The stratigraphically ear li est re cord of Diplomoceras cylindraceum (heteromorph ammonite) – im pli ca tions for Campanian/Maastrichtian bound ary def i ni tion
Zbigniew REMIN1, *, Marcin MACHALSKI2 and John W.M. JAGT3
1 Uni ver sity of War saw, Fac ulty of Ge ol ogy, ¯wirki i Wigury 93, 02-089 Warszawa, Po land
2 Pol ish Acad emy of Sci ences, In sti tute of Palaeo bi ol ogy, Twarda 51/55, 00-818 Warszawa, Po land
3 Natuurhistorisch Mu seum Maastricht, de Bosquetplein 6–7, 6211 KJ Maastricht, Neth er lands
Remin, Z., Machalski, M., Jagt, J.W.M., 2015. The stratigraphically ear li est re cord of Diplomoceras cylindraceum (heteromorph ammonite) – im pli ca tions for Campanian/Maastrichtian bound ary def i ni tion. Geo log i cal Quar terly, 59 (4):
843–848, doi: 10.7306/gq.1253
A frag men tary spec i men of the diplomoceratid heteromorph Diplomoceras cylindraceum, one of three ammonite mark ers used for the def i ni tion of the base of the Maastrichtian Stage, is re corded from the Mid dle Campanian of the Roztocze Hills, south-east Po land. The new find, well-con strained by as so ci ated ammonites and inoceramid bi valves, rep re sents the ear li - est well-dated oc cur rence of this spe cies world wide to date. There fore, the first oc cur rence (FO) of D. cylindraceum is con - spic u ously be low the tra di tional base of the Maastrichtian as de fined by the FO of the bel em nite Belemnella lanceolata.
In deed, this is also far be low the bound ary des ig nated in the Global Stratotype Sec tion at Tercis les Bains (Landes, France).
A com par i son of the FOs of D. cylindraceum in sec tions across Eu rope clearly shows a sig nif i cant diachroneity, which di min - ishes its value for def i ni tion of the Campanian/Maastrichtian bound ary.
Key words: Diplomoceratidae, Late Cre ta ceous, diachroneity, stra tig ra phy, Po land.
INTRODUCTION
The heteromorph ammonite Diplomoceras cylindraceum (Defrance, 1816) is highly dis tinc tive on ac count of its paperclip-like coil ing, dense trans verse rib bing and large size (Ken nedy, 1987; Olivero and Zinsmeister, 1989; Klinger and Ken nedy, 2003a, b; Machalski, 2012). The spe cies is char ac - ter ized by world wide dis tri bu tion (Klinger and Ken nedy, 2003a) and a re mark ably long strati graphic range, en com pass ing the en tire Maastrichtian and part of the Campanian, pro vided that the tax on omy pro posed by Klinger and Ken nedy (2003a) is ac - cepted. How ever, ac cord ing to Olivero and Zinsmeister (1989) and Machalski (2012), D. cylindraceum is re placed dur ing the Late Maastrichtian by Diplomoceras max i mum Olivero and Zinsmeister, 1989, which is char ac ter ized by a much lower rib in dex at di am e ters above 55 mm. Diplomoceras is amongst the stratigraphically youn gest ammonites glob ally, be ing rep re - sented in nu mer ous lat est Maastrichtian fau nas (Landman et al., 2014).
In spite of its rather long range (by ammonite stan dards), D.
cylindraceum is an im por tant spe cies for Late Cre ta ceous stra - tig ra phy. In 2001, the In ter na tional Com mis sion on Stra tig ra phy
(Odin, 2001; Odin and Lamaurelle, 2001) pro posed a new def i - ni tion of the Campanian/Maastrichtian bound ary, which is here re ferred to as the Tercis def i ni tion through out. The Global Stratotype Sec tion and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Maastrichtian Stage was de fined at Tercis les Bains (near Dax, Landes, south-west France) by an arith me tic mean of twelve biomarkers and placed at the 115.2 m level in that sec tion (Odin and Lamaurelle, 2001). The new cri te ria for de fin ing the Campanian/Maastrichtian bound ary in clude sev eral bioevents that are based on the first or last oc cur rences (FOs, LOs) of se - lected ammonite, inoceramid bi valve and foraminiferal taxa (Odin, 2001). The FO of D. cylindraceum, rec og nized at Tercis at the 111 ± 3 m level (Odin and Lamaurelle, 2001), has been pro posed as one of three ammonite-based bound ary cri te ria.
The Tercis def i ni tion of the Campanian/Maastrichtian bound ary dif fers sig nif i cantly from its tra di tional def i ni tion. His - tor i cally, the base of the Maastrichtian Stage in the Bo real Realm was placed at the en try level of the bel em nite spe cies Belemnella lanceolata (von Schlotheim) (see e.g., Arkhangelsky, 1912; Jeletzky, 1951a, b). Al ter na tively, on the east ern Eu ro pean Plat form, that base usu ally was equated with the en try of “prim i tive” Belemnella, i.e., Bln. licharewi Jeletzky, the FO of which ap pears to cor re spond to that of Bln. lanceolata (com pare Naidin, 1979). In the GSSP sec tion at Tercis, the FO of the ammonite Pachydiscus neubergicus (von Hauer) has been re corded just 0.9 m [116.1 m] above the Campanian/Maastrichtian bound ary as de fined at the level 115.2 m (Odin, 2001; Odin and Lamaurelle, 2001), and was orig i nally con sid ered to be sep a rated by not more than 0.2 myr
* Corresponding author, e-mail: zbyh@uw.edu.pl
Received: April 25, 2015; accepted: September 18, 2015; first published online: September 21, 2015
from the FO of Bln. lanceolata (Christensen et al., 2000;
Christensen, 2001). In con trast, Walaszczyk (2004) sug gested that the FO of Bln. lancelata could be much older which was con firmed by Niebuhr et al. (2011) and Remin (2012), who equated the Tercis-de fined bound ary with the base of Bln.
obtusa–Bln. vistulensis Zone, be ing c.a. 400–450 kyr older than the bound ary at Tercis.
Some doubts over the value of D. cylindraceum as a marker for the base of the Maastrichtian were ex pressed by one of us (ZR) dur ing the Geo log i cal So ci ety of Amer ica, An nual Meet ing at Min ne ap o lis, Min ne sota (Remin, 2011), mainly on ac count of the diachroneity of its FOs in sec tions across Eu rope. Here we doc u ment D. cylindraceum from the Mid dle Campanian (in the three-fold sub di vi sion of Walaszczyk et al., 2001) of the Roztocze Hills (Po land) and dis cuss the sig nif i cance of this re - cord for the def i ni tion of the Campanian/Maastrichtian bound - ary. The spec i men is housed in the col lec tions of the S.J.
Thugutt Geo log i cal Mu seum, Fac ulty of Ge ol ogy, at the Uni ver - sity of War saw, un der reg is tra tion num ber MWGUW ZI/46/04.
GEOLOGICAL SETTING
Spec i men ZI/46/04 was col lected by one of us (ZR) from the Roztocze Hills in south-east Po land (Fig. 1). These hills form a prom i nent range along the south west erly mar gin of the Koœcierzyna–Pu³awy Syncline; to the south it bor ders the Carpathian Foredeep. The hills are made up of Campanian and Maastrichtian sed i ments, un con form ably over lain by Mio cene de pos its (e.g., Po¿aryski, 1956).
The sec tion that yielded Diplomoceras is sit u ated in the Hutniczo-Siarkowa rail road cut ting, about 4 km south-west of Zwierzyniec, close to the vil lage of Szozdy (Fig. 1). The se - quence, made up of sandy (quartzose) lime stone or limy quartz-sand stone dip at a low an gle to the north-east. The in ter - val stud ied has yielded rich fos sil as sem blage, com pris ing ammonites, bel em nites, inoceramid bi valves, echinoids as well as di verse gas tro pods and non-inoceramid bi valves.
Ammonites in clude rep re sen ta tives of Didymoceras Hyatt, Acanthoscaphites tuberculatus (Giebel), Menuites portlocki pos te rior B³aszkiewicz, Pachydiscus cf. koeneni de Grossouvre, and small baculitids. Amongst bel em nites, spec i - mens of Belemnitella ex gr. langei Jeletzky, have been noted.
This as sem blage as signs a Mid dle Campanian date to the Szozdy sec tion, and more pre cisely places it in the lower/mid - dle por tion of the Didymoceras donezianum ammonite Zone (sensu B³aszkiewicz, 1980).
Inoceramid bi valves are rep re sented by “Inoceramus”
borilensis Jolkicev, and Cataceramus gandjaeformis Walaszczyk, Cobban & Har ries, in dic a tive of the “Inoceramus”
tenuilineatus Zone (Fig. 2; I. Walaszczyk, pers. comm., March, 2015), and, in par tic u lar, the mid dle part of that zone. There - fore, the in ter val stud ied at Szozdy is eas ily cor re lated with the equiv a lent in ter val in the Mid dle Vistula River sec tion (see Fig. 2; see Walaszczyk, 2004). A sim i lar strati graphic po si tion can be de rived from ben thic foraminifera (Z. Dubicka, pers.
comm., March, 2015; cf. also Peryt and Dubicka, 2015), the pres ence of Globorotalites michelinianus (d’Orbigny) Globo - rotalites emdyensis Vasilenko, Bolivinoides sidestrandensis Barr (early form by Dubicka and Peryt, 2016), Bolivina incrassata Reuss, al low ing cor re la tion of the Szozdy sec tion
with in ter vals ex posed at Ciszyca in the Mid dle Vistula River sec tion (cf. Fig. 2).
IDENTIFICATION
Spec i men ZI/46/04 is a small frag ment of a straight phragmocone shaft, mea sur ing about 30 mm in great est length and pre served as a three-di men sional com pos ite mould (Fig. 3). It shows the typ i cal diplomoceratid or na ment of an nu lar ribs sep a rated by shal low interspaces of com pa ra ble width to the ribs. No con stric tions or bullae are seen. Whorl height and whorl breadth are 45 and 36 mm, re spec tively (Wb/Wh ra - tio 0.8).
Al though mark edly in com plete, the spec i men dif fers in no sig nif i cant re spects from better-pre served ma te rial of D.
cylindraceum from var i ous lo cal i ties (for re cent ac counts and syn ony mies, see Ken nedy, 1987; Klinger and Ken nedy, 2003a, b; Machalski, 2012). The ovoid cross sec tion, and the com plex, Fig. 1A – lo ca tion of the Mid dle Vistula River sec tion and the Roztocze Hills in east-cen tral Eu rope; B – Up per Cre ta ceous de pos its in ex tra-Carpathian Po land (af ter Po¿aryski, 1974); C – sche matic map of the Szozdy area, source area of Diplomoceras cylindraceum as here re corded
Fig. 2. Stratigraphic range and position of the Szozdy section in the Roztocze Hills, SE Poland correlated with the Middle Vistula section, central Poland
Left-hand columns illustrate the base of the Maastrichtian Stage according to the GSSP, Tercis les Bains; Blt. – Belemnitella; Bln. – Belemnella
“den dritic” su tures clearly dis tin guish this spec i men from co eval heteromorphs. On the whole, the pres ent spec i men matches densely ribbed spec i mens re corded by Ken nedy (1987), Birkelund (1993), Jagt (1995), Klinger and Ken nedy (2003a, b) and Machalski (1996, 2012) well. Diplomoceras max i mum is in -
dis tin guish able at the whorl height of the pres ent frag ment (the crit i cal value be ing 55 mm; see Machalski, 2012). How ever, this chronospecies, prob a bly a di rect de scen dant of D.
cylindraceum, is re stricted to the Late Maastrichtian (Machalski, 2012). As stated by Machalski (2012: p. 107), in view of the lack Fig. 3. Diplomoceras cylindraceum (Defrance, 1816), specimen MWGUW ZI/46/04
A – composite mould, showing typical diplomoceratid ornament of annular ribs with shallow interspaces of equal width; B – ovoid cross section
Fig. 4. First occurrences (FOs) of Diplomoceras cylindraceum in four areas, i.e., the Roztocze Hills, Poland (oldest); the Middle Vistula River section, Poland; Kronsmoor, northern Germany and the Tercis les Bains section, France (youngest) showing its
diachronic appearance across Europe
Inoceramid zonation at Tercis af ter Walaszczyk et al. (2002a, b); ap prox i mate po si tion of Bostrychoceras polyplocum, D. donezianum and N.
hyatti zones at Tercis are based on cross-cor re la tion with inocerams rec og nized in the Vistula and Tercis sec tions; for de tails of zonation for the Vistula, cf. Fig ure 2; ar rows mark the ex act prov e nance of D. cylindraceum in men tioned sec tions and its ap prox i mate po si tion in the Tercis sec tion (left col umn)
of con tra dic tory ev i dence, “It is … rea son able to as sign all pre-late Eu ro pean Maastrichtian re cords of Diplomoceras to D.
cylindraceum, even if they are partly based on spec i mens of smaller whorl height than the crit i cal value of 55 mm”.
STRATIGRAPHIC IMPLICATIONS
Typ i cally, D. cylindraceum has been re corded ex clu sively from the tra di tion ally de fined Maastrichtian Stage (B³asz - kiewicz, 1980; Ken nedy and Summesberger, 1986, 1987;
Ward and Ken nedy, 1993). Re cords from the Campanian (as tra di tion ally de fined) gen er ally are rare; these were sum ma - rized by Klinger and Ken nedy (2003a). In Eu rope, ex am ples of D. cylindraceum from the Up per Campanian (as tra di tion ally de fined) have been re corded from north ern Spain (Gallemí et al., 1983) and cen tral Po land (Machalski, 1996, 2012). Küchler and Odin (2001) also re corded it from the Up per Campanian of France, but it should be noted that they used the Tercis def i ni - tion of the Campanian/Maastrichtian bound ary. Ant arc tic coun - ter parts of D. cylindraceum have been dated as Late Campanian and Early Maastrichtian (Olivero and Zinsmeister, 1989), while the Indo-Pa cific re gion has yielded a few Late Campanian re cords, mainly from Ja pan, Zululand and South Af rica; for an over view, ref er ence is made to Klinger and Ken - nedy (2003a). The most dif fi cult re cord to in ter pret is that from Sakhalin (Far East Rus sia), which was dated as early Campanian by Alabushev and Wiedmann (1997). Klinger and Ken nedy (2003a) were crit i cal in their as sess ment of this par tic - u lar re cord and noted that the ju ve nile spec i men il lus trated by Alabushev and Wiedmann (1997: pl. 4, fig. 1) could not be iden - ti fied to ge nus, and rep re sented ei ther Diplomoceras or Glyptoxoceras. In view of this, we here ex clude this re cord from the dis cus sion.
An es sen tial point that arises from cor re la tions based on inoceramid bi valves and bel em nites be tween the Vistula sec - tions, the Roztocze Hills and sec tions at Tercis les Bains and Kronsmoor (north ern Ger many) is that in Po land D.
cylindraceum first ap pears well be low the en try level of Bln.
lanceolata, a tra di tional Campanian/Maastrichtian bound ary marker (Fig. 4). This con trasts mark edly to the FOs of this spe - cies at Tercis les Bains and Kronsmoor, which are both above the en try level (or its equiv a lent) of Bln. lanceolata (Fig. 4).
To date, the low est re cords of D. cylindraceum in the Vistula River val ley sec tion are those from the up per third of the sec tion ex posed at the dis used Piotrawin Quarry (Machalski, 1996, 2012). Other ma te rial is from the lo cal i ties Raj, Raj North, Kamieñ South and Kamieñ North and Dziurków, where Up per Campanian to Lower Maastrichtian strata are ex posed (Fig. 2).
These re cords cor re spond to the mid dle part of the
“Inoceramus” inkermanensis Zone of Walaszczyk (2004), a
level equat ing with the mid dle part of the “Inoceramus”
oblongus Zone, be tween 80–88 m and 97.6 m, at Tercis les Bains (Walaszczyk et al., 2002a, b; cf. Figs. 2 and 4).
The low est oc cur rence of D. cylindraceum, as here doc u - mented from the Szozdy sec tion, is from the in ter val that en - com passes the lower/mid dle part of the Didymoceras donezianum ammonite Zone, which roughly cor re sponds to the mid dle part of the “Inoceramus” tenuilineatus inoceramid Zone of Walaszczyk (2004; cf. Figs. 2 and 4). At Tercis les Bains,
“Inoceramus” tenuilineatus Zone is not dis tin guished and falls within “un zoned” in ter val (cf. Walaszczyk et al., 2002a, b).
Since the “I.” tenuilineatus Zone is over lain by the Sphaeroceramus pertenuiformis Zone (Figs. 2 and 4), which starts at Tercis at 47 m, the equiv a lent of the Szozdy sec tion should be lo cated be low this level (47 m at Tercis). At Kronsmoor, the low est spec i men of D. cylindraceum known to date is from +7 m above the first Belemnella [= level F600]
(Niebuhr, 2003; Niebuhr et al., 2011), which equals the lower part of the Belemnella inflata Zone (Remin, 2012; see Figs. 2 and 4). The low est oc cur rence of D. cylindraceum at Tercis les Bains, as cur rently known, is from the 111 ± 3 m level (Odin and Lamaurelle, 2001), i.e., in the lower/mid dle part of the
“Inoceramus” redbirdensis Zone (cf. Walaszczyk et al., 2002b;
see also Figs. 2 and 4), close to or at the base of the Belemnella obtusa–Bln. vistulensis Zone as re cog nised re cently by Remin (2012) and Keutgen et al. (2012). Thus, both at Kronsmoor and Tercis les Bains, the re cord of D. cylindraceum is mark edly above the en try level of Belemnella, a tra di tional marker for the base of the Maastrichtian Stage (Fig. 4).
In sum mary, spec i men ZI/46/04 dem on strates that the FO of D. cylindraceum is within the mid dle Campanian (Figs. 2 and 4), in the lower/mid dle part of the Didymoceras donezianum ammonite Zone, which is equiv a lent to the mid dle part of the “Inoceramus” tenuilineatus inoceramid Zone. This new find, well-con strained by ammonite and inoceramid stra tig - ra phy, rep re sents the low est, well-dated oc cur rence of this spe - cies world wide. A com par i son with other sec tions across Eu - rope has dem on strated a clear diachroneity in the FOs of D.
cylindraceum. Whether this re flects orig i nal mi gra tory pat terns through time, col lec tion bias or palaeoenvironment, is a mat ter of spec u la tion. What ever the rea son may be, the marked in ter - re gional dis par ity in the FO of D. cylindraceum sig nif i cantly di - min ishes its value as a marker spe cies for the def i ni tion of the Campanian/Maastrichtian bound ary.
Ac knowl edge ments. We thank I. Walaszczyk and Z. Dubicka (Fac ulty of Ge ol ogy, Uni ver sity of War saw) for iden - ti fi ca tion of inoceramid bi valves and ben thic foraminifera from the Szozdy sec tion, re spec tively, and J. Ken nedy (Ox ford Nat u - ral His tory Mu seum), the jour nal re viewer, for per ti nent com - ments on an ear lier ver sion of the type script.
REFERENCES
Alabushev, A., Wiedmann, J., 1997. Up per Cre ta ceous ammonites from south ern Sakhalin and north west ern Kamchatka (north-east Rus sia). Palaeontographica, A244: 1–36.
Arkhangelsky, A.D., 1912. Verkhnemelovyye otlozheniya vostoka evropeyskoy Rosii (in Rus sian). Materialy dla Geologii Rossii, 25: 1–631.
Birkelund, T., 1993. Ammonites from the Maastrichtian White Chalk of Den mark. Bul le tin of the Geo log i cal So ci ety of Den mark, 40:
33–81.
B³aszkiewicz, A., 1980. Campanian and Maastrichtian ammonites of the Mid dle Vistula River val ley, Po land: a strati graphic and paleontological study. Prace Instytutu Geologicznego, 92: 1–63.
Christensen, W.K., 2001. The Campanian–Maastrichtian Stage bound ary. Bul le tin of the Geo log i cal So ci ety of Den mark, 48:
208.
Christensen, W.K., Han cock, J.M., Peake, N.B., Ken nedy, W.J., 2000. The base of the Maastrichtian. Bul le tin of the Geo log i cal So ci ety of Den mark, 47: 81–85.
Defrance, M.J.L., 1816. Dictionnaire des Sci ences Naturelles, dans lequel on traite méthodiquement des differents êtres de la na - ture, 3: 1–492, Levrault, Paris/Strasbourg.
Dubicka, Z., Peryt, D., 2016. Bolivinoides (ben thic foraminifera) from the Up per Cre ta ceous of Po land and west ern Ukraine: tax - on omy, evo lu tion ary changes and strati graphic sig nif i cance.
Jour nal of Foraminiferal Re search.
Gallemí, J., Martínez, R., Pons, J.M., 1983. Coniacian–Ma - astrichtian of the Tremp Area (south cen tral Pyr e nees). News - let ters on Stra tig ra phy, 12: 1–17.
Jagt, J.W.M., 1995. A Late Maastrichtian ammonite faunule in flint pres er va tion from north east ern Bel gium. Mededelingen Rijks Geologische Dienst, 53: 21–47.
Jeletzky, J.A., 1951a. The place of the Trimingham and Norwich Chalk in the Campanian–Maastrichtian suc ces sion. Geo log i cal Mag a zine, 88: 197–208.
Jeletzky, J.A., 1951b. Die Stratigraphie und Belemnitenfauna des Obercampan und Maastricht Westfalens, Nordwestdeutsch - lands und Dänemarks, sowie einige allgemeine Gliederungs-Probleme der jüngeren borealen Oberkreide Eurasiens. Beihefte zum Geologischen Jahrbuch, 1: 1–142.
Ken nedy, W.J., 1987. The ammonite fauna of the type Maastrichtian with a re vi sion of Ammonites colligatus Binkhorst, 1861. Bul le tin de l’Institut royal des Sci ences naturelles de Belgique, Sci ences de la Terre, 56: 151–267 [dated 1986].
Ken nedy, W.J., Summesberger, H., 1986. Lower Maastrichtian ammonites from Neuberg, Steiermark, Aus tria. Beiträge zur Paläontologie von Österreich, 12: 181–242.
Ken nedy, W.J., Summesberger, H., 1987. Lower Maastrichtian ammonites from Nagoryany, Ukrai nian SSR. Beiträge zur Paläontologie von Österreich, 13: 25–78.
Keutgen, N., Remin, Z., Walaszczyk, I., 2012. Early rep re sen ta - tives of the bel em nite ge nus Belemnella (Cephalopoda) from the up per most Campanian–Lower Maastrichtian of the Mid dle Vistula River sec tion, cen tral Po land. Acta Geologica Polonica, 62: 535–559.
Klinger, H.C., Ken nedy, W.J., 2003a. Ob ser va tions on the sys tem - at ics, geo graphic and strati graphic dis tri bu tion and or i gin of Diplomoceras cylindraceum (Defrance, 1816) Cephalopoda:
Ammonoidea). An nals of the South Af ri can Mu seum, 110:
171–198.
Klinger, H.C., Ken nedy, W.J., 2003b. Cre ta ceous fau nas from Zululand and Na tal, South Af rica. The ammonite fam i lies Nostoceratidae Hyatt, 1894 and Diplomoceratidae Spath, 1926.
An nals of the South Af ri can Mu seum, 110: 219–336.
Küchler, T., Odin, G.S., 2001. Up per Campanian-Maastrichtian ammonites (Nostoceratidae, Diplomoceratidae) from Tercis les Bains (Landes, France). De vel op ments in Palae on tol ogy and Stra tig ra phy, 19: 500–528.
Landman, N.H., Goolaerts, S., Jagt, J.W.M., Jagt-Yazykova, E.A., Machalski, M., Yacobucci, M., 2014. Ammonite ex tinc - tion and nautilid sur vival at the end of the Cre ta ceous. Ge ol ogy, 42: 707–710; doi: 10.1130/G35776.1
Machalski, M., 1996. Diplomoceras cylindraceum (Defrance, 1816): a typ i cally Maastrichtian ammonite in the Piotrawin sec - tion, Cen tral Po land. Przegl¹d Geologiczny, 44: 953–954.
Machalski, M., 2012. Stratigraphically im por tant ammonites from the Campanian–Maastrichtian bound ary in ter val of the Mid dle Vistula River sec tion, cen tral Po land. Acta Geologica Polonica, 62: 91–116.
Naidin, D.P., 1979. Vergleichende Stratigraphie der Oberen Kreide der Russischen Tafel und West-Europas. In: Aspekte der Kreide
Europas (ed.J. Wiedmann). In ter na tional Un ion of Geo log i cal Sci ences, A6: 497–510.
Niebuhr, B., 2003. Late Campanian and Early Maastrichtian ammonites from the white chalk of Kronsmoor (north ern Ger - many) – tax on omy and stra tig ra phy. Acta Geologica Polonica, 53: 257–281.
Niebuhr, B., Hampton, M.J., Gallagher, L.T., Remin, Z., 2011. In te - grated stra tig ra phy of Kronsmoor (north ern Ger many), an in ter - na tional ref er ence sec tion for the base of the Maastrichtian in the Bo real Realm. Acta Geologica Polonica, 61: 193–214.
Odin, G.S., ed., 2001. The Campanian–Maastrichtian bound ary:
char ac teri sa tion at Tercis les Bains (France): cor re la tion with Eu rope and other con ti nents. De vel op ments in Palae on tol ogy and Stra tig ra phy Se ries, 19.
Odin, G.S., Lamaurelle, M.A., 2001. The global Campanian–Maastrichtian stage bound ary. Ep i sodes, 24:
229–238.
Olivero, E.B., Zinsmeister, W.J., 1989. Large heteromorph ammonites from the Up per Cre ta ceous of Sey mour Is land, Antactica. Jour nal of Pa le on tol ogy, 63: 626–636.
Peryt, D., Dubicka, Z., 2015. Foraminiferal bioevents in the Up per Campanian to low est Maastrichtian of the Mid dle Vistula River sec tion, Po land. Geo log i cal Quar terly, 59 (4): 814–830.
Po¿aryski, W., 1956. Kreda (in Pol ish). In: Regionalna geologia Polski (eds. M. Ksi¹¿kiewicz and S. D¿u³yñski), 2. Polskie Towarzystwo Geologiczne; Pañstwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, Kraków.
Po¿aryski, W., 1974. Tektonika, cz. 1. Ni¿ Polski (in Pol ish). In:
Budowa geologiczna Polski (ed. W. Po¿aryski): 2–34. Wyd.
Geol., Warszawa.
Remin, Z., 2011. Diplomoceras max i mum and D. cylindraceum – the gi ant Up per Cre ta ceous heteromorph ammonites and their strati graphic sig nif i cance. Geo log i cal So ci ety of Amer ica An - nual Meet ing, Min ne ap o lis, Min ne sota USA, 9-12 Oc to ber 2011, Ab stracts with Pro grams, 43: 640.
Remin, Z., 2012. The Belemnella stra tig ra phy of the Campanian–Maastrichtian bound ary: a new meth od olog i cal and tax o nomic ap proach. Acta Geologica Polonica, 62: 495–533.
Remin, Z., 2015. The Belemnitella stra tig ra phy of the Up per Campanian–basal Maastrichtian of the Mid dle Vistula sec tion, cen tral Po land. Geo log i cal Quar terly, 59 (4): 783– 813.
Walaszczyk, I., 2004. Inoceramids and inoceramid biostratigraphy of the Up per Campanian to basal Maastrichtian of the Mid dle Vistula River sec tion, cen tral Po land. Acta Geologica Polonica, 54: 95–168.
Walaszczyk, I. 2012. In te grated stra tig ra phy of the Campanian–Maastrichtian bound ary suc ces sion of the Mid dle Vistula River (cen tral Po land) sec tion; in tro duc tion. Acta Geologica Polonica, 62: 485–493.
Walaszczyk, I., Cobban, W.A., Har ries, P.J., 2001. Inoceramids and inoceramid biostratigraphy of the Campanian and Maastrichtian of the United States West ern In te rior Ba sin. Re - vue de Paleobiologie, 20: 117–234.
Walaszczyk, I., Cobban, W.A., Odin, G.S., 2002a. The inoceramid suc ces sion across the Campanian–Maastrichtian bound ary.
Bul le tin of the Geo log i cal So ci ety of Den mark, 49: 53–60.
Walaszczyk, I., Odin, G.S., Dhondt, A.V., 2002b. Inoceramids from the Up per Campanian and Lower Maastrichtian of the Tercis sec tion (SW France), the Global Stratotype Sec tion and Point for the Campanian–Maastrichtian bound ary; tax on omy, biostratigraphy and cor re la tion po ten tial. Acta Geologica Polonica, 52: 269–305.
Ward, P.D., Ken nedy, W.J., 1993. Maastrichtian ammonites from the Biscay re gion (France, Spain). The Paleontological So ci ety Mem oir, 34: 1–58.
