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D iscu ssion 303 teaching th e h isto ry of science, a n d sub seq u en tly to convoke a .special In tern ation al Symposium • to th is end. The problem s of teaching th e h istory of .science should also be su b ject for discussion a t th e fo rth ­ coming X lth In ternational Congress of the H istory of Science.

A. T eske /

Professor Ranchi m entioned in ihis le ctu re am ong difficulties w ith w hich th e teaching of th e b isto ry of science is confronted, also th e following one: th e stu d en ts p re fe r to focus th e ir atten tio n an d th e ir activity on th e p resen t state of th e discipline th e y have chosen, a n d on its fu rth e r 'progress ra th e r th a n a n its history; o nly v ery few a re interested’ in this la tte r respect. This is — a n d therew ith n o polem ical rem a rk is intended, only a sim ple statem en t — a r a th e r sound situ a­ tion, as a ll w e couild w ish is only th a t th e pro p o rtion of stud en ts m ay change a little in favour of the historical group.

B ut even if i t 'does not Change, I think, th is difficulty can b e o v er­ come. For it should b e possible to teach th e h isto ry of a given discipline in such a way, as to m ake it o f essential a n d im m ediate use fo r th e study of this discipline itself, as to enable us — to .say it by th e w ay of a n exam ple — to educate b e tte r chem ists a n d b e tte r physicists. In a som ew hat ru d im en tary fo rm th e historical points of view a re in common use in th e ordinary w ay of teaching.

Indeed, w hen lectu rin g fo r instance on th e th eo ry of rela tiv ity , nobody willl om it to introduce th e stu d en ts in to th e form er conceptions of space an d tim e. A nd if w e enlarge th is p ictu re b y giving th e s tu d e n ts not only the view s of Newton, b u t also those o f MaCh a n d of Lorentz, and by introducing a b ro ad er philosophical background, w e w ill n o t loose th e 'connection w ith o u r discipline. A nd it w ill h elp th e students, to u n d erstan d b e tte r th e [present issue.

True, w e can n ot expect to have an o th er 'historical chair attach e d to every existing one. B ut fo rtu n ate ly th ere are larg e fields of scientific research which, in despite of th e ir greatness, form a ce rta in u n ity — physics for instance o r chem istry — an d w hich a re rep resen ted by a w hole ensem ble of chairs. So, th e situation is n o t so 'difficult, a n d a historical chair connected w ith such a n ensem ble could of course serve not only didactic purposes of th e w hole ensem ble b u t p erfo rm also research w o rk in th e h isto ry of science.

A. P. Y o uchkevitch

In ord er th a t a course in th e h istory of one o r another science a t the respective facu lty of th e U niversity m ay m ake a success, i t h a s to fulfil, in any case, tw o conditions'. It ought to be in terestin g to th e

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304 L ’e n s e ig n e m e n t d e l’h is to ir e d e la s c ie n c e

students and helpful from th e view point of facu lty m em bers. To th is effect, i t 4s necessary to bring the h isto ry of a given su b ject to the beginning of th e X X th cen tu ry an d to give a t least a concise character­ istic of its presen t-d ay state. The materia/1 hais to be p resen ted from the view point of th e contem porary science as reg ards both th e selection o f m aterial an d the in terp reta tio n of did ideas and methods.

In short, such a course o ught to 'give, in th e end, a review of th e m ost im po rtan t tren d s of science and to rep resen t them, a t the same time, as a re su lt of its historical development, th a t is to reveal th e essence of th a t science in th e making. If — sim ultaneously — the most im po rtan t in tern al correlations betw een th e p articu la r branches of a given science as well as its connections w ith o th er domains of know­

ledge and technology become disclosed, if its social m eaning gets clear, such a course m ay answ er both of th e m entioned requirem ents. Con­ stru ctin g a course of lectures on th e histo ry of m athem atics, mechanics, physics a n d so fo rth is a h a rd b u t quite a feaisiible task. This is proved, for example, by th e experience of th e m athem atical section of th e m echanical-m athem atical facu lty a t the S tate U niversity of Moscow.

P. R ybicki

Le professeur Ronchi nous a présenté dams son b rillan t exposé quel­ ques ré su ltats très im portants de ses recherches dans le domaine de l ’histoire d e l ’optique. Quoique son ra p p o rt concerne l’histoire d’une branche particulière de la physique, il me semble, qu ’on peut tire r de ce rap p o rt quelques conclusions générales. Les conclusions, que j’en vou­ d ra is tire r, sont un peu différentes des conclusions, q ue le professeur

Ronchi lui-m êm e a form ulé; mais j ’éspère q u ’elles peuvent être com­ plém entaires à ses thèses.

Ma prem ière conclusion: chaque étude d ’histoire d’une science p a r­ ticulière, tra ité e d ’une façon approfondie, concernant les notions fon­ dam entales et les questions m éthodologiques, ap p artien t en même temps à l’h istoire générale de la science. En plus, c’est l ’h isto ire générale de la science qui seule est capable d’expliquer les changem ents dans les notions fondam entales et les m éthodes scientifiques., en principe com­ m unes aux plusieures b ranches de la science. Les changem ents dans certaines notions et certains term es de l ’optique, le dépérissem et de cette distinction fondam entale de lum en et d e lux, y présente urf* bon exem ple; je pense, qu ’on ne p eu t les expliquer sans avoir recours à l'histoire d e la pensée philosophique et des courante méthodologiques généraux.

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