Porównanie warunków polis ubezpieczenia kredytu kupieckiego dostępnych dla firm sektora MŚP w Polsce, Czechach i na Węgrzech

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(1)Zeszyty Naukowe nr. 845. 2010. Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego w Krakowie. +HQU\N&]XEHN .DWHGUD+DQGOX=DJUDQLF]QHJR. 3RUyZQDQLHZDUXQNyZSROLV XEH]SLHF]HQLDNUHG\WXNXSLHFNLHJR GRVWĕSQ\FKGODILUPVHNWRUD0Ŋ3 Z3ROVFH&]HFKDFKLQD:ĕJU]HFK :SURZDG]HQLH :DUW\NXOHSU]HGVWDZLRQRWU]\SURGXNW\XEH]SLHF]HQLRZHIXQNFMRQXMćFHQD U\QNXF]HVNLPSROVNLPLZĕJLHUVNLP3LHUZV]\SURGXNWQRV]ćF\QD]ZĕH%RQXV MHVWRIHURZDQ\QDU\QNXF]HVNLPSU]H].RPHUĀQtÔYėURYi3RMLåőRYQD(*$3 DVILUPĕRNUHŋODQćZVNUyFLHMDNR.Ô3(*:SUH]HQWRZDQ\P]HVWDZLHQLX MHVWWRMHG\QDILUPDSU\ZDWQD FKRþ]PQLHMV]RŋFLRZ\PXG]LDãHPSDĸVWZD

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(3) 2VWDWQLPXZ]JOĕGQLRQ\PZSRUyZQDQLXLQVWUXPHQWHPMHVWXEH]SLHF]HQLHNUyWkoterminowych kredytów eksportowych KKV-E (Project SME) przeznaczone GODHNVSRUWHUyZZĕJLHUVNLFK-HJRGRVWDZFćMHVWSDĸVWZRZDDJHQFMDXEH]SLHF]Hĸ NUHG\WyZHNVSRUWRZ\FK0DJ\DU([SRUWKLWHO%L]WRVtWy5W 0(+,%

(4) ]DãRŧRQD w 1994 r. $GUHVDFLSURGXNWöZXEH]SLHF]HQLRZ\FK 'ZDSURGXNW\H%RQXVL(XURSROLVDRIHUXMćXEH]SLHF]HQLHQDOHŧQRŋFL]W\WXãX RGURF]RQHJRWHUPLQXSãDWQRŋFLRGNRQWUDKHQWyZNUDMRZ\FKL]DJUDQLF]Q\FK7DNLHM RFKURQ\QLHGDMHZĕJLHUVNDSROLVD..9(NWyUDFKURQLZ\ãćF]QLHSU]HGU\]\-.

(5) 134. Henryk Czubek. H%RQXV .Ô3(*. &2)$&( +81*$5<. VHNWRUSU\ZDWQ\ VHNWRUSXEOLF]Q\. (XURSROLVD. ..9( 0(+,%. (*$3 .8.(. 5\V6WUXNWXUDRIHUW\XEH]SLHF]HQLRZHMGOD0Ŋ3Z&]HFKDFK3ROVFHLQD:ĕJU]HFK ŤUyGãRRSUDFRZDQLHZãDVQH. NLHPQLHRWU]\P\ZDQLD]DSãDW\QDOHŧQRŋFLRG]DJUDQLF]Q\FKQDE\ZFyZ2SROLVĕ H%RQXVPRJćXELHJDþVLĕPDãHLŋUHGQLHSU]HGVLĕELRUVWZD]DWUXGQLDMćFHGRRVyE NWyU\FKFDãNRZLW\REUyWQLHSU]HNUDF]DPOQ&=.URF]QLH RNPOQ(85

(6) EH] UR]UyŧQLHQLDREURWXNUDMRZHJRLHNVSRUWRZHJR5R]UyŧQLHQLHWDNLH]RVWDãRQDWRmiast poczynione w przypadku Europolisy. Z ubezpieczenia kredytu eksportowego PRJćZW\PZ\SDGNXVNRU]\VWDþSU]HGVLĕELRUF\NWyU\FKREUyW]HZV]\VWNLPL NRQWUDKHQWDPL]DJUDQLF]Q\PLQLHSU]HNURF]\ãPOQ(85ZFLćJXPLHVLĕF\ SRSU]HG]DMćF\FK]ãRŧHQLHZQLRVNXEH]Z]JOĕGXQDZLHONRŋþVSU]HGDŧ\QDU\QNX NUDMRZ\P1DOHŧQRŋFLSRFKRG]ćFH]HVSU]HGDŧ\WRZDUyZLXVãXJZNUDMXPRJć E\þXEH]SLHF]RQHSU]H]PDãHILUP\NWyU\FKREUyWQDU\QNXNUDMRZ\PZFLćJX PLHVLĕF\SU]HG]ãRŧHQLHPZQLRVNXQLHSU]HNURF]\ãPOQ3/1 7DEHOD/LPLW\REURWyZGODILUPZ]DOHŧQRŋFLRGURG]DMXXEH]SLHF]HQLD Rodzaj ubezpieczenia. H%RQXV. 1DOHŧQRŋFLNUDMRZ\FK 1DOHŧQRŋFLHNVSRUWRwych 1DOHŧQRŋFLNUDMRZ\FK i eksportowych. < 100 mln CZK (4 mln EUR). Europolisa. KKV-E. POQ3/1. ². < 1 mln EURa. < 2 mln EUR. POQ3/1 ZNUDMX

(7) < 1 mln EUR (eksport). ². a. 'RXEH]SLHF]HQLDQDOHŧQRŋFLHNVSRUWRZ\FKNZDOLILNXMćVLĕILUP\PDMćFHGRZROQćZLHONRŋþ REURWyZZNUDMXMHŧHOLVSHãQLRQ\MHVWZDUXQHNREURWyZZHNVSRUFLHSRQLŧHMPOQ(85WHRUHW\F]QLHPRJćWRE\þ]DWHPGXŧHILUP\]SU]\FKRGDPLSRZ\ŧHMPOQ(85. ŤUyGãRRSUDFRZDQLHZãDVQH. 1LHFRLQQHZDUXQNLRERZLć]XMćZSU]\SDGNXXEH]SLHF]HQLD..9(RIHURZDQHJRSU]H]0(+,%8SUDZQLHQLGR]DZDUFLDXPRZ\XEH]SLHF]HQLDVćHNVSRUWHU]\.

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(9) ZSURGXNFLHILQDOQ\PEĕGćF\PSU]HGPLRWHPXPRZ\HNVSRUWRZHM'R XEH]SLHF]HQLDNZDOLILNXMćVLĕQDOHŧQRŋFL]HNVSRUWXWRZDUyZZNWyU\FKZ\ŧHM Z\PLHQLRQ\XG]LDãZ\QRVLFRQDMPQLHM =DNUHVL]DVLÚJRFKURQ\XEH]SLHF]HQLRZHM 3RV]F]HJyOQHXPRZ\XEH]SLHF]HQLRZHVć]DZLHUDQHQDRNUHVURNXOXEGZyFK lat. W wypadku Europolisy i KKV-E okres ubezpieczeniowy trwa jeden rok, XPRZDH%RQXVRERZLć]XMHGZDODWD&]HVNLSURGXNWGDMHGRGDWNRZRPRŧOLZRŋþ DXWRPDW\F]QHJRRGQRZLHQLDXPRZ\SRXSã\ZLHWHUPLQXMHMZDŧQRŋFL 1DOHŧQRŋFLRSRWHQFMDOQLHQDMNUyWV]\PWHUPLQLHSãDWQRŋFLVćFKURQLRQHSU]H] (XURSROLVĕNWyUDREHMPXMHNUHG\W\NUyWNRWHUPLQRZH]WHUPLQHPSãDWQRŋFLGR GQL8EH]SLHF]DMćF\]DFKRZXMHMHGQDNSHZQćVZRERGĕ0DERZLHPPRŧOLZRŋþ SU]HGãXŧHQLDWHUPLQXSãDWQRŋFL FDãNRZLWHRGURF]HQLHQLHPRŧHSU]HNURF]\þ GQL

(10) EH]NRQLHF]QRŋFLX]\VNLZDQLD]JRG\XEH]SLHF]\FLHODQDZDUXQNDFKŋFLŋOH RNUHŋORQ\FKZXPRZLH1. Polisa KKV-E ubezpiecza kredyty udzielane na okres QLHFRGãXŧV]\Z\QRV]ćF\PDNV\PDOQLHGQL0DOLHNVSRUWHU]\]&]HFKUHDOL]XMćF\VSU]HGDŧ]RGURF]RQ\PWHUPLQHP]DSãDW\Z\QRV]ćF\PQDZHWGRODW PRJćQDWRPLDVWXEH]SLHF]\þVZRMHQDOHŧQRŋFLZ\NXSXMćFSROLVĕH%RQXV2NUHV SãDWQRŋFLQLHPRŧHMHGQDNSU]HNUDF]DþMHGQHJRURNXZSU]\SDGNXGãXŧQLNyZ ].D]DFKVWDQX5RVMLL8NUDLQ\RUD]ZZ\SDGNXXEH]SLHF]HQLDZ\ãćF]QLHQDOHŧQRŋFLNUDMRZ\FK7HSU]\SDGNLRJUDQLF]DMćFHRNUHVNUHG\WRZDQLDGRMHGQHJR URNX]D]QDF]RQH]RVWDã\QDU\VVãXSNLHP]]DNUHVNRZDQ\PREV]DUHP :V]\VWNLHSUH]HQWRZDQHSROLV\XEH]SLHF]HQLRZHFKURQLćPDãHLŋUHGQLHILUP\ SU]HGQLHRWU]\PDQLHP]DSãDW\]DZ\VãDQ\WRZDUOXE]UHDOL]RZDQćXVãXJĕZV\WXDFMDFKXU]HF]\ZLVWQLHQLDVLĕ]GDU]HĸU\]\NDKDQGORZHJR1LHZV]\VWNLHXEH]SLHF]HQLDFKURQLćMHGQDNSU]HGU\]\NLHPSROLW\F]Q\P2$VHNXUDFMDWDNDMHVWGRVWĕSQD ZF]HVNLPSURGXNFLHH%RQXVLZĕJLHUVNLP..9(:ãćF]HQLHGR]DNUHVXSROLV\ H%RQXVU\]\NDSROLW\F]QHJRSU]HMDZLDVLĕUyZQLHŧPRŧOLZRŋFLćXEH]SLHF]HQLD. 1. 2JyOQH:DUXQNL8EH]SLHF]HQLD1DOHŧQRŋFL.UyWNRWHUPLQRZ\FK(XURSROLVD ((3), art. 1 i art. .8.(6$ 2. Unia Europejska uznaje ryzyko polityczne za nierynkowe, gdy dotyczy nabywców z krajów spoza OECD..

(11) 136. Henryk Czubek. . H%RQXV. . . ..9(. . (XURSROLVD. . . . . . . PLHVLćFH. Rys. 2. Maksymalny okres kredytowania przyjmowany do ubezpieczenia ŤUyGãRRSUDFRZDQLHZãDVQHQDSRGVWDZLHRJyOQ\FKZDUXQNyZXEH]SLHF]Hĸ. 7DEHOD=DNUHVRFKURQ\XEH]SLHF]HQLRZHM Rodzaje ryzyka Ryzyko handlowe: QLHZ\SãDFDOQRŋþGãXŧQLND ]ZãRNDSãDWQLF]D. H%RQXV. Europolisa. KKV-E. tak. tak. tak. nie. tak. Ryzyko polityczne: PRUDWRULXPSãDWQLF]H tak akty prawne, decyzje administra- ]Z\ãćF]HQLHP F\MQHXQLHPRŧOLZLDMćFHWUDQVIHU G]LDãDĸZRMHQQ\FK

(12) QDOHŧQRŋFL. ŤUyGãRRSUDFRZDQLHZãDVQHQDSRGVWDZLHRJyOQ\FKZDUXQNyZXEH]SLHF]Hĸ. RGURF]RQ\FKSãDWQRŋFLSU]\VãXJXMćF\FKRGRGELRUFyZSXEOLF]Q\FK 3. Umowa XEH]SLHF]HQLDQLHREHMPXMHQDWRPLDVW]GDU]HĸZ\QLNDMćF\FKEH]SRŋUHGQLROXE QLHEH]SRŋUHGQLR]Z\EXFKXQXNOHDUQHJROXEVNDŧHQLDUDGLRDNW\ZQHJR=RFKURQ\ Z\ãćF]RQHVćUyZQLHŧSU]\SDGNLZ\EXFKXZRMQ\RJãRV]RQHMOXEQLHRJãRV]RQHM SU]\QDMPQLHMSRPLĕG]\GZRPD]Z\PLHQLRQ\FKNUDMyZ)UDQFMć&KLQDPL. 3. 'RVW\F]QLDU.83(*QLHREHMPRZDãXPRZćXEH]SLHF]HQLDQDOHŧQRŋFLRGNUDMRZ\FK odbiorców publicznych, http://www.kupeg.cz/kazdy-subjekt-je-pojistitelny.doc?sec=1&doc=249, 5.05.2008..

(13) Porównanie warunków polis ubezpieczenia…. 137. 5RVMć=MHGQRF]RQ\P.UyOHVWZHP:LHONLHM%U\WDQLLL,UODQGLL3yãQRFQHM86$4. -HV]F]HV]HUV]\]DNUHVU\]\NDSROLW\F]QHJRPRŧQDXEH]SLHF]\þZ\NXSXMćFSROLVĕ ZĕJLHUVNć..9(FRZJãyZQHMPLHU]HZ\QLND]HZVSDUFLDSXEOLF]QHJRMDNLP REMĕW\MHVWWHQSURGXNW =DVLĕJJHRJUDILF]Q\RFKURQ\GRVWDUF]DQHMSU]H]RPDZLDQHXEH]SLHF]HQLD podobnie jak ich zakres, nie jest identyczny (rys. 3).. Europolisa 33 e-Bonus 108 KKV-E 127. 5\V=DVLĕJXEH]SLHF]HĸGOD0Ŋ3SRGZ]JOĕGHPOLF]E\XEH]SLHF]DQ\FKNUDMyZ ŤUyGãRRSUDFRZDQLHZãDVQH. :VSyOQ\]ELyUNUDMyZNWyU\FKQDOHŧQRŋFLXEH]SLHF]DQHVćZUDPDFKZV]\VWNLFKSURGXNWyZVWDQRZLćSDĸVWZD8QLL(XURSHMVNLHM SDĸVWZF]ãRQNRZVNLFK

(14) 1DOHŧQRŋFLRGNRQWUDKHQWyZ]QDMPQLHMV]HMOLF]E\NUDMyZPRŧQDXEH]SLHF]\þ Z\NXSXMćF (XURSROLVĕ 2EHMPXMH RQD NUDMH HXURSHMVNLH : JUXSLH WHM Vć F]ãRQNRZLH8(1RUZHJLD6]ZDMFDULD,VODQGLD$QGRUD0RQDNRL6DQ0DULQR =QDF]QLHZLĕNV]\]DVLĕJPDF]HVNLH%RQXV2IHUXMHRQXEH]SLHF]HQLHQDOHŧQRŋFL RGGãXŧQLNyZ]ZLĕNV]RŋFLNUDMyZŋZLDWD3RUWIROLRXEH]SLHF]DOQHREHMPXMH REHFQLHNUDMyZZW\PSDĸVWZD8(2(&'LZLHOHLQQ\FK6ćZŋUyGQLFK NLHUXQNLHNVSRUWRZH]NWyU\PLZRVWDWQLFKODWDFKSU]HGVLĕELRUF\ZLćŧćV]F]HJyOQHQDG]LHMHWDNLHMDN5RVMD8NUDLQD%LDãRUXŋ5, Kazachstan i Chiny. Ubezpie4. 2JyOQH:DUXQNL8EH]SLHF]HQLD*$063, art. 5, KUPEG 2006, http://www.kupeg.cz/services/general-insurance-conditions.doc?sec=31&doc=59&page=0, 15.11.2008. 5. $UJHQW\QD%LDãRUXŋ%RŋQLDL+HUFHJRZLQD&]DUQRJyUDL6HUELD]RVWDã\GRãćF]RQHGRSRUWIROLRVW\F]QLDU.

(15) 138. Henryk Czubek. F]\FLHOF]HVNLQLHZ\NOXF]DSRQDGWRREMĕFLDXPRZćXEH]SLHF]HQLDNUDMyZVSR]D VWDQGDUGRZHJRSRUWIROLR1DMZLĕNV]\]DVLĕJRFKURQ\GRVWDUF]DSROLVDZĕJLHUVND ²..9(3U]HGVLĕELRUF\FKFćF\VNRU]\VWDþ]WHMRFKURQ\PRJćSURZDG]LþG]LDãDOQRŋþKDQGORZć]NRQWUDKHQWDPL]HNUDMyZŋZLDWD:JUXSLHWHMQLHEUDNXMH SRSXODUQ\FKU\QNyZZVFKRGQLFKWDNLFKMDN5RVMDL,QGLH3DĸVWZDZ]DOHŧQRŋFL RGSR]LRPXU\]\NDNUDMRZHJRSRJUXSRZDQH]RVWDã\ZF]WHU\NDWHJRULH :DUXQNLILQDQVRZHXEH]SLHF]HQLD 3RUyZQ\ZDQH XEH]SLHF]HQLD UyŧQLć VLĕ ]DUyZQR SRG Z]JOĕGHP VSRVREX QDOLF]DQLDVNãDGNLXEH]SLHF]HQLRZHMMDNLRSãDWGRGDWNRZ\FK:NDŧGHMSROLVLH Z\VWĕSXMHW]ZOLPLWNUHG\WRZ\-HVWRQGHILQLRZDQ\MDNRSU]HZLG\ZDQDPDNV\PDOQDZ\VRNRŋþ]RERZLć]DĸGãXŧQLNDZREHFHNVSRUWHUDNWyUDZ\QLND]KDUPRQRJUDPXLZDUXQNyZSãDWQRŋFLGRVWDZWRZDUyZLŋZLDGF]RQ\FKXVãXJ6. PomniejV]RQ\RXG]LDãZãDVQ\HNVSRUWHUDZ\]QDF]DJyUQćJUDQLFĕMHMRGSRZLHG]LDOQRŋFL :(XURSROLVLHRNUHŋORQRPDNV\PDOQ\SR]LRPOLPLWXNUHG\WRZHJRNWyU\PRŧH ]RVWDþSU]\G]LHORQ\XEH]SLHF]DMćFHPX'ODSRMHG\QF]HJRNRQWUDKHQWD]DJUDQLF]nego wynosi on 60 tys. EUR, a dla pojedynczego kontrahenta krajowego 100 tys. 3/1:SUDZG]LHSURGXNW\F]HVNLLZĕJLHUVNLQLHQDNãDGDMćWDNLHJRV]W\ZQHJR RJUDQLF]HQLDQLHPDMHGQDNPRŧOLZRŋFLXVWDODQLDEDUG]RZ\VRNLFKOLPLWyZ NUHG\WRZ\FK]HZ]JOĕGXQDOLPLW\REURWyZSU]HGVLĕELRUVWZ2NUHVZDŧQRŋFLSU]\dzielonego limitu kredytowego w przypadku Europolisy i KKV-E wynosi jeden URN:XEH]SLHF]HQLXH%RQXVOLPLW\VćQDWRPLDVWXG]LHODQHQDF]DVQLHRNUHŋORQ\=SU]\]QDQLHPOLPLWXPRJćVLĕZLć]DþRNUHŋORQHNRV]W\2LOHZSROVNLP LF]HVNLPXEH]SLHF]HQLXQLHSRELHUDQDMHVWRSãDWD]W\WXãXSU]\G]LHODQLDOLPLWX NUHG\WRZHJRRW\OHZXEH]SLHF]HQLXZĕJLHUVNLPMHJRXVWDQRZLHQLHNRV]WXMH URF]QLHW\V+8)QDRGELRUFĕ'RLQQ\FKRSãDW]ZLć]DQ\FK]RPDZLDQ\PL XEH]SLHF]HQLDPLQDOHŧ\Z\VWĕSXMćFDZSROLVLHH%RQXVRSãDWD]DVSUDZG]HQLH i roczny monitoring kontrahentów. W wypadku odbiorców krajowych wynosi ona &=.DGODNRQWUDKHQWyZ]]DJUDQLF\Z]DOHŧQRŋFLRGNUDMXPRŧHZ\QRVLþ 2630 lub 3300 CZK. 1DMNRU]\VWQLHMV]ćSROLVćSRGZ]JOĕGHPOLF]E\RSãDWMHVWSR]EDZLRQDZV]HONLFKNRV]WyZGRGDWNRZ\FK(XURSROLVD-HG\Q\PNRV]WHPMDNLPXVLSRQLHŋþ XEH]SLHF]DMćF\MHVWMHGQRUD]RZD URF]QD

(16) VNãDGNDXEH]SLHF]HQLRZDNWyUDMHVW SRELHUDQDRGZDUWRŋFLNDŧGHJRXG]LHORQHJROLPLWXNUHG\WRZHJR'ODGãXŧQLNyZ NUDMRZ\FKZ\VRNRŋþWHMVNãDGNLPLHŋFLVLĕZSU]HG]LDOH²3/1Z]DOHŧQRŋFLRGZ\VRNRŋFLOLPLWX'ODGãXŧQLNyZ]DJUDQLF]Q\FKQDMQLŧV]DVNãDGND Z\QRVLHXUR]DŋQDMZ\ŧV]DSU]\QDMZLĕNV]\FKOLPLWDFKNUHG\WRZ\FKZ\QRVL 6. http:// www.kuke.com.pl, 5.10.2008..

(17) 139. Porównanie warunków polis ubezpieczenia…. HXUR3RQDGWR.8.(RIHUXMHUDEDWZSU]\SDGNXREMĕFLDMHGQDXPRZćXEH]SLHF]HQLDQDOHŧQRŋFLRGZLĕFHMQLŧSLĕFLXNRQWUDKHQWyZZ\QRV]ćF\²VXP\ VNãDGHNZ\QLNDMćF\FK]WDEHOLRSãDW 7DEHOD:DUXQNLILQDQVRZHXEH]SLHF]Hĸ 2SãDW\. H%RQXV. Europolisa. KKV-E. Ustanowienie limitu kredytowego (rocznie). EH]SãDWQH. EH]SãDWQH. 67 EUR. Sprawdzenie, monitoring kontrahentów (rocznie). rynek krajowy 89 EUR ]DJUDQLFD² EUR. EH]SãDWQH. EH]SãDWQH. Sposób naliczania VNãDGNLXEH]SLHF]Hniowej. na podstawie zrealizowanego obrotu. RGZDUWRŋFLOLPLWX kredytowego. na podstawie zrealizowanego obrotu. =DOHŧQRŋþZ\VRNRŋFL VNãDGNLRGRNUHVX kredytowania i kraju GãXŧQLND. tak. nie. tak. &]ĕVWRWOLZRŋþSãDWQRŋFLVNãDGNL. PLHVLĕF]QLH. jednorazowo. PLHVLĕF]QLH. Minimalna (inicjaF\MQD

(18) VNãDGNDXEH]pieczeniowa. tak. nie. 792 EUR. ERQXVSRF]ćWNRZ\

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