Glarichelys knorri (Gray) - a cheloniid from Carpathian menilitic shales (Poland)

A C T A P A L A E 0 ~ T 0 L O G I CA P 0 L O N I C A

Vol. IV I 9 5 9

MARIAN MLYN ARS K I

GLARICHELYS KNORRI (G RAY) - A CHELO NIID FROM CARPATHIAN MENILITIC S HALES (POLAND)

No.2

Abstract. -

The fossil remains here described belonged to a you ng ind iv id ua l of

Glarichelys knorri

(Gra y), a sea turtle. They were collected fr om Carpathian me- nilitic shales at Winnica near Jaslo. Its systematic position is di scussed a n d general comments a r e made on some fossil and recent sea turtles, on p robl e m s concerning the ir mo r phol ogy, on the taxonomic significance of p halanges in fossil sea turtles, a n d on the p res en ce in cheloniids of

foramina praenucha lia.

Biologica l and eco log ical

notes concern in g G.

knorri

(Gra y) a re likewise give n.

INTRODUCTlION

The fossil se a turtle remains here described have been collected from an o utcrop in the steep bank of the Jasiolka strea m, near t he Winnica farm, abo ut 10 km to the east of Jaslo (P olish Carpathians). The specimen was fou nd in greyish- brown menilitic shales intercalating the Kr osn o sandstone beds , about 30 m above the foot of the m en ti oned bank .

Unfortunatel y , the geological age of these bed s has not , as yet, bee n definitely established. On t heir microfa u na it is probably Low er Oli gocene or Up per E ocene

1.

The v ertebrate fauna from the Jaslo area has lat ely attracted the attention of palaeontologists. Abundant an d we ll preser ved bon y fish remains have been collected there . T hey bel on g to several families, m ostly to Clupeidae and Gadidae. T hey are n ow bein g worked out by A . J er z- manska (1958) of the Wroclaw University.

About 10 years ag o, D r. S. Kadyi , a Jaslo physi cian , collected tw o specimens of a sea t urtle . One of these is described in the p resen t paper ; the ot her has , unfortunatel y , been lost . In Dr . K ad yi's opinion the lost specimen w as of about the same size as the one here descri bed , its skull was in a better state of preservation . Imprints of a land plant of indet er-

1

For these da ta the w ri ter is inde bt e d t o Dr. J . Malecki of the Crac ow Academy of M in in g and Metall u rgy.

Acta Pa laeon t ologlca Polonl ca - vol. IVj2 12

178

MARIAN MLYNARSKI

minate systematic pos ition had been also preserved wit h it. T he here s t ud ied specimen is pa rt of a palaeontological co llection in the possess ion of Dr. K a dyi.

Chel oniid sea turt les have fr equently bee n rec orded fr om t he Ter- tiary of Eu r ope , but neve r thus far from P ol and.

During the identification of the Winnica turtle remains. t he writer had at his disposal copious comparative material from the collections of the Institute of Zoolog y of the Polish Aca demy of Sciences an d of the Wroclaw University , as w ell as t h ose be longing to scientific institutes in Sao Paulo and Rio de J aneir o. Some of the materials available had bee n re ceived by th e wr iter as a gift from the Br asil ian institutions; ot hers had been personally collected during an expe d it ion fro m Br asil to the Islan d of Il ha d a T rindad e in t he South Atlantic Ocean . The writer desir es to ex press hi s warmest than ks for t he ass istance and fr ie n dly at ti tude s ho w n to him by t he f oll ow in g per son s : Dr . S . Kad yi w ho k indly lent t o the writer the Winnica specimen; P r of. Dr. Paulo Saw aya of t he Depar- ta mento d e Fisiolog ia G eral e Animal da Univ ers id ad e de Sao Paulo ; Dr. Ille vell yn 1. P r ice of Divisao de Geolog ia e Min er al ogi a of t he Bra- silian Geol ogical Service; P r of. Dr . Vla dimir B essn ard of Instit uto Ocea n o- gr afico da Universida de de S ao P aul o, Sr. JoCio Cavalheir o and Dr . Alphon s R. H oge , both of Instituto Butantan of Sao P aulo, finally to Dr . P aulo Mo- re ir a da Silva , a frigate commander in the Brasi li an Navy.

Most cordial thanks are also d ue to Dr . R ain er Zanger! of the Chicago Natural His t or y Muse u m for his mo st va luable comments on the varia- bility of the she ll structure in sea turtles.

MATERIAL

T he here st u died sea t urtle remains cons ist of a nearly co m plete cara pace , well preser ved fragme nts of pl astr on , in ner surface im pression of s kull roof, sho ulder gir dle b on es (sca pula, coraco id), a s mall fr ag me nt of pelvic girdle (os pub is) , als o detached digi t phalanges and limb bones.

Moreover minute impr essions of frag me ntary skeleton bon es w h ich, owing to the ir small dimen si on s a n d in ad equat e st ate of preservation , can n ot be acc urately d escribed or id en ti fi ed (see phot ograph of specime n - pl . I).

Our tur tle rem a ins are excellently p r eser ved an d bi tu minized , but compressed bet ween two lamin ae of menilitic sha les. Than ks to t his, two impressions of the sa me s pec imen have been pr eser ved : the "negative"

and the " posit ive". The attac he d phot ograph shows the " positi ve" im -

pression only . However, during the analysis and description of the var ious

ske le tal elem en ts the " nega tive" impression proved very serviceable , t h e

GLAR IC HEL YS KNOR R I (G R A Y) 179

Fig.

1 - Glari ch elys kno r r i

(Gray), reconstruc tion of carapace in the you ng specimen from Winnica ; n a t.

si ze.

se ver al neu r al pl at es being t he re far more clearly ou tli ned . All t hese remains are ex ceed in gly frag ile and unsuitable for fu r ther pr eparati on . Excelle nt impressions of many plastral bon es as we ll as traces of man y horn y carapacial scutes perm it an adequate reco nstruct ion .

Dimen sions of the st ud ied specime n are (in mm) :

Length of ca rapa ce including nuchal plate 80.0 Width of ca ra pace on 3rd cos ta l p la te 50.0

Length of sku ll 24.0

Maximum w idth of skull 8.0

On t he rather sm all di mensi ons of the st ud ied remains and the degree of ossi fica tion of pl as tr al fragments it may be infer r ed t hat t hey belong al mos t to a hatchling.

DESCRIPT ION

Carapa ce

Th is is th e best preser ved part of t he ma terial. Th anks to the prese nce of nearl y all the bon y plates a n d impressi on s of man y horny sc utes, it has been possible to m ak e

a satisf actory reconstruction (fi g. 1) by res toring t he fe w missing ele- ments. The surface of t he verteb ral and, in pa r t , that of t he py gal area has been rather strongly dam aged.

The cara pace is of ova l ou tl ine, w it ho ut marginal n otch es or dep res- sions . ^It re sem bles young cara paces of t he rece nt ge n us Chel onia, as we ll as those of the " ovate" ty pe in spec ies Glarichelys knorri (Gra y) (R. Zan- ge rl , 1958 , p. 20, fig. 10).

Nu chal e. A well preserved pl ate showing it s inner su r face, of su b- tra pezo id sha pe, so ch aract erist ic of che loniids (close resem blance to ye ung specimens of Chel oni a m ydas (L .)). Righ t a n tero- lateral marg in da maged. Anterior m argin s lig htly conc ave , massi ve. M argin (sul cus) connecting the nuch al with t he first

neural wall preserved . Notches formin g par t of ma rgins of forami na pra e-

nuchalia not so distinct.

180

^{MARIAN ML YNARSK I}

N euralia. Neurals very faintl y outlined , ex ce pt t he first neural ; t his is well preserved bu t not very char acteristic. Appearance of remaining plates detectable on t he " nega ti ve " . Neural morpholo gy is as foll ow s : 1st neural quadran gular, wi th sligh tly domed margins ; the adjacent 2nd neural regularly hexagon al , resem bli ng neural plate' s typical of Ch el onia and Er etmochely s; 3rd and 4th neurals elo ng ated with ante ri or an d an t er o- - lat er al margins abou t eq u al in len gth; plates ty pical of r ecen t ch eloniids are sim ila rly shaped ; 5th neural broader than t he ot hers , wi th distinctly s hor te r antero-lateral margins ; 6th and 7t h neural s, on the con trary , more elong ate d and resembling these pl ates in ge n us G eoemyda Gr ay (Emydi- dae) in t hat t heir an ter o-later al m argins are lon ger than t he post er o- -lateral ; 8t h neur al smalle r than the rest, quadr angular , w it h sligh tly domed lat eral m a rgins some w h at con vergin g anteriorly.

It sho uld be noted that all t he neurals ex hi bit a ch a r act eri stic sym - m e try an d reg ularity of st r ucture , toget her w ith lack of structu ral devia- tion s so com mo n withi n t he Caretta-Lepid och el y s gro u p . T r aces of j u n c- t u res of t he pa r ti cular plates with t he v er teb ral ossicles occ ur on t he surfac e of plates , whereas e. g . in ge n us Pr ocolpoch elys (Zan gerl , 1955) t hey are on t he junctur e of t he se pl a tes . In the " negative" im pressio n the ve r te bral margin of t he carapace is r eadily discernible. It resem bles ana- l ogous margin s observable in rece nt you ng sea turtles , but disappearing , w it h indi vidual gro wth . '

Su prapygale is a small pl ate , appar en tl y w ed ged in betwe en costals c 8, sha pe d like a rhombus w ith blun t ed ang les . Suprapygal mar gins h ardly d etec tabl e, as this part of carapace is overlap pe d by t he xiphi plast r al. The r elative ly w ell preserved pyg al por ti on of t he carapac e suggests its poor dev el opmen t , sim ilarly as in re presentatives of Glarich elys k n orri (Gray) , in many Taxoch eliidae, and in recent yo u ng individuals of Er etmoch elys.

Castalia, all e x cellen tly preser ved . Outer bony structu re r eadily disc ernible. The extent of costal ossifi cat ion indicates that our spe ci men is not a true hatchling. The free. r ib en ds of costals lon g and pointed.

A distinct epit he ca l th icke ning, ob servable in t he ver tebral a rea of the carapace , intercon necting t he several costal plat es. Costal c 1 w ith f air ly di stinct traces of notches , constituting a pa rt of f oramina pra enuch ali a, m os t disti nct in left pl ate c l . F r ee ends of c 8 r u n ning nearly straig ht cauda lly app roximately parallel to median ca rapacia l m argin, sim il arl y as in youn g specimens of ge n us Ch el on ia.

Marginalia . Plates m 3 t hrough m 11 satis fact orily pr eser ved . T h ou gh rather narrow, they di spl ay fairly strong oss ificatio n a n d have a not ably robust structure . T hey form t he serrated outer m a rgin of t he carapace.

Pygale sim ilar to marginals . Fairl y sm all, w it h d om ed anterior margin

and rat her dee p s u pracaudal inc ision .

GL A R ICH E L YS KNORR] (G R A Y)

181

Fig. 2. -

Glariche lys knorri

(G ra y), diagrammati c reco nstruc- tion of s hou lder girdle in the Wi nn ica specimen: 1 co r acoid , 2 hu me r us, 3 sc apu la ; X 2.

B ones of t he sh oulder girdl e

The sho ulder girdle bones of our spe - cime n are e xcelle n tly preser ved . They are : both coracoida, scapu la and humerus. The humerus, how ev er , is not so sa t isf actorily preserved since its surface is concealed b y sma ll ve rteb ral frag me nts . Only its con - to u rs hav e , therefore, been indicat ed (fig. 2). Amo ng limb bones the radius is also in a satisfactory state of preservation . It is f igured in t he phot ogr ap h on the left side of t he specimen , between the cora- coid and t he epiplastro n.

S cap ula is shaped boomerang-like, as is characteris tic of a ll sea turt- les. P rocessu s acrom uitis is here of nearly eq ual len gth with proc . scapu -

Pla str on

The plast ral frag me n ts a re unfor tunately not so satisfactorily pre- se r ve d as t he carapacial. H en ce a com ple t e recons t r uction of plastron has not be en possible .

Ep iplastra sha pe d like r ob us t characteristically bent bars. Right epi plas tron n otably w ell preser ved. When compared t o analogous plates of r ece n t ch el oniids of the sa m e size, t hese epiplastrals are di stinctly br oad er an d fl a tter.

Hy oplastra fragme ntary. A fragme ntary ri ght hyoplast r al (see pl . II - 8) is particularl y well preserved . It re presen ts t he reversed in ner side of the left hy opl astron , pro vided wi th char acter istic di gi t-like pr ocesses . An analogous small frag me nt of t he right h yoplastral has been pr eserved on t he opposite side of t he spe ci me n . The preserved fr ag me n ts ar e n otably ro bus t considerin g the yo u ng age a n d sm all dimen sion s of the st udied ind ivid ual. A di stinct depr essi on in t he inner bon y surface does not r esem ble the plastral str uct u re in recent ch eloniids where the plastron of s uc h yo u ng spe cimens is flat a n d thin ner. The di gi t-like hyoplastral processes r esemble these ele me nts in so me w hat olde r individuals of genus Ere t m oche ly s. Stron gl y curved and direc ted an teriorly , the h yoplastral w ing, p r ovided with pro cesses , r ese m bles analogous plastral area s in som e sea turtles , particularly those of Glarichelys k n orri (Gra y) (Zangerl, 1958).

Xiphiplastra excelle ntly preser ved (pl. I , II) . They are fla t robust pl at es, slig h tly sigmoi d , with ends hardly cu rved . The terminal di gital s tr uct u re of these pl ates , pa rticularly in

t he pygal area , so charact er istic of che -

loniids, is very distinc t.

182

MARIAN MLYNARSKI

laris. Th is morph ological feature charac teristi c of Glariche ly s knorri (Gray) has be en discussed at la rge by Zangerl (1958, p. 21-24). In you ng recen t ch el oniids , exam ined by the pres ent wr iter, t hese two processes are of uneven len gth , conf ir m in g Zangs r l's op inion. The ca pitulu m of t he scapu la fairly well preserved .

Corac oida. Both th ese bones a re well preserved, each di ff e ren t ly or ie nted , making the ir str uct ure r ea d ily discernible . They ha ve a character- isti c spa de - li ke sha pe. There is a distin ct b ony crest on t he inner surface . It forms a m argin constituting th e axis of the bon e sy m metry . This sym- m etric pos itio n of the crest is m ost li kel y a feat ure observable in very you ng individ u al s , a nalog ously to rec en t yo u ng specimens of Chel onia m ydas (L.).

Hum erus short and ro b ust , more so than t he radius in recen t forms . The bon e is very sli ghtly curved too. The ge neral st r uctur al type of humerus corresponds to that described by Zan ger! (op. cit.) .

Radius of our sp ecimen ex hi bits a struct u re sim il a r to th e st r u ct ure of t h is bon e in rece nt cheloniids and is w itho ut any individual f e atures.

Summaril y, the structure of the shoulder gir d le in our specimen differs some w hat , in what concerns the her e mention ed elem en t s, fr om yo u ng re ce n t che loniids . E . g. the scap u la is slig h tly lon ger (dist ance between en ds of pr ocesses) than th e coracoid, contrar y to a ll rec en t yo u ng and ad ult ch el oniids . A di agrammat ic re constr uction of the sho uld er g ir dle is given in fig. 2, sho w ing t he agree me n t of this ske le ta l por tion t o analogo us ele me nts in spe cime ns f rom Gl arus described by Zanger!

(op . cit. , p . 21).

Fragm ent of pelvic girdle

Os pu bis is t he only pr eserved el ement of the p elvic gird le . It s state of prese rva ti on is suff icie n tly adequate to show the contour lines. In sha pe it r esembles anal og ous bon es of rec ent che lo niids, wi th ou t notabl e:

de v ia tio ns .

Fragm ents of digits of fore limbs

Dig it al phalan ges of th e left forelimb are fairly w ell preserved . Th ey

are prob ably the 1st an d 2nd ph al an ges of t he 3rd and 4th digits , also the

1st a nd fragme n ta ry 2nd phal an ges of the 5t h digi t . They are 'w it h well

dev el op ed capitu la. In the 2nd phal an ge of the 3r d di git (the only one

com pletely preser ved ) even t he str ucture of the artic ular surface is dis-

cernible . Nev erthel ess th is is not a cond yle , i. e. a surface permitting t he

free motion of digit s. The pres en ce of con spic uous cap itu la in phal anges

is ass ocia te d wi th the yo u ng age of t he described specim en. It is e quall y

observa ble in yo u ng r ec ent SE'a t urtles. Bon y fr ag ments of the r ight

for elimb are preserved near the nu ch al e. They are, how ever , st ro ng ly

GLARICHELY S KNORRI (G R A Y)

183

damaged, and may , t he refo re, only be su pposed to re p resent the phal anges or car palia of the longest (3rd) di git. Some of them are orie nted at an ac ute angle. The ter m inal ph al an ge is con spicuous by a st ro ng and ch a- r ac teri sti c curvature. It is rea dily discernible on t he lef t side of the specimen (see pl . I).

It sho uld b e stressed t hat in our specimen t he several ph alanges ar e slig htly lon ger tha n those obser ved in recent sea t u r tles of the sa me size .

Impressions of crtiniai bones

Cranial frag me nts of the here con sid ered individual a re very few and in a ve ry bad st ate of pr ese rvation .. The cast, howev er , fill ing in the cranial ca vity , is satisf actorily preser ved , t ogethe r with imprints of the parietal sut ures . The inner str uct u re of ossa parietalia is t hat most readily di scernible . The preserved fragments of these bones are some w h at longer and le ss concav e th an those in rec ent s peci me ns of Ch el onia mydas (L.) with which they have be en compared by the writer.

Sutures connect ing t he frontale with the praeironiale are not indicated . Howev er, th e sutu re connecting par ietalia with frontalia is relativel y distinct. Th e two last nam ed ele me nts in shape very closel y r esemble analogous bon es in recent speci me ns of moderate dimen sions. In the a n ter ior area of the mentioned impression s well preserved casts are noted . They have been form ed by the filling in of the nasal cavity , delimited by maxillaria a nd in te rm axill aria, se parated b y the v om er and covered by pmefrontalia . Imprints of the junctures of all these bon es are fairly w ell p res erved on t he surface of ca sts .

In order to compare imprints of t he inner s k ull surfac e th e writer availe d himself of some yo u ng specime ns of Chelonia m ydas (L.) collect- ed fr om Ilha da Trindade. Fo r this pu rpose he prepared t he sku ll cap filling in th e prep ared bones wi th plastelin or wax . Cast s a na logo us to the ca st of the stud ied spec ime n were obta ine d by this method . On th e whole, it w as possible to asc er tain that in our specimen the ou te r su r fa ce of parietal bon es is fla tter , while the f ron tale and praejrontal e are slight ly m ore elo ngate .

Imprints o f carapacial horny scutes

Impri n ts of carapac ia l horny scutes are n ot so sat isfacto r ily preserv ed

as bon e frag me nts . Imprints , or rather traces of scu tes form a dark back-

gr ound of bi tumin ous su bstance aga inst which t he scu tes are ou tli ne d as

li gh t strea k s. Th ey are fairl y distinctl y indicated on t he surface of fon-

t ane lle of cara pacial scu tes . Un fortunatel y , in the phot ograph these st reaks

a re not read ily disc ernible. It was necess ar y to use a len s in or der to

detect t he con t ou rs of scu tes.

184

^{MARIAN MLYNARSKI}

Scut a ma rgina lia fairly w ell pr eserved, permittin g their reconstr uc- ti on . T here are ele ve n of t hem (I-XI) . T he later a-margin a l ones are the mos t distinct. They are sha ped li ke ir r egular q uadra ng les or pentagons.

The outer scute margi ns slightly protrude beyond t he carapacial m argin , producing a faintly n ot ched lin e . The marginal plates on whic h the considered scutes are inserted take up abou t 1/3 of t he width of pl ates . Bone plate sutures nev er corres pond with horny scute furr ows in t he marginal area . Scutes M I are mi ssin g in ou r material, whil e scu tes M IX are damaged .

Scuta supracaudalia. On t he p resence of a complete r ight scutum supracaudale , and fragm ent of t he left scu te , it has been possible to reconstruct that part of the horn y she ll. They are pentagonal, with r ectili near regular margins, sy m me t r ically se par at ed from one another by furrows . These scutes r esem ble scuta supracaudalirr in you ng in dividu als of Chelonia mydas (L.).

Scuta castalia and scuta ve rte bra lia. Poorly preserved fu rrow imprints of scuta castalia permi t the reconstruction of the lateral portions only.

These scutes (C I- IV) are broad , regularly sh ape d an d sym met r ica ll y arranged on eit her side of th e carapace.

Scuta vertebralia have been approximately ou tl ined in th e writer's carapacial reconstructio n. Owing to t he inadequate st a te of preservation of the vertebral area of the carapace , t he contours of on l y some of the ver teb r al scutes could be detected under t he lens and plac ing th e specimens in a ppropriate light . Hence, in the attached diagrammatic r ec onstruction of the carapace of Glarich el y s knorri (Gray) from W in nica it was not poss ible to in dicate the verteb ral horny scutes as in ot her areas of t he shell .

SYS T E MA T IC POSI T ION

A n accurate determination of the sy ste m a tic positi on of the stu die d

sea turt le r emains meets with difficulties and cannot, ther efor e , be quite

ce r ta in . These remains bel ong to an ex trem ely yo u ng individual, almost

a hatchling , prob a bl y on e of the y ou ng es t fossil turtles so far d escl:ibed

in pa la eontological literature. The abs ence of the sk ull, of the hind lim bs

an d th e n otably fragmentary state of the plastron ar e obstacles in t he

accu r a te determinat ion of the syst em ati c p osition. T aking ac coun t of

these diffi cult ies , these re m ain a re - on a number of morphological

characters , and t heir geo logical age and en vir on me n t - assigne d to

a species described from the Oligocen e of Switz erland, w hos e sy stema t ic

position has lately been revised by Z an gerl (1958) . Hence the syste mat ic

po sition of t he Winni ca sea tu rtle is as follows :

GLARICHELYS KNORRI (G R A Y)

S ec ti o Che lonioide a "

Family Che loniidae

Genus Glarichelys Zangerl , 1958 Glarich el ys kno rri (Gra y , 1831) iuv.

185

1831. Che lo n ia knorri

Gray; J.

E.

Gray, Sy no ps is Reptil iu m , p. 54.

1834. Chelonia glar icensis

K eferstein ; Ch . K efe rstein, Naturgeschich te d es Erdkor- pel'S, p. 255.

1865. Chelon i a ovata

Heel' ; O. Heel', Di e Urw elt de l' Schw eiz, p . 235.

Locality :

menilitic sh ales in Win ni ca nea r J as lo, P oli sh Carpat h ia ns.

Age :

Lower Oli gocene or Up pe r Eocen e .

The here st u die d foss il remains have been assigne d to th e a bo ve spe cies on foll ow ing gro u nds:

1. It s general shell contour resem ble s that of the " ov ata" form describ ed by R eer , 1865 (fid e Zangerl , 1958) . As a w hole the ch aract er of shell suggests its assi gnmen t to t he Chel on ia-Eretmoch elys grou p (tribus Che loniini: Zan gerl , 1955-1958).

2. The mo rphology of t he vertebral area of the carapace (nuchale and neuralia) a ppr oache s the mo rpholog y of analogous parts of shell in t he spec imens from Glarus. The presence of only eight n eu ral plates in t he Winnica speci me n is recognize d as an ind ividu al f eature w it hout taxonom ic sign if icance. The sa me ap plies to the presence of foramina praenuchalia.

3. The p ygal area of the ca rapace ex hibits the same st r uct u ral ty pe as is noted in the Swiss s pe ci me ns . Moreover , it closely resem bles t he pygal carapacial ar ea in juvenile represe n tativ es of t he rece n t speci es Eretmochelys imbricata (L.).

4. The preserved pl as tr al fragm ents, par ticularly so the winged hyoplastral fr ag m en t , have a sha pe t ypical of t he mentioned fossil spec ies.

5. The mo rphology of digi tal phalanges of f orelimbs, as well a s of the shoulder gir d le w hich is an impor tan t t axo nom ic feature. Its descrip- ti on and cor rel a tion with t he Swiss for ms hav e been give n in the preceding ch a pter.

GEN ERA L REMARK S ON

GLARIC HE LYS KNO R R I

(GR AY)

The first foss il re mains of t u rtles wh ich , on evi de n ce now available have been referred to G. kno rri (Gray), w ere de scribed nearly two h u n dred years ago by G . W. Kn or r and J . E. J. Walch , 1773 (fi de Zangerl, 1958). Th ey were disc ov ered in Switzerland , in can to n Gl arus , fr o m sh al es co n t aining a n abu n da nt faun a of ea rl y T e rtiar y fi sh es. These beauti full y

, Systema tic after Mertens

&

We rmuth, 1, 95, 5.

186

^MARIAN ML Y N AR S K I

preser ved turtl e r e mai ns were later re -described and cited by seve ral outstanding wri ters of the first half of the XIX ce ntury. Among ot hers , G . Cuvier (1825) al so referred these . fossi l remains to a recent Eu rop ean spe cie s Em y s orbicularis (L.), at t he same time postulating that t h is sea t ur tle ha d si nce very r emote geological times in habited the lak es of S w it zerland . In Zangerl's opi nion , the spec if ic name had been est a b lis hed by Gray (1831) in his re nowned work "Synops is Re ptili u m " .

Th e fir st more detaile d description of this turtl e was given by H . v . Mey er (1856) who ha d t he op por t u nity of ex am in ing th ese remains in th e coll ections of the Zu rich University .

Detaile d in formation concerning the hi story of Gl arichelys knorri (G ray) has bee n pu blished by Zanger! (1958). That author was able to acq uaint himself wi th th e h olot y pe " Chelonia" k norri describe d by G r ay (1831), as w ell as with ot he r fossil re mains of sea turtles. After a close morphologi cal a na lysis t he y were referred by him t o t he here stud ied species . Studies on t hese t u rtles led Zanger! to a r evisi on of the systematic posi t ion of the Glarus t urtles and to the establis h me nt of a generic name to include t hem. A t the same ti me species described by Heel' (1865) and K efer st ein (1834) we r e by Za ngerl recognized as syno ny ms of Glarich el y s knorr i (Gr ay) .

It is certainly a n ot eworthy fac t that the state of pr e ser va ti on of the Gl a rus t urtles is very sim ilar to tha t of foss il re mains found in W innica n ea r J asl o. Our specime n an d t he "ov ata" for m describ ed by Heel' (1865) ha ve both been do rso- ventrally compresse d an d beau tifully preserve d in sha les f ormed by petrification of bottom slime .

R EMARKS O N FOSSIL AND RECENT C HELON IIDAE

Zan ger l (1958) has given a m ost interesting review of th us far described species which eit her bel ong

01'

are allied to the fam ily Ch elonii- dae (s. lat .). In order not to re peat da ta publish ed by that author t he presen t writer will confine hi s stat ements to a brief acc ou nt of hi s personal comparisons and observa tions concern ing t he st ud ied systemati c g ro u p in i ts rel a tion to the Polis h speci men .

A correlation of t he Wi nn ica tu rtle rem ain s with the fossil remain s of che lon iids is di ffi cu lt owi ng t o th e scarcit y of d escriptions of on to - ge netica lly you ng er fo r ms . Moreover, t he majority of descriptions are based on preser ved skulls or long bones of la rge individ ua ls (e. g . R. L y - dekk er , 1889; O. P. Hay , 1908b; C. W . Gilmore , 1937; E. Daque , 1912 ; F . Riisch kam p , 1926 , and ot hers).

Making a llowances for differences in size and degre e of foss ilization

of the correlated indi vid uals , t he here described re mains m ay be sa id to

GL A R ICH E LYS KN ORRI (G RA Y) 187

bea r quite strong resem b lance to the foss il rema ins of Ch elo nia gwi nne ri W egner , des cribed in 1914 by T h. Wegner from t he Oligocene of Germa ny.

In th a t aut h or 's opin ion the pr esence of one fr ee claw in the paddl e-like f or elimbs, as well as a number of ot her mo rpholo gic al char act ers , indicate t he ass ig nme n t of this turtle t o gen us Ch el onia La treille . Aft er Zanger!

(195 8), howeve r , the sys tem ati c position of this s pecies call s for revisi on , its fore limbs being of a type str uct urally di ff erent t han that n ot ed in r ecent ge ne ra of t he sea turtle , an d t hus suggest ing anothe r spec ia liza t ion . The present w r it er be lieves t ha t t he plastron of Ch . gwi nneri Wegn er show s more si m ila r it ies t o t h a t in ge nus Er etmo chelys F itzi nger th an to tha t in Ch el onia . The so- call ed stern al inde x (Bruck enindex) of the st udie d for m- as det ermi n ed by Za ng e rl (op. cit.) - is t ypic al of re pr ese n ta tives of the ca rettine grou p (tribus). T he write r s upposes th at Ch . gw in n eri (Wegn er) belo ng s to so me se pa r ate evolu t ion a ry lin e of f ossil cheloniids. It di spl a ys feat ures commo n t o both r ecen t gro ups, Carettini a n d Ch el oniin i, but no cl ose r ela t ionship s to our sea t urt le fro m Winnica . On the ba se of the pl astral mo r pho log y s hown in Wegn e r 's reconstru ctio n (1914) it may reasonabl y be inferred that this turtl e is notably more primi tive t ha n Glarich elys kno rri (Gr a y) , am ong othe r s in xiph iplastral st r uct ure.

Che lonia sism oruiai (P ortis) (A. P ortis, 1890 ; A. Fucini , 1909 ; R. Zan- ge rl , 1958) ex h ibits co nspic uo us diffe rences of m orphol ogy as compa red with the Winnica specimen . Th e la tter is with a completel y differ ent t yp e of pl astr on , deprive d of th e inner w inged hy oplastral processes . According t o Zanger! (op . cit .) thi s Pliocen e species, recorded from the w ide kn own Valdarn o ex pos ur es , mos t likel y bel on gs to gen us Ch elonia . as is , inter alia , suggested by its s te rn al ind ex.

To end up hi s notes on foss il ch eloniids th e w riter wish es to men ti on t he nume r ous se a turtle rem a in s fr om the London Cla y, fi r st descr ib ed by R. Owen and T . Be ll (1849 ) an d later re vised b y R. Lydekker (1889) . On the ba se of th ese descr ipt ions and excell en t lithographs published by Owen an d Bell (op . cit .). it is su ppo se d that t he Lond on Clay turtles co n ta in representati ves of va r ious marin e forms besid es t hose of fa m ily Chelonii- da e s. st r. T he system atic po siti on of the se f or ms , as w ell as of all fossil se a turtles, desc ribed or revised by ear lier auth ors, has la t el y been r ev ised in detail by E. Williams (fi de Zan gerl , 1958). Th e' presen t writer has not succe ede d to fin d amo ng th ese forms any remains bea ring similariti es to t he Winni ca spe cime n.

A mo ng t he recent forms Eretmoch elys imbricata (L.) bears clo ses t

r ese m bla nc e wi th t he di scu ssed t ur tle remains . In the first place thi s is

obs er vab le in pl ast r al morph ology . Regretfully , ow ing to the f ragment a r y

pr ese rvation of our re mai ns it ha s not been possibl e to det ermine the

.ster n al index of the Winnica s pe cimen .

188

MARIAN MLYNARSKI

FORAM INA P R A E N UC HA LIA IN CH E LON I IDAE

Distinct f oram ina praenuchalia occu r in re pre se n t a t ives of Glarich etus knorri (Gray) from the Swiss Oligocene, als o in our specimen. These elemen ts have so f ar been considered by O. P. Ha y (1908), F. v. Huene

'(1956) and others , as a diagnostic m orpholo gical character. How ever , it

has no t actually been possible to ascertain th eir presence in all of the

.kn ow n r epresentatives of that fossil Mesozoic gro u p . Acc ording to Zanger!

(1953) , e . g. they do not occur in su ch ge ne ra as Osteop ygis (Osteop yginae) ,.

Pri onochelys a nd ot hers . Similar fo ram ina praenuchalia ar e s porad ically en cou ntere d in recen t representativ es of t he che lon iids . When e xam ining , in Brasilian scie ntific in stitutes , the t urtle she lls of Ch elonia mydas (L.) t his w riter not ed t he presence of typical fora mina praen uc halia i n a mature' but rather sm all s pe cimen fr om the nei ghbourhood of San tos , deposited in t he Departamento de Fisiologia Geral e Animal da Un iv ersidade de Sao P aulo. M or eov er , in other conspecific spe cimens h e observe d foram ina praen uchalia - eithe r sing le or of unev en size - sim il ar to t hose probably po sse ssed by t he here described Glarichelys k n orri (Gray) . The presence of f oram ina praenuchalia in recen t sea t urtles has been r epeat edly noted by D r. Zangerl in spe cimens e xam ine d by t hat author in museums and scien tific in stitutions of the U. S. A . (letter comm u nicat ion ).

The occurrence of t hese foramin a in represe n ta ti ves of Giaricheuj«

k n orri (Gray) is b y Zanger! (1958) held as a merel y transi ti onal feature . H e su ggests that they would have probably occurred during further on togeny (op. cit ., p. 17). Foramina praenuchalia, s por ad ically present in .cheloniids , are vesti ges pe rsi sting from t he stage of t he early ossificat ion of the shell. They ar e probably connected with certain di sturbances in t he n ormal ontoge ny . Conclusions concerning phyl og enetic relationship between T oxochelyidae and Cheloniidae, drawn on t he mentioned morpho- log ical characters, may be in correct.

H en ce , t he presence of foram ina praen uc halia in rep resen tatives of Gl arich el y s k no rri (Gray) cannot be r eg arded as a feature ch aracter is ti c of t h is form, or as being of taxonomic sign ifica n ce her e .

PHALANGES OF SEA TURTLES

Th e pres ence or a bsence of condyl es in digi tal phalanges of sea t ur tles

is a n i m portant taxo no m ic ch aracter. The presence of condyle s , permitting

t he m oti on of di gi ts, is undoubtedly a primiti ve charac te r in mar in e turtles .

It is beli eved to be on e of t he diagn ostic taxono m ic fe at ures in t h e se par a-

tion e. g. of T ax och el yid ae fro m Ch eloniidae (Hay, 1908a; Huen e , 1956 ,

an d ot hers ). Zan ger! (1953) likewi se s t at es that t axo che li ids were able

more freely to bend t he digits of their f or eli m bs .

GL A R lC H E LYS KNOR R l (GRAY)

189

In t he rem a ins of young Glar ich el ys k norri (G ray) fro m Win nica the few digital phalanges are stro ng ly t hicke ne d in t he diaphysal area, hav in g t he se m blance of condyl es (see pho tograph). Similar t hi cken ing s are always - en cou n tered in very yo u ng individual s ; h ow ever , they a re no t t he ty pical . con dyles enabling the digits to bend. Therefore , t he di ff eren ti ation in foss il ma teri al s of tr ue co n dyles from thicke ni ng s sim ilar to those here .described presen t s c onsiderable diff iculties.

ON BIOLOG Y AND ECOLOGY OF THE SEA TURT L E F ROM WINNICA

In t he writer's opin ion, t he pr esen ce in m enili ti c shales of Winni ca - of t he re ma ins of yo u ng sea t urtles t estifies to the lit tor al character of the f au na in that area . This is also i nd icated by t he find , besides t he other missing s pec imen , of the impressi on of a lan d pla n t. On t he writer's ow n - obser va tions of yo ung recent sea turtl es, in size correspond ing to the Winnica s pecimen, t he oc cur rence of su ch individuals is associated wit h .an off -s ho re enviro nm ent, be ing onl y occasionally encou nte r ed in pel agic areas. Resear ch wo r k , don e concerning the fis h fa u na of the se areas by .Ierzmansk a (1958), conf ir ms the su p position as to t he li ttor al character of t he marine fa u na near Jaslo . T he presence i n ea rly T ertiar y deposits of t he Polish Carpathia ns of yo u ng specimens of Glarichelys knorri (G r ay) sugges ts certain fa u nist ic sim il arities between t his area and t hat of canto n - G la r us in Swiss . Most likel y some isl and s of a beachy sea shor e, favourable f or the la yin g of r eptile eg gs, must ha ve existed near the l ocality t hat yielded the di scussed t ur tle re mains .

Zangerl (1958) su p poses t hat G. k no rri (Gray) w as a turtle of mod er ate - size, f requenting t he calm waters of fiord-li ke sea ba ys (op . cit., p. 27-28).

In hi s opinion , the st a te of preservat ion of the Glarus specim ens does not sug ge st t heir foss ilization at great er depth. The her e discussed remains have been preser ved under sim ilar environ mental conditions. They ex- perienced r apid foss iliz ation in a s hallow bay on an argillaceo us floo r , where pet ri fi cation set in very soon.

Ce r tain similar- ities of G. knorri w ith the rece nt species of Eretmo- chelys i mbricat a, an d t he T er ti ary fauna l f inds fro m t he vic inity of Jaslo so far availa ble , suggest t hat cli ma tic con d it io ns prevailing there w ere simi lar to the presen t climate near Ceylo n or in the tro pic al areas of the A tlantic Ocean.

Zoo log ic al Inst i tut e of the Polish Academy of

Scienc es

Cracow Branch Krak6w , Oct o ber 1958

190

^{:\1AR I AN} ML YN ARSK I

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BERGOUNIOUX, F . M.

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T es tudin ata .

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C A R R, A. /19

¹

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G I L M OR E, C. W . 1937. A n ew m ar in e turtl e f ro m the Mi ocen e of Califo rn ia . - Pro c.

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&

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&

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GLAR IC H E L YS KNO R R I (GRAY) 191

ZA N GERL, R. 1: 9'53. The ve rte br ate faun a of the Selma F orm at ion o f Alab a m a . 4 : The T urtl es of th e fa m ily Toxochel yida e. -

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ZA NG E R L, R.

&

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Fiel dia n a:

Zool., 37, 3'4'5-3812, C hicago .

• Pap er s noted by as t erisks wer e tnaccessible for the aut hor.

MARIAN MLYNARSKI

GLA R ICHELY S KNORR I

(G RAY) - ZO L W MORSKI Z LU P K OW MENI LI TO WYCH K ARPAT

St reszczenie

P r a ca nin iejsza zawi era opi s szczatkow rnl od ego osob ni k a zolw ia morskiego, pochc dzace g o z lu p k 6w m enilitowych z m iejscowos ci Winni ca k ol o J asla , zna lezio- n ego prze z Dra S. K adyi a z J asl a .

W czesci op iso w e j p od ano dokl adn a c ha rakterystyk e za cho w a ny ch szczatkow ora z przeprowad zon o szereg p orown an p os zczegolnych czesci z wsp olczes ny rni i ko- p alnymi zolw iami m ors kimi.

Uzasadn ia jq c sta n ow isk o sys te ma ty cz ne om a w ia nego o ka zu za li czam go d o ga - tu n k u

Glarichelys kno rri

(G r ay) (C he lorriidae ), op isanego z olig oce ris kic h warst w k a n t o n u Gl a rus w Szwajcari

i.

Przy o k re sla niu sta nowis ka syste rna ty cz n ego op ie ralem sie przede wszystkim na n ajnow szej , m on o gra fi czn ej r ew izji ko p alnyc h zolwi sz w ai- cars k ic h

R.

Zan ger-l a (19158 ).

W czesci ogo l nej pod a je kil ka u wa g dot y cza cy ch m orfol ogii i t a ks on omii k o-

pal nyc h

i wsp6 1czes nych

zolwi mo rski ch, Uwa gi

t e

dotycza

typ6w

budowy

pance rz a b r zuszn e go u pos zczeg olny ch r odzajow wspolczes nyc h, w y stepowan ia o tw or 6w p r e- nuch alnych

(foramina praenuchalia)

u wsp 61czesnyc h przedstawici el! rodziny Ch elo- niidae oraz m o r fol ogi i palcow u mlod y ch osob n ik6w te j sa rne j gr u py sy ste m a tycz nej . Na zakoriczenie pod ano k il ka u wa g

0

waru n kach zyci a zolw i mo r skich

w

trze- ciorzed zie w regio n ie J asl a . P an owa l t am p rz ypuszczalni e kli ma t t ro p ikalny lub subtro pi kalny o raz z naj dowal si e br ze g m or ski lub w ys py, u rnozliwiajqce zolw iom sklada n ie jaj .

P r zy przygot ow ywaniu n inie js ze j publika cji k or zystalern z materialow w sp ol - czes nych, zn ajd ujacych sie w ki lku za kla dac h nauk ow ych w Bra zyli i , oraz z m ate- - ri alow zebra nych osobi scie na wy spie Ilha d a Trindade na Atlan tyku Polu d niow ym .

OBJA~NIEN IA DO ILUSTRACJI

Fig.

1.

(p .

1179 )

Re kon s t ru k cj a karap a k su m lod e go oso b n ika

Glarichelys knorri

(Gray) z W innicy ;

wi elk. nat .

192

MARIAN MLYNARSKI

Fig.

2

(p.

181 )

Glarich elys knorri

(G ray) . sch ema tyczna

rekonstrukcj a kosci

pasa

barkow ego

oka zu z

W in nicy : 1

corac oid,

2

hu m er u s,

3

sca p u la;

X 2.

PI. I

Fotogra f'ia ml odeg o

osob n i ka

Glarich elys kn orri

(G ray) z

W inn ic y ;

prawie wi el k. na t.

PI. II

Schematyc zny ry sunek

ul atw ia j ac y

znalezien ie

poszcz egolnych Ir agmentow

na

zalac zon e]

fotogra f i i: 1

osrod ka

czas zki wraz z fra gmentamt kost nym i,

2 plyt k a

nu-

chaln a , 3

humerus,

4

scapul a..

5

carpali a (?).

6 plyt k i

kosta l n e,

7 kosci

korakoidalne,

8

fragmenty

h y oplastron ow, 9

ply tk i ma r g in alne. 10 plyt k i ksifiplastralne,11 os pubi s,

12

plytki neur alne, 13 plytk a ep i p las t ral na.

14 Ir agm e n ty falan g,

15

kosc radialna , 16

plytka

su prap yga lna, 17 bruzd y

ta r c zek

k ost alnych,

18 od cisk i tarc zek

marginalny ch

MI\PI1I\H Mflb lHI\ PCKH

G LAR !CHE LY S KNO R R I (G RAY) - MOP CK A R t.IE P E lIA X A 113 MEH MJI 11TOBbIX CJIAH UEB K APIIAT

Pe3 1O~le

Ha CTOHll.{aH pafio-ra COp;ep ,KYlT onucanue OCTaTK OB MOJlOP;Oi1 oc06Y1 MOPCKOl l -repenaxa, Hai1p;eHHoi1 )l;P-OM

C. K a zn.n:

B MeHYlJlYlTOBblX c.na a ua x B MeCTHOCTIl BYlHHYI~a 6JlYl3br. RCJlo.

B On YlCaHYIYI nana noztpotiaaa xapa x rep acra xa COXpaH YlBIllYlXCH OCTaTK OB H cpaaneu n e OTp;eJlbH bIX -tacrerr COBpeMeHHbl X YI Y1CKOnae MbIX MOpCKYlX xepe nax.

06ocHoBbIB aH CYlCTeMaTYI'leCKOe non oxc eane sroro otipaaua aBTOp

rrprr-nrc naer

er o K Bl1P;y

Gwrichelys knor ri

(G ray)

(Cheloniid ae ),

on Ylca HHOMY Y13 OJlYlrO~eHOBbI X OTJIOm HeHIli1 KaHTOn a I'rrapyc B lIIBei1~ap Yl Yl. Onpeneri an CHCTeMaTYI'lecKylO npnaa n- Jlem HOCTb, aBTOp OCHOBblBaJlCH npexcne acer o ua ca:\IOH HOBOll MOHorpa cPYI'lecKoll peBYl3Y1Y1 ursenuapcxnx Y1CKOnaeMbIX -repenax P.

Lla a re prra (R.

zangerl,

1958).

B 06ll.{ell 'laCTYI aarop npYlBOp;Y1T

a exoropar e

3aMe'laHYlH, KaCalOll.{Y1eCHMOPcPOJlO- nIH YI TaKCOHOMYIYI Y1CKOnaeMbIX YI

coa pesren n u rx

MOpCKYlX xepenax, a rJlaBHblM

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P L A T E S

ACTA PALAEONTOLOGICA POLONICA. VO L. IV M. MLYNARSKI. PL. I

Glarichelys kn orri (Gray), Winn ica spe cimen, photogr aph ; a ppro x. na t. size.

ACTA PALAEONTOLOGICA PO LONICA. VOL. IV M. MLYNARSKI. PL. II

Diagra m of t he photograph : 1 cas t of sk u ll a n d bone fr a gm e n ts, 2 n uch al plate, 3 humerus, 4 sca p u la, S carpal ia

(?),

6 cost al plates , 7 cora coi d s, 8 fragmen tary hy o- plastral s, 9 ma rg inals . 10 x ip h ip las tra ls , 11 as pubis, 12 ne u ral s, 13 epi p last ro n, 14 fragmen tary phal anges , 15 radiu s, 16 s u p ra pygal plate. 17 fUlTOWS of cost al plates,

18 im p ri nts at cranial b on es.

Acta Palaeon tologlca Poloru ca - vol. IV

f2

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