25th km of the beach (Fig. 2).
On the all spits, the va ri ety of foredune sands was low with no coarse sand found. On the Vistula Spit, the fin est sand (d <
0.25 mm) dom i nated the beach stretch be tween K¹ty Rybackie and Krynica Morska (be tween 0 and the 12th km) and the beach stretch be tween the 79th km and the dis tal end (Kop - galis) of the Curonian Spit. Very well (So <1.27), well (1.27< So
<1.41) and mod er ately well (1.41< So <1.62) sorted sand dom i - nated the foredune on all the spits stud ied (Fig. 2). The small est vari a tion in the foredune sand grain size was re corded on the Hel Spit (s = 0.04), slightly greater (s = 0.06) on the Curonian Spit.
No cor re la tion (r = 0.00) and very weak (r = 0.22) in sig nif i - cant cor re la tion were de ter mined be tween mean grain sizes of beach and foredune sands on the Hel and Vistula spits (Fig. 3).
How ever, a sta tis ti cally sig nif i cant, strong pos i tive (r = 0.67;
p<0.05) cor re la tion was re vealed be tween mean grain sizes of beach and foredune sands on the Curonian Spit. A sig nif i cant, mod er ate pos i tive cor re la tion (r = 0.43; p<0.05) was de ter mined be tween the beach and foredune sortings on the Curonian Spit.
Mean while, on the Hel and Vistula spits, this cor re la tion was very weak and weak pos i tive in sig nif i cant. A strong pos i tive sig - nif i cant (r = 0.69; p<0.05) cor re la tive re la tion ship was de tected be tween the beach mean grain size and the sort ing on the Hel and Curonian spits. A very weak pos i tive (r = 0.12) cor re la tion be tween the beach mean grain size and the sort ing on the Vistula Spit was not sig nif i cant at p<0.05 (Fig. 3).
The very weak cor re la tive re la tion ship re vealed be tween all the pa ram e ters ana lysed of sand on the Vistula Spit could be ex plained by a rel a tively short sam pling stretch, be cause only the Pol ish part of the spit was sur veyed. A weak re la tion ship be - tween the dis tri bu tion of the foredune and beach sand d (mean grain size) along the Hel and Vistula spit coasts is ex plained by dif fer ences in fac tors re spon si ble for sand dif fer en ti a tion on the foredune and on the beach. The pri mary sand grain sort ing takes place dur ing the pro cess of sand ex change be tween the sea and the shore, which is con di tioned by the hy dro dy namic
378 Gintautas Žilinskas, Darius Jarmalavièius and Donatas Pupienis
Fig. 2. Long shore vari a tion in mean grain size (1) and sort ing (2) on the Hel (A), Vistula (B) and Curonian (C) spits The long shore dis tance (0 km) is shown from spit roots
T a b l e 1 Vari a tion in the sand mean grain size (d, mm) and sort ing (So)
on the southeast ern Bal tic spits coast
Spit
Hel Vistula Curonian
d So d So d So
Beach
min 0.23 1.18 0.24 1.22 0.18 1.24
max 0.45 1.50 0.55 1.48 0.78 2.07
mean 0.30 1.33 0.32 1.33 0.34 1.39
Foredune
min 0.20 1.17 0.22 1.21 0.18 1.18
max 0.31 1.51 0.40 1.45 0.49 1.52
mean 0.26 1.26 0.27 1.29 0.30 1.32
re gime in the nearshore. Sec ond ary sort ing of sand takes place when beach sand is trans ported by the wind to the foredune. It should be noted that the size of wind-car ried sand grains de - pends on the strength of the winds pre vail ing in the re gion and their fetch dis tance. There fore, on all the spits in ves ti gated, the va ri ety of beach sands and the mean grain di am e ter were found to be greater than those on the foredune (Ta ble 1). As a re sult, two en vi ron ments char ac ter ized by dif fer ent sand com po si tions are formed on the sea shore. Dif fer ent beach sands are prod - ucts of the ac tion of hy dro dy namic fac tors (waves, set-up and run-up), while dif fer ent sands on the foredune are the out come of ae olian pro cesses. Be ing prod ucts of ae olian dif fer en ti a tion, foredune sands are more ho mo ge neous than beach sands.
Con se quently, the im pacts of the long shore flow, anthro po - genic fac tor and geo log i cal frame work on the long shore fore - dune sand dif fer en ti a tion may be not re corded. There fore, our fur ther anal y sis is fo cused on the long shore grain size vari a tion of the beach sand.
The mean grain size of the beach sand on the Curonian Spit tends to be come finer in the north ern di rec tion and this trend is sta tis ti cally sig nif i cant (p<0.05). The lin ear trend of the beach sand sort ing for the en tire Curonian Spit coast is sta tis ti cally in - sig nif i cant (p>0.05). The same trends were de ter mined for the
mean sand grain size and the sort ing on the Vistula Spit. How - ever, on the Vistula Spit, these trends fol low the op po site di rec - tion com pared to those on the Curonian Spit, i.e. the sand grain size be comes finer and better sorted in the south west ern di rec - tion (Fig. 2). The lin ear trend of the beach mean grain size is sta tis ti cally sig nif i cant (p<0.05) for the en tire Hel Spit coast, there fore the sand sort ing is sta tis ti cally in sig nif i cant (p > 0.05).
The re gime shift anal y sis re vealed ev i dent break points in the trend of the mean grain size dis tri bu tion along the Hel and Curonian spits (Fig. 4). The mean sand grain size on the Hel Spit beach stretch be tween W³adys³awowo and the 8th km is 0.29 mm. Within a short dis tance (be tween the 8th and the12th km), the beach sand be comes coarser, and the mean grain size sig nif i cantly in creases to 0.38 mm. How ever, on the beach stretch ex tend ing from the 12th km to the dis tal end of the spit, the mean grain size de creases to 0.29 mm. Hence, all sig nif i - cant abrupt changes in the mean grain size dis tri bu tion along the Hel Spit were de ter mined (Fig. 4).
Along the Curonian Spit, we de ter mined three break points in the trend in the mean grain size dis tri bu tion. We car ried out the re gime schift anal y sis and de tected sig nif i cant changes in the mean grain size on the beach stretch be tween Zeleno - gradsk (0 km) and Pervalka (62th km). The av er age of the Fig. 3. Re la tion ships be tween beach and foredune grain size pa ram e ters (mean grain size, d and sort ing coeficient, So)
mean grain size val ues on the beach stretch be tween Zeleno - gradsk (0 km) and Pervalka (62th km) is 0.35 mm, and it de - creases by ~70% (the av er age grain size is 0.25 mm) within a
62–68 km dis tance. A sig nif i cant in crease of 52% in the beach mean grain size (from 0.25 to 0.48 mm) was re corded on the beach stretch be tween the 68th and the 77th km at JuodkrantÅ (Fig. 4). The last abrupt changes in the mean grain size dis tri bu - tion trend were de ter mined on the beach stretch be tween the 78th km and the dis tal end of the Curonian Spit, where the av er - age mean grain size was finer. Over the length of the last sur - veyed beach stretches, the mean grain size proved to have de - creased from 0.48 to 0.24 mm. Hence, no sig nif i cant changes were de ter mined along the Pol ish part of the Vistula Spit.
DISCUSSION
The grain size dis tri bu tion is a func tion of hydro meteoro logi - cal con di tions (Sallenger, 1979; Komar and Wang, 1984; Mc - Laren and Bowles, 1985), geo log i cal frame work (Musielak, 1989; Har ris et al., 2005; Badyukova et al., 2007; DamušytÅ, 2011; Furmañczyk and Musielak, 2015; Sergeev, 2015; Jarma - lavièius et al., 2015, 2017b) and re cent hu man ac tiv ity (Zawa - dzka, 1996; Ostrowski et al., 2012; Jarmalavièius et al., 2012b;
Pupienis et al., 2017). Gen er ally, beach sands tend to be come finer and better sorted in the di rec tion of long shore sed i ment trans port (i.e. Vistula and Curonian spits). Coarser sands pre - vailed on eroded coastal stretches and fine-grained sands on ac cu mu la tive coastal stretches (Komar and Wang, 1984;
Basiñ ski, 1995; Ostrowski and Skaja, 2011; Jarmalavièius et al., 2012a; Pupienis et al., 2017). The dom i nant hydro meteoro - logi cal re gime is one of the key caus ative fac tors in the dif fer en - ti a tion of sand grains on the spits dur ing long shore sed i ment trans port (Fig. 5), which de pends on pre vail ing winds and wave di rec tion (Górecka, 1995; Subotowicz, 1995; Babakov, 2010;
Ostrowski et al., 2010, 2014; Krek et al., 2016). The in sig nif i cant mean grain size trend along the Hel Spit is not in dic a tive of the ex ist ing long shore sed i ment trans port be cause it is af fected by hu man ac tiv ity. Al though the trend in the mean sand grain size dis tri bu tion along the Hel Spit coast is in sig nif i cant, long shore sed i ment trans port was dom i nant on all the spits in ves ti gated.
There fore, ac cord ing to Subotowicz (1995), the di rec tion of the long shore sed i ment trans port along the Hel Spit is from NW to SE (from the cliffs NW of W³adys³awowo to the dis tal end of the Hel Spit). Sed i ments washed away from the Hel Spit it self and from the re spec tive coastal mo raine cliffs act as the source of long shore sed i ment trans port on the Hel Spit (Subotowicz, 1995). The sig nif i cant trends de ter mined in the mean grain size dis tri bu tion along the Curonian and Vistula spit coasts co in cide with the di rec tions of the long shore sed i ment trans port. Ostro - wski et al. (2014) sug gest that long shore sed i ment trans port goes in two op po site di rec tions from Cape Taran (the first one south wards from Cape Taran along the Vistula Spit; Fig. 5), the other one north wards from Cape Taran to the dis tal end of the Curonian Spit (Ostrowski et al., 2014; Krek et al., 2016). Sed i - ments from the eroded west ern coast of the Sambia Pen in sula and the huge sand de pos its, ac cu mu lated in the 20th cen tury, dur ing the multi-year op er a tion pe riod of the am ber min ing fac - tory at Yantarny (Boldyrev and Bobykina, 2008), rep re sent sources of south wards sed i ment trans port along the Vistula Spit coast. It should be pointed out that the data pre sented on the dis tri bu tion of the mean sand grain size on the Vistula Spit re fer only to its south ern part (the Pol ish–Rus sian bor der zone).
How ever, the data on the mean sand grain size dis tri bu tion along the Rus sian part of the Vistula Spit (Kobelyanskaya et al., 2011) are suf fi cient to con clude that on this stretch (be tween the Strait of Baltiysk and the Pol ish-Rus sian bor der zone), the rel a tively even de crease in sand grain size co in cides with the di -
380 Gintautas Žilinskas, Darius Jarmalavièius and Donatas Pupienis
Fig. 4. Re gime shifts (red line) de tec tion in the mean grain size (black dot ted line) dis tri bu tion along the Hel (A),
Vistula (B) and Curonian (C) spits
RSI – re gime shift in dex; the long shore dis tance (0 km) is shown from spit roots
rec tion of the long shore sed i ment trans port. Ac cord ing to Ostrowski et al. (2014) and Krek et al. (2016), the sed i ments washed away from the north ern part of the Sambia Pen in sula coastal zone rep re sent the source of the north wards long shore sed i ment trans port to the dis tal end of the Curonian Spit (Fig.
5). There fore, there is an other opin ion that there are two op pos - ing sed i ment flows mov ing along the Curonian Spit, which, in ac cor dance with the data re ported by var i ous au thors (Kirlys, 1968; Gudelis et al., 1977; Bogdanov et al., 1986; Viška and Soome re, 2013), con verge in the area be tween Nida and JuodkrantÅ (Fig. 5).
To prove or re ject the ex is tence of flux con ver gence and di - ver gence on the spits un der anal y sis, we in ves ti gated re gime shift. The Vistula Spit trend con ti nu ity was found to be un dis - turbed. On the one hand, this pat tern sug gests a con tin u ous grain size in crease along the Vistula Spit. On the other hand, it may in di cate that abrupt shifts in trends were not de tected be - cause of the Vistula Spit data sam ple size was too small. How - ever, the Pol ish re search ers Jednora³ (1996), Zawadzka - -Kahlau (1999) and Ostrowski et al. (2014) stated that the area be tween Krynica Morska and K¹ty Rybackie set tle ments is a
place of con ver gence of two op pos ing long shore sed i ment fluxes (Fig. 5). Bogdanov (2008) ar gued that the con ver gence zone along the Vistula Spit oc curs near the Pol ish-Rus sian bor - der (Fig. 5), but this hypotesis has not been not ver i fied due to a lack of data.
The shift in trend re corded on the Hel Spit on the beach stretch be tween the 8th and the 12th km co in cides with the end of the groynes field (Fig. 4). On the Hel Spit, groynes stretch from the W³adys³awowo port to the 12th km. The im pact of in - tense hu man ac tiv ity (re in force ment of the coast) is a dis tinc tive fea ture of the Hel Spit (Basiñski, 1995; Zawadzka, 1996; Ostro - wski and Skaja, 2011). More over, since the 1980s, con sid er - able nour ish ment of the shore and off shore sed i ments has been car ried out (Zawadzka, 1996; Ostrowski and Skaja, 2011). Dur ing the 1989–2010 pe riod, dif fer ent sec tors of the Hel Spit beach were nour ished with ~15.4 mil lion m3 of sand (Ostrowski and Skaja, 2011). As the sand for beach nour ish - ment was dug out from dif fer ent bas ins – the W³adys³awowo port, the Puck Bay and the Bal tic Sea (Basiñski, 1995), it is ob vi - ous that its gran u lar com po si tion was var ied and dif fered from that of the nat u ral sand on the Hel Spit coast. In ac cor dance Fig. 5. Di rec tion of along shore sed i ment trans port
1 – long shore sed i ment trans port ac cord ing to Knaps (1965), Subotowicz (1995), Jednora³ (1996), Ulsts (1998), Zawadzka - -Kahlau (1999), Ostrowski et al. (2014), Krek et al. (2016); 2 – long shore sed i ment trans port ac cord ing to Bogdanov et al.
(1986), Bogdanov (2008); 3 – long shore sed i ment trans port ac cord ing to Kirlys (1968), Gudelis et al. (1977); 4 – long shore sed i ment trans port ac cord ing to Viška and Soomere (2013)
with Zawadzka (1996), the sand ob tained from the Puck Bay was well or mod er ately sorted fine- and me dium grain-sized (the mean di am e ter – d in the range of 0.14–0.24 mm), while the sand dug from the Bal tic Sea was mod er ately sorted, but coarser (d = 0.29 mm). Sand grain size dif fer en ti a tion along the coast is im peded by hydrotechnical coastal pro tec tion con struc - tions. Mean while, the ar ti fi cial beach nour ish ment with sed i - ments of inequigranular com po si tion have changed the gran u - lar com po si tion of sand in dif fer ent coastal sec tors (Zawadzka, 1996). For in stance, at the be gin ning of the Curonian Spit, on the coastal stretch be tween Zelenogradsk and the 6th km, there are groynes in stalled, which do not stop coastal ero sion pro cesses. Be sides, beach nour ish ment is not car ried out there ei ther (Pupienis et al., 2017). There fore, un like on the Hel Spit, the sand there is coarser.
Three trend shifts were de ter mined on the Curonian Spit coastal stretches be tween the 62–67th, 68–78th and the 79–98th km. Since the long shore sed i ment trans port is of ten dis con tin u ous, the sed i ment flux starts un load ing and sed i - ments (fine-grained sand) have ac cu mu lated on the coastal stretch ex tend ing from Pervalka (62–68th km) to the KlaipÅda port jet ties (Knaps, 1965; Ulsts, 1998). Im pact of hu man ac tiv ity on the grain size dis tri bu tion was ob served in the ad ja cent sec - tor of the KlaipÅda port jetty. The fin est sands on the Curonian Spit (be tween the 78–97th km) con cen trate in the south ern (wind ward) part of the KlaipÅda port jetty, which is char ac ter - ized by dom i nant in tense sand ac cu mu la tion pro cesses (Jarmalavièius et al., 2017a; Pupienis et al., 2017). How ever, the pro cess of sed i ment ac cu mu la tion on the Curonian Spit is in ter rupted by the geo log i cal frame work-re lated lithological anom aly (68–78th km). The pre vi ous in ves ti ga tions car ried out on the Hel, Vistula and Curonian spits (Žilinskas et al., 2016a) es tab lished that there ex ists a geo log i cal her i tage-in duced litho logical anom aly on the Curonian Spit. The coarse sand found in the shore sec tion be tween the 68th and the 78th km ac cu mu lated in the paleo-strait that ex isted in the Post-Littorina (3.7–2.5 ka BP) pe riod (Žilinskas et al., 2016b; Jarmalavièius et
al., 2017a). Coarser sand be tween Pervalka and JuodkrantÅ was also found dur ing the in ves ti ga tions con ducted in 1994 and 2011 (Jarmalavièius et al., 2017a).
CONCLUSIONS
The data ob tained show that on the three spits ana lysed (Curonian, Hel and the Vistula), the coars est sand tends to ac - cu mu late in the beach and the fin est on the foredune.
The dom i nant hydro meteoro logi cal re gime is the de ter min - ing fac tor in sand grain dif fer en ti a tion along the coast. On the spits ana lysed, the trends in mean grain size dif fer en ti a tion along the coasts co in cide with the di rec tions of the àlongshore sed i ment trans port: far ther from the source of the long shore sed i ment trans port (due to win now ing and se lec tive sand trans - port), the sand grain size tends to be finer (Vistula and Curonian spits). The rel a tively even de crease in sand grains far ther from the source of long shore sed i ment trans port may be dis turbed by hydrotechnical (port jet ties) and coastal re in force ment (seawall and bulk head or re vet ment) con struc tions and ar ti fi cial beach nour ish ment (Hel Spit). Sand dif fer en ti a tion along the spits may be in flu enced by the geo log i cal frame work. The im pact of the geo log i cal frame work is es pe cially no tice able in the coastal zones of lithological anom a lies (JuodkrantÅ set tle ment on the Curonian Spit).
The method of re gime shift in dex can be em ployed for the de ter mi na tion of lithological anom a lies in sand grain size dis tri - bu tion along the coast.
Ac knowl edge ments. This re search was sup ported by the Lith u a nian Sci ence Coun cil (Grant No.MIP-039/2014). Spe cial thanks are ad dressed to the Geo log i cal Quar terly re view ers (R. Ostrowski and one Anon y mous re viewer).
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