S L A V I A A N T I Q U A Tom X X X III - R ok 1991/92
EBrEHHft H. HOCOB (üeTepöypr)
HOBBIE ß A H H b lE O CJIABÜHCKMX IIO C E JIE ffltilX
H 0 B r 0 P 0 A C K 0 H O K p y r aHccjieflOBaHHH cpeflneBeKOBbix apxeonorHHecKHx naMaTHHKOB KOHua I TfjCHHejieTHa h.3 . b Bepxoßbflx p. BouxoBa h Ha npuneraiomax TeppHTOpnax IlpHHJibMeHba HMetOT 6 ojibiuoe 3HaneHHe ju isi H3yneHHH apeBHeö hctophh CcBepHoii PycH. Hmchho s t o t pafioH hbjihjich neHTpOM cjiaBflHCKoro paccejieHHH b Kpae, 3aecb b yponnme üepbiHb pacnojiarajiocb maBHoe H3biMecKoe Kannme HJibMeHCKHx cnaBHH, 3aecb bo3hhk H oßropoß - crojiHua CeBepHOH PycH h hmchho paccMaTpHßaeMaa TeppHTopna crana hcxoahoh
6 a3ofi ju in AaJibHeHinero ocbochhh HOBropo/maMH o6 uiHpHbix npocTpaHCTB
ccB6pHoii nacTH necHOH 30Hbi Boctohhoh Eßponu.
,H,Ba ochobhmx 4>aKTOpa onpeaejiHJiH BbiABH*;eHHe Ha nepBoe MecTo
b HJibMeHCKOM 6accefiHe aaHHoro pafioHa: ero pacnojioxceHHe Ha nepeceneHHH BaacHefiuiHx ToproBbix n y T e fi B octoh hoh E ß p o n u h HajiHHHe ynacrKOB Han6ojiee yaoÖHUx f l j i a 3anajibHoro 3eMne^ejibHecKoro ocßoem ia. CnpaBeflJiHBO 3aMeTHJi I O .A . Kh3hjiob, h to „a p y ro ro , 6onee oönm pHoro MaccH Ba 3eMJiH, c n o c o Ö H o r o y a e p a c a T b H a ce6e Taicyio a c e , KaK b c e ß e p H O M ITpHHiibMeHbe, K O H u e H T p a u H K » H a c e n e H H H H o B r o p o f l C K a a 3 e M n a npaKTHHecKH He SHajia” 1.
Hccue^OBaTenH yxce aaßHO oGparajin cneuHaubHoe BHHMaHHC Ha t o , h to pafioH HCTOKa p. BouxoBa HMeeT Hpe3BUHafiHO BuroaHoe reorpacJjHHecicoe nojioxceHHe2. 3aecb cxoAHJiHCb o6uiHpHbie CHCTeMbi peK HJibMeHCKoro ßacceÖHa, n o k o to p u m OTKpußajmcb b u x o ä u Ha K>r - no p. JleBaTH h p. rion e, Ha 3ana,a - no p. Iüe^OHH h Ha b octok - no p. M cTe h HaHHHajica nyTb no p. Bojixoßy Ha ceBep b JlaaoaccKoe o3epo h aanee nepe3 p. H eßy b Ohhckhh 3ajiHß. H e cuynaßHO h c to k p. Bojixoßa 3aHaji o co6oe m ccto Ha BO^Hbix nyTax B octohhoh E ß p o n u . TyT pacxo/iHJiHCb nepBOHanaubHO uieauiHe cobm cctho H3 BajiTHKH, no H eße, Jla^oaccKOMy 03epy h Bojixoßy aßa KpynHefimHx MeacayHapOflHbix T op ro ß u x nyTH cpe/ineßeKOBba - ycTaHOBHBmHiica k KOiiuy
VIII
b. 6anTHHCKO-BOH5KCKHH nyTb h HanaßHiHH CKnaaußaTbca bIX
b. nyTb H3 „Bapar b rpeKH” 3. Il0Ka3aTejibH0, h to b ßepxoßbax Bojixoßa HafifleHO 111 IO. A . Kh3h j i o b 1 9 7 3 , c . 5 7 .
2 C. M . CepeÄOHHH 1 9 1 6 , c . 221 h cji.
K J ia flO B BOCTOHHMX MOHeT I X - X BB. (h3 HHX 5 KJiaflOB I X B. H 6 - X B .), B TO BpeMH KaK b H H 30B bax B o j ix o B a - 4 m ia g a , a b o b c c m HJibMCHCKOM 6 a c c e iiH e - 8 4 . H e jib 3 fl He 3aM eTH Tb o n p e ^ e jie H H b ix n a p a jin e n e a b M ecT a x B03HHKH0BeHHH H o B r o p o ,g a h K a e B a . H M eH H o „ r o e n o flC T B y io m e e n o jio H c e m ie KHeBCKOH TeppH TOpH H , KOTOpaH KaK 6 b l Ha KJHOH 3aM bIKaeT HIHpOKO pa3BeTBJieH Hwe n y r a B ep x H en nacTH flH en pO B C K oro 6 a cceÜ H a , - n n c a ji 11.11. To j io h k o, - HBJiHJiocb oflHOH H3 p e o ia io m H X npHHHH BbmBH>KeHMfl e e Ha n e p B o e Mecro b CpeflH eAH enpOBCK OM p a ñ o He” 5, a b CeBepHOH P y cH , KaK m u r h.ith m, C 0B epu ieH H 0 aH anorH H H oe 3HaneHHe b HJUjMeHCKOM 6 a cceÜ H e H M ena TeppHTOpHH B03HHKH0BCHHH H O B rO pO fla.
K HCTOKy p . B o j ix o B a c t o r o -3 a n a ,a a n pH M bocaeT o 6 j ia c T b h jib M eH C K oro I I o o 3 e p b » . H o B r o p o /m b i H3^aBHa Ha3biBaK)T I I o o 3 e p b e M TeppHTOpHK) H pO TflH yB H iyiocfl y3KOH n o jio c o H b 4 - 5 km Ha 2 0 km B flo jib c e B e p o -3 a n a flH o r o 6 e p e r a H n b M e n a , M e a m y 0 3 e p o M h p . B e p a a c e n . 3 t o o a h h H3 c a M t ix H aceueH H blX H pa3BHTblX B CejIbCK0X03HHCTBeHH0M OTHOHieHHH paHOHOB A peB H en H O B rop o^ C K o S 3eMJiH. I I o o 3 e p b e 6 b u i o H aH Ó ojiee y a o 6 H O a jih H a n a jib H o r o 3eM JieA ejibH ecK oro o c b o c h h h c p e ^ H HH3MeHHbix h 3 a T am iH - B a eM b ix b o BpeMH n a B 0 a K 0 B TeppHTOpH H H en ocpea cT B eH H O npH M M K aiom H X k 0 3 e p y H jibM eH K ). PaÉOH xapaKTepH3yeTCH JierKHMH HOHBaMH, n a c r b KOTOpUX HHCHaMH X V I B. OTHOCHJiaCb K HHCJiy „flO Ó p b lx ” H KOTOpbie B X V I I I b . KJiaccHtfiHUHpoBanHCh KaK „H JiO BaTw e, n eu ia H b ie, k y p o a c a io x n e 6 a c n o c o 6 H b ie ” 6 . 3 /i e c b HMejiHCb o 6u iH p H b ie 3ajiiiB H bie h o b m u p . BepHHCH H H n b M e H fl, OTHOCHmeCH K HHCJiy JiyHIHHX HOKOCOB HOBrOpOflCKOrO KpaH7, h 6 b u iH npeflCTaBJieHM iHHpoKOJiHCTBeHHbie jie c a . E i y e b X V I I I b . b I I o o 3 e p b e coxpaHH JiH Cb a y 6 o B b ie , m ieH O B bie, BH30Bbie, m ibM O B bie h HceHeBbie jie c a , p a c n p o c T p a H e H H u e T y r h b 3 n o x y cjiaBH H CK oro paccejreHHH8 .
3 t h n p H p o f lH u e ycjiOBHH, KpaHHe 6 jia ron p H H T H b ie a u n BefleHHH xo3HHCTBa, 0 CH0 BaHH0 r 0 Ha 3eM neflenH H , h on pejien H JiH t o , h t o h m c h h o I I o o 3 e p b e h h c t o k B o j i x o B a CTajiH H ^ p o M paccejieH H H c jio B e n b K pae. H e T c o m h c h h h , h t o h m c h h o AaHH biñ p a ñ o H , b n e p B y io o n e p e a b , h m c ji BBHay J ieT on H ceu , K o r a a c o o 6 m a j i , h t o „c n o B e H H ace c e ^ o m a o k o j i o e 3 e p a H nbM eH H h n p o 3 B a m a cH CBOHMb HMHHeMb. . . ” 9
H . H . H e ó o K c a p o B , h o c b h t h b ih h h c n e u H a jib H y io p a 6 o T y H3yneHHK) HiibMeHCKHx H 0 0 3 e p 0 B , O T M en an , h t o , ,co B p e M e H H o e H aceueH H e I I o o 3 e p b H b M a c e e n p e a c T a B n n e T H enocpeA C TB eH H bix h o t o m k o b apeBHHX H O B rop o^ H eB ” , h t o „x a p a K T e p H b ie o c o6c h h o c t h H O B r o p o ^ c K o r o r o B o p a , c ó ju m a i o m H e e r o 4 E. H. Ho c o b 1976, c. 99-106; 1984, c. 20, CHOCKa 73. 5 II. II. To j io ik o 1975, c. 19. « B. C. »C esy^H H 1982, c. 121, 154, Ta6ji. 4. 7 TaM x e , c. 119. * TaM x e , c. 155. 9 nCPJI 1926, c. 6.
c ApeBHepyccKHM
h3h ik o m,Taoce coxpaHHJiHCb
bIIo o3epbe Jiynme, neM
b
Apyrax pañoHax HoBropoflCKoñ 3eMJiH” , a Hapo^Hoe c o 3 H a m ie acH Teneñ HoBropofla „TBepao xpaHHT BoenoMHHaHHe” o apeBHOCTH noo3epoB, o noo3epax KaK c a M b ix „h h c t u x” HOBropo/max10.B c e 3t h (JiaKTbi, KOHenHO, He c jie a y e T coB epm eH H O npHMOHHHeHHO n p o e u H p O B a T b Ha a p x e o n o rH H e cK H e M a T e p a a n b i T b ica n ejieT H eñ AaBHOCTH, h o
Bce
»ce o h h h, b n e p B y io o n e p e flb , caM O reorpa (J)H H ecK oe n o n o s ce H H e I I o o 3 e p b H h HCTOKa B o u x o B a b u eH T pe H J ib M en cK oro p a ü o H a , noKa3fciBaK)T c k o ju> o r p o M H o e 3HaneHHe HMeeT BbiHBJieHHe 3 /ie c b o6 n H K a a p x e o jio rH n e cK H X naMHTHHKOB KaHyHa 06pa30B aH H H jJ p e B H e p y c c ic o r o r o e y a a p C T B ah
c ra - HOBJieHHH H o B r o p o / i a .riepBbie CBeaeHHH
06 yKpenjieHHbix noceueHHHx IIpHHjibMeHba h IIoboii-
xoBbH
6buiH co 6paHbi b 1820-1821 ir. oahhm H3 ocHOBonojioaceHHicoB
HaynHoro cjiaBSHOBeaeHHH ,ZÍ
0JieHra-X0flaK0BCKHM (A. HepHomcHñ). Oh
Ha3Baji Tpn nyHKTa b HHTepecyiomeM Hac pañOHe - Piophkobo ropo^mue
h XojionHH ropoaoK b BepxoBbax BojixoBa h CeproB ropoaoK b Iloosepbe11.
B AaubueñaieM sth TpH ropoAHiua npoaojmajiH nocTOSHHO ynoMHHaTbca
b HHTepaType Ha npoTHxceHHH Bcero X IX h Hanajia X X b., a b 1911 r. H. C.
PoMaHneB b CBoaxe apeBHoerreíí HoBropo^CKofi ry6epHHH yica3aji eme oahh
nyHKT b IIo o3epbe - Ban y a. 3aocTpoBbe (6jih3 a. TeoprHH) Ha p. Bepbace12.
B 1901 r. M. H. ITojihhckhm 6buiH npe,zuipHHflTbi nepBbe pacKonKH PiopyicoBa
ropOAHma c uejibio noHCKOB bhcjiux CBHHixoBbix nenaTeñ13. B 1910 r. 3aecb * e
npOBejiH myp(})OBKy H. E. MaicapeHKO h H. K. Pepnx14.
Y
noMHHyTbiMH
HeóojibuiHMH pacKonKaMH h JiaKOhhHHbiMH onHcaHH9MH,
n o - c y m e c T B y ,h HCMepnuBajiHCb HaynHbie 3HaHHH o apeBHOCTHx
6jiH*añuieñ HOBropoflocoñ
O K py rn , n ojiy n e H H b ie
b
aop eB O Jiíou H O H H oe BpeMH.B 1932 r.
0CH0B0n0^H»CHHK H0Br0p0flCK0H apxeojiorHH A. B. Aphhxob-
ckhh Hanaji uiHpoKHe CHCTeMaxHnecKHe HCCJie/iOBaHHfl HoBropo^a b KOTopue
BKJIIOHHJIHCb H COTpyflHHKH HOBrOpOflCKOrO My3eH15. BbIJIH nOJiyHCHbl Ba/KHbie
MaTepHajibi no apeBHeií hctophh ropo^a,
0/iHaK0, H3yneHHK) ero oxpecT-
HOCTeñ b 1930-e ro^bi Taxace He yaenHJiocb aojiacHoro BHHMaHHH. Moscho
jiHHib oTMeTHTb HeóojibiuHe pacKonKH A. B. ApuHxoBCKoro, M. K. Kaprepa
h T. n . rp03AHJi0Ba b 1929, 1934, 1935 rr. Ha Piophkobom ropo/uime,
Ko ropue TaK h
0CTajiHCb b noüHOH Mepe He 0ny6jiHK0BaHHbiMH, h myp<|>OBKy
10 H. H. H e 6 oK C a p oB 1947, c. 235.
11 XoaaKOBCKHñ 1838, c. 10, 38, 39; 1839, c. 162, 167; 1844, c. 9, 23, 69, 104, 174, 230, 311. 12 H. C. P o ma hue b 1911, c. 115.
M . H. I Iojihhckhh 1885. 14 IlpoTOKOjm 1913, c. 354-356.
15 CHCTeMaTH3aumo CBeaeiniñ o pacKonicax b HoBropoae cm.: M . K. K a p r e p 1947, c. 137-167; A . B. Ap u h x o b c k h h 1956, c. 7-47; B. A. Kojihhh, B. JI. ü h h h 1982, c. 3-136; n . r . Taf t f l yKOB 1983.
b
1939 r.
bcene PaKOMO
bIIoo3epbe, ynoMaHyT
om bneToiraca
b cbm3
hc
co6
mthhmhHanajia XI
b.16
B nocneBoeHHhiH nepaofl KapTHHa H3yneHHH HoBropo^a flonroe BpeMfl
ocTaBajiacb npemiefi: nuiH HHTeHCHBHtie pacKocKH caMoro ropowa, Bbipocume
b
caMbie MacuiTaÓHŁie HCCneaoBaHHH apeBHepyccKoro ropowa,
btoBpeMa KaK
Hania 3HaHHH o naMATHHKax OKpecTHOcreH HoBropo^a HaKaiuiHBajiHCb
KpaHHe MeaneHHO. B 1948, 1951
h1953 rr. A. B. A
phhxobckhhhB. B. Ce^OB
npeanpHHHJiH pacKonKH IlepBJHH - apeBHero H3biHecKoro CBHTHJiHma
HJibMeHCKHx cnoBeH, pacnojioaceHHoro y
hctokobp. BojixoBa H3 03epa
HnbMeHb17.
TojibKO b cepeflHHe 1950-x roflOB HOBropo/icKHH KpaeBea M. M. Akcchob
Hanaji hohckh cpe,aHeBeKOBbix cejibcicmi nocejieHHii b rioo3epbe h b BepxoBbax
BojixoBa. B 1955-1957 rr. oh OTKpbui cejmine IIpocTb 6jih3 IlephmH,
3a<J)HKCHpoBaji HajiHHHe KynbpTypHoro cjioa Ha ropo/mme T eorpań
(3aocTpoBbe), o6cjie/iOBaji Xojiomm ropo^oK18. B 1958 r. k sthm paóoTaM
npHCoeaHHHJic» C. H. OpjioB. IlepBbie HTorH raynemia cjiaBHHCKHx nocejieHHH
BOKpyr HoBropo^a 6buiH noflBefleHbi b 1961 r. b cobmccthoh CTaTbe C. H.
OpnoBa h M. M. AicceHOBa19. B AajibHeiłuieM C. H. OpnoB npeanpHHHJi
pacKonKH Ha cejiHmax Ilpocrb h Xojioiihh ropoflOK, oScjieflOBaji PiopHicoBo
ropo/unije, npojiojDKHJi H3yneHHe ropo/iauja Teorpim, HanaToe b 1958 r.20
B 1960-e roflbi M.
J\. IIojiyóoapHHOBa h H. II. IIax0
M
0
B BenH He6onbuiHe
pa3BeaoMHbie pacKonKH Ha PropyKOBOM ropoAHme21. OAiiaico, HecMorpa Ha
6e3ycnoBHbie ycnexa b H3yneHHH noceneHHH, cnjionmoro apxeojiorHHecjcoro
oGcjieAOBaHHH hctokob p. BonxoBa h IIoo3epba ocyujecTBJieHO He 6buio,
MHorHe iionyHeHHbie aaHHbie ocTauncb HeonyóJiHKOBaHHbiMH. 3 to npHBeno
k TOMy, hto eme aojiroe BpeMa HeieoTopue HCCJieflOBaTenH npofloJDfcajiH
paccMaTpHBaTb
B03HHKH0BeHHe
H0Br0p0fla
Ha
<J)OHe
He3acejieHHbix
H HeOCBOeHHŁIX TeppHTOpHH22.
HaHHHaa c 1975 r. HoBropoacicaa o6jiacTHaa SKcne/umHa JleHHHrpa^cKoro
OTflejieHHa HHCTHTyTa apxeonorHH A H CCCP, nanajia CHcreMaTHMecKHe
o6cneflOBaHHa
H0Br0p0,qcK0H
OKpyrH
h
pacKonKH
paqa
KJiioHeBbix
naMaTHHKOB IIoo3epba h BepxoBbeB BojixoBa. Ha HeicoTopbix HTorax sthx
pa
60
T Mbl H OCTaHOBHMCa B flaHHOH CTaTbe.
B paccMaTpHBaeMOM pańoHe 3a<J)HKCHp0BaH0 34 nocejieuHa co
cjiohmhflOMOHrojibCKoro BpeMeHH (pHC. 1). MaTepnaubi KOHua I TucaneneTHa
h.3.
16 A . B. A pitH X0 BCKHH 1930, c. 28-30; M . K. K a p r e p 1941, c. 18-24; T. II. r p o 3 « h j i o b 1936, c. 279-280; 1940, c. 36-38; A . A . C t p o k o b 1939, c. 53-54. 17 A . B. Ap u h x o b c k h h 1950, c. 9; B. B. CeAOB 1953, c. 92-103; 1954, c. 105-108. 18 M . M . A i c e n o B 1958. 19 C. H. O p jio B , M . M . A sceH O B 1961, c. 161-168. 20 C. H. O p jio B 1972, c. 127-138; 1973; 1979.
21 M . fl. n o jiy 6 o a p H H ’oB a 1972, c. 217-222; H. II. I I a x0 M0 B 1970, c. 24, 25. 22 A . B. K y a a 1975, c. 171-172.
■ - a a - 5 ä - 6 L j - r * - g
Ph c. 1. C x e M a p a c n o j i o * e H n s a p x e o jio r H n e cK H X iiaMHTUHKOB V 1 I I - X b b. b C eBepH O M IIpH H JIbM eB be
a
- ropoOTma;
6- cejmma; b - co urn;
r- npeanojiaracMbie mccth pacuojioxeHH« conos;
a- CBamrame FlepbiHb.
1- P i 0 p n i 0 B 0 r o p o , m n m e ; 2 - H e p c / m m i ; 3 -Chtkb
I h I I ; 4 -IHhjiob MOHacTbipb;
5 - O i y n c a ; 6- Bojiotobo;
7 - Y i n e p c r o ; 8 -Poahohobo;
9
-MM
3aCnepaH
c r o r o ;lO-ßepeBjnmmj;
1 1 - X y T W H b ; 1 2 - X o j i o i m Ä r o p o a o x ; 1 3 - G r c y r r a ; 1 4 - B o m c o e ; 1 5 - 1 7- M m a in x aI - I I I ; 1 8 - nepuHb; 1 9 - I I p o c T b ; 2 0 - P a x o M o ; 2 1 - E c p e r o B b i e M o p r a r u ; 2 2 , 2 3 - T e o p r n f t ; 2 4 , 2 5 - B a c m i b e B c x o e ; 2 6 - Jbo6 oe x a ; 2 7 - r o p o u n c o B o ; 2 8 - 3 a 6 o J i o T b e ; 2 9 , 3 0 - E p y « o B o 1 h I I ; 3 1 , 3 2 - C e p r o B o ; 3 3 , 3 4 - 3 a B a j i ; 3 5 - A i y j i O B o ; 3 6 - E a 3 J i o B i a ;npe^cTaBJieHbi Ha 25 nocejiennax, eme 3 nocenemia MoryT 6hrrb oraeceHU
k
AaHHoñ
r p y n n e
npeflnojioacHTejibHO, nocKojibKy nañaeHHhie Ha
h h x
(jiparMeHTbi jienHOH xepaMHKH HeaocTaTOHHO
B u p a 3H T ejibH bi.
Ha MecTax
npaKTHHecKH
B cex
noceneHHH
S T o ro BpeM eH H >KH3Hb
npoaojiacajiacb
h
b apeB H epyccK H H nep H O fl.
Tojimco 5 aoMOHrojibCKHX cejiHiy He coaepacaT
cnoeB c JienHOH KepaMHKoS. Ü 3 yHTeHHbix 34 naMHTHHKOB, Ha 12, b HHCJie
npoHero
M a T e p a a jia ,
ecrb
K epaM H K a s h o x h
paHHero MeTanna
(B T O paa
n o jio B H H a
II
tb ic . a o h .3 . - n e p B a a nojiH B H H a
I
t u c . h .3 .).
B I I o o 3 e p b e B ce n ocen eH H H KOHna I t m c .h .3 . HBJiajiHCb HeyKpem ieH H biM H . 3 fle c b y n oM H H aiO T ca, n p a B ^ a , A s a r o p o í m m a - T eorp H H h C e p r o B r o p o ,a o K , h o Ha n epB O M , n o H a6 jiioaeH H flM
C. H.
O p jiO B a ,3eMJiaHoií
B aji 6 b u i c o o p y x c e H ju im b b X I - X I I b b ., a Ha b t o p o m - He oÓ H apyaceH O c n o e B s h o x h cjiaBH H CK oro p a ccen e H H fl b K p ae. B B e p x o B b a x B o j ix o B a Ha P i o p h k o b o m r o p o ^ H u ie h Ha X o n e n b e M r o p o ^ x e He 3atJ)HKCHpoBaHo 3eMJiflHbix B a jio B h p b o b , h o caM O p a c n o n o a c e H H e s t h x naMBTHHKOB b M b ic o B b ix n a c r a x o c t p o b o b c p e ^ H 3anHBaeM OH T p y a n o n p o x o flH M O H b o j i x o b c k o h n oÜ M b i n 03B 0JiaeT p a ccM a T p H B a T b h x KaK y K pen jieH H bie nyHKTbi (Ha PiopyK O B O M ropo,H H in e n p o c u e x c e H a 3CKapiiH p0BaH H0CTb o ^ H o r o H3 c k j i o h o bxouMa).
B o 3 m o h c h o , b aaJibH eH iueM y a a c T b c a oT K phiT b Ha o 6 o h x n o c e jie H H a x c n e f l u yKpenjieHHÜ H3A ep eB a.
IIoC eJieH H H M K O H na I TbIC.H.3 . B neH T paJIbH O M n p H H JIbM eH be CHHXpOHHbl
T aicn e n o rp e G a jib H b ie naM HTHHKH, KaK c o h k h , p a c n o jio * :e H H b ie o ó u h h o pa/iO M
c cejiH inaM H (p n c . 1). E c jih b 1 9 7 0 r . b CBOfle
B. B.
C e^ O B a b B epxH eM
Ü O B O JixoB be h b I I o o 3e p b e co rn cn 6 b u in O TM eneH bi b 9 nyH K T ax (b t o m HHCJie
b I I o o 3e p b e - 4 ) 23, t o c e n n a c h 3b c c t h o yace 19 nym cTO B (b t o m HHCJie
b I I o o 3 e p b e - 8 ). H ecM O T p a H a x aK o e yB ejiH H eH ne n n c u a c o h o k ,
p ac cM a T p H B aeM aa T eppH T opH H H e n pH H aaneacH T k p aiío H a M h x M a c c o B o ro
CK om ieH H fl. O n eH H B aa s t o t 4>aKT, c n e a y e T H M eTb BBH/iy flB a M OM eHTa.
B o -n e p B b ix , b apeBH O CTH c o h o k b ceB epH O M IIpH H JibM eH be, k o h c h h o , 6 b u io
6 o jib m e , h o o h h HacTHHHO yace yH H T roaceH bi, TaK KaK O K pecTH O crH H o B ro p o .u a
HBJIHIOTCH 3 0 H0 H HOJIHOrO X0 3 HHCTBeHH0 T0 OCBOeHHfl. B 0 -BT0 pbIX , H 3TO
ru a B H o e , c o m c a KaK TH n n o r p e 6 ajib H b ix naMHTHHKOB, cjio xcH jm cb
H en o cp eacT B eH H O H a T eppH T opH H n p H H Jib M eH b a b o B peM a cjiaB aH C K oro
p acceu eH H H h ecrecT B eH H O cym ecT B O B an ra K o íí n epH O fl, K o r a a cn aB aH e yace
n poaB H H yjiH C b c io fla , h o c o n o K e m e He coopy> K ajiH . n o , a o 6 HbiH n e p n o A
AOjiaceH 6 biT b npeA C TaB JieH paH H ecjiaBaH CK H M H cejiH m aM H , b n e p B y io o n e p e flb ,
HMeHHO B n 0 0 3 e p b e H B HCTOKe
p.
B o jix o B a .
npeac^e neM nepeÜTH k xapaKTepHCTHKe HaH6ojiee nojiHO HCCJieflOBaHHbix
nocejieHHH, hco6xoahmo c^ejiaTb HeKOTOpbie 3aMenaHHa o cooTHomeHHH
nenHOH h roHHapHQH KepaMHKH
H a n o c e jie HH ax
npHHJibMeHba
b
KOHne
I Tbic.H.3., nocKOJibKy KepaMHKa hbjihctch HawGojiee MaccoBoñ, a 3anacTyio
eflHHCTBeHHOH K a T ero p H eií H a x o a o K n p M r o flH o ií a n a xpoHOJiorHMecKHX
BtiBOflOB. Cyflfl no pacKonKaM b HoBropoae, JTa^ore h Ha Pk>phkobom
ropoflHine CMeHa nenHoñ KepaMHKH roHHapHoñ npoH3onuia b nepBofi
nonoBHHe X b. (k 940 r. OHa yace npaKTHHecKH 3aBepniHJiacb)24.
CjieflOBaTejibHO, HajiHHHe Ha nocejieHHHx 3HaHHTejibHoro KOJiHnecTBa JienHoñ
KepaMHKH, npH npeflBapHTejibHoñ oneHKe MaTepaana, HBjmeTCfl AOcraTOHHO
onpeAeneHHbiM yKa3aHHeM Ha to, hto
3,qecbCKOpee
Bcerohmciotch cjioh
6ojieepaHHHe, neM X b. h b stom moncho He coMHeBaTbca, ecjin npa pacKonKax
OTKpbiTbi KOMnjieKcu HCKHiOHHTejibHó c jienHoií nocyAoñ.
üocejieHHe TeorpHH pacnojioxeHO Ha Teppace JieBoro 6epera p. BepaacH
npn BnaAaHHH pynbH. rinomaflKa nocejieHHH B03BbimaeTca Ha 4,5 m Haa
OKpyacaiomeH noiÍMOH. B ee ceBepHoií nacra hmciotch ocTaTKH 3eMJiHHoro
Bana. KyjibTypHbiñ cjioh coxpaHHJica y Bajía Ha njioinaaH 20 x 30 m. B 1958
h 1979 ir. C. H. OpjiOB HccneAOBaji Ha nocejieHHH 166 kb.m.
Ha nnoinaflH pacKonoB HañaeHbi yrjiyóneHHbie b MaTepHK xo3HHCTBeHHhie
«Mu, CKonueHHH nepeaoKeHHbix BanyHOB ot neneH-KaMeHOK, CKOiuieHHH
rjiHHbi. B 3anojiHeHHH KOMnjieKCOB BCTpeneHa HCKJiiOHHTejibHO JienHaa
KepaMHKa, KOTopaa npeo6jiaaana h b KyjibTypHOM cnoe. Cpe^n
Hee
npeacTaBjienbi KaK ropuiKH c hctkhmh pe6pycTbiMH iuieHHKaMH, TaK
Ha3biBaeMoro „na^oaccKoro THna” , TaK h ropuiKH c nuaBHbiM nepexoAOM ot
cna6onpo4)HJiHpOBaHHoro ropjia k paciHHpjnoineMycfl TyjiOBy25. B HHCJie
HaxoflOK ii0flK0B006pa3HaH *ejie3Haa cJ)H6yjia26 h pom6hhcckhh HaKOHeHHHK
CTpejibi (pnc.
2:6),
Koca-rop6yuia h acejie3Hbiií cepnoBH/mbiñ hok.
O 6p0H30JiHTeíiH0M npOH3BOACTBe CBH/ieTeubCTByeT HaxoflKa nacra rjiHHHHoñ
JlbflHKH. OflHHM H3 HHTepeCHeÜIUHX npeflMeTOB HBJIfleTCH )Kejie3HbIH H03K
c
B o iiK > T o o 6 p a 3 H b iM H3aBepiueHHHMH pyKOHTH (pyc. 2:5), flojiroe BpeMH
OCTaBaBUIHHCH eAHHCTBeHHOH HaXOAKOH nOflOÓHOrO poaa Ha BCeH TeppHTOpHH
CeBepHoií PycH. H3 pacKonoK 1979 r. nponcxoflHT 6p0H30Bbiñ eajiTOBCKHH
nepCTeHb c KpecT006pa3H0 pacnojioxceHHbiMH nanKaMH, npHHaflJieacamHH
k rany I no KnaccH<|>HKanHH C. A. njieTHeBoií h aaTHpyeMbm kohhom
VIII-nepBOH hojihbhhoh IX b.27
C. H. OpJiOB
hM. M. AKceHOB
othccjih ochobhoh cjioíínocejieHHH
k
VIII-IX
bb.28 3
tot cjioh, no Ha6jiiOAeHHHM C. H. OpjiOBa, yxoflHT no,m
Hacbinb Bajía, B03BeaeHHe KOTOporo c00TBeTCTBeHH0 Ha^o aaTHpOBaTb 6ojiee
no3flHHM BpeMeHeM - X
hjihXI-XII
bb. KaK nojiarann C. H. OpjiOB
24 r. n. Cm h p h o b e 1976, c. 10; E. H. Ho cob 1977, c. 11-12; A . E. Ps6hhh h 1985, c. 37. 25 C. H. O pjiO B, M . M. AKceHOB 1961, c. 165, 167, pac. 3, 4.
28 TaM * e , c. 163, pnc. 2:2.
27 C. A . rijieT H eB a 1967, c. 137-141, pac. 36. 28 C. H. O pjiO B, M . M. AKceHOB 1961, c. 165-167.
h
B. B. MaBpoaHH cTpoHTejibCTBO Bajía 6
mjioCBjnaHO c yerpoHeTBOM Ha
aaHHOM MecTe yca/jb6bi 4>eo/iajia29.
lio HameMy mhchhio, nocejieHHe reorpHH o^ho H3 ApeBHeüiiiHx
b IIoo36pbe. Ero /jaTHpoBKa IX b. He Bbi3biBaeT comhchhh, xoth Bonpoc
O
BpeMeHH B03HHKH0BCHHH
B
VIII
B. eme Tpe6yeT flOnOJlHHTejIbHblX
noaTBepacfleHHH. HecoMHeHHO h to, hto b HanajibHbiH nepHO^
CBoero
cymecTBOBaHHH, 3to 6buio HeyKpemieHHoe
nocejieHHe.
B 300
m bhh3 no TeqeHHio p. BepaacH
otnocejieHHH reorpHH, Ha
BcxoüMueHHH JieBoro 6epera peKH, B03BbimaK)meMCH Ha a
boaohHa 6
m,
pacnojioaceHO eme
o^
honocejieHHe - BacHJibeBCKoe. KyjibTypHMH
cjiohnaMHTHHKa
hohthHOJfflOCTbK) pacnaxaH
hjiHHib MecTaMH coxpaHHJiHCb
HeTpoHyTbie ynacTKH. Ha cejinme HaMH pacKonaHO 218
kb.
m. iuioina,mi.
K
KOHIiy
I
THC.H.3.
OTHOCHTCH
HeCKOJIbKO
X03flHCTBeHHUX
HM
h yrjiy6neHHbix b MaTepHK 0CH0BaHHH pa3JMHHoro poaa nocrpoeK. OcHOBHaa
Macea
K e p a M H K HaHanorHHHa
n o c y A e n o c e j i e H H a r e o r p H H .3 to nenHbie
HeopHaMeHTHpOBaHHbie ropuiKH „JiaAoaccKoro THna” c hctkhm h3jiomom
njieHHKa npH nepexoae ot ropuoBHHbi k TynoBy. B KyjibTypHOM cjioe
h b 3anojiHeHHH KOMHJieKCOB npeo6jiaAajia noflo6naH nennaa KepaMHKa
H
B C T p e H e H OJIHHIb HeCKOJIbKO (J)parMeHTOB
T O H H a pH O HHOCyUbl X B. OflHOH H3
HHTepecHeHHiHX HaxoflOK «BJiaeTca acejie3HOH ho>k c BOJiK)Too6pa3HbiM
3aBepmeHHeM pyKOHra (pyc. 2:4). 3 to BTOpaa Haxo/jica TaKoro no*a Ha
TeppHTopHH CeBepHOH PycH. IIpHMeHaTejibHO HBpaa JiH cjiyHaÜHO, hto o6a
Hosca npoHexoüHT c 6jih3 jieacamHx nocejieHHH HJibMeHCKoro Hoo3epb»
- TeorpHH h BacHJibeBCKoe30.
¿Jpyroií, AOCTaTOMHO peflKOH HaxoAKoií /jjia
T e p p H T o p H HBoctohhoíí
Ebpohm, «BJifleTca Kene3HbiH flByuiHnHbiií BTyjibHaxbiñ HaKOHeHHHK crpejibi
(pnc. 2:1). HaKOHen, ynoMtuieM nacrb *ejie3HOH rpHBUbi H3 nepeKpyneHHoro
b HecKOJibKHX Mecrax TOHKoro neTbipexrpaHHoro CTepacHH (pnc. 2:2).
rioAo6Hbie rpHBHbi Ha TeppHTopHH PycH, o6whho, CHHTaiOTCs CKaHflHHaB-
ckhmh no CBoeMy npoHcxoacaeHHK), h, cy^a no iiaxoAJcaM b Jlaaore h Ha
PiopyKOBOM ropo/Hime, ohh 6brroBajiH b IIoBOJixoBbe b Toace BpeM», hto
h b CKanaHHaBHH, to ecTb b cepe/iHHe VIII-Hanajie XI bb.31
29 Baji. B. M aB poA H H 1964, c. 147, 148.
30 B COB6TCKOH jiHTepaType
k
aHajnriyHoaceií
c BOJuoTOo6pa3HtiM 3aBepiueHHeM pyKOSTeñ b nocjieaHee BpeMH o6pamajmci> P. C. MnHacsiih
B. B. IlepxaBKO (P. C. M H HacsH 1978a, c. 148-152; B. B. IlepxaB K O 1979, c. 47-48). K coacajiemno, Ha KapTe pacnpocrpaHeinia noflo6Hux Hoaceñ, 0ny6jiHK0BaHH0ñ P. C. MimacaHOM, HMewTca HeTOHHOCTH. Ha ropo/imne C ejim o (N ° 20) b w *h o m npHHJiBMeHBe, rae npoBOflHJiH pacKonKH C. H. OpjiOB h E. H. H ocob aonpeKH yxBepacfleHHM P. C. MHHacsHa,HHicorfla He
6u jio HaíiaeHO Hosca
cB
0jn
0T
0 0 6p a
3HUM
aaBepmeHHeM pyicojrrH. npHBeaeHHMe P. C. MHHacsHOM ccmjikh Ha cooTBeTCTByiomyio JiHTepaTypy omH6o,iHti.Ph c. 2 . H a x o A K H c n o c e jie m r ii I I o o 3 e p b n . 1 ,2 ,4 - c e j i n m e BacHjn>eBCKoe; 3 ,5 ,6 - r o p o A H in e T e o p r e f i C p e A H T p e x C T eK JlH H H blX
ÖyCHH
n p O H C X O A H IH H XH3
O CeJieH H H , O flH a r J ia 3 H a T a a h 3 C B e T J i 0 - 3 e j i e H 0 r 0 C T e m i a c B a c H J ib K O B b iM H r n a 3 K a M H b 6 e j i b i x o ó o f l K a x h Ä ß e H 3 3 a r j i y i u e H H o r o n e n o n o H H O - K a p a c H o r o C T eK J ia : 6 o h o h - K O B H A H afl h K p y n H a a , O K p y r n o ñ (J jo p M U . n o a o Ó H u e 6 y c b i n p e a c r a B n e H Ł i b J l a f l o r e b c j i o a xVIII-X
b b . ( r p y n n b iII-IV
no3. A.
J I l b o b o h ) 3 2 .Ha
.P io p H K O B O M r o p o f l u m e 6 y c b i n e n o H O H H O - K p a c H o r o c r e K J i a B c r p e n e H Ł i b O T J io a c e H H a xIX -X
b b . 3 e n e H O B a T b i e r j i a 3 H a T b i e 6 y c b i b C K a H flH H a B H H , c y a a n o M a T e p n a j i a M c o ö p a H H U MH.
K a n b M e p o M , 6 u T O B a j i H c cepeflHHUIX
b.
a o HanajiaX
b.
(nepH oauBP III: 845-860
it . h
BP VII: 885-915
ir.)33.
B
c o c T a B CTa.ua A O M a n m e r o C K O T a y oÖHTaTejieü n o c e r a c a b x o a h j i h K o p o B b i , O B U b i, C B H H bH , H M e iO T C fl T a o c e KOCTH n o m a A e Èh
c o 6 a K , aH3
AHKH X sc H B O T H b ix -kocth jiHCH.
O B b in jia B K e 5 K e jie 3 a C B H a e T e jib C T B y e T n a x o A K a oöJiOMKa c o m í a a c e j i e 3 o n n a B H J i b H o r o r o p H a , o 6 p 0 H 3 0 H H T e H H 0 M n p 0 H 3 B 0 A C T B e - H a x o A K a n a c r aKaMeHHoñ jihtchhoh
4)0p M0H K n.YHHTbiBaa Becb KOMnjieKC HaxoAOK nojiyneHHbix npn pacKonKax
h
ero cpaBHeHHe c MaTepHajiaMH H3 ApeBHeñniHX r0pH30HT0B H oB rop o^ah
PiopHKOBa ropoAHina,ochobhoh cjioh
nocejienHH BaciuibeBCKoemoncho
npeABapHTejibHO AarapoBaTbIX -X
bb.
KpoM eToro,
nocejienne cymecTBOBajio 3flecbh b
nepBoií nojiOBtme- cepeAHHe
I
Tucanejieraa h.3.
32 3. A . J I b B O B a 1968, c. 71-77.
K 3TOMy BpeMeHH
othochtch<|)parMeHThi JienHux rjia^KOCTeHHUx cocyaoB,
yKpameHHbix no nJie^HKaM
hno Kpaio BeHHHKa TbracaMH
hHacenKaMH pa3Hux
4>opM. K coxcajieHHio, ceínac eme HeaocraTOHHO MaTepnajioB
ajía
conocraBJieHHH
pa3JiHHHWx
nepHOflOB
cymecTBOBaHHa
nocejieHHfl
BacHJibeBCKoro
bHCTopHKO-KyjibTypHOM njiaHe.
TpeTbHM nocejieHHeM b IIoo3epbe noABeprmeMca pacKomcaM aBJiaeTca cejinme IIpocTb, pacnojjoaceHHoe Ha j i c b o m 6epery npHTOKH p. BojixoBa npH B iia /ie iiH H b Hee peHKH IIpocTb, coeanHHBmeH p. Bepaacy h h c t o k p. BojixoBa. IIpHMeHaTejibHbiM b pa3MemeHHH nocejnca aBJiaeTca t o , h t o o h HaxoAHTca Bcero JiHuib b
300
m o t ypoHHina üepbiHb - ApeBHero cjiaBHHCKoro CBHTHJIHma. IIoceJieHHe HeCOMHeHHO6bUIO
AOBOJIbHO ÓOJIbHIHM. O h o THHyjiocb baojhj 6epera npHTOKH Ha500
m . C y j w no KOHneHTpanHH KepaMHKH H HHTeHCHBHOCTH KyjIbTypHOrO CJIOHHa CejIHme 6bLllO
HeCKOJIbKOHAep
HJIOTHOH ApeBHeñ 3aCTpOÍÍKH.B 1961, 1977
h1979
rr.C. H.
OpJiOB 3anoacHJi Ha nocejieHHH HeCKOJIbKOpacKonoB h myp4>OB o6ineü njioma^bK) 6ojiee
600
kb.
m.
OÓHapyaceHbi yrjiyójieHHbie bMaTepHK
xo3HHCTBeHHbie hmm,
CKonneHHa nepexoKeHHbixKaMHen
otneneH-KaMeHOK.
XCiuibie nocTpOHKH, BepoaTHO,6buiH
Ha3eMHbiMH, XOT8 HX MeTKHX OCTaTKOB BblflBHTb He yflajIOCb.B
OflHOMH3
myp(j)OB 6jIH)Ke k BOAe, neM ocrajibHaH nacTb noce juca, 6buio pacKonaHO nojiy3eMJianoHHoe coopyaceHHe pa3MepaMH2,8 x 3,9
m,
yrjiy6jieHHoe bMaTepHK Ha0,25-0,28
m.
C
iory bHero Beji bxoa,
a b yrjiy, b»Me rjiyÓHHOH0,32
m imace nojia cToajia rjiHHo6HTHaa nenb co cjieaaMH KapxacaH3
npyTbeB h aocok.
IIocTpOHKa HMejia nepeKpsiTHe, noAAepxcHBaBineeca crojióaMH. Pacnojioxcemie coopyaceHHH Ha OKpairae nocejnca b hh3
kom Mecre h yrjiyójieHHe nenn no OTHomeHHio k nojiy, hto He xapaKTepHO ana jkhjihui,
ho3
bojihjih C .H.
OpjiOBy 3aKJUOHHTb, h to n0Jiy3eMJiflHKa „HMejia np0H3B0ACTBeHH0e
3HaHemie,
ohcbhaho
,
Ana Konnemia ceTefi h Mepeac” 34.MHeHHe C. H.
OpjiOBa o HeacHJioM xapaKTepe nocrpOHKH cnpaBeAJiHBO, xoth ee TOMHoe Ha3HaneHHe Bce»ce
a o KOHna He acHO.CpeAH
JienHOH
KepaMHKH
c
nocejieHHa
IIpocTb
rocnoACTByeT
npo(J)HJnipoBaHHaa nocyAa „JiaAoaccKoro THna” , HapHAy c KOTopoü
npeACTaBJieHbi ropniKH co cjia6o HaMeneHHOH
u i c h k o h ,njiaBHO nepexoAamen
k
nojioroMy iuieHHKy (pyc. 3). OpHaMeHTanna Ha KepaMmce nojraocTbio
OTcyTCTByeT. EcTb KOMnjieKCbi, rAe HañjieHa HciuiioHHTejibHO jienHaa nocyAa,
b A p y r a x , b
He3HaHHTejibHOM HHCJie BcrpenaiOTca
h o 6 j i o m k h roH nap H bixcocyAOB. CpeAH HeMHoroHHCJieHHbix npOHHX HaxoAOK HMeeTca rjia3naTaa
6ycHHa TeMHoro CTeKJia c rojiy6biMH rjia3KaMH
bCBeTJibix Kpysucax. ^Be
noAOÓHhie 6ycHHH HaHAeHU
bcjioe BTopoñ nojiOBHHu X
b . bHoBropoAe,
a
bJlaAore,
r A e n p e A c r a B J i e H h i c j i o h6ojiee
p a H H H e- VIII-IX
b b . ,COOTBCTCTBeHHO
HKOJIHHeCTBO T
3KHX
6yC
6o jie e
3HaHHTejlbH
035. A b t o p
p acK on oK
noceneHHflC. H. OpnoB
.a a ra p O B a n HCCJieaoBaHHBie KOMiuieKCbi Ha
c e jm m e
IIpocTb VIII-X
b b.n ~ ^ n ~ s
r ~
r n ^ r r r
Puc. 3. CejiHiue ripocrb. Jlermas KepaMHica
B 3 0 0 M o t c e n H u ja p a c n o jio a c e n a Ile p b iH b . l i o CBHJieTeubCTBy pyccKHX jieT on H ceñ b 9 8 0 r . B0 eB0 ,na KneBCKoro kh h3 h B iia/iH M H pa f l o ó p b m a nocraBH Ji 3a e c b CTaTyK) I le p y H a , b 9 8 8 r . o h »ce côp ocH Ji e e b B o j i x o b npH BBeaeHHH B H o B r o p o f le xpHCTHaHCTBa. l i o MHeHHK) B . B . C e /iO B a , npOBOflHBUiero HCCJieaoBaHHa I le p b m H , cjiaBHHCKoe CBHTHJinme <J)yHKHH0HHp0B aji0 3 Jiecb XUiHTejibHoe B peM a b TeneHHe
X I-X
b b .36 BaacHO n ofln ep K H yT b , h t o o rp O M H o e n ocen eH H e I l p o c r b h cjiaBaHCKoe K a n n m e bX I-X
b b . cym ecTBO BajiH OflHOBpeMeHHO.OflHHM H3 H HTepecHeiimHX naMaTHHKOB paccMaTpHBaeMoro pañoHa aBJiaeTca XojionHH ropoaoK, HaxoaamHHca b 1 km b h h 3 no TeneHHio p. BojixoBa OA Mecra cjinaHHa c h h m ero npaBoro pyKaBa p. BojixoBua, b
14
k m o t 0 3 . HjibMeHb. IIoce^eHHe c o c t o h t h 3 ro p o/m m a h npHMfaocaiomero k HeMy cejiHina. ropoflHuje 3aHHMaeT BbicoKoe(5-7
m ) BCxojiMJieHHe Ha npaBOM35 Tem * e , c. 137; 3. A . JlbBOBa 1968, c. 70 -72 ; IO. JI. n ja n o B a 1956, c. 177-178. 38 B. B. C e a o B 1953, c. 92.
6 ep ery peten cpe^H hh3m chhoh b o jix o b c k o h iiohmbi,
3
ajiHBaeMoií b o BpeManaBOAKOB.
^jiHHanjioma^KH ropoAHina,
BbrraHyroro Bflojibp.
B ojixoB a,o k o jio
100
m, nmpHHa o t12
jxo20
m. PaHee njiom a/yca 6 bina 6ojibm e,nocKOJibKy c o crop oH b i peKH OHa iio c to jih h o noAMbmaeTCM h pa3pyinaeTca b o
BpeMa nojiHBOAHH.
Ha
cejiHme, B03BbnnaK>meMca Hafl OKpyacajomeó iiommohHa
1-2
m, KyjibTypHbiH c jio h npocjiOKHBaeTca Ha30-40
m k ceBepy h B ocroicy o tn o/m o*H H ropo/Hca.
B 1973 r. C. H. OpnoB Ha cejinme pacKonaji 136
kb.
mnnoma^H.
B 1980-1981 rr.
mmBnepBbie npeanpHHajiH HCCJieflOBaHHa
coóctbchhoropoAHma. PacKon (256
kb.
m) 6bui 3ajio*eH
b3anaflHOH nacra ropo^Ka
h
oxBaTbiBaji
bcioHiHpHHy ero mioma/ycn. KyjibTypHfara
cjiohhmcjiTOJiniHHy
0,3-0,8
m. B MaTepHKe yzjajiocb BbiaBHTb ocHOBaHHa yrjiy6jieHHUx nocrropoeK
H HMbl.
Co6paHHaa apxeojiorHHecKaa KOjuieKUHa
n o K a3b L B a e T , h t oHa XononbeM
TOpOflKe npeacTaBueHbi MaTepHajiu HecKonbKHX snox. K ApeBHeHmeMy
nepHoay
o t h o c h t c h o6j i h k hcocyaoB o6pa3yioiHHe paa xpoHOJiorHHecKHx
rpynn
bnpe^ejiax BTopoñ
h o j i o b h h uII
r a e . a o h .3.- nepBOH nojioBHHbi
I
t h c . h .3.Ha cejiHiiie OTKpbiTti 9 pa3JiHHHbix 8M, a Ha ropo/mme -
h h j k h h cnacTH Tpex nocrpoeK h m a , OTHOcauiHeca k KOHqy I
r a c . H .3.¿jBe
n o c r p o H K HHMejiH He6ojibmHe pa3Mepu (N° 1: 1,6-2 x 3
m;N°2: 1,8 x 2,8
m), h j i o c k h hh o j i
h KpyTue cTeHKH.
O h h 6buiHymy6jieHbi
bMaTepHK Ha 0,25-0,4
m.nocTpOHKa N° 3 pacnojiarajiacb
b / io jibKpaa
n j i o u i a a K H ,npOTHBonojio*cHoro
p. BojixoBy. BcKpuTaa nacTb KOMHJieKca, yxo/ianiero
3
a npeaejibi pacKona,
HMeeT pa3Mepbi 5-6 x 15
m,rjiyÓHHy 0,6-0,8
m, ü j i o c k h h h o j i hnonorae
creHKH. Bflojib K)KHoro
hceBepHoro KpaeB
h o c t p o h k h hno ceBepHoñ creHKe
3a4>HKCHpOBaH CJIOH KOpHHHeBOH TOJHIIHHOH 5-20 CM, BHflHMO,
CBH3aH H b IHc KOHcrpyKnHaMH Ha3eMHOH nacTH coopy*eHHa. B 3anojiHeHHH KOMnjieKca
BCTpeneHO MHO*cecTBO BajiyHOB, jieacaBinHX
bHecKOJibKO cjioeB. Pa3Baji
noóbiBaBiiiHX b orae KaMHeÉ Ha nojiy nocrpoHKH, ohcbhjiho, npe/icTaBJiaeT
co6oh ocraTKH OTomiTejibHoro coopyaceHHa.
Jleimaa KepaMHKa Komja I rae.
h.3.npe/iCTaBJieHa pa3H00Ópa3HbiMH
rOpUIKaMH H MHHHaTIOpHbIMH COCy^HKaMH. BojIbUIHHCTBO TOpIIIKOB HMeeT
cpe^HHe pa3M epu (unaMeTp bchhhkob
12-21
cm, ahhui -8-14
cm). n oxapaKTepy npo$HjmpoBKH BepxHHX nacreH epe/m ropmKOB m o* ho BbwejiHTb
flBe ocHOBHbie rpym ibi.
B
nepByio rp yn n y Bxo/iaT cocy,nbic
hctkoBbipajKenubiM nueHHKOM, nacTO pe6pOM, npH H epexoae ot ropJioBHHbi
k KOHHHecKH cyscaiom eM ca TynoBy h BbmejieHHoñ ihchkoh (pHC.
4: 1-5, 13, 15).
HaHÓojibimiH anaMeTp co c y a b i hmciot Ha ypOBHe njienmcoB. OrflejibHbie
ropniKH 3to h rpyn n bi OTJiHHaioTca rp y r o a a p y r a pa3MepaMH ineHKH,
BbipaaceHHOcTbK) njienHKa h hckotopm m h apyrHMH aeTajiaMH, ho coxpaHaK)T
n pn 3t o m yKa3aHHbie o ó m n e npH3HaKH. KepaMHKa nepBOH rp y n n ti cocraBJiaeT
h
onpeaejiaeT CBoeo6pa3He ero KepaMHHecKoro KOMtuieKca. Ko BTOpoñ rpynne
OTHOCHTCH ropinicH co cjiaóoBbipaHceHHoií, HecKOJibKO OTorHyTOH Hapyacy
ineÜKOH, iuiaBHO nepexoaameñ
knonoroMy luieHHKy. Cocyau
stohrpynnti
HMeioT HaHÖojibinee pacinnpeHHe Ha ypOBHe
h jic h h k o b(pHC. 4: 16-18).
nim m .
[
{
i
{ ).
{
1
i-i.* 1111 11 i »V
r
1
/
V
1
1
1
(
J.
\
Y
Phc. 4. T o p o f l i n a e Xo jio fih h r o p o A O K . Jleimaa K epaM m ca
B
KonjieKHHH HMetOTCH T ao ce o ö j i o m k h cocyAOB, npeacTaBJieHHbixeflHHHHHhlMH 3K3e\fflJIHpaMH.
K
HHM OTHOCSTCH flBa (J)parMeHTa rOpHIKOB 6aHOHHOH (JíOpMbI C npHMhIM TOpJIOM H yCTyDHHKOM na HJieHHKe (pyc.4: 21)
h o6j i o m o k BepxHeñ nacTH cocyaa
c
KopOTKOH, OTorHyToñ Hapyxcy meñKoñ,cyaceHHUM ropuoM h OKpyrjiuM e u i c h h k o m (pyc.
4:19).
BtuejiseTCHHeóojibmaa cepna MHHHaTiopHbix cocyaoB c ¿ m a M e T p o M BCHMHKa
5-10
c m (pyc.4: 6-8,14).
l i o <J>opMe o h h aHanorHHHbi ö o j i l u i h m ropmicaM. Oæhh h3 h h xyKpameH p*woM HaKOJiOB no meñKe (pnc.
4: 6).
OpHaMenraima He xapaKTepHa AJia JienHoñ KepaMHKH X ojio n b ero ropowica. OHa BCTpeneHa jinnib Ha neTbipex (JjparMeHTax ropuiKOB: t l j h k h no njieHHKy, a se HapamiejibHbie 6opo3AKHc
JiOMaHHOH jiHHHeñ MOK^y HHMH, Ha AByx cocyaax - KaHHejnopu (pHC.4:20).
Oc o ö m h H H T e p e c e p e / u i H a x o ^ o K K o m j a I t h c.h.3 . n p e a c T a B J i a e T i m a a X 0 3 « H C T B e H H U X O p y flH H H H H B C H T ä p fl, O Ö H a p y a C e H H h lH B 3älIO JIH C H H H n o c T p o H K H JMe 3 . K j i a a c o c t o h j i h3 1 2 n p e ^ M e T O B : A B y x * e j i e 3 H u x H a icoH eH H H K O B n a x o T H b i x o p y ^ H H , A B y x k o c, y 3 K O J ie 3 B H H H o r o T o n o p a , y /iH J i, M OTH5KKH , H o a c a , n e tU H H , C K O Ö ejIfi, T O H H JIH OrO K ä M H » H 3 K e n e 3 H O rO K J IH H M m a (pHC. 5,6).
B
cocTaBe KJia^a, OTHOcameroca k I X b., b BemecTBeHHOH 4>opMe BonnoTHJiacb 3eMJie^ejibHecKaa HanpaBJieHHOCTb 3aHaTHH ero BJia^ejibEia. EjiHxaHmHe aHajiorHH HaKOHenHHKaM noxoTHbix opyaHH HMeiOTca B HaXOAKaX H3 C n o e B BTOpOH nOJIOBHHLJ VIII-nepBOH nOJIOBHHbl I X B. CTapOH JIaAOrH37. ÜOflOÖHbie HäKOHeHHHKH HCn0Hb30BaJIHCb Ha 0flH03y6 bIXHaxoTHBix opy/Hiax c BhicoKopacnojioaceHHbiM HeHTpOM TaacecTH, KOTOpbie
6 bum Hanôojiee yaoÖHU npn paöoTe Ha ocBo6 o*maeMbix o t Jieca ynacTKax.
E e3y c j iO B H B iH HHTepec npeflcraBnaioT yanna c 5Kejie3HLiMH scobhahmmh HcajiHaMH yBeHHaHHbiMH 300 M0 p(^HbiMH rojiOBKäMH (ncajiHH HHKpycTHpo- B ä H M JiaTyHHhIMH HJläCTHHKaMHj TJia3a TOJIOBOK - BCTaBKH CHHdO KoöajibTOBOTO crreKna). rioaoÖHbie y^HJia xapaKTepHu, b ochobhom, ajih äBäpCKHX, aHäHCKHX, JUITOBCKHX H TIOpKCKHX ÆpeBHOCTeH V II-IX B B , OT
C n Ô H p H h C e B e p H o r o KaBKa3a ao H e x w H h JIhtbbi38. T o H H y i o aHanornio M03KH0 yKa3aTb b yAHJiax h3 cjiaBaHO-aBapcKoro MorHJibHHKa V II-V III bb. ^CHTaBCKa ToHb b CnoBaKHH39. TeppHTopnajibHO ymuiaM h3 KJia.ua öjmace Bcero yflHJia C 6p 0H30BMMH 300M0 p(j)HbIMH HCajIHaMH H 3 HOrpeÖeHHH B COHKe MepHaBHHO (I X B.) 6 jih3 CTapOH JIaflorH b HH30Bbax Bojixoßa40. IloflHepKHeM, HTo *ejie3Hbie HaKOHenHHKH naxoTHwx opynirii h MOTbraaca h3 KJiafla, KaK h BcrpeneHHoe b 3anojmeHHH nocTpoHKH
N° 3,
KajianeBHzmoe Kpecajio BxoflaT, n o mhchhioP. C.
MHHacaHa, b x03aHCTBeHH0 -6biT0B0 H KOMHJieKc, noaBHBHiHHca b jiecHOH 30He Boctohhoh EBponbi c paccejieHHeM 3flecb cjiaBaH41.Æjia flarapoBKH noceneHHa Bam ia Haxo/uca nacra 6p0H30B0r0 MaccHBHoro jia^beBHaHoro öpacjieTa, yKpaiueimoro luieTeHbiM opHaMeHTOM, aHanorHH KOTOpOMy HMeiOTCa B flpeBHOCTaX HopBerHH, IUbCHHH, OHHJiaHÆHH h OTHOcaTCH TaM k
IX
b.42 BcrpeneHa nacTb KpynHoro 6p0H30B0r0 6y6eHHHKa c HHpKyjHjHbiM OpHaMeHTOM, noxoscero Ha 6 y6eHHHK h3 Ehpkh43. ÜHTepecHbi (JjparMeHTH neTbipex GyTbiJiKOBHAHbix npHBecoK, pacnpocTpaHeHHbix37 M . A . Mh p o j ik) 6ob 1972, c. 118-126. 38 A . H. Kh p i i h i h h k o b 1973, c. 13.
39 Z . C i l i n s k a 1978, s. 266, 267, Obr. 132; M . C o m ç a , s. 19. A bb. 4. 40 A . H. KapnHtHHKOB 1973, c. 14, 88, pyc. 5, Tàôji. III-I.
41 P. C. M H H acsH 1982, c. 24-29.
42 J. P e te r s e n 1928, s. 154; E. K i v i k o s k i 1937, S. 238-241; K . K o r k c a k o s k i - V ä i s ä n e n 1981, S. 75, 76, 83, 84.
Phc.
5. TopoflHiue X ojioühh ropoAOK. Kjiaa ce.ibCKOX03HÖCTBeHHOro h 6trroBoro HHBeHTaps B ApeBH O CTH X (J)HHHO-yropcKHX H a p o flO B b o B T O p O H n ojiO B H H CI
- H a n a jieII
T u e . H.3. C a M b ie 6nH 3KH e a H a n o r a n n p H B C C K a M c X o j i o n b e r o r o p o a x a m o k h o y K a 3 a T b b K y p r a H e JSfe 4 M u x a ñ jiO B C K o r o M o r a jib H H K a b ü p o cjiaB C K O M IIo B O Jiacbe44. 143 c jio h r o p o a m n a n p o H C x o A H T T p a n eim eB H a H a a n o/x B ecx a h 3 K p a c H O B a T o r o H H T a p a c o r a e p c r a e M jx n x n o A B e n iH B a m u i b B e p x H e ö n a c r a . T a K H e »ce n o A B e c K H H a M H 3 B e c ra b i b n o r p e ô e H H a x E h p k h h C a p K e n b C K o r o M o rH jib H H K a 45. H a K O H e ij, y n o M H H e M H e T B e p ra m c y Æ H p xeM a, * e n e 3 H b iH pblÖOJIOBHhIH KpiO H O K, flB a TJlHHHHblX n p flC H H U a H 5Kejie3HhIH HâKOHeHHHK C TpeJlbl, ÖJIH3KHH IIO (|)OpMe K JiaHUCTOBH/IHblM.Ha
n o c e n e H H H H a ñ ^ e H o17
c r e K n a H H u x 6 y c H H , KO TO pbie, 3 a H CKniOHeHHHeM O^HOH, H M e iO T a H a n o n r a c p e z m 6 y c G r a p o S J l a a o n i .Cpean
h h x M 0 3 a H H H a a44 R . B. C t e h k c b h h 1 9 4 1 , c. 7 3 , Ta6ji. 1 11 -2 ,6 .
45 H. A r b m a n 1 9 4 0 , Taf. 1 0 3 -2 ; O. A . A p T a M O H o sa 1 9 6 3 , c. 7 7 ,p H C . 7 3 ;c. 1 2 2 ; c. 1 2 5 ,pac. 8 5 , 3 ; c. 1 2 6 , Phc. 8 9 , 1; c . 1 3 2 ; c. 1 6 8 , p u e . 1 1 3 , 1.
Ph c. 6 . F o p o n m iie Xo j io iih h r o p o a o K . Y a H J ia h3 KJia^a
6ycH H a acejiTO -KpacH O -3eneHOH OKpacKH
(I
r p y n n a 6y c J la f lo r a ) K O T op aa , n o MHeHHIO3. A .
JIbBOBOH, M 05KCT 6 b I T b flaTH pyiOUłH M npeflM CTOMVIII-IX
B B .4fi 0 K p y r ji0 - 6 0 HeHK0 0 6 p a 3Hafl 6ycH H a n e p H o r o CTem ia c apKOBaciuibKOBbiMH r jia 3 KaMH b ö e iib ix KOJibneBbix K p y r a x(II
r p y n n a 6y cJlaaora)
a arap ye T C HV III-X
B B .47K
r p y n n eIII
o t h o c h t c a ö o M e n K o o G p a in a a ö y c n n a h3 3 a m y m e H H o r o CTem ia n en oH O H H O -K p acn oro nB eT a. OcH OBH aa M a c c a s t h x 6y c H an ^ eH a b r 0 pH3 0 H Tax E3-.il J la a o r n h HMeeT MHorHHHCJieHHbie a H a n o r n n Ha naM flTHHKax CeBepHOH E ß p o n b i V I I I - X b b . 48 B c r p e n e H a 6ycHHa C B e m o -r o j i y ö o r o n p o 3 p a n H o r o c r e K u a b (J)opMe Ky6a c o c p e 3 aiiHbiMH yrn aM H .Taicne
6y c b i o t h o c a t c « k caM b iM paHHHM ö y c a M I X r p y n n b i J la ^ o r H , r a e o h h HaHfleHM b c ji o a x V I I I - X b b . 4 9 H a n ó o i m e MHorHHHCJieHHoñ Ha X o ji o n b e M48 3. A . JIbBOBa 1968, c. 68; 1973, c. 86. 47 3. A . JIbBOBa 1968, c. 71.
48 TaM *ce, c. 72; E. A . Ph6hh h h 1982, c. 168, 170. 49 3. A . JIbBOBa 1968, c. 90; E. A . Ph ôh h h h 1982, c. 168.
ropoflKe »BJiaeTca 3 noflrpynna V III rpynnbi 6 yc Jla^orn - „pyÓJieHHhffl” 6Hcep. O h npe/jcraBJieH 12 3K3eMxuiHpaMH acejiToro (8), cepo-rony6 oro (1),
3ejieHoro (1), CHHero (1) h 6enoro (1) iíbctob. Cpe«H CTapojiaflOXCKOH
KOJUieicixHH He yaajiocb HaÜTH ana.aorHH oKpyrjion 6 ycHHe nepHoro cTemia
c mo3aHHHUMH rjia3KaMH 3ejieHO-CHHe-6 ejio-KopHHHeBoro HBeTa. IIoaoÓHwe 6 y cu HañaeHbi Ha naMHTHHKax shoxh bhkhhtob b CKaummaBHH50.
B
OTJIHHHe OT MHOTHX HOCejieHHH nOBOJIXOBbH H HJlbMeHCKOrO IIoo3epba KOHna I Tbic. h.3. Ha XononbeM ropoflKe Kax b KyjibTypHOM cjioe, TaK h b 3 ano jiHeHHH coopyaceHHH (b 10 KOMnJieKcax) npeflcraaneHa HCKjnowrejibHO nenHaa KapaMHKa, h to , KaK m u yace OTMenajiH, onpeaejieHHO yKa3bmaeT Ha BpeMH 6 ojiee paHHee, neM X b. CynjecTBOBaHHe Xononbero r o p o w a b I X b.noflTBepac^aeTca cjiynaHHbiM OTKpbiraeM Ha cemiine b 1979 r. miaaa b octoh h lix MOHeT 810-811 rr. m ynoMHHyrbiMH paHee OT^ejiBHbiMH HaxoAKaMH, npeayje Bcero, KJiaqa xo3«HCTBeHHoro HHBenTapa, jia/tbeBHzmoro GpacJieTa, 6 yc.
BMecre
c TeM, Hejib3H HCKJUOHaTb, hto noceneHHe B03HHKJI0 enje B V III B.CaMbie 3HaHHTejibHbie pacKonxH npoBe/jeHbi HaMH Ha TopoflHme, oółihho
H a 3 b iB a e M O M b JiHTepaType, Pk»phkobmm ropo/ynneM , pacnojiosceHHbiM b 2 km o t H oBropofla 6jih3 HCTOKa
p.
BouxoBa H3 03epa HubMeHb.Bonpoc
o coothouieHHH HoBropo,zja h r0p0flHma, BnepBbie ynoMHHyroro b JieTonHCH noA 1103 r., nocTohhho paccMaTpHBajica, HaHHHast c X V I I I b . , b aecHTKax paÓOT HCTOpHKOB H KpaeBeAOB, 3aHHMaBUIHXCH npOIUJIMM CTOJIHHU CeBepHOH PycH. 3 t o CBH3aHo c TeM, h to caMH uasBaHHs HoBropo,g („h o b u h ropofl” )h r opoAHme („MecTO ropowa 6 biBUiero” ) cpa3y ace HaT o jiKHyjiH HCCJie^OBaTeneń Ha Mbicjib o B3aHMOCBS3H noaBJiemia KaK 3th x HaHMeHOBaHHH, TaK h caMHx noceneHHH.
B
HeMajiOH CTeneHH 3T0My cnocoócTBOBajiH c o o6memta pyccKHX xpOHorpa^tOB h JieToruiceá BTOpOHnojioBHHhi X V I I -X V I I I b b . 06 ocHOBaHHH H oBropofla Ha hobom Mecre 6 jih3
CTapOH CTOJIHHbl HJlbMeHCKHX CJiaBHH - CjIOBeHCKa51.
O xapaKTepe cooTHomeHHH HoBropofla h r o p o /m in a b JiHTepaType BbicKa3biBajiHCb AHaMeTpajibHO npoTHBononoacHbie cyameHHS. BojibmHHCTBO HCCJieflOBaTeneń npH^epacHBajiocb coGmeHHH ho3ahhx jieTonHceź. IIo hx MHeHHK), TopoaH m e, s t o „crapbiH” ro p o a , JieTonncHun Cjiobchck h npeauiecTBeHHHK H oB oro ropowa. K o r ^ a oh 6 bui 3a6pomeH (name
nojiarajiH, h to s t o 6 buio Bbi3BaHO „MajioS nnomaAbio” ropo/mineHCKoro
xonoM a), t o ropofl nepeHecnn Ha HOBoe m ccto, mixce no TeneHmo BojixoBa52.
B
cepeAHHeX IX
b.B. B.
HacceK BbicKa3an Mbicjib 06 aBTohomhom pa3BHTHHropoflH m a h H oB poro/ia, 0flHaK0 c aocTaTOHHOH neTKOCTbio 3Ta TOHKa
3peHHH He 6 buia pa3BHTaS3.
50 J. C a llm e r 1977, p. 88 (N B 0821).
51 <P. TH JiapoB 1878, c. 21; A. JI. r o j i b f l 6 e p r 1982, c. 50-63. 32 A . C. X o p o u ie B 1983, c. 43.
B 1930
r .A.B.
A p n n x oB C K H M6huio
BbmBHHyTO n o jio a ce HHe 0 6ocuoBaHiiu
PlOpHKOBa TOpOflH m a JIHUIb
B XII B. KHH3bHMH,
BblCejieHHblMH H3H o B r o p o ^ a 54 .
Bo MHoroM noa bjihhhhcm 3thx
B3 r jn m o B ,bo bchkom
c jiy n a eb
c p e ^ e a p x e o jio r o B , B o n p o c ucoothoiuchhh
T o p o d u m a h H o B r o p o f laiiohth
nOJfflOCTbK) HCHC3 J1H CO CTpaHHIJ HayHHblX TpyflOB.
IÜHpoKHe pacKonKH Ha Piophkobom r o p o / i H i n e
1975-1987
rr., npH y n e T e apxeojiorHMecKHX MaTepnajiOB no H oB rop oay, aanw HOBbie (J)aKTbi /yia Toro, HTOÓbl BepHyTbCH K paCCMOTpeHHK) 3TOH flaBHeń npo6jieMbI. PlOpHKOBO ropOAHn^e 6e3ycjiOBHO yace cynjecTBOBajio b c e p e flH H e I X b., a, B 0 3 M 0 a cH 0 , o h o6buio 0CH0BaH0 paHee. J^aTHpOBKy cjioeB nocejieHH« 3thm BpeMeHeM noflTBep*CflaK)T Haxo^KH aByx miaamcoB BOCTOHHbix m ohct, o^hh h3 KOTopbix o th o c h tc h k KOHny
850-x rr.,
flpyron - k KOHny860-x
rr. 0 6 a KJiaaa B C T pen eH b i b 3anojiHeHHH .upeBHHX coopyaceHHH b Taioax CTpaTHrpat])HnecKhx ycjiOBHHx, h to hx aaTbi onpeaejifliOT h BpeMs cymecTBOBaHHH caMnx nocrpoeK.C
nocejieHH« npoHcxoflHT h 3HanHTejibHoe hhcjio oTflejibHbtx ¿jHpxeMOB V I I I - I X bb., a Taxace ABe yHHKajibHbix HaxoíucH: cepeópHHaa xope3MHHCKaa MOHeTa KOHna V II I b .ss h 6p0H30Baa BH3aHTHHCKaa MOHera HMnepaTopa Oeoi^HJia(829-842
rr.) R n a jjaTHpoBKH h hkh hx cjiocb ropoflH ina BaacHbi HaxoAKH AByx CKaHAHHaBCKHx paBHonjienHbix (])H6yji58
Tnna no R .üeTepceny, aaTbi KOTopwx He bm xoaht 3a npeaejibi I X b. h 6p0H30B0r0 eajiTOBCKoro nepcTH»
c
Kpecroo6pa3HO pacnojioaceHHbiMH namcaMH (KOHen V I II - nepBaá nojioBHHa I X b .)56, aHajiorHHHoro yace ynoMjmyTOMy paHeenepcTHK) c nocejieHHfl TeorpHH
bIIoo3epbe. Becb
KOMnneKC CTeKJiHHHbix 6ycTopoflHnia apeBHee KOMnjieKca 6yc H oB rop oaa h
conocraBHM
c 6ycaMH H3 cjioeB BTopoñnojiOBHHbi
I X - X bb.JlaaorH.
HaKOHen, Ha oahom h3 ynacTKOB nocejienHH ana xo3HHCTBeHHbix coopyaceHHH 6buiH nojiyneHbi aeHflpoxpoHO- jiorHHecKHe aaTHpOBKH (KOHeHHbie tohkh a6coniOTHOH ropoflHineHCKoñAenaponiKaiibi 820-947 rr). ^peBHemnHe
6peBHaajm CTpOHTejibCTBa pyÓHHHCb
b
889, 896, 897 rr.
IIo ctp oh k h c KOTOpbix 6buiH b 3 h tu cnHJibi Haxoflmmcb HanepH(J)epHHHOM ynacTKe nocejieHH», b hhshhc, ocbochhoh He cpa3y npH B03HHKH0BeHHH HOCejIKa, H, KpOMe TOrO, KO BpeMeHH B03BeaeHHH nocrpoeK 3flecb yace ycneji HaKonHTbca KyjibTypHbiH cjioh. TaKHM 06pa30M , AeHflpoxpoHOJiorHHecKHe aaTW <J)HKCHpyiOT He Hanajio x h 3h h Ha nocejieHHH,
a OflHH H3 ee
3TanoB.B
nejiOM, b HacToamee BpeMaHa T
opo/w in e OTKpbiTbicjioh 6ojiee paHHHe, tom b caMOM H oB ropo^e, rae OTJioaceHHH apeBHee
30-50-x
roflüB X
b.,HecMOTpa Ha
pacKonKH b KjnoneBbix pañoHax ropowa,;io
chx nopHe o6HapyaceHo57.
54 A . B. ApuHxoBCKHH 1930, c. 30.
55 II. r . ra ñ a y K O B , A . B. Hh k h t h h 1981, c. 113-117. J® C. A . I I j i e T H e s a 1967, c. 137-141, pnc. 36.
B IX -X BB.
TopoaHme npeflcraB JM Jio coóoh Kpyimoe TOproBO- -p eM ec n eH H o e h BoeHHO-aztMHHHCTpaTHBHoe n ocejieH H eb
y 3 HOBOH TOHKe T o p r o B O B o e H H b i x riyTeö jiecHOH 3 0 h ł i Boctohhoh E ß p o n b i. B HHCJie npeflM eTO B M eam y H a p o flH O È T o p r o B jm BOCTOHHwe h BH3 anTMHCjcue M O H erbi, 6 y cb i H3 r o p H o r o x p y c r a j i a h cepflOJimca, p a 3 H0 0 6 p a 3 H w e creKJiHHHue 6ycbi, 4>pH3 CKHe rpeÖHH, rpeuK H e o p e x H , H3 flejiH « h 3 H H Taps. Macron H a x o ^ K o ß Ha HOCejieHHH HBJlHKJTCfl M C J(H b l£ THpbKy, BOCTpeHeHM OÔJIOMKH BeCOB.O flH H M H3 BaaCHeÖUIHX BHQOB aeHTeJIbHOCTH K H T e jie H HOCeJieHHfl 6bU IO peM eCJIO . O 6 p 0 H 3 0 J IH T e H H 0 M npO H 3B O flC T B e CBH /ieTejIbC TB y K)T H aXO^KH T H rejIbK O B , OÖJIOMKOB JIbHHeK, JlHTeHHblX (J)OpMOHeK, HpOH3BOflCTBeHHbIH 6 p a K ,
b
t o m HHCJie H ey,gaH H bie o t j i h b k h.IÜHpoKO npeflcraBJieHbi
c n e a u K O C T e p e 3 H o r o n p 0 H 3 B 0 flC T B a - 3 a r 0 T 0 B K H r p e Ó H e ń , K O c r a H b ie ru ia cT H H b i, p o r o B u e cn H J ib i. O c o ó e H H O B a x H U C B H w eT ejibC T B a p a ó o T Ł i lO B e iu ip o B , H 3 r 0 T 0 B J ia m H x n p e a M e T b i h3 3 0 J i0 T a (o ö p b iB K H T O H H aäm H X n e p e K p y n e H H b ix 3 0 J I0T b IX H H TeÊ, KyCOHKH npOBOJlOKH H (])OJH>h) , HOCKOJIbKy OHH x a p a K T e p H 3 y K )T H e TOJibKO b u c o k o c n p 0 4 ) e c c H 0 H a j ib H 0 e M a c T e p c T B O peM ecn eH H H K O B , h o h c o H H a jib H b iH c o c T a B H acejieH H H r o p o f l H m a . O Ö H T a T e jiH HOCejIKa 3äHHM äJIHCb TajCSCe CejIbCKHM X03H H C TB 0M , puÖ O JIO B C TB O M , OXOTOH, pa3JlH 4H bIM H n pO M b lC J ia M H , O H eM C B H aeT eH bC T B yK )T MHOrOHHCJieHHbie H a x o a K H , h o HMeHHO H ajiHHHe n p H B 0 3 H b ix B e n je ñ h c jie flfc i p e M e c j i a b o ó n a c T H M a T e p H a n b H O H K y j i b T y p u o n p e a e j i a i o T „j i h h o” n o c e j i K a .Kacaacb Bonpoca
06
sthhhcckom cocTaBe HacejieHHs Topoamna paHHero
nepHOfla ero HCTOpHH, cjie^yeT ocTaHOBHTba Ha HecieojibKHX HOKa3aTejibHhix,
Ha Ham B3rnjm, KOMnoHeHTax MaTepnanbmoH KyjibTypbi. JlenHas KepaMHKa
PiopHKOBa ropo/uima, cpe/in KOTOPOH npeoöJiaaaiOT ropmKH „jiaaoaccKoro
THna” (pHC. 7), ToawecTBeHHa nocyae nocejieHHH HJibMeHCKoro IIoo3epba
(reorpHH, BacHUbeBCKoe, IIpocTb, Xohohhh ropoflOK). ÜHa HanaeHa
h b HHXCHHX cjioHx HoBropo.ua58. KepaMHKa cBHfleTeubTByeT o tom, hto
ocHOBHyK) nacTb xcHTejieñ Topoanma b IX -X bb. cocraBJiajio t o * e nacejieHHe,
HTO OÔHTaJIO
BCaMOM HCHTpe HoBropOflCKOH 3CMJ1H. 3tO
6
bUlH HJIbMeHCKHe
cjioBeHe. JlenHaa KepaMHKa, noAOÖHaa ropoflHineHCKOH, homhmo Jla/iorn
h HoBropOfla, ecTb b HeKopoTbix Apyrnx ropoflax h 3HaHHTejibHbix
riocejieHHHx CeBepHoii PycH, rae oHa cocraBJiaeT Ty hjih HHyio lacTb
KepaMHHecKoro KOMnjieKca, a hmchho, b IlcKOBe, H36opcKe, Topo^Ke Ha p.
JIoBaTH. Eojiee oxnaJieHHoe cxoactbo HMeeTca c jienHOH nocyaoH
3
anaaHbix
cjiaBAH BajiTHHCKoro perHOHa. Ha stom ocHOBaHHH B. B. Ce^oB npeano-
JI03KHJ1, MTO „KepaMHKa HJIbMeHCKHX CJiaBHH H rJIHHHHafl HOCyaa ÔaJITHHCKHX
CJiaBHH HMejIH OflHy OCHOBy” H „He HCKJHOHeHO, HTO 3TH OTflajieHHue
TeppHTopHajibHbie rpynnnpOBKH paHHecpe/iHeBeKOBbix CJiaBHH buuijih h3
oflHoro apeBHero perHOHa cJiaBHHCTBa” 59.
58 r . IL CMHpEOBâ 1976, c. 3-10; 1978, c. 165-171. 59 B. B.
CeflOB
1982, c. 64.0
7
m
r
n
Phc. 7. PwpyKOBO ropoflmne. Hermas KepaMHxa „JiafloaccKoro Tnna”
B
n e p B O H ü O J iO B H H e X b. H a T o p o ^ a m e H a H H H a e T c a c M e H a J ie r r a o H K e p a M H K H r o H H a p H o ñ . I I o c j i e A H H » T a K * e H M e e T M H o r o 'm c u e H H w e a H a n o r H Hb 3 a n a flH O C J ia B H H C K H x 3 e M J ia x .
B. M.
T o p i O H O B a nprnujia k B b i B o a y , h t o„O C H O B H aH n p H H H H a nO H B JieH H H O A H H a K O B b lX B H flO B p a H H C K p y r O B O H K e p a M H K H B KMKHOM perHOHe B a jIT H K H H B n a M H T H H K a X C e B e p H O H PyCH 3 a K JU O H a eT C fl
b c y m e c T B O B a H H H 3 ^ e c b h T a M o6i u h x H C x o f l H u x (J>opM J ien H O H n o c y /iu ” 60. HHTepecHOH KaTeropHeií nocrpoeK T op o/in m a aBJunoTca oTflem>Ho CTOHiune HapyxHBie xjieÓHwe nenn. Han6o.nee t o h h w c aHanorHH h m HMeKrrca b Jlaaore,
a
Taicace b naMSTHHKax nonbCKoro IIoM opba - TaaHbCKeh meHHHe61. 3 t o eme o /m o npaMoe apxeonorHHecKoe CBHaeTejibCTBO
KyubTypHbix CBH3eft noMOpcKHX cjiaBHH h HacejieHHfl HcroKa p. BojixoBa.
3acjiy*HBaeT
BHHMaHHa
hcocraB
ropo/mmencKHx
*cene3HbixHaKOHeHHHKOB
CTpeji
o tJiyKa. Ha
ueHTpajibHOMpacKone
(njiomaflb 6ojiee800
40 B. M . ropiO H O B a 1982, c. 45.
k b . m ) o / m y M e T B e p T y i o
hx
nacTb c o c r a B U H i O T B T y j i b n a T b i e j i B y n u m H u e HäKOHeHHHKH, a H a p a H H H x 3TaHax c y m e c T B O B a H H H nocejieHHa kojihhcctboJIBymHnHbIX BTyjIbHaTblX HäKOH€HHHKOB no OTHOmeHHK) K HepeUlKOBUM ÖbJJIO
e m e
6ojibine (pac. 8:5-7).
I I o a o Ö H u e BTynbnaTbieHäKOHeHHHKH 6buiH He
xapaKTepHbi
a n a 4>HHHO-yropCKHX h öajrrcKHx HapoaoB, aTaioKe KyjibTyp
KOHeBHHKOB H päCCMaTpHBälOTCH HCCJie/JOBaTejIHMH, KaK CTpejIbl, THUHMHbie
HMeHHO Ana cjiaBHH, npHHeM 3ana/mbix cjiaBHH. Hx MHoro b 3ana/moö Eßpone
a
Ha TeppHTOpHH PycH,
3ahckjhohchhcm ee 3anaAHbix
OKpäHH,ohh
eflHHHHHM62. l i o HHCJiy /T R yTITHTTHhlX HaKOHCHHHKOB CTpejI T OpO/IMIHe, I fle HX Hañ^eHO
28
3K3eMnnapoB, h b h o BtwejiaeTca cpe^H naMaTHHKOB jiecHOH 3 0 hm (ana c p a B H e H H f l o t m c t h m , h t o b H 3 6 o p c K e T a K H x HaKOHCHH HKOB o Ó H a p y a c e H O iiHiub2,
b Benoo3epe - h h oan o ro , b H oB ropo/je -6,
x o t h MacnrraGu apxeojiorHHecKHX pacKonoK s t h x naMflTHHKOB HaMHoro npeBocxoaaT ropOflHmeHCKHe). T o T (f>aKT, HTO B TaKOM 3HaHHTejIbHOM BOeHHO-aflMH- HHCTpaTHBHOM h T0 p r0 B0 -peMecjieHH0 M n y H K T e H a nepeceneHHH b o a h m x nyTen, xaKHM aBJianocb F opo/iam e b paHHHH nepnofl ero h c t o p h h , o c h o b h h m THIIOM HaKOHCHHHKOB CTpejl 6 b U IH HaKOHeHHHKH x a p a K T e p H U e HMeHHO flJ ia cjiaBHH, npeacTaBuaeTca KpaiÍHe BaacHWM.HaKOHei;,
y n o M A H e M HHTepecHyio Haxo#KyiiiH4)ePHoro
npacnima Ha K O T O p O M H M d O T C a HepTOHKH H 6 yKBHI. IlpflCJlHHe HpOHCXOflHT H3 HeTKO ^aTypyeMoro cjioa BTOpOH HeTBepTHX
b. (He n o3AHee cepeaHHUX
b.).l i o
3aKJHOHeHHK)
T. B.
PoatflecTBeHCKOH, b BepxHeñ nacTH npacjinua HHTaiOTca ABe6 yKBbi -
,,H”
h H a n H c a HHb i e KHpnJuiHuen,a
cpa3y n o a h h m h 6 yKBa ,,3K ”, HanHcaHHaa rjiarojiHueñ (3ByK ,,^K” c b o h c t b c h H M e H H O cnaBaHCKOH penH b OTJiH«me o t rpenecKOM). liaxo/uca npacjuma n0 3B0JiaeT nocTaBHTb Bonpoc0 6 ocBoeHHH cjiaBaHCKoro aji(J)aBHTa b u e m pe CeBepHoií
Pycn
yace b cepeflHHeX
b., e m e a o npHHaTHa Pycbio xpHCTHaHCTBa(988
r.), h t o BnouHe cornacyeTcac
o T K p b i T H e M n p H pacKomcaxiiHcaji
b cnoax b t o p o h nojiOBHHbiX
b .HoBropo/ia63.
Hccjie/jOBaTejiH yace /jaBHO o6paTHJiH BHHMaHHe Ha cBa3H ceBepHOH rpynnbi BOcroHHoro cjiaBaHCTBa h cnaBaH 6ajiTHHCKoro IIoMopba, npocjieacHBaeMbie b pejiHTH03Hbix B033peHHax, npe/jaHHax, HeKOTopux o6traaax, reorpa^HMecKoñ HOMeHKJiaType,
0
C06
eHH0
CTax naMaTHHKOB HHCfeMCHHOCTH, 3THOrpatJ)HH, SJieMCHTaX MaTepHaUbHOH KyjIbTypbl64.B
nocjieflHHe ro/ibi K O H T a K T b i 3 a n a a H b i x c n a B a H h c j i o b c h H 0 B r 0 p 0 f lC K H X HpHBJieKaroT Bce 6onbHiHH HHTepec apxeonoroB, KOTopbie HaxoaaT HOBbie noflTBepacfleHHa h x cymecTBOBaHHa6 5. PacKomcH Topo/iHma, KaK mu b h / i c j i h , AaioT AonojiHHTejibHbie tJiaKTbi fljia H3yneHHa sthx CBa3eñ.OneHb pejTbe(J)H O H a T opo/iHine B b m e n a e T c a komujickc Haxo/jOK, n o n a B H iH X b I I p H H J ib M e H b e H 3 c r p a H C e B e p u o ñ E B p o n b i 6 6 . C p e ^ H hhx T p H *;ejie3Hbix r p H B H b i, o / m a H3 kotopmx c n p H B e c K a M H - a M y j ie T a M H b B H f le T a ic H a3b iB a e M b ix „mojiotohkobT o p a ” - B e p x o B H o r o 6o r a a p e B H H x c K a H f lH H a B O B ( p H C .