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CHRONOLOGY OF CULTURES BETWEEN

THE VISTULA AND DNIEPER:

3150-1850 B C Ivan T. Chernyakov ElkeKaiser Viktor I. Klo hko Aleksander Ko±ko Nikolay N.Kovalyukh VladimirA. Kr uts Mykola N. Kryvaltsevi h Vadim L. Lakiza Jan Ma hnik Sergey V. Nazarov Alla V. Nikolova Vadim V. Skripkin Marzena Szmyt Mihailo Y. Videiko 1 V O L U M E 7

1999

(2)

‘w.Mar in78

Tel.(061)8536709ext. 147,Fax(061)8533373

EDITOR

AleksanderKo±ko

EDITORIALCOMMITEE

SophiaS.Berezanskaya (Kiev),AleksandraCofta-Broniewska

(Pozna«), Mikhail Charniauski (Minsk), Lu yna Doma«ska

(Šód¹), ViktorI. Klo hko (Kiev), Valentin V. Otrosh henko

(Kiev),PetroTolo hko (Kiev)

SECRETARY

MarzenaSzmyt

SECRETARYOFVOLUME

AgnieszkaPrzybyª

ADAMMICKIEWICZUNIVERSITY

INSTITUTEOFEASTERNSTUDIES

INSTITUTEOFPREHISTORY

Pozna«1999

ISBN83-86094-06-0

(3)

CHRONOLOGY OF CULTURES BETWEEN

THE VISTULA AND DNIEPER:

3150-1850 B C Ivan T. Chernyakov ElkeKaiser Viktor I. Klo hko Aleksander Ko±ko Nikolay N.Kovalyukh VladimirA. Kr uts Mykola N. Kryvaltsevi h Vadim L. Lakiza Jan Ma hnik Sergey V. Nazarov Alla V. Nikolova Vadim V. Skripkin Marzena Szmyt Mihailo Y. Videiko 1 V O L U M E 7

1999

(4)

CoverDesign: EugeniuszSkorwider

Lingvisti onsultation:JohnComber

PrintedinPoland

(5)

EDITORS'FOREWORD ... 5

ASSUMPTIONS ... 7

ViktorI.Klo hko,AleksanderKo±ko,MarzenaSzmyt,PROBLEM

OFTAXONOMICLIMITATIONSINTHESYNTHESISOFTHEHISTORY

OFBALTIC-PONTICBORDERLANDIN3150-1850BC ... 7

NikolayN.Kovalyukh,Sergey V.Nazarov,RADIOCARBON

DATINGCALIBRATIONINARCHEOLOGICALSTUDIES ... 12

VadimV.Skripkin,NikolayN.Kovalyukh,RADIOCARBONLSDATING

OFBONEMICRO-SAMPLES ... 27

PARTI.THEBLACKSEABASIN(CHRONOLOGYOFTAXONOMICUNITS) ... 34

Mihailo Y.Videiko, RADIOCARBONDATINGCHRONOLOGYOFTHELATE

TRIPOLYECULTURE ... 34

ViktorI.Klo hko,VladimirA.Kruts,RADIOCARBONDATES

FROMTHEYAMNAYACULTUREBARROWATTHETRIPOLYECULTURE

"GIANTSETTLEMENT"NEARTALYANKY ... 72

AllaV. Nikolova,RADIOCARBONDATESFROMTHEGRAVES

OFTHEYAMNAYACULTUREATTHEINGULETSRIVER

(THEKIROVOHRADREGION) ... 80

AllaV. Nikolova,RADIOCARBONDATINGOFGRAVES

OFTHEYAMNAYAANDCATACOMBCULTURES

ONTHEDNIEPERRIGHTBANK ... 103

ElkeKaiser,RADIOCARBONDATESFROMCATACOMBGRAVES ... 129

Mykola Kryvaltsevi h,NikolayN.Kovalyukh,RADIOCARBONDATING

OFTHEMIDDLEDNIEPERCULTUREFROMBELARUS ... 151

ViktorI.Klo hko,RADIOCARBONCHRONOLOGYOFTHEEARLY

ANDMIDDLEBRONZEAGEINTHEMIDDLEDNIEPERREGION.

THEMYRONIVKABARROWS ... 163

Marzena Szmyt,IvanT. ChernyakovRADIOCARBONCHRONOLOGY

OF"AKKIEMBETSKIYKURGAN".APRELIMINARYREPORT ... 196

PARTII.THEBALTICSEABASIN(CHRONOLOGYOFPONTIC"INFLUENCE") .. 203

Aleksander Ko±ko,PONTICTRAITSINTHEMATERIALSOF

(6)

CULTURE|ARADIOCARBONPERSPECTIVE ... 211

JanMa hnik, RADIOCARBONCHRONOLOGYOFTHECORDEDWARE

CULTUREONGRZ†DASOKALSKA.AMIDDLEDNIEPER

TRAITSPERSPECTIVE ... 221

VadimL.L akiza, RADIOCARBONDATINGOFTHECORDEDWARE

CULTUREFROMTHENIEMENRIVERBASIN.AGRAVEFROM

PARKHUTY,SITE1,THEGRODNAREGION ... 251

CONCLUSION ... 264

ViktorI.Klo hko,AleksanderKo±ko,MarzenaSzmyt,ACOMPARATIVE

CHRONOLOGYOFTHEPREHISTORYOFTHEAREABETWEEN

THEVISTULAANDDNIEPER:3150-1850BC ... 264

Referen es ... 283

(7)

ThisvolumeoftheBalti Ponti Studies fo usesontheresultsoftheresear h

arried out so far into the absolute (radio arbon) hronology of the area lying

betweentheVistulaandDnieperorthebio- ultural borderlandbetween theWest

andEastofEurope.Absolute hronologyistreatedherebothasaresear hgoaland

fundamentalpremise inthebroaderstudiesof the hronometri anddevelopment

syn hronizationof\borderland" ulturalsystems.Ina seriesofarti les devotedto

individualtaxa a onsiderable numberofnew 14

Cdates havebeen ompared.The

dates on ernsour ematerialsthathavebeen hosenfromthepointofviewoftheir

representativenessand hronometri value (\short-lived"materials werepreferred

to minimize a potential error). The vast majority of analyses were purposefully

made in the same 14

C laboratory of the State S ienti Center of Environmental

Radiogeo hemistry of Ukrainian A ademy of S ien es in Kiev taking advantage of

fundsgenerouslyprovidedbythePolishCommitteeforS ienti Resear h.

Thevolume devotedto the\dark" se tionofthe\borderland"history

(3150--1850BC)isthe rstbutnotthelastpubli ationonthebroaderissuesmentioned

(8)

1. All dates in the B-PS are alibrated [see: Radio arbon vol.28, 1986, andthe

nextvolumes℄.Deviations fromthisrule willbepointoutinnotes.

2. Thenamesofthear haelogi al ulturesandsitesarestandarizedtotheEnglish

literatureonthesubje t(e.g.M.Gimbutas,J.P.Mallory).Inthe aseofanew

term,theauthor'soriginalnamehasbeenretained.

3. The spelling of names of lo alities having the rank of administrative entres

followsoÆ ial,state,Englishlanguage artographi publi ations(e.g. Ukraine,

(9)

vol.7:1999,103-128

PLISSN1231-0344

AllaV.Nikolova

RADIOCARBON DATING OF GRAVES OF THE

YAMNAYA AND CATACOMB CULTURES ON THE DNIEPER

RIGHT BANK

The expedition of the Institute of Ar haeology of the National A ademy of

S ien es of Ukraine has been investigating barrow burial pla es in the Nikopol

Distri toftheDnipropetrovskRegion(the rightbankoftheDnieper) (Fig.1)for

manyyears. Anumberof graves oftheYamnaya ulture (YC)and theCata omb

ulture(CC) were sele tedfor 14

Cdating,some ofwhi hhavebeenanalysed[see

Kaiser,Radio arbon

. . .

,in thisvolume℄. Thisarti le presentsmaterials oftheYC andtheCCfromtwobarrows.

1. MATERIALDESCRIPTION

Chkalovo,barrow11(Fig.2-4).Oneofthebarrowburialsites,barrow11,waspart

ofthelargebarrowgroupnearChkalovovillage.Theex avationsbeganin1979and

are stillbeing arriedout. The groupwas lo ated atthewatershedof twoan ient

banks.Atthetimeofex avation,barrow11 was0.65m inheight,withadiameter

of20m.A lleddit hwasdis overed,typi alforbarrowsoftheEneolithi -Bronze

Ages, formedduetotheex avation ofsoilfortheembankment onstru tion.

13gravesweredis overedinthebarrow:6gravesoftheYC;5oftheCCand

2oftheMnogovalikovoiPottery ulture(MPC).BonesfromtheYCandCCgraves

were takenfor 14

C dating(Table 1).Thispaper presentsall the ndings fromthe

YC graves, in luding enotaphs, as thedetails of theburial eremony testi ed to

therelative simultaneityof thoseburial pla es ontainingYC skeletonsandthose

ofasymboli nature.

(10)

Fig.1.The ir uitofthearrangementofbarrowgroupsnearOrdzhonikidzeandnearChkalovointhe

NikopolDistri toftheDnipropetrovskRegion[seePustovalov1994℄.L egend:a-barrowgroup

hernozem. The outlet was up to 0.35 m thi k and 7.5 m in diameter. All the

subsequentgravesweresunkintotheembankmentwithnovisibleadditions(Fig.2).

Grave2(YC,Fig.4:2)wasunearthed9mtothesouth-eastoftheestablished entre

of the barrow.It is a enotaph type burial pla e, dug in a pit with ledges, whi h

werelo atedatadepthof0.7m.Belowtheledges,thepitwasre tangular,1.5x0.9

m in size, oriented lengthways from east to west with insigni ant deviation.The

bottomwasatadepthof1.15m.Afragmentoffashionedo hre,ofa laret olour

andre tangular inshape, 20 x 18 min size and3 m thi k, layat thebottomof

thepit,near thenorthernwall.Similar o hrewas foundin graves5and11.

Grave 5(YC, Fig. 4:1)isa enotaphtypeburial pla e, dis overed 9mto theeast

of thebarrow entre.There were ledges at a depthof1.4 m,with wooden blo ks

restingonthemalongthetomb.Belowtheledges,thepitwasre tangular,1.4x0.8

(11)

insizeand3 mthi k,wasfoundatthebottomofthepitnearthewesternwall.A

Unioshellwasfoundnearthenorth-easternwall ofthepit.

Grave6(CC,Fig.4:4)lay6mtothesouth-westofthebarrow entre.Theentran e

holewasround, 1.1m indiameter. Thebottomof the hamber des endedfroma

depthof1.3mtowardstheentran elo ated intheeasternwall ofthepit.Isolated

human bones were found in the lling. There hadbeen two entombments in the

hamber, the rst body being removed from the tomb during the se ond burial

eremony. The hamberwas oval in shape, 2x 1.3m insize, oriented lengthways

fromnorthtoeast.Thebottomlayatadepthof1.84m.These ondsepul hrewas

atadepthof1.76m.Theskeletonlayextendedonitsba k,headtothenorth-west.

The arms were bent at theelbows, thehands pla ed near the hin. The remains

of a whitesubstan ewere foundundertheskeleton, and preserved humanbones

fromtheearliergrave weres atteredonthebottomofthe ata omb.

Grave7(CC,Fig.3:3)wasdis overed3.5mtothenorth-westofthebarrow entre.

The entran e holewas oval in plan, 1.2x 1.1m in size, orientedlengthways from

westtoeast,thebottomatadepthof14m.Thepitwas lledwith lay.Theburial

hamber adjoined theeastern wall of thepit.Itwas oval, 2.1x 1.4m in size, and

orientedlengthways from northto south.The bottomof thepit lay ata depth of

1.65m.The skeletonlayextendedonitsba k,headtothenorth.Theleftarm was

extended,theright armslightly bentat theelbow. Astain ofred o hrewasfound

neartheskullonthepit oor.

Grave 8(YC,Fig. 3:1) waslo ated 3.5m tothe east ofthebarrow entre.It was

onstru ted in a pit with ledges formed at a depth of 0.65 m. Below the ledges,

thepitwasre tangular,18x1.1minsize,orientedlengthwaysfromsouth-westto

north-east.The bottomlay ata depthof2.05m. Fragmentsof awooden overing

were foundin the lling. The skeletonlay inafoetalpositiononitsba k,head to

thesouth-west.Thearmswereslightlybentattheelbows,thelegsbentattheknees

andraised,laterfallingapartinarhombus.Theskullandfeetboretra esofo hre

powdering. Nearthe right shoulderof the bodylay an awl (bronze, four-sidedin

plan, 6.5 m long; Fig. 3:2). Brownish remains (leather/skin?) were found onthe

pit bottom. Small postholeswere tra ed in thebottomof the pit along thetomb

perimeter. Therewerethree postholesnearthesouth-westernfrontwall andthree

nearthelongitudinalwallsofthepit.Theywere4 mindiameterandupto3.5 m

deep.

Grave9(mainYC,Fig.3:6)wassunkatthelevelofburied hernozemina

re tan-gular pit 2.2 x 1.04 m in size, oriented lengthways from north-eastto south-west.

Thebottomlayatadepthof1.15m.Thebodylayina foetalpositiononitsba k,

head to the north-east. The arms were extended along the body. The legs were

bentatthekneesandraised,buthadfallendown.Thebonesboretra esofo hre.

(12)

Fig.2.Chkalovo,NikopolDistri t,DnipropetrovskRegion

1-generalplanofbarrow11;2- ross-se tionsofbarrow11.L egend:a-the ontinent,b-thedigging,

(13)

Fig.3.Chkalovo,NikopolDistri t,DnipropetrovskRegion,barrow11

1-planeofgrave8;2-bronzeawlfromgrave8;3-planofgrave7;4- layvesselfromgrave12;5

-planofgrave12;6-planofgrave9.L egend: a- ontinent;b-o hrestains; -bla kremains;d

(14)

Grave11(YC,Fig.4:3)wasdis overed6.5mtothesouth-eastofthebarrow entre.

Itwas sunk in a pit with ledges, whi h lay at a depthof 0.9m and were from 40

mto 1.1m wide. Belowtheledges, thepit wasre tangular, 1.9 x 1m insize, its

ornersstrengthenedbyverti alrodswhi hextendeddownthewallstothebottom

orupto0.05m fromthebottomofthepit,whi hlayata depthof2.1m.The pit

was orientedlengthways fromsouth-westto north-east.The remains of a form of

shovelwerefoundinthewalls.Thesefragmentswere 48 mlong,2 mwideand1

mdeep.Theskeletonlayin afoetalpositiononitsba k,headtothesouth-west.

The leftarm wasextended,therightarm wasslightly bentat theelbow. The legs,

bentat theknees andraised,hadfallentotheleft.Theskeletonwaspainted with

o hre, tra es of whi h were found on the pit oor in theareas of the skull and

feet.Fashionedo hrelaytotheleftoftheshoulder(fashionedo hre, ylindri alin

shape, of a laret olour, 8 m indiameter, 2.8 m high; Fig. 4:5). Brown remains

(leather/skin?) werealsofoundonthebottomofthepit.

Grave 12(CC, Fig.3:5) waslo ated 6.5mto thesouth-westofthebarrow entre.

The entran epassage wasoval,1.2x 1min size,orientedlengthwaysfrom

north--easttosouth-west.Thebottomlayat adepthof1.4m.

The burial hamber adjoined the north-easternwall of thepit. The hamber

en-tran e was ar hed in form,0.52 m long, 0.3m high. The hamber itself was oval

in shape,1.9x 1.4m size,oriented lengthwaysfromnorth-westtosouth-east.The

bottomlay ata depth of2.1m,thevault heightwas 0.86m. Fragmentsof a form

ofshovel,4 min width,28-30 mlongand2 mdeephadbeenpreserved inthe

hamberwalls. Theskeletonlayextendedonitsba k, headto thenorth-east.The

armswerebentat theelbows,thehandspla edonthepelvi bones.The brownish

remains ofa pillowor hat(leather/skin?) an be observed ontheskull, andsome

bla k olour remains onthe leg bones. Avessel (a erami , at bottomed vessel

withlowand ontouredshoulders. Itisde oratedwithengravedlinesandslanting

diepoints.Thebrimedgeandthemouthofthevesselarede oratedwith

\herring--bone" in isions. Below this are engraved double zigzag lines, the areas between

whi hare lledwith slantingin isions. Thevesselis14 mtall,andthediameters

are14 matthemouth,19 matthebellyand9 matthebase;Fig. 3:4)stoodto

theright of theskull, surroundedbya painted layer ofo hre, 20 mlongand 12

mwide.

Grave13(YC,Fig.4:6)waslo ated5mtothenorthofthebarrow entre.The pit

wasre tangularinshape,withrounded orners,1.6xlminsize,orientedlengthways

fromsouth-westtonorth-east.Thebottomlayatadepthof1.6m.Theskeletonlay

inafoetalpositiononitsba k,headtothesouth-west.Thearmswereextended,the

legs,bentatthekneesandraised,hadfallentotheright.Theskullandextremities

were paintedwith o hre.

(15)

Fig.4.Chkalovo,NikopolDistri t,DnipropetrovskRegion,barrow11

(16)

themanganeseprodu tionmine(Shakhta22),when ethegroupobtaineditsname

(Fig. 1). The group onsistedof 17 banks extended in a hain from west to east.

Barrow2wasthese ondhighestinthegroupandlayinitswesternextremity.Atthe

timeofex avation,itsheightwas2.05m,diameter34m.Thebarrowembankment

had beenploughedup, anda dit h,formed asa result ofsoil ex avations forthe

embankment onstru tionwas dis overed around it. There were 17 graves in the

barrow:10oftheYC6oftheCCand1oftheframework ultures(Fig.5).Human

bones from two graves of the YC were sele ted for the 14

C dating, andwe have

onsequently on nedourpresentationtograves ofthis ulture.

Thebarrowwas onstru tedbytheYCpopulation.The an ient embankment,

onsisting of hernozem mounds, was raised over grave 12. Its height was 2 m,

diameter -20m.The diameter oftheembankmentwassubsequently in reased to

27mwhengrave14, overedwithanembankmentoffriable hernozem,wassunk

intothenorth-westpart.Thenextembankmentofalo altype, overingthesouthern

se torof thebarrow,was onne tedwith grave 9. The nal barrow embankment,

onsistingofloam,was onstru tedfollowingthesinkingofgraves6, 3,13and16,

andthusrea hedits naldimensions.Thesubsequentgravesweresunkwithoutthe

onstru tionoffurtherembankments(Fig.6:1-7).

Grave2waslo atedinthesouth-easternse torofthebarrow.Stone overingplates

were foundata depth of1.72 m.Belowthese was are tangular pitwith rounded

orners,0.8x0.5minsize, orientedlengthwaysfromnorth-easttosouth-west.The

bottomlayat2.91m(1.19mlowerthanthe overing).Theskeletonofa hildhad

beeneatenawaybyrodents.Judgingbytheremains oftheskull,itlaytowardsthe

north-east.Atthebottomofthepit,ano hrestainwas observed.

Grave 3(Fig.7:1) waslo ated in thesouth-easternse torofthebarrow.The

re -tangularpit,withrounded omers,4x2.5m insize,wasorientedlengthwaysfrom

south-westtonorth-east.Itfeaturedledges, ata depthof2.05m,uponwhi hlaya

de ayed overingof aneupto2 mthi k.Belowtheledges,thepitwasre tangular

inplanand1.6x 1m insize.Itsdepthwas3.12 m(1.06mlowerthantheledges).

The skeleton layin a foetal positiononits left side, head tothe south-west.The

rightarmwasextended.Thebonesoftheleftarmwerenotpreserved.Theskeleton

waspaintedextensivelywith o hre.

Grave4(Fig.6:8)wassituatedinthesouthernse torofthebarrow.There tangular

pit,withrounded orners,0.8x0.6m insize,wasorientedlengthwaysfrom

south--east to north-west. The bottom lay at a depth of 2.78 m. A hild was buried in

thegrave,althoughonlysomebarelyappre iable remainsofhisskeletonhavebeen

preserved. A erami egg-shaped vessel with a low straight mouth and small, at

bottomstoodnear thesouth-eastern wall. The area undertherim was de orated

with ordprints. The vessel was 12.5 mhigh, thediameter of themouth9.5 m

(17)

Fig.5.Generalplanofbarrow2,Shakhta22group,NikopolDistri t,DnipropetrovskRegion

L egend:a-graveoutlet

pit,withrounded omers,1.5x 0.94minsize,was orientedlengthwaysfromnorth

tosouthwithinsigni antdeviation.Thedepthofthepitwas3.31m.Theskeleton

lay ina foetal positiononitsside, headto thenorth.The left arm was extended.

Thelegswere bentatrightanglestothebody.Afragmentofthebottompartofa

large vessellay totheleftofthebody.Itsinternalandexternalsideswere overed

(18)

Fig.6.GroupShakhta22,NikopolDistri t,DnipropetrovskRegionbarrow2.

1-7- ross-se tionofbarrow2;8-planofgrave4;9-potteryvesselfromgrave4;10-planofgrave9.

(19)

Fig.7.GroupShakhta22,NikopolDistri k,DnipropetrovskRegionbarrow2

(20)

Grave 9(Fig.6:10) was lo ated in thesouth-eastern se torof thebarrow.The pit

was re tangular in plan, with rounded orners, 2 x 1.34 m in size, and oriented

lengthwaysfromnorth-easttosouth-west.Ata depthof3.11 mtherewere ledges,

uponwhi h were theremains of a wooden overing.Below theledges, ata depth

of3.81m(0.8mbelowtheledges)thepitwasre tangularinplan,1.7x1minsize.

The skeletonlay in a foetalpositiononits left side,head to thenorth-east.The

left arm wasextended, theright arm bentat theelbow. The legs were bent atan

obtuseangletothebody.Apie eofo hrelaynear thefeet.

Grave 12 (major, Fig. 7:5) was lo ated in the entre of the barrow. The pit was

overedby ane atthelevel ofthean ient horizon.The pitisre tangular inplan,

2x 1.1.minsize,orientedlengthwaysfromnorth-easttosouth-west.The pitis0.9

deepfromthelevelof theburied hernozem.Theskeletonhadbeensatisfa torily

preserved.Itlay ina foetalpositiononitsba k,head tothenorth-east.The arms

were extended.Theraised legshadfallentotheright.Apie e ofo hrelaytothe

rightoftheskull.

Grave13(Fig.7:20)waslo atedintheeasternse torofthebarrow.There tangular

pit,3.1x2minsize,wasorientedlengthwaysfromeasttowest.L edges,atadepthof

2.05m, boretra es ofa wooden overing.Belowtheledges, thepit wastrapezoid

in plan, 1.8 x 1.1 - 1.2min size. Its depth was 3.15 m (1.1 m below theledges).

The skeletonlay ina foetalpositiononitsba k,headto thewest.The armswere

extendedalongthebody.Thelegs,raised,andbentattheknees,hadfallen tothe

right. The skeleton was painted in o hre,parti ularly markedon theskull. Some

brownishremains werefoundonthebottomof thepit.

Grave14(Fig.8:2)was onstru tedinthenorth-westernse torofthebarrow.The

pitwastrapezoidinplan,1.7x0.8-1minsize,orientedlengthwaysfromsouth-west

tonorth-east.Thedepthwas3.09m.Theremainsofawooden overingwerefound

inthe lling. Thegrave ontainedtheskeletonsofan adultmaleanda hild.The

adultskeletonlay in a foetalpositiononits left side,near thesouth-easternwall,

withitsheadtothesouth-west.Theleftarmwasextended,therightarmbentatthe

elbow.Thelegswerebentatanobtuseangletothebody.Theskeletonofthe hild

layonitsba k,nexttotheadult,orientedinthesamedire tion,withitsarmsslightly

bentattheelbows.Behindtheskull,thebottomofthepitwas overedwitho hre.

A erami vesselwitharoundedbottomstoodnearby(Fig.8:1).Itwaseggshaped,

witha low,straight mouth,14.5 mhigh,andwith adiameter atthemouthof8.8

m.Twosmallgoathooveslaynearthevessel.Theskullsofboththede easedbore

stainsofo hre.Brown olouredremains wereobservedonthebottomofthepit.

Grave16(Fig.8:3)waslo atedinthenorth-easternse torofthebarrow.Ithadbeen

partially destroyedby a bulldozer. The pit was re tangular, 2.4 m long, oriented

lengthways from west to east. At a depth of 2.05 m were ledges with a wooden

(21)

Fig.8.GroupShakhta22,NikopolDistri t,DnipropetrovskRegionbarrow2

1-planofgrave3;2-planofgrave13;3-planofgrave 6;4-fragmentofvesselfromgrave 6;5

(22)

anda hild.They layin afoetalpositionontheirleft side withtheir headstothe

west.Therightarmoftheadultwasbentattheelbow.Thebonesoftheotherarm

had notbeen preserved. The legs were bent at right angles to thebody. Asmall

goathoofwas foundbehindthe skullof the hild. Brown remains were observed

onthepit oor.

2. DATINGOFTHEYAMNAYACULTURE

a. A omparisonof thegraves of theYC presentedhere with theYC graves

nearGolovkovkavillageinKirovogradRegion[seeNikolova,Radio arbondates

. . .

, in this volume℄ reveals signi ant resemblan es, not only with regard to general

features oftheburial eremony,astesti edbythesimilarpositionandorientation

oftheskeletons,butadditionallyinpe uliaritiesofthegrave onstru tion,in luding

thepresen eofsmallholes atthebottomofthegravepits.

The analysis of hanges in the burial eremonies of the YC of Ukraine has

revealed omparable tenden ies between di erent regions, despite the existen e

oflo al pe uliarities. Thisallows ustodetermine four basi hronologi al periods

in thedevelopment of theYC [Nikolova 1992℄.The most an ient among these is

hara terisedbytheestablishment ofarelative uniformityin theburial eremony.

Oneofthemostimportantfeaturesofthisperiodwasthe onstru tionofthebasi

quantity of initial embankments above the graves, with the obligatory supportof

graves by additionsto existing barrows, in luding thoseof other ultures. All the

infrequent asesofstone ir lesanddit h onstru tions,typesoffuneralfeastsand

so on around the burial pla es have been attributed to this period. Graves were

sunk only in the entre of barrows. The prin ipal grave shape is of a simple pit

withrounded orners,blo kedwith atree ora stoneThe skeletons layina foetal

position on their ba ks, with the legs raised, and the head oriented to the east,

north-eastando asionallytothesouth-east.The bodieswerefrequently oloured

witho hre.Themonumentsofthisperiodare on entratedmainlyontheterritory

oftheleftbankoftheDnieperriver(thebasinbetweentheDonandtheMolo hna

rivers,theOrelandtheSamara riversbasin,theL owerDnieperandtheCrimea);

insomeareasoftheDnieperrightbank;and,probably,alongtheIngulriverbasin.

The period orresponds to themost an ient YC monumentsof theL ower Volga

basin(Bykovo2,2/3)theMiddleandtheL owerDonbasin(settlementnearRepin),

theKubanbasinandalsothematerials oftheMikhailivka settlement(layer2).

(23)

bankoftheDnieperdowntothebasinoftheDniesterandPrutriversAtthesame

time, the majority of traditionsof thepre eding period hadbeen preserved. The

major hanges appeared intheorientationof thebodies.Thistenden yisevident

a ross pra ti ally all the territories, both on the left and the right banks of the

Dnieper. Gravesof thisperiodwere frequentlythe rstgraves sunkin barrowsof

thelo alL ateEneolithi andUsatovotype ulturalgroups.ThePostMaikoptypes

ofmetalprodu tsand erami softhethirdlayerofMikhailivka,aswell asthe rst

gravesfeaturingtheremainsof arriagesappeared inthisperiod.Theburialpla es

of this period were a ompanied by embankments or soil additions. The entral

se tionsofthepreviousembankmentswereusedforsinkinggraves.The prevailing

positionofthedeadremainedthefoetalposition.

The ri hest ourishing of the YC on the territory of Ukraine ame during

thethird stage of itsdevelopment. Althoughour data is relative, it ispossible to

assumethattheheightofthedevelopmentoftheYCpopulation ame atthistime

from a quantitative assessment of burial monuments. Its nal boundaries extend

a ross all regions of the steppe and forest-steppe zone of Ukraine, down to the

regions of theDanuberiver basin.The linkingof ertain territorieswith separate

so ialgroups(tribes?),appearstobe attributabletothisperiod, as ertainspe i

features of boththeburial eremony and erami omplexes havebeen tra ed to

separateterritorialgroups.Amoredetailed omparison,alongwiththe olle tionof

additionalmaterials,willobviouslyenableamorepre isepi tureoftheirbordersto

beas ertainedinthenearestfuture.The urrentstageofanalysisalreadyallowsus

todistinguishat leasttwobasi territorialgroupings,thepopulationsofwhi hhad

ratherintensive ultural onne tions.The rstofthesein ludedthesouthernareas

of theDnieper left bank territory -the AzovSea basin, the Molo hnabasin, the

basinoftheDnieperandtheNorthernPonti area, aswell astheCrimeansteppe.

The hara teristi feature of this sub- luster was the preservation of the mainly

easterlydire tionofbodyorientation.Thisdistinguisheditfromallotherterritorial

groupsofmonuments,in ludingtheNorthernDonetsandtheOrelandtheSamara

rivers basin, whi h were part of these ond grouping, in luding all regions to the

westoftheDnieper.

Theo urren eofnumerous emeteries lledwithrelativelysimultaneous

gra-ves isattributedto this period. The transformation of barrowsinto emeteries of

small,separate olle tionsentailed hangesin ertainburialtraditions.This anbe

observedtothegreatestdegreeintheparametersoforientation,whi hhad

gradu-ally lostits independent, eremonial meaning andsurrenderedto thetradition of

a planigraphi manner of emetery onstru tion.Itis worthnoting thatthe

obse-rvable distin tionsin orientationa ross arange ofregionsgeneri ally as endedto

thepre edingperiod.Consequently,forthemonumentsin ludedin the rst

(24)

a period of gradual ultural transformation,by theend of whi h thetradition of

embankment onstru tionandsoiladditionovertheburial pla eshaddisappeared

bytheendoftheperiod.Changes intheshapesofthegrave pitshavebeenfound

in a numberof areas. Burial pla es with bodies in a foetal positionontheir side

appeared duringthis period. For a ertain time, the ulture was hara terised by

bi-ritual eremonies, untilthere-establishmentofaunityintheburial eremony.

The nal hronologi al periodin thedevelopment of theburial eremony of

theYCmonumentsofUkraine,aswellasinotherregionsofitsdistribution,is

ha-ra terisedbytheultimatetransformationofall itsfeatures. Thepra ti eofraising

embankmentsandsoiladditionsabovetheburialpla es nally ametoanend,until

onlyold emeterieswereused.Thepositionofthebodieswasex lusivelyinafoetal

positionontheir side,theirorientationdiverseandnot onformingtoany pattern,

determined insteadbythepositionofthegrave inletsin thebarrow embankment,

asattheendofthepreviousperiod.The ustomofpowderingthedeadbodieswith

o hrepra ti ally disappeared.The erami omplex variedaswell, with at

botto-medvessels of di erent shapesbe oming dominant.In addition,a ertain hange

in the onne tions between territorial groupshas also been dis overed [Nikolova

1992:18-20℄.

The graves presented herein, as well as materials of the Kirovohrad Region

within theframework of thegiven hronologi al lassi ation [see Nikolova,

Ra-dio arbon dates

. . .

, in this volume℄ an be de nitely attributed to the third and fourth hronologi alperiods.

b. The graves presented above and the graves from Golovkovkavillage [see

Nikolova,Radio arbondates

. . .

inthis volume℄represent twogroupsa ording to the ustoms of the eremonies: (1) graves with skeletons in a foetal positionon

their ba k (Chkalovo, barrow 11); (2) graves with skeletons in a foetal position

ontheirside (Shakhta22,barrow2). Theanalysis ofgraves dis overedin ea h of

these barrow burial grounds learly testi es to a ertain similarity between those

attributedtooneof thedistin t eremonialgroups, and orrespondinglypointsto

their hronologi al aÆnity.This an be observed not only in general eremonial

features,butalsoinindividualdetails,su hasthepresen eofa ompanyingpie es

ofo hreandthe onstru tiontypeofthebottomofthegrave (Chkalovo).

.Fifteenradio arbondateswereobtainedfromsixgravesfrombarrow11near

Chkalovo.Eightofthese wereobtainedforgraves9and11(Table 1).Itshouldbe

stressed that this quantity of dates was obtained inadvertently, due to a mistake

in thepro essof ompletingthedata ards. However,this inadvertentexperiment

has allowed a number of problems to be raised on erning the a ura y of the

individual 14

C dates obtained. Out of four pairs of individual radio arbon dates

forthesegraves,justthree orrespondedtotheobservedstratigraphy(Ki-6828and

(25)

Table 1

Chkalovo andShakhta 22, Nikopol Distri t, Dnipropetrovsk Region, graves ofthe Yamnayaand

Cata omb ultures.Listof 14

Cdatings

Site L ab.No. No.barrow/ Culture, DateBP DateBC68%DateBC95%

No.grave strati ation -1sigma -2sigma

level Chkalovo Ki-6608 11/6 CC 3815

±

45 2316-2190 2452-2432 2164-2144 2402-2370 2358-2130 2074-2052 Chkalovo Ki-6608a 11/6 CC 3770

±

50 2278-2228 2390-2388 2206-2132 2334-2070 2078-2048 1998-1986 Chkalovo Ki-6610 11/7 CC 3765

±

45 2276-2246 2314-2300 2204-2130 2298-2032 2080-2046 Chkalovo Ki-6610a 11/7 CC 3750

±

45 2270-2260 2284-2028 2202-2122 1998-1984 2086-2040 Chkalovo Ki-6827 11/8 YC 3910

±

45 2460-2390 2550-2542 2388-2334 2490-2276 2240-2238 2236-2204 Chkalovo Ki-6571 11/9 YC 3985

±

45 2540-2522 2610-2598 1 2504-2456 2588-2396 2380-2344 Chkalovo Ki-6571a 11/9 YC 4035

±

50 2608-2600 2862-2816 1 2586-2470 2694-2676 2668-2456 2418-2412 Chkalovo Ki-6828 11/9 YC 3960

±

50 2562-2528 2576-2312 1 2498-2448 2304-2294 2436-2400 2374-2354 Chkalovo Ki-6828a 11/9 YC 4010

±

50 2574-2514 2854-2822 1 2508-2454 2658-2642 2622-2448 2436-2400 2376-2352 Chkalovo Ki-6572 11/11 YC 4060

±

55 2850-2824 2866-2810 2656-2644 2754-2724

(26)

Site L ab.No. No.barrow/ Culture, DateBP DateBC68%DateBC95%

No.grave strati ation -1sigma -2sigma

level Chkalovo Ki-6572a 11/11 YC 4005

±

55 2580-2460 2856-2820 2660-2640 2624-2394 2382-2338 Chkalovo Ki-6829 11/11 YC 3900

±

55 2460-2314 2552-2542 2302-2296 2492-2198 Chkalovo Ki-6829a 11/11 YC 3990

±

50 2574-2516 2840-2834 2508-2456 2616-2332 2384-2336 Chkalovo Ki-6609 11/12 3870

±

40 2452-2430 2458-2270 CC 2404-2368 2260-2202 2364-2282 Chkalovo Ki-6609a 11/12 CC 3800

±

50 2310-2308 2450-2432 2294-2138 2402-2370 2358-2124 2086-2040 Shakhta22 Ki-6833 2/6 YC 3900

±

55 2460-2314 2552-2542 4 2302-2296 2492-2198 Shakhta22 Ki-6834 2/9 YC 3970

±

50 2568-2524 2584-2314 3 2502-2452 2302-2296 2430-2402 2370-2360 Shakhta22 Ki-6834a 2/9 YC 3930

±

50 2470-2390 2566-2524 3 2388-2332 2500-2300 2240-2208

gravesfrombarrow2,Shakhta22 orrespondedtothestratigraphyobservedinthe

barrow.Based ona omparisonof theresults fortheradio arbon dates obtained

for graves 9 and 11 in Chkalovo, it is learly ne essary to onsider three dates

(Ki-6827,Ki-6828 andKi-6829)as in orre t. The remaining dates are similar and

their distin tionswithinthelimits ofthemeasurement mistake.The resultsofthe

14

CdatingKi-6833andKi-6834areauthenti forgravesfrombarrow2,Shakhta22.

d.Basedontheresultsoftheradio arbondating alibrationwith95.5%error

probability (Table 1), the graves presented above should be dated ba k within a

signi anttime interval2866-2198BC.This orrespondstothedatingobtainedfor

(27)
(28)

and Kirovohradregions is thereforedetermined notonly bymeans of analysis of

thear haeologi aldatabutalsobytheirradio arbondating.Theintervala ording

to 14

Cdatingforthegravesfrombarrow11inChkalovoisdeterminedas2860-2330

BC. The dates forthe later graves from barrow 2, Shakhta 22 orrespond to the

interval2560-2198BC(Table1).Comparingthe 14

CdatingresultsfortheYC

gra-vesfromtheDnipropetrovskandKirovohradRegions[seeNikolova,Radio arbon

dates

. . .

, in this volume℄, it is worth noting thatdueto range of theradio arbon datesobtained,itwaspossibletodeterminethetime di eren ebetweenthegraves

with skeletons ina foetal positionontheir ba kand thosewithskeletons in a

fo-etalpositionontheirside ( ompareChkalovoandShakhta22). Thishasalsobeen

observedin ar haeologi al data.

e.Thesigni antdi eren es intheseriesofradio arbondatesobtainedwhi h

were observedintheresultsanalysisof 14

C datingforgravesfrombarrow11near

Chkalovovillage (forexample Ki-6572=2866-2462BCandKi-6829 =2552-2198

BC) highlight theextreme are needed in thear haeologi al interpretation of

in-dividual radio arbondates. The error probabilityof datingresultsis probablynot

high. Nevertheless, it is learly ne essary to re ognise thatat thepresentlevel of

development of the 14

C dating method, thede nition of absolute range of

hro-nologi alperiods,whi hare narrowerthanthoseforthe ultureingeneral annot

bebasedonindividualradio arbondating,butrequiresthea umulationof

signi - antseriesofdata,allowingustospe ifytheprodu tivityoftheradio arbondating

andthepossiblear haeologi al interpretation ofitsresults.Therefore, itis learly

ne essary toadmitthat,atthemodernlevel ofdevelopment, attemptstobasethe

de nitionofthe hronologi alsequen eofseparatemonumentsonradio arbonare

stillproblemati ,takingintoa ounttheambiguityofresults.Itispossiblethatan

insigni antquantityof 14

Cdatespermitsustodetermineonlythegeneral

tempo-ralorientationofseparate ultures,whi hisalready averyimportanta hievement

ofabsolutedating.

f. The appli ation of the B. Weninger programme, taking into a ount the

above mentionedproblem, nevertheless allows usto narrowslightly the

hronolo-gi al rangeofthe onsidered monuments[Kadrow, Szmyt1996:104-l08℄.The

ali-bration results ofindividual dates are shownin Table 2. A ordingto these data,

theYCgravespresentedinthisarti le, allowingforstandarddeviations,dateba k

toapproximately2598-2431BC(Chkalovo)andabout2465-2292BC(Shakhta22).

Ingeneral,based on27 14

Cdatesobtained(Fig.9),thelatemonumentsoftheYC

ontheterritoryoftheDnipropetrovskrightbank anbedatedba kto

approxima-tely2620-2279BC.Forthegraves presentedherein, themajority ofthe 14

C dates

(29)

3. DATINGOFTHECATACOMBCULTURE

a.Theradio arbondatesobtainedforthe ata ombgravesfrombarrow11near

Chkalovo (Table 1) initially di ered slightly from the dates obtained for similar

graves on the same territory [see Kaiser, Radio arbon

. . .

, in this volume℄. The analysed resultsof the

14

C datingof three graveswhere theburial eremony was

ofa similar nature(Ki-6608,Ki-66l0, 6609),dated ba kto2458-2032BC,seemed

rather doubtful. Their 14

C alibrated dates, obtained using the programme of B.

Weninger[1986℄,di eredinsigni antlyandwereallwithin2403-2039BC(Table2).

Additional 14

C dating of samples Ki-6608a, Ki-6610aand Ki-6609awas therefore

arriedout.Theresultsobtainedseemtobemore orre tand oin idewellwiththe

otherresultsofdatingforCCgravesoftheterritoryunder onsideration(Table 3).

A ordingto these results,the ata ombgraves from barrow11in Chkalovodate

ba ktowithin2304-2032BC.

Table 2

CalibrationafterWeninger1993(seeTable1)

L ab.No. No.barrow/ DateBP DateBC/AD

No.grave al.

Ki-6608 11/6 3815

±

45 2231

±

81 Ki-6608a 11/6 3770

±

50 2135

±

92 Ki-6610 11/7 3765

±

45 2131

±

82 Ki-6610a 11/7 3750

±

45 2117

±

75 Ki-6827 11/8 3910

±

45 2385

±

69 Ki-6571 11/9 3985

±

45 2507

±

66 Ki-6571a 11/9 4035

±

50 2532

±

66 Ki-6828 11/9 3960

±

50 2450

±

89 Ki-6828a 11/9 4010

±

50 2521

±

60 Ki-6572 11/11 4060

±

55 2556

±

87 Ki-6572a 11/11 4005

±

55 2516

±

72 Ki-6829 11/11 3900

±

55 2373

±

81 Ki-6829a 11/11 3990

±

50 2502

±

71 Ki-6609 11/12 3870

±

40 2320

±

83 Ki-6609a 11/12 3800

±

50 2217

±

87 Ki-6833 2/6 3900

±

55 2373

±

81 Ki-6834 2/9 3970

±

50 2478

±

84 Ki-6834a 2/9 3930

±

50 2393

±

72

(30)

Table 3

BarrowsnearOrdzhonikidze,gravesoftheCata omb ulture.Listof 14

Cdatings(Calibrationafter

Weninger1993)

Samplelo ation Numberbarrow/ L ab.number DateBP Cal.Date

Noumbergrave BC/AD

Chernaya 3/17 Ki-6553 3745

±

50 2118

±

79 Mogila Chernaya 3/27 Ki-6554 3805

±

45 2217

±

80 Mogila Chernaya 3/28 Ki-6555 3825

±

45 2255

±

72 Mogila Gurskaya 2/30 Ki-6556 3720

±

55 2103

±

83 Mogila Chkalovo1 7/8 Ki-6558 3835

±

40 2266

±

72 Mogila Chkalovo2 1/20 Ki-6559 3740

±

45 2115

±

73 Mogila Kruglaya 1/7 Ki-6560 3680

±

45 2041

±

76 Mogila Kruglaya 1/14 Ki-6561 3710

±

40 2085

±

68 Mogila Kruglaya 1/15 Ki-6562 3750

±

45 2117

±

75 Mogila Kruglaya 1/18 Ki-6563 3775

±

50 2191

±

93 Mogila Kruglaya 8/5 Ki-6564 3560

±

55 1851

±

82 Mogila Kruglaya 8/5 Ki-6564a 3620

±

55 1953

±

80 Mogila Kruglaya 8/12 Ki-6565 3690

±

45 2048

±

75 Mogila Kruglaya 8/13 Ki-6566 3720

±

50 2101

±

78 Mogila Kruglaya 8/13 Ki-6566a 3760

±

50 2127

±

85 Mogila Kruglaya 11/7 Ki-6567 3680

±

50 2044

±

80 Mogila Kruglaya 11/12 Ki-6568 3810

±

50 2224

±

88 Mogila Kruglaya 11/17 Ki-6569 3730

±

45 2106

±

72

(31)
(32)

b.Oneoftheversionsof dataanalysishas beeno eredfortheinterpretation

oftheradio arbon datesobtainedforthegravesoftheCCofthegivenregion[see

Kaiser,Radio arbon

. . .

, inthis volume℄. Here, we wouldlike to onsideranother possible method of analysis.The dates alibrated a ording to theprogramme of

B. Weninger are submitted in Table 3. One grave (Ki-6553)should be attributed

to the Mnogovalikova Pottery ulture. In a ordan e with the radio arbon dates,

among12gravesoftheCC,twogroups anbedistinguisheda ordingtothetypeof

burial eremony arriedout.The rstofthese onsistsof4graves(Ki-6555,Ki-6562,

Ki-6566andKi-6568),andthe eremonyfeatures orrespondtotheearlyperiodof

theCC.The remaining14graves, omprising these ondgroup, orrespondtothe

late Ingulperiod. Adire tstratigraphyisobservedbetweenthegravesofdi erent

groupsinonlyone ase(Ki-6554aridKi-6555)[seeKaiser,Radio arbon

. . .

,inthis volume℄. The analysis of

14

C dates for gravesof the rstgroupdemonstratesthat

in three ases these graves had the earliest dating among the graves of the CC

foundin one barrow(Ki-6555,Ki-6566 andKi-6568).However, the hronologi al

rangeofthisgroup(2327-2023BC)isbroadenoughtobea eptable(Table3).On

theotherhand, ertain dis repan iesareobserved intheanalysisof the 14

C dates

forthese ond group.Thus,forexample, onsiderablydi erentradio arbon dates

(Ki-6563 =2284- 2098BC andKi-6564 = 1933-1769BC) were obtained for two

graves featuring identi al burial eremonies, in whi h stone axessimilar in shape

were found.Itshouldbenotedthatthe naldatedroppedoutofthewholerange

of the 14

C dates obtained, whi h raised doubtsas to its reliability. The new 14

C

datesofthesamplefromthesamegraveallowustoredu ethisdis repan yslightly

(Ki-6564a=with.2033-1873BC),Ingeneral, assumingtheradio arbondataunder

onsideration is orre t, even taking intoa ount the dis repan ies revealed, the

timerangedeterminedfortheexisten eofthisgroupistoobroad-2304-1873BC.

Furthermore,inthis ontext,thea ura yofsome ofthemisdoubtful.

It should be emphasised that, as with the graves of the YC, based on the

radio arbon dates obtained, it is still impossible to tra e the di erent dates for

thoseCC graves whi h thear haeologi al analysisidenti ed as displayingdistin t

features of theburial eremony. Ifwe onsider theresultsobtained from the 14

C

datingoftheCata omb ultureingeneral, itis learly visiblethatthemajorityare

on entratedintherangeof2200-2000BC(Fig.10).

CONCLUSION

Notwithstandingtheobservationsexpressed above on erning thea ura yof

theradio arbondatingresultsobtained,there entlyobtainedsetof 14

(33)
(34)

on-whilstatthesame time allowingusto onsidertheproblemoftheir hronologi al

orrelationat anewlevel.

A ording totheresultsof the 14

C datingobtained (Fig. 11), thelate period

inthedevelopmentoftheYContheterritoryoftherightbankoftheDnieper an

bedatedbetween 2550-2250BC.

Thedistin tionsbetweenthedatingoftheYCandtheCCareabsolutely learly

observed:thedatingforthelatter anbedeterminedintherangeof2250-2000BC.

The radio arbon data obtained, supported by the published ar haeologi al fa ts,

absolutely ontradi tthe theoryof thesyn hronismof theL ate YC andtheL ate

(35)

AO { Arkheologi heskiyeotkrytya,Moskva.

AJA { Ameri anJournalofAr haeology,NewYork.

BPS { Balti -Ponti Studies,Pozna«.

EA { EurasiaAntiqua,Berlin.

FPP { Folia Praehistori a Posnaniensia,Pozna«.

KSIA { Kratkiyesoobsh heniyaInstitutaArkheologii,Moskva.

KSIAANUSSR { Kratkiye soobsh heniya Instituta Arkheologii AN USSR,

Kiev.

KSIIMK { Kratkiye soobsh heniya Instituta Istorii Materialnoy

kul-tury,Moskva.

KSOGAM { Kratkie Soobsh heniya OdesskogoGosudarstvennogo

Ar-kheologi heskogoMuzeya,Odessa.

MIA { Materialy iissledovaniyapoarkheologii,Moskva.

NAIANANU { NaukovyArkhivInstitutaArkheologiiNa ionalnoi

Akade-mii NaukUkrainu, Kiev.

SA { SovetskayaArkheologia, Moskva.

SpA { SprawozdaniaAr heologi zne, Kraków.

ZFA { Zeits hriftf urAr haologie,Berlin.

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