CHRONOLOGY OF CULTURES BETWEEN
THE VISTULA AND DNIEPER:
3150-1850 B C Ivan T. Chernyakov ElkeKaiser Viktor I. Klo hko Aleksander Ko±ko Nikolay N.Kovalyukh VladimirA. Kr uts Mykola N. Kryvaltsevi h Vadim L. Lakiza Jan Ma hnik Sergey V. Nazarov Alla V. Nikolova Vadim V. Skripkin Marzena Szmyt Mihailo Y. Videiko 1 V O L U M E 7
•
1999w.Mar in78
Tel.(061)8536709ext. 147,Fax(061)8533373
EDITOR
AleksanderKo±ko
EDITORIALCOMMITEE
SophiaS.Berezanskaya (Kiev),AleksandraCofta-Broniewska
(Pozna«), Mikhail Charniauski (Minsk), Lu yna Doma«ska
(ód¹), ViktorI. Klo hko (Kiev), Valentin V. Otrosh henko
(Kiev),PetroTolo hko (Kiev)
SECRETARY
MarzenaSzmyt
SECRETARYOFVOLUME
AgnieszkaPrzybyª
ADAMMICKIEWICZUNIVERSITY
INSTITUTEOFEASTERNSTUDIES
INSTITUTEOFPREHISTORY
Pozna«1999
ISBN83-86094-06-0
CHRONOLOGY OF CULTURES BETWEEN
THE VISTULA AND DNIEPER:
3150-1850 B C Ivan T. Chernyakov ElkeKaiser Viktor I. Klo hko Aleksander Ko±ko Nikolay N.Kovalyukh VladimirA. Kr uts Mykola N. Kryvaltsevi h Vadim L. Lakiza Jan Ma hnik Sergey V. Nazarov Alla V. Nikolova Vadim V. Skripkin Marzena Szmyt Mihailo Y. Videiko 1 V O L U M E 7
•
1999CoverDesign: EugeniuszSkorwider
Lingvisti onsultation:JohnComber
PrintedinPoland
EDITORS'FOREWORD ... 5
ASSUMPTIONS ... 7
ViktorI.Klo hko,AleksanderKo±ko,MarzenaSzmyt,PROBLEM
OFTAXONOMICLIMITATIONSINTHESYNTHESISOFTHEHISTORY
OFBALTIC-PONTICBORDERLANDIN3150-1850BC ... 7
NikolayN.Kovalyukh,Sergey V.Nazarov,RADIOCARBON
DATINGCALIBRATIONINARCHEOLOGICALSTUDIES ... 12
VadimV.Skripkin,NikolayN.Kovalyukh,RADIOCARBONLSDATING
OFBONEMICRO-SAMPLES ... 27
PARTI.THEBLACKSEABASIN(CHRONOLOGYOFTAXONOMICUNITS) ... 34
Mihailo Y.Videiko, RADIOCARBONDATINGCHRONOLOGYOFTHELATE
TRIPOLYECULTURE ... 34
ViktorI.Klo hko,VladimirA.Kruts,RADIOCARBONDATES
FROMTHEYAMNAYACULTUREBARROWATTHETRIPOLYECULTURE
"GIANTSETTLEMENT"NEARTALYANKY ... 72
AllaV. Nikolova,RADIOCARBONDATESFROMTHEGRAVES
OFTHEYAMNAYACULTUREATTHEINGULETSRIVER
(THEKIROVOHRADREGION) ... 80
AllaV. Nikolova,RADIOCARBONDATINGOFGRAVES
OFTHEYAMNAYAANDCATACOMBCULTURES
ONTHEDNIEPERRIGHTBANK ... 103
ElkeKaiser,RADIOCARBONDATESFROMCATACOMBGRAVES ... 129
Mykola Kryvaltsevi h,NikolayN.Kovalyukh,RADIOCARBONDATING
OFTHEMIDDLEDNIEPERCULTUREFROMBELARUS ... 151
ViktorI.Klo hko,RADIOCARBONCHRONOLOGYOFTHEEARLY
ANDMIDDLEBRONZEAGEINTHEMIDDLEDNIEPERREGION.
THEMYRONIVKABARROWS ... 163
Marzena Szmyt,IvanT. ChernyakovRADIOCARBONCHRONOLOGY
OF"AKKIEMBETSKIYKURGAN".APRELIMINARYREPORT ... 196
PARTII.THEBALTICSEABASIN(CHRONOLOGYOFPONTIC"INFLUENCE") .. 203
Aleksander Ko±ko,PONTICTRAITSINTHEMATERIALSOF
CULTURE|ARADIOCARBONPERSPECTIVE ... 211
JanMa hnik, RADIOCARBONCHRONOLOGYOFTHECORDEDWARE
CULTUREONGRZDASOKALSKA.AMIDDLEDNIEPER
TRAITSPERSPECTIVE ... 221
VadimL.L akiza, RADIOCARBONDATINGOFTHECORDEDWARE
CULTUREFROMTHENIEMENRIVERBASIN.AGRAVEFROM
PARKHUTY,SITE1,THEGRODNAREGION ... 251
CONCLUSION ... 264
ViktorI.Klo hko,AleksanderKo±ko,MarzenaSzmyt,ACOMPARATIVE
CHRONOLOGYOFTHEPREHISTORYOFTHEAREABETWEEN
THEVISTULAANDDNIEPER:3150-1850BC ... 264
Referen es ... 283
ThisvolumeoftheBalti Ponti Studies fo usesontheresultsoftheresear h
arried out so far into the absolute (radio arbon) hronology of the area lying
betweentheVistulaandDnieperorthebio- ultural borderlandbetween theWest
andEastofEurope.Absolute hronologyistreatedherebothasaresear hgoaland
fundamentalpremise inthebroaderstudiesof the hronometri anddevelopment
syn hronizationof\borderland" ulturalsystems.Ina seriesofarti les devotedto
individualtaxa a onsiderable numberofnew 14
Cdates havebeen ompared.The
dates on ernsour ematerialsthathavebeen hosenfromthepointofviewoftheir
representativenessand hronometri value (\short-lived"materials werepreferred
to minimize a potential error). The vast majority of analyses were purposefully
made in the same 14
C laboratory of the State S ienti Center of Environmental
Radiogeo hemistry of Ukrainian A ademy of S ien es in Kiev taking advantage of
fundsgenerouslyprovidedbythePolishCommitteeforS ienti Resear h.
Thevolume devotedto the\dark" se tionofthe\borderland"history
(3150--1850BC)istherstbutnotthelastpubli ationonthebroaderissuesmentioned
1. All dates in the B-PS are alibrated [see: Radio arbon vol.28, 1986, andthe
nextvolumes℄.Deviations fromthisrule willbepointoutinnotes.
2. Thenamesofthear haelogi al ulturesandsitesarestandarizedtotheEnglish
literatureonthesubje t(e.g.M.Gimbutas,J.P.Mallory).Inthe aseofanew
term,theauthor'soriginalnamehasbeenretained.
3. The spelling of names of lo alities having the rank of administrative entres
followsoÆ ial,state,Englishlanguage artographi publi ations(e.g. Ukraine,
vol.7:1999,103-128
PLISSN1231-0344
AllaV.Nikolova
RADIOCARBON DATING OF GRAVES OF THE
YAMNAYA AND CATACOMB CULTURES ON THE DNIEPER
RIGHT BANK
The expedition of the Institute of Ar haeology of the National A ademy of
S ien es of Ukraine has been investigating barrow burial pla es in the Nikopol
Distri toftheDnipropetrovskRegion(the rightbankoftheDnieper) (Fig.1)for
manyyears. Anumberof graves oftheYamnaya ulture (YC)and theCata omb
ulture(CC) were sele tedfor 14
Cdating,some ofwhi hhavebeenanalysed[see
Kaiser,Radio arbon
. . .
,in thisvolume℄. Thisarti le presentsmaterials oftheYC andtheCCfromtwobarrows.1. MATERIALDESCRIPTION
Chkalovo,barrow11(Fig.2-4).Oneofthebarrowburialsites,barrow11,waspart
ofthelargebarrowgroupnearChkalovovillage.Theex avationsbeganin1979and
are stillbeing arriedout. The groupwas lo ated atthewatershedof twoan ient
banks.Atthetimeofex avation,barrow11 was0.65m inheight,withadiameter
of20m.Alleddit hwasdis overed,typi alforbarrowsoftheEneolithi -Bronze
Ages, formedduetotheex avation ofsoilfortheembankment onstru tion.
13gravesweredis overedinthebarrow:6gravesoftheYC;5oftheCCand
2oftheMnogovalikovoiPottery ulture(MPC).BonesfromtheYCandCCgraves
were takenfor 14
C dating(Table 1).Thispaper presentsall thendings fromthe
YC graves, in luding enotaphs, as thedetails of theburial eremony testied to
therelative simultaneityof thoseburial pla es ontainingYC skeletonsandthose
ofasymboli nature.
Fig.1.The ir uitofthearrangementofbarrowgroupsnearOrdzhonikidzeandnearChkalovointhe
NikopolDistri toftheDnipropetrovskRegion[seePustovalov1994℄.L egend:a-barrowgroup
hernozem. The outlet was up to 0.35 m thi k and 7.5 m in diameter. All the
subsequentgravesweresunkintotheembankmentwithnovisibleadditions(Fig.2).
Grave2(YC,Fig.4:2)wasunearthed9mtothesouth-eastoftheestablished entre
of the barrow.It is a enotaph type burial pla e, dug in a pit with ledges, whi h
werelo atedatadepthof0.7m.Belowtheledges,thepitwasre tangular,1.5x0.9
m in size, oriented lengthways from east to west with insigni ant deviation.The
bottomwasatadepthof1.15m.Afragmentoffashionedo hre,ofa laret olour
andre tangular inshape, 20 x 18 min size and3 m thi k, layat thebottomof
thepit,near thenorthernwall.Similar o hrewas foundin graves5and11.
Grave 5(YC, Fig. 4:1)isa enotaphtypeburial pla e, dis overed 9mto theeast
of thebarrow entre.There were ledges at a depthof1.4 m,with wooden blo ks
restingonthemalongthetomb.Belowtheledges,thepitwasre tangular,1.4x0.8
insizeand3 mthi k,wasfoundatthebottomofthepitnearthewesternwall.A
Unioshellwasfoundnearthenorth-easternwall ofthepit.
Grave6(CC,Fig.4:4)lay6mtothesouth-westofthebarrow entre.Theentran e
holewasround, 1.1m indiameter. Thebottomof the hamber des endedfroma
depthof1.3mtowardstheentran elo ated intheeasternwall ofthepit.Isolated
human bones were found in thelling. There hadbeen two entombments in the
hamber, the rst body being removed from the tomb during the se ond burial
eremony. The hamberwas oval in shape, 2x 1.3m insize, oriented lengthways
fromnorthtoeast.Thebottomlayatadepthof1.84m.These ondsepul hrewas
atadepthof1.76m.Theskeletonlayextendedonitsba k,headtothenorth-west.
The arms were bent at theelbows, thehands pla ed near the hin. The remains
of a whitesubstan ewere foundundertheskeleton, and preserved humanbones
fromtheearliergrave weres atteredonthebottomofthe ata omb.
Grave7(CC,Fig.3:3)wasdis overed3.5mtothenorth-westofthebarrow entre.
The entran e holewas oval in plan, 1.2x 1.1m in size, orientedlengthways from
westtoeast,thebottomatadepthof14m.Thepitwaslledwith lay.Theburial
hamber adjoined theeastern wall of thepit.Itwas oval, 2.1x 1.4m in size, and
orientedlengthways from northto south.The bottomof thepit lay ata depth of
1.65m.The skeletonlayextendedonitsba k,headtothenorth.Theleftarm was
extended,theright armslightly bentat theelbow. Astain ofred o hrewasfound
neartheskullonthepit oor.
Grave 8(YC,Fig. 3:1) waslo ated 3.5m tothe east ofthebarrow entre.It was
onstru ted in a pit with ledges formed at a depth of 0.65 m. Below the ledges,
thepitwasre tangular,18x1.1minsize,orientedlengthwaysfromsouth-westto
north-east.The bottomlay ata depthof2.05m. Fragmentsof awooden overing
were foundin thelling. The skeletonlay inafoetalpositiononitsba k,head to
thesouth-west.Thearmswereslightlybentattheelbows,thelegsbentattheknees
andraised,laterfallingapartinarhombus.Theskullandfeetboretra esofo hre
powdering. Nearthe right shoulderof the bodylay an awl (bronze, four-sidedin
plan, 6.5 m long; Fig. 3:2). Brownish remains (leather/skin?) were found onthe
pit bottom. Small postholeswere tra ed in thebottomof the pit along thetomb
perimeter. Therewerethree postholesnearthesouth-westernfrontwall andthree
nearthelongitudinalwallsofthepit.Theywere4 mindiameterandupto3.5 m
deep.
Grave9(mainYC,Fig.3:6)wassunkatthelevelofburied hernozemina
re tan-gular pit 2.2 x 1.04 m in size, oriented lengthways from north-eastto south-west.
Thebottomlayatadepthof1.15m.Thebodylayina foetalpositiononitsba k,
head to the north-east. The arms were extended along the body. The legs were
bentatthekneesandraised,buthadfallendown.Thebonesboretra esofo hre.
Fig.2.Chkalovo,NikopolDistri t,DnipropetrovskRegion
1-generalplanofbarrow11;2- ross-se tionsofbarrow11.L egend:a-the ontinent,b-thedigging,
Fig.3.Chkalovo,NikopolDistri t,DnipropetrovskRegion,barrow11
1-planeofgrave8;2-bronzeawlfromgrave8;3-planofgrave7;4- layvesselfromgrave12;5
-planofgrave12;6-planofgrave9.L egend: a- ontinent;b-o hrestains; -bla kremains;d
Grave11(YC,Fig.4:3)wasdis overed6.5mtothesouth-eastofthebarrow entre.
Itwas sunk in a pit with ledges, whi h lay at a depthof 0.9m and were from 40
mto 1.1m wide. Belowtheledges, thepit wasre tangular, 1.9 x 1m insize, its
ornersstrengthenedbyverti alrodswhi hextendeddownthewallstothebottom
orupto0.05m fromthebottomofthepit,whi hlayata depthof2.1m.The pit
was orientedlengthways fromsouth-westto north-east.The remains of a form of
shovelwerefoundinthewalls.Thesefragmentswere 48 mlong,2 mwideand1
mdeep.Theskeletonlayin afoetalpositiononitsba k,headtothesouth-west.
The leftarm wasextended,therightarm wasslightly bentat theelbow. The legs,
bentat theknees andraised,hadfallentotheleft.Theskeletonwaspainted with
o hre, tra es of whi h were found on the pit oor in theareas of the skull and
feet.Fashionedo hrelaytotheleftoftheshoulder(fashionedo hre, ylindri alin
shape, of a laret olour, 8 m indiameter, 2.8 m high; Fig. 4:5). Brown remains
(leather/skin?) werealsofoundonthebottomofthepit.
Grave 12(CC, Fig.3:5) waslo ated 6.5mto thesouth-westofthebarrow entre.
The entran epassage wasoval,1.2x 1min size,orientedlengthwaysfrom
north--easttosouth-west.Thebottomlayat adepthof1.4m.
The burial hamber adjoined the north-easternwall of thepit. The hamber
en-tran e was ar hed in form,0.52 m long, 0.3m high. The hamber itself was oval
in shape,1.9x 1.4m size,oriented lengthwaysfromnorth-westtosouth-east.The
bottomlay ata depth of2.1m,thevault heightwas 0.86m. Fragmentsof a form
ofshovel,4 min width,28-30 mlongand2 mdeephadbeenpreserved inthe
hamberwalls. Theskeletonlayextendedonitsba k, headto thenorth-east.The
armswerebentat theelbows,thehandspla edonthepelvi bones.The brownish
remains ofa pillowor hat(leather/skin?) an be observed ontheskull, andsome
bla k olour remains onthe leg bones. Avessel (a erami , at bottomed vessel
withlowand ontouredshoulders. Itisde oratedwithengravedlinesandslanting
diepoints.Thebrimedgeandthemouthofthevesselarede oratedwith
\herring--bone" in isions. Below this are engraved double zigzag lines, the areas between
whi hare lledwith slantingin isions. Thevesselis14 mtall,andthediameters
are14 matthemouth,19 matthebellyand9 matthebase;Fig. 3:4)stoodto
theright of theskull, surroundedbya painted layer ofo hre, 20 mlongand 12
mwide.
Grave13(YC,Fig.4:6)waslo ated5mtothenorthofthebarrow entre.The pit
wasre tangularinshape,withrounded orners,1.6xlminsize,orientedlengthways
fromsouth-westtonorth-east.Thebottomlayatadepthof1.6m.Theskeletonlay
inafoetalpositiononitsba k,headtothesouth-west.Thearmswereextended,the
legs,bentatthekneesandraised,hadfallentotheright.Theskullandextremities
were paintedwith o hre.
Fig.4.Chkalovo,NikopolDistri t,DnipropetrovskRegion,barrow11
themanganeseprodu tionmine(Shakhta22),when ethegroupobtaineditsname
(Fig. 1). The group onsistedof 17 banks extended in a hain from west to east.
Barrow2wasthese ondhighestinthegroupandlayinitswesternextremity.Atthe
timeofex avation,itsheightwas2.05m,diameter34m.Thebarrowembankment
had beenploughedup, anda dit h,formed asa result ofsoil ex avations forthe
embankment onstru tionwas dis overed around it. There were 17 graves in the
barrow:10oftheYC6oftheCCand1oftheframework ultures(Fig.5).Human
bones from two graves of the YC were sele ted for the 14
C dating, andwe have
onsequently onnedourpresentationtograves ofthis ulture.
Thebarrowwas onstru tedbytheYCpopulation.The an ient embankment,
onsisting of hernozem mounds, was raised over grave 12. Its height was 2 m,
diameter -20m.The diameter oftheembankmentwassubsequently in reased to
27mwhengrave14, overedwithanembankmentoffriable hernozem,wassunk
intothenorth-westpart.Thenextembankmentofalo altype, overingthesouthern
se torof thebarrow,was onne tedwith grave 9. The nal barrow embankment,
onsistingofloam,was onstru tedfollowingthesinkingofgraves6, 3,13and16,
andthusrea heditsnaldimensions.Thesubsequentgravesweresunkwithoutthe
onstru tionoffurtherembankments(Fig.6:1-7).
Grave2waslo atedinthesouth-easternse torofthebarrow.Stone overingplates
were foundata depth of1.72 m.Belowthese was are tangular pitwith rounded
orners,0.8x0.5minsize, orientedlengthwaysfromnorth-easttosouth-west.The
bottomlayat2.91m(1.19mlowerthanthe overing).Theskeletonofa hildhad
beeneatenawaybyrodents.Judgingbytheremains oftheskull,itlaytowardsthe
north-east.Atthebottomofthepit,ano hrestainwas observed.
Grave 3(Fig.7:1) waslo ated in thesouth-easternse torofthebarrow.The
re -tangularpit,withrounded omers,4x2.5m insize,wasorientedlengthwaysfrom
south-westtonorth-east.Itfeaturedledges, ata depthof2.05m,uponwhi hlaya
de ayed overingof aneupto2 mthi k.Belowtheledges,thepitwasre tangular
inplanand1.6x 1m insize.Itsdepthwas3.12 m(1.06mlowerthantheledges).
The skeleton layin a foetal positiononits left side, head tothe south-west.The
rightarmwasextended.Thebonesoftheleftarmwerenotpreserved.Theskeleton
waspaintedextensivelywith o hre.
Grave4(Fig.6:8)wassituatedinthesouthernse torofthebarrow.There tangular
pit,withrounded orners,0.8x0.6m insize,wasorientedlengthwaysfrom
south--east to north-west. The bottom lay at a depth of 2.78 m. A hild was buried in
thegrave,althoughonlysomebarelyappre iable remainsofhisskeletonhavebeen
preserved. A erami egg-shaped vessel with a low straight mouth and small, at
bottomstoodnear thesouth-eastern wall. The area undertherim was de orated
with ordprints. The vessel was 12.5 mhigh, thediameter of themouth9.5 m
Fig.5.Generalplanofbarrow2,Shakhta22group,NikopolDistri t,DnipropetrovskRegion
L egend:a-graveoutlet
pit,withrounded omers,1.5x 0.94minsize,was orientedlengthwaysfromnorth
tosouthwithinsigni antdeviation.Thedepthofthepitwas3.31m.Theskeleton
lay ina foetal positiononitsside, headto thenorth.The left arm was extended.
Thelegswere bentatrightanglestothebody.Afragmentofthebottompartofa
large vessellay totheleftofthebody.Itsinternalandexternalsideswere overed
Fig.6.GroupShakhta22,NikopolDistri t,DnipropetrovskRegionbarrow2.
1-7- ross-se tionofbarrow2;8-planofgrave4;9-potteryvesselfromgrave4;10-planofgrave9.
Fig.7.GroupShakhta22,NikopolDistri k,DnipropetrovskRegionbarrow2
Grave 9(Fig.6:10) was lo ated in thesouth-eastern se torof thebarrow.The pit
was re tangular in plan, with rounded orners, 2 x 1.34 m in size, and oriented
lengthwaysfromnorth-easttosouth-west.Ata depthof3.11 mtherewere ledges,
uponwhi h were theremains of a wooden overing.Below theledges, ata depth
of3.81m(0.8mbelowtheledges)thepitwasre tangularinplan,1.7x1minsize.
The skeletonlay in a foetalpositiononits left side,head to thenorth-east.The
left arm wasextended, theright arm bentat theelbow. The legs were bent atan
obtuseangletothebody.Apie eofo hrelaynear thefeet.
Grave 12 (major, Fig. 7:5) was lo ated in the entre of the barrow. The pit was
overedby ane atthelevel ofthean ient horizon.The pitisre tangular inplan,
2x 1.1.minsize,orientedlengthwaysfromnorth-easttosouth-west.The pitis0.9
deepfromthelevelof theburied hernozem.Theskeletonhadbeensatisfa torily
preserved.Itlay ina foetalpositiononitsba k,head tothenorth-east.The arms
were extended.Theraised legshadfallentotheright.Apie e ofo hrelaytothe
rightoftheskull.
Grave13(Fig.7:20)waslo atedintheeasternse torofthebarrow.There tangular
pit,3.1x2minsize,wasorientedlengthwaysfromeasttowest.L edges,atadepthof
2.05m, boretra es ofa wooden overing.Belowtheledges, thepit wastrapezoid
in plan, 1.8 x 1.1 - 1.2min size. Its depth was 3.15 m (1.1 m below theledges).
The skeletonlay ina foetalpositiononitsba k,headto thewest.The armswere
extendedalongthebody.Thelegs,raised,andbentattheknees,hadfallen tothe
right. The skeleton was painted in o hre,parti ularly markedon theskull. Some
brownishremains werefoundonthebottomof thepit.
Grave14(Fig.8:2)was onstru tedinthenorth-westernse torofthebarrow.The
pitwastrapezoidinplan,1.7x0.8-1minsize,orientedlengthwaysfromsouth-west
tonorth-east.Thedepthwas3.09m.Theremainsofawooden overingwerefound
inthelling. Thegrave ontainedtheskeletonsofan adultmaleanda hild.The
adultskeletonlay in a foetalpositiononits left side,near thesouth-easternwall,
withitsheadtothesouth-west.Theleftarmwasextended,therightarmbentatthe
elbow.Thelegswerebentatanobtuseangletothebody.Theskeletonofthe hild
layonitsba k,nexttotheadult,orientedinthesamedire tion,withitsarmsslightly
bentattheelbows.Behindtheskull,thebottomofthepitwas overedwitho hre.
A erami vesselwitharoundedbottomstoodnearby(Fig.8:1).Itwaseggshaped,
witha low,straight mouth,14.5 mhigh,andwith adiameter atthemouthof8.8
m.Twosmallgoathooveslaynearthevessel.Theskullsofboththede easedbore
stainsofo hre.Brown olouredremains wereobservedonthebottomofthepit.
Grave16(Fig.8:3)waslo atedinthenorth-easternse torofthebarrow.Ithadbeen
partially destroyedby a bulldozer. The pit was re tangular, 2.4 m long, oriented
lengthways from west to east. At a depth of 2.05 m were ledges with a wooden
Fig.8.GroupShakhta22,NikopolDistri t,DnipropetrovskRegionbarrow2
1-planofgrave3;2-planofgrave13;3-planofgrave 6;4-fragmentofvesselfromgrave 6;5
anda hild.They layin afoetalpositionontheirleft side withtheir headstothe
west.Therightarmoftheadultwasbentattheelbow.Thebonesoftheotherarm
had notbeen preserved. The legs were bent at right angles to thebody. Asmall
goathoofwas foundbehindthe skullof the hild. Brown remains were observed
onthepit oor.
2. DATINGOFTHEYAMNAYACULTURE
a. A omparisonof thegraves of theYC presentedhere with theYC graves
nearGolovkovkavillageinKirovogradRegion[seeNikolova,Radio arbondates
. . .
, in this volume℄ reveals signi ant resemblan es, not only with regard to generalfeatures oftheburial eremony,astestiedbythesimilarpositionandorientation
oftheskeletons,butadditionallyinpe uliaritiesofthegrave onstru tion,in luding
thepresen eofsmallholes atthebottomofthegravepits.
The analysis of hanges in the burial eremonies of the YC of Ukraine has
revealed omparable tenden ies between dierent regions, despite the existen e
oflo al pe uliarities. Thisallows ustodetermine four basi hronologi al periods
in thedevelopment of theYC [Nikolova 1992℄.The most an ient among these is
hara terisedbytheestablishment ofarelative uniformityin theburial eremony.
Oneofthemostimportantfeaturesofthisperiodwasthe onstru tionofthebasi
quantity of initial embankments above the graves, with the obligatory supportof
graves by additionsto existing barrows, in luding thoseof other ultures. All the
infrequent asesofstone ir lesanddit h onstru tions,typesoffuneralfeastsand
so on around the burial pla es have been attributed to this period. Graves were
sunk only in the entre of barrows. The prin ipal grave shape is of a simple pit
withrounded orners,blo kedwith atree ora stoneThe skeletons layina foetal
position on their ba ks, with the legs raised, and the head oriented to the east,
north-eastando asionallytothesouth-east.The bodieswerefrequently oloured
witho hre.Themonumentsofthisperiodare on entratedmainlyontheterritory
oftheleftbankoftheDnieperriver(thebasinbetweentheDonandtheMolo hna
rivers,theOrelandtheSamara riversbasin,theL owerDnieperandtheCrimea);
insomeareasoftheDnieperrightbank;and,probably,alongtheIngulriverbasin.
The period orresponds to themost an ient YC monumentsof theL ower Volga
basin(Bykovo2,2/3)theMiddleandtheL owerDonbasin(settlementnearRepin),
theKubanbasinandalsothematerials oftheMikhailivka settlement(layer2).
bankoftheDnieperdowntothebasinoftheDniesterandPrutriversAtthesame
time, the majority of traditionsof thepre eding period hadbeen preserved. The
major hanges appeared intheorientationof thebodies.Thistenden yisevident
a ross pra ti ally all the territories, both on the left and the right banks of the
Dnieper. Gravesof thisperiodwere frequentlytherstgraves sunkin barrowsof
thelo alL ateEneolithi andUsatovotype ulturalgroups.ThePostMaikoptypes
ofmetalprodu tsand erami softhethirdlayerofMikhailivka,aswell astherst
gravesfeaturingtheremainsof arriagesappeared inthisperiod.Theburialpla es
of this period were a ompanied by embankments or soil additions. The entral
se tionsofthepreviousembankmentswereusedforsinkinggraves.The prevailing
positionofthedeadremainedthefoetalposition.
The ri hest ourishing of the YC on the territory of Ukraine ame during
thethird stage of itsdevelopment. Althoughour data is relative, it ispossible to
assumethattheheightofthedevelopmentoftheYCpopulation ame atthistime
from a quantitative assessment of burial monuments. Its nal boundaries extend
a ross all regions of the steppe and forest-steppe zone of Ukraine, down to the
regions of theDanuberiver basin.The linkingof ertain territorieswith separate
so ialgroups(tribes?),appearstobe attributabletothisperiod, as ertainspe i
features of boththeburial eremony and erami omplexes havebeen tra ed to
separateterritorialgroups.Amoredetailed omparison,alongwiththe olle tionof
additionalmaterials,willobviouslyenableamorepre isepi tureoftheirbordersto
beas ertainedinthenearestfuture.The urrentstageofanalysisalreadyallowsus
todistinguishat leasttwobasi territorialgroupings,thepopulationsofwhi hhad
ratherintensive ultural onne tions.Therstofthesein ludedthesouthernareas
of theDnieper left bank territory -the AzovSea basin, the Molo hnabasin, the
basinoftheDnieperandtheNorthernPonti area, aswell astheCrimeansteppe.
The hara teristi feature of this sub- luster was the preservation of the mainly
easterlydire tionofbodyorientation.Thisdistinguisheditfromallotherterritorial
groupsofmonuments,in ludingtheNorthernDonetsandtheOrelandtheSamara
rivers basin, whi h were part of these ond grouping, in luding all regions to the
westoftheDnieper.
Theo urren eofnumerous emeterieslledwithrelativelysimultaneous
gra-ves isattributedto this period. The transformation of barrowsinto emeteries of
small,separate olle tionsentailed hangesin ertainburialtraditions.This anbe
observedtothegreatestdegreeintheparametersoforientation,whi hhad
gradu-ally lostits independent, eremonial meaning andsurrenderedto thetradition of
a planigraphi manner of emetery onstru tion.Itis worthnoting thatthe
obse-rvable distin tionsin orientationa ross arange ofregionsgeneri ally as endedto
thepre edingperiod.Consequently,forthemonumentsin ludedin therst
a period of gradual ultural transformation,by theend of whi h thetradition of
embankment onstru tionandsoiladditionovertheburial pla eshaddisappeared
bytheendoftheperiod.Changes intheshapesofthegrave pitshavebeenfound
in a numberof areas. Burial pla es with bodies in a foetal positionontheir side
appeared duringthis period. For a ertain time, the ulture was hara terised by
bi-ritual eremonies, untilthere-establishmentofaunityintheburial eremony.
The nal hronologi al periodin thedevelopment of theburial eremony of
theYCmonumentsofUkraine,aswellasinotherregionsofitsdistribution,is
ha-ra terisedbytheultimatetransformationofall itsfeatures. Thepra ti eofraising
embankmentsandsoiladditionsabovetheburialpla esnally ametoanend,until
onlyold emeterieswereused.Thepositionofthebodieswasex lusivelyinafoetal
positionontheir side,theirorientationdiverseandnot onformingtoany pattern,
determined insteadbythepositionofthegrave inletsin thebarrow embankment,
asattheendofthepreviousperiod.The ustomofpowderingthedeadbodieswith
o hrepra ti ally disappeared.The erami omplex variedaswell, with at
botto-medvessels of dierent shapesbe oming dominant.In addition,a ertain hange
in the onne tions between territorial groupshas also been dis overed [Nikolova
1992:18-20℄.
The graves presented herein, as well as materials of the Kirovohrad Region
within theframework of thegiven hronologi al lassi ation [see Nikolova,
Ra-dio arbon dates
. . .
, in this volume℄ an be denitely attributed to the third and fourth hronologi alperiods.b. The graves presented above and the graves from Golovkovkavillage [see
Nikolova,Radio arbondates
. . .
inthis volume℄represent twogroupsa ording to the ustoms of the eremonies: (1) graves with skeletons in a foetal positionontheir ba k (Chkalovo, barrow 11); (2) graves with skeletons in a foetal position
ontheirside (Shakhta22,barrow2). Theanalysis ofgraves dis overedin ea h of
these barrow burial grounds learly testies to a ertain similarity between those
attributedtooneof thedistin t eremonialgroups, and orrespondinglypointsto
their hronologi al aÆnity.This an be observed not only in general eremonial
features,butalsoinindividualdetails,su hasthepresen eofa ompanyingpie es
ofo hreandthe onstru tiontypeofthebottomofthegrave (Chkalovo).
.Fifteenradio arbondateswereobtainedfromsixgravesfrombarrow11near
Chkalovo.Eightofthese wereobtainedforgraves9and11(Table 1).Itshouldbe
stressed that this quantity of dates was obtained inadvertently, due to a mistake
in thepro essof ompletingthedata ards. However,this inadvertentexperiment
has allowed a number of problems to be raised on erning the a ura y of the
individual 14
C dates obtained. Out of four pairs of individual radio arbon dates
forthesegraves,justthree orrespondedtotheobservedstratigraphy(Ki-6828and
Table 1
Chkalovo andShakhta 22, Nikopol Distri t, Dnipropetrovsk Region, graves ofthe Yamnayaand
Cata omb ultures.Listof 14
Cdatings
Site L ab.No. No.barrow/ Culture, DateBP DateBC68%DateBC95%
No.grave strati ation -1sigma -2sigma
level Chkalovo Ki-6608 11/6 CC 3815
±
45 2316-2190 2452-2432 2164-2144 2402-2370 2358-2130 2074-2052 Chkalovo Ki-6608a 11/6 CC 3770±
50 2278-2228 2390-2388 2206-2132 2334-2070 2078-2048 1998-1986 Chkalovo Ki-6610 11/7 CC 3765±
45 2276-2246 2314-2300 2204-2130 2298-2032 2080-2046 Chkalovo Ki-6610a 11/7 CC 3750±
45 2270-2260 2284-2028 2202-2122 1998-1984 2086-2040 Chkalovo Ki-6827 11/8 YC 3910±
45 2460-2390 2550-2542 2388-2334 2490-2276 2240-2238 2236-2204 Chkalovo Ki-6571 11/9 YC 3985±
45 2540-2522 2610-2598 1 2504-2456 2588-2396 2380-2344 Chkalovo Ki-6571a 11/9 YC 4035±
50 2608-2600 2862-2816 1 2586-2470 2694-2676 2668-2456 2418-2412 Chkalovo Ki-6828 11/9 YC 3960±
50 2562-2528 2576-2312 1 2498-2448 2304-2294 2436-2400 2374-2354 Chkalovo Ki-6828a 11/9 YC 4010±
50 2574-2514 2854-2822 1 2508-2454 2658-2642 2622-2448 2436-2400 2376-2352 Chkalovo Ki-6572 11/11 YC 4060±
55 2850-2824 2866-2810 2656-2644 2754-2724Site L ab.No. No.barrow/ Culture, DateBP DateBC68%DateBC95%
No.grave strati ation -1sigma -2sigma
level Chkalovo Ki-6572a 11/11 YC 4005
±
55 2580-2460 2856-2820 2660-2640 2624-2394 2382-2338 Chkalovo Ki-6829 11/11 YC 3900±
55 2460-2314 2552-2542 2302-2296 2492-2198 Chkalovo Ki-6829a 11/11 YC 3990±
50 2574-2516 2840-2834 2508-2456 2616-2332 2384-2336 Chkalovo Ki-6609 11/12 3870±
40 2452-2430 2458-2270 CC 2404-2368 2260-2202 2364-2282 Chkalovo Ki-6609a 11/12 CC 3800±
50 2310-2308 2450-2432 2294-2138 2402-2370 2358-2124 2086-2040 Shakhta22 Ki-6833 2/6 YC 3900±
55 2460-2314 2552-2542 4 2302-2296 2492-2198 Shakhta22 Ki-6834 2/9 YC 3970±
50 2568-2524 2584-2314 3 2502-2452 2302-2296 2430-2402 2370-2360 Shakhta22 Ki-6834a 2/9 YC 3930±
50 2470-2390 2566-2524 3 2388-2332 2500-2300 2240-2208gravesfrombarrow2,Shakhta22 orrespondedtothestratigraphyobservedinthe
barrow.Based ona omparisonof theresults fortheradio arbon dates obtained
for graves 9 and 11 in Chkalovo, it is learly ne essary to onsider three dates
(Ki-6827,Ki-6828 andKi-6829)as in orre t. The remaining dates are similar and
their distin tionswithinthelimits ofthemeasurement mistake.The resultsofthe
14
CdatingKi-6833andKi-6834areauthenti forgravesfrombarrow2,Shakhta22.
d.Basedontheresultsoftheradio arbondating alibrationwith95.5%error
probability (Table 1), the graves presented above should be dated ba k within a
signi anttime interval2866-2198BC.This orrespondstothedatingobtainedfor
and Kirovohradregions is thereforedetermined notonly bymeans of analysis of
thear haeologi aldatabutalsobytheirradio arbondating.Theintervala ording
to 14
Cdatingforthegravesfrombarrow11inChkalovoisdeterminedas2860-2330
BC. The dates forthe later graves from barrow 2, Shakhta 22 orrespond to the
interval2560-2198BC(Table1).Comparingthe 14
CdatingresultsfortheYC
gra-vesfromtheDnipropetrovskandKirovohradRegions[seeNikolova,Radio arbon
dates
. . .
, in this volume℄, it is worth noting thatdueto range of theradio arbon datesobtained,itwaspossibletodeterminethetime dieren ebetweenthegraveswith skeletons ina foetal positionontheir ba kand thosewithskeletons in a
fo-etalpositionontheirside ( ompareChkalovoandShakhta22). Thishasalsobeen
observedin ar haeologi al data.
e.Thesigni antdieren es intheseriesofradio arbondatesobtainedwhi h
were observedintheresultsanalysisof 14
C datingforgravesfrombarrow11near
Chkalovovillage (forexample Ki-6572=2866-2462BCandKi-6829 =2552-2198
BC) highlight theextreme are needed in thear haeologi al interpretation of
in-dividual radio arbondates. The error probabilityof datingresultsis probablynot
high. Nevertheless, it is learly ne essary to re ognise thatat thepresentlevel of
development of the 14
C dating method, thedenition of absolute range of
hro-nologi alperiods,whi hare narrowerthanthoseforthe ultureingeneral annot
bebasedonindividualradio arbondating,butrequiresthea umulationof
signi- antseriesofdata,allowingustospe ifytheprodu tivityoftheradio arbondating
andthepossiblear haeologi al interpretation ofitsresults.Therefore, itis learly
ne essary toadmitthat,atthemodernlevel ofdevelopment, attemptstobasethe
denitionofthe hronologi alsequen eofseparatemonumentsonradio arbonare
stillproblemati ,takingintoa ounttheambiguityofresults.Itispossiblethatan
insigni antquantityof 14
Cdatespermitsustodetermineonlythegeneral
tempo-ralorientationofseparate ultures,whi hisalready averyimportanta hievement
ofabsolutedating.
f. The appli ation of the B. Weninger programme, taking into a ount the
above mentionedproblem, nevertheless allows usto narrowslightly the
hronolo-gi al rangeofthe onsidered monuments[Kadrow, Szmyt1996:104-l08℄.The
ali-bration results ofindividual dates are shownin Table 2. A ordingto these data,
theYCgravespresentedinthisarti le, allowingforstandarddeviations,dateba k
toapproximately2598-2431BC(Chkalovo)andabout2465-2292BC(Shakhta22).
Ingeneral,based on27 14
Cdatesobtained(Fig.9),thelatemonumentsoftheYC
ontheterritoryoftheDnipropetrovskrightbank anbedatedba kto
approxima-tely2620-2279BC.Forthegraves presentedherein, themajority ofthe 14
C dates
3. DATINGOFTHECATACOMBCULTURE
a.Theradio arbondatesobtainedforthe ata ombgravesfrombarrow11near
Chkalovo (Table 1) initially diered slightly from the dates obtained for similar
graves on the same territory [see Kaiser, Radio arbon
. . .
, in this volume℄. The analysed resultsof the14
C datingof three graveswhere theburial eremony was
ofa similar nature(Ki-6608,Ki-66l0, 6609),dated ba kto2458-2032BC,seemed
rather doubtful. Their 14
C alibrated dates, obtained using the programme of B.
Weninger[1986℄,dieredinsigni antlyandwereallwithin2403-2039BC(Table2).
Additional 14
C dating of samples Ki-6608a, Ki-6610aand Ki-6609awas therefore
arriedout.Theresultsobtainedseemtobemore orre tand oin idewellwiththe
otherresultsofdatingforCCgravesoftheterritoryunder onsideration(Table 3).
A ordingto these results,the ata ombgraves from barrow11in Chkalovodate
ba ktowithin2304-2032BC.
Table 2
CalibrationafterWeninger1993(seeTable1)
L ab.No. No.barrow/ DateBP DateBC/AD
No.grave al.
Ki-6608 11/6 3815
±
45 2231±
81 Ki-6608a 11/6 3770±
50 2135±
92 Ki-6610 11/7 3765±
45 2131±
82 Ki-6610a 11/7 3750±
45 2117±
75 Ki-6827 11/8 3910±
45 2385±
69 Ki-6571 11/9 3985±
45 2507±
66 Ki-6571a 11/9 4035±
50 2532±
66 Ki-6828 11/9 3960±
50 2450±
89 Ki-6828a 11/9 4010±
50 2521±
60 Ki-6572 11/11 4060±
55 2556±
87 Ki-6572a 11/11 4005±
55 2516±
72 Ki-6829 11/11 3900±
55 2373±
81 Ki-6829a 11/11 3990±
50 2502±
71 Ki-6609 11/12 3870±
40 2320±
83 Ki-6609a 11/12 3800±
50 2217±
87 Ki-6833 2/6 3900±
55 2373±
81 Ki-6834 2/9 3970±
50 2478±
84 Ki-6834a 2/9 3930±
50 2393±
72Table 3
BarrowsnearOrdzhonikidze,gravesoftheCata omb ulture.Listof 14
Cdatings(Calibrationafter
Weninger1993)
Samplelo ation Numberbarrow/ L ab.number DateBP Cal.Date
Noumbergrave BC/AD
Chernaya 3/17 Ki-6553 3745
±
50 2118±
79 Mogila Chernaya 3/27 Ki-6554 3805±
45 2217±
80 Mogila Chernaya 3/28 Ki-6555 3825±
45 2255±
72 Mogila Gurskaya 2/30 Ki-6556 3720±
55 2103±
83 Mogila Chkalovo1 7/8 Ki-6558 3835±
40 2266±
72 Mogila Chkalovo2 1/20 Ki-6559 3740±
45 2115±
73 Mogila Kruglaya 1/7 Ki-6560 3680±
45 2041±
76 Mogila Kruglaya 1/14 Ki-6561 3710±
40 2085±
68 Mogila Kruglaya 1/15 Ki-6562 3750±
45 2117±
75 Mogila Kruglaya 1/18 Ki-6563 3775±
50 2191±
93 Mogila Kruglaya 8/5 Ki-6564 3560±
55 1851±
82 Mogila Kruglaya 8/5 Ki-6564a 3620±
55 1953±
80 Mogila Kruglaya 8/12 Ki-6565 3690±
45 2048±
75 Mogila Kruglaya 8/13 Ki-6566 3720±
50 2101±
78 Mogila Kruglaya 8/13 Ki-6566a 3760±
50 2127±
85 Mogila Kruglaya 11/7 Ki-6567 3680±
50 2044±
80 Mogila Kruglaya 11/12 Ki-6568 3810±
50 2224±
88 Mogila Kruglaya 11/17 Ki-6569 3730±
45 2106±
72b.Oneoftheversionsof dataanalysishas beenoeredfortheinterpretation
oftheradio arbon datesobtainedforthegravesoftheCCofthegivenregion[see
Kaiser,Radio arbon
. . .
, inthis volume℄. Here, we wouldlike to onsideranother possible method of analysis.The dates alibrated a ording to theprogramme ofB. Weninger are submitted in Table 3. One grave (Ki-6553)should be attributed
to the Mnogovalikova Pottery ulture. In a ordan e with the radio arbon dates,
among12gravesoftheCC,twogroups anbedistinguisheda ordingtothetypeof
burial eremony arriedout.Therstofthese onsistsof4graves(Ki-6555,Ki-6562,
Ki-6566andKi-6568),andthe eremonyfeatures orrespondtotheearlyperiodof
theCC.The remaining14graves, omprising these ondgroup, orrespondtothe
late Ingulperiod. Adire tstratigraphyisobservedbetweenthegravesofdierent
groupsinonlyone ase(Ki-6554aridKi-6555)[seeKaiser,Radio arbon
. . .
,inthis volume℄. The analysis of14
C dates for gravesof therstgroupdemonstratesthat
in three ases these graves had the earliest dating among the graves of the CC
foundin one barrow(Ki-6555,Ki-6566 andKi-6568).However, the hronologi al
rangeofthisgroup(2327-2023BC)isbroadenoughtobea eptable(Table3).On
theotherhand, ertain dis repan iesareobserved intheanalysisof the 14
C dates
forthese ond group.Thus,forexample, onsiderablydierentradio arbon dates
(Ki-6563 =2284- 2098BC andKi-6564 = 1933-1769BC) were obtained for two
graves featuring identi al burial eremonies, in whi h stone axessimilar in shape
were found.Itshouldbenotedthatthenaldatedroppedoutofthewholerange
of the 14
C dates obtained, whi h raised doubtsas to its reliability. The new 14
C
datesofthesamplefromthesamegraveallowustoredu ethisdis repan yslightly
(Ki-6564a=with.2033-1873BC),Ingeneral, assumingtheradio arbondataunder
onsideration is orre t, even taking intoa ount the dis repan ies revealed, the
timerangedeterminedfortheexisten eofthisgroupistoobroad-2304-1873BC.
Furthermore,inthis ontext,thea ura yofsome ofthemisdoubtful.
It should be emphasised that, as with the graves of the YC, based on the
radio arbon dates obtained, it is still impossible to tra e the dierent dates for
thoseCC graves whi h thear haeologi al analysisidentied as displayingdistin t
features of theburial eremony. Ifwe onsider theresultsobtained from the 14
C
datingoftheCata omb ultureingeneral, itis learly visiblethatthemajorityare
on entratedintherangeof2200-2000BC(Fig.10).
CONCLUSION
Notwithstandingtheobservationsexpressed above on erning thea ura yof
theradio arbondatingresultsobtained,there entlyobtainedsetof 14
on-whilstatthesame time allowingusto onsidertheproblemoftheir hronologi al
orrelationat anewlevel.
A ording totheresultsof the 14
C datingobtained (Fig. 11), thelate period
inthedevelopmentoftheYContheterritoryoftherightbankoftheDnieper an
bedatedbetween 2550-2250BC.
Thedistin tionsbetweenthedatingoftheYCandtheCCareabsolutely learly
observed:thedatingforthelatter anbedeterminedintherangeof2250-2000BC.
The radio arbon data obtained, supported by the published ar haeologi al fa ts,
absolutely ontradi tthe theoryof thesyn hronismof theL ate YC andtheL ate
AO { Arkheologi heskiyeotkrytya,Moskva.
AJA { Ameri anJournalofAr haeology,NewYork.
BPS { Balti -Ponti Studies,Pozna«.
EA { EurasiaAntiqua,Berlin.
FPP { Folia Praehistori a Posnaniensia,Pozna«.
KSIA { Kratkiyesoobsh heniyaInstitutaArkheologii,Moskva.
KSIAANUSSR { Kratkiye soobsh heniya Instituta Arkheologii AN USSR,
Kiev.
KSIIMK { Kratkiye soobsh heniya Instituta Istorii Materialnoy
kul-tury,Moskva.
KSOGAM { Kratkie Soobsh heniya OdesskogoGosudarstvennogo
Ar-kheologi heskogoMuzeya,Odessa.
MIA { Materialy iissledovaniyapoarkheologii,Moskva.
NAIANANU { NaukovyArkhivInstitutaArkheologiiNa ionalnoi
Akade-mii NaukUkrainu, Kiev.
SA { SovetskayaArkheologia, Moskva.
SpA { SprawozdaniaAr heologi zne, Kraków.
ZFA { Zeits hriftf urAr haologie,Berlin.
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