Journal of Geography, Politics and Society, ISSN 2084-0497
Year I, no. 2, December 2011 gpsj our@ug. edu.pl
T H E C H A N G ES O F SO CIAL ST R U C T U R E A N D LIFE C O N D IT IO N S IN ROM ANIAN C IT IE S
(C A SE ST U D Y O F O R A D EA )
J a n A. WENDT
U niversity of G d a n sk , D e p a rtm e n t of G eograph y a n d R egional D evelopm ent, 4 B ażyńskiego s tr., 8 0 -9 5 2 G d a n sk , P o lan d &
U niversity of O ra d e a, D e p a rtm e n t of G eography, T o u rism a n d T e rrito ria l P lannin g , 1 U niv ersity s tr., 4 1 0 0 8 7 O ra d e a, R o m a n ia
E-m ail: jan .w e n d t@ u g .e d u .p l
A lexandru ILIE§
U niversity of O rad ea, D e p a rtm e n t of G eography, T o u rism a n d T e rrito ria l P lan n in g , 1 U niversity s tr., 4 1 0 0 8 7 O rad ea, R o m a n ia &
U niversity of G d a n sk , D e p a rtm e n t of G eo graphy a n d R egional D evelopm ent, 4 B ażyńskiego s tr., 8 0 -9 5 2 G d a n sk , P oland
E-m ail: ilies@ uoradea.ro
C orina TATAR
U niversity of O rad ea, D e p a rtm e n t of G eography, T o u rism a n d T e rrito ria l P lannin g , 1 U niv ersity s tr., 4 1 0 0 8 7 O ra d e a, R o m a n ia
E-m ail: corina_criste_78@ yahoo.com
Summary: D u rin g th e p erio d of th e so c ia list regim e O rad ea p lay ed th e role of a n im p o r ta n t in d u s tr ia l a n d a d m in is tra tiv e cen tre.
N ow adays, O ra d e a, w ith i ts over 2 0 0 th o u s a n d c itiz e n s c a n be a good exam ple of th e sy stem , in te rm s of th e econom ic a n d social tra n s fo rm a tio n p ro ce ss. T he p ro c e sse s, w h ic h ta k e p lace in O rad ea, h a d a ty p ical r u n , c h a ra c te ris tic for m u lti - e th n ic cities. T he b o rd e r lo cation of O ra d e a i s co n d u c tiv e to a n in te rm in g lin g of id e a s, people, c a p ita l a n d th e w e ste rn sty le of life, w h ic h trig g e rs fa s te r c h a n g e s c o m p a red to th e o th e r R o m a n ia n cities of B a n a t, C rięan a, M a ra m u re s a n d T ra n sy lv a n ia . T h is p a p e r a tte m p ts to an aly ze th e c h a n g e s in te r m s of eth n icity , lan g u a g e , religion w ith in th e city a n d sh o w th e p ro c e s s of social s tr u c tu r a l c h a n g e s of O rad ea. T he ra n g e
of c h a n g e s along w ith th e p ro c e s s ex istin g before s e e m s to deepen . O n th e one h a n d , th e p ro c e s s of H u n g a ria n , G e rm a n a n d J e w is h m in o ritie s’ m ig ra tio n is clearly seen . T he neg ativ e r a te of b irth a n d th e n egativ e b a la n c e of th e e x te rn a l m ig ra tio n e q u a lise th e in te rn a l m ig ra tio n only to a sm a ll ex ten t, w h ic h in th is c a se in c lu d e s m ain ly th e R o m a n ia n s a n d th e R o m a p o p u latio n . T he n e w in v e stm e n ts, m a in ly w ith e x te rn a l c a p ita l allow ed th e city to develop w id e sp re a d a n d in c re a s e th e life s ta n d a rd . A p ro p e r city policy in te r m s of e u ro - reg io nal c o -o p e ra tio n allow s O ra d e a to engage in m a n y in v e stm e n ts, w h ic h a re also c o m m o n for th e H u n g a ria n sid e a n d trig g e rs a b e tte r d ev elo pm ent of th e city. We s h o u ld also ta k e in to c o n s id e ra tio n a n e d u c a tio n a l im p ro v e m e n t th a n k s to w h ic h th e city b e c am e th e m o s t im p o rta n t a n d th e la rg e s t s tu d y c e n tre in th e n o rth -w e s te rn p a r t of th e co u n try . A very c ru c ia l a lte rn a tio n to o k p lace in th e in d u s tr y a n d service b ra n c h e s . T he p e rc e n ta g e of w o rk e rs em ployed in m in in g activ ities a n d pow er c o m p a n ie s d e c re a s e d a n d th e p e rc e n ta g e of w o rk e rs em ployed in e d u c a tio n , to u ris m a n d tra d e h a s in c re a se d . T he very c o n v e n ie n t lo ca tio n of th e c o m m u n ic a tio n w ays, a t th e ju n c tio n of tr a n s p o r t ro a d s, m a k e th e city a n im p o rta n t
c o m m u n ic a tio n s ’ c e n tre a s well.
Keywords: p ro c e s s of tra n s fo rm a tio n , lin g u istic s tru c tu re , e th n ic s tr u c tu r e , relig io u s s tr u c tu r e , life q u a lity , m ig ra tio n , social s tr u c tu r e , econ o m ical c h a n g es.
* * * In tr o d u ctio n
O ra d e a is a city lo cated on th e w e ste rn p a r t of th e H u n g a ria n L ow land, in th e rav in e of th e C risu l R epede River, in th e B ih o r M o u n tain s. D u rin g th e perio d of th e so cia list regim e, till th e R evolution, th is is th e m o s t co m m o n n a m e for th e R o m a n ian tu rn in g p o in t, in 1989, O ra d e a play ed th e role of a very im p o r ta n t in d u s tria l c en tre. A lu m in iu m m etallu rg y , h u g e m a c h in e facto ries a n d p ro d u c tio n of b u ild in g m a te ria ls ex isted th e re . O ra d e a WAS a local a d m in istra tiv e c e n tre of th e B ihor c o u n ty a s well. B eing a ty p ical in d u s tria l city, O rad ea c a n be a good ex am p le of th e sy ste m , econom ical, a n d social tra n s fo rm a tio n p ro c e ss. N ow adays, O ra d ea h a s m o re th a n 200 th o u s a n d citizen s a n d is one of th e b ig g est city c e n tre s of th e sec o n d level in th e R o m a n ian cities h ie ra rc h ic lay o u t (Territorial P la n n in g of N atio n al T errito ry 1991). C o n sid erin g
th e above in fo rm atio n , e ith e r re g a rd in g th e size o r o th e r fe a tu re s, th e city is re p re se n ta tiv e for th e sev en p ro b a b il reg io n s, w h ich h ave over-regional m e a n in g .1 It is ty p ical a s well for th e s e t of sev e n ty -fo u r cities from th e sec o n d h ie ra rc h ic level (Ianoę, T a la n g a 1994, W en d t 2003b).
C o n sid erin g th e v a rio u s e th n ic s tr u c tu r e s (sim ilar to fo u r from th e sev en h isto ric a l g eo g rap h ical reg io n s w h ich th e m o d e rn R o m a n ia c o n s is ts of) we c a n p re s e n t a n a n a ly s is of social s tr u c tu r e ’s m o d ificatio n of v a rio u s e th n ic s tr u c tu r e s (Pop 1991, Ilieę 1998), a n d som e c h a n g e s of c e rta in fe a tu re s of th e tra n s fo rm a tio n p ro cess.
T he p ro c e ss e s w h ich ta k e place in O ra d e a h av e a typical r u n , c h a ra c te ris tic for m u lti - e th n ic cities of fo rm er H ungary.
The b o rd e r lo catio n of O ra d e a is co n d u ctiv e to a n in te rm in g lin g of id e a s, people, c a p ita l a n d th e w e ste rn style of life, w h ich a c c e le ra te s th e c h a n g e s c o m p ared to th e o th e r R o m a n ian cities of C rię a n a a n d T ra n sy lv a n ia (B enedek, Nagy 2003). The tr a n s b o r d e r lo c atio n of th e city, divided by th e H u n g a ria n R o m a n ian b o rd e r in B ih o r - H ajd u B ih a r region h a s a n im p a c t o n th e d ev elo p m en t of in te rn a tio n a l co
o p e ra tio n in th e a re a (W endt 2003a), w h ere th e city fu n c tio n s in two e u ro re g io n s2 w ith ow n active in p u t (Ilieę, H orga 2001).
C o m p ared to o th e r R o m a n ian cities, th e p ro c e ss of th e s y s te m ’s tra n s fo rm a tio n a n d p e rc e p tio n of d em o cracy goes q u ic k e r (W endt 2 0 0 2 , 2003).
T he c h a ra c te ris tic of th e social s tru c tu r e v a ria tio n s w as m a d e by a n a ly sin g th e s tr u c tu r e c h an g e s: e th n ic , religion a n d la n g u a g e a m o n g th e citizen s of O ra d e a also try in g to p e n e tra te th e re a s o n s of th e p ro c e sse s. The c h a n g e s in th e s tr u c tu r e of th e p o p u la tio n in O ra d e a a p p e a r to h av e a sim ila r r u n , com m o n for th e m o s t R o m a n ian cities in C rięan a, T ran sy lv a n ia, M ara m u re ę a n d B a n a t region. However, it is n o tic e d t h a t th e re is a very sp ecial scale a n d ra te of c h a n g e s w h ich ta k e place in O ra d e a in c o m p a riso n to th e re s t of th e cities in n o rth e rn , w e ste rn a n d c e n tra l R o m a n ia e.g.: in B aia
1 In the hierarchic Romanian city layout, the capital is on the level “0”, and on the level “ 1” there are: Iasi, Brasow, Cluj-Napoca, Constanta, Craiova, Galati, and Timisoara.
2 Euroregions including Oradea: ”Karpaty”, “Dunarea-Cris-Mures-Tisa”, and transborder co-operation of Bihor and Hajdu Bihar regions.
M are, T im iso ara, C luj-N apoca. T he re s e a rc h e d so cial s tru c tu r e c h a n g e s, negative ra te of b irth , negative m ig ratio n b a la n c e , r e e m ig ratio n lin k ed w ith th e H u n g a ria n c a p ita l s to c k h av e a n in flu en ce on th e p h e n o m e n a ta k in g place in th e cities of th e m e n tio n e d regions.
T he d e v e lo p m e n t o f th e c ity before th e R e v o lu tio n T he city ’s ro o ts c a n be tra c e d a t th e b e g in n in g of th e 10th c e n tu ry , a lth o u g h som e n o te s a b o u t s e ttle m e n ts in th e region com e from th e B ronze Age. In th e 10 th c e n tu ry , B ih aria, w h ich is in th e n e ig h b o u rh o o d of O rad ea, b ecam e a c e n tre of M e n u m o ru t’s c o u n try . The city co -o p e rated w ith th e B yzantine E m p ire a n d its in h a b ita n ts b ecam e O rth o d o x C h ris tia n s. The p r e s e n t O ra d e a a d o p te d B ih a ria fu n c tio n s in H u n g a ria n K ingdom tim e, w h ich a t th e e n d of 11th c e n tu ry to o k p o s se ss io n of p a r ts of p r e s e n t R o m a n ia; C ris a n a a n d p a r t of T ran sy lv a n ia, m a k in g O ra d e a a R o m an -C ath o lic b ish o p ric. The e p isc o p a te b e g an a n a ctio n to co n v ert th e people to R om an- C atholic religion. The first w ritte n in fo rm atio n a b o u t th e city co m es from 1113, w h e n V a ra d in u m (Rom. O rad ea; H u n . Nagy V arad; Pol. W ielki W aradyn) w a s p re s e n te d a s th e la rg e st se ttle m e n t of th e region, w h ich to o k over th e fu n c tio n s of th e m a in c e n tre in ru in , i.e. B ih aria. At th e b e g in n in g of th e 13th c e n tu ry , in th e M iddle Ages, O ra d ea -lo c a te d betw een T ra n sy lv a n ia a n d e th n ic a re a s of th e H u n g a ria n K ingdom - b ecam e a n im p o r ta n t tra d e c en tre. Also a citad el w a s b u ilt th e re to p ro te c t O ra d e a ’s citizens. The s h o rt p erio d of T u rk ish ru le in th e 17th c e n tu ry e n d e d w ith th e A u stro -H u n g a ria n in c o rp o ra tio n of th e region a n d b ro u g h t m a n y c h a n g e s to O rad ea. T he la tte r, a fte r jo in in g H u n g ary , b ecam e th e la rg e st C atholic c e n tre in a t th a t tim e in R o m a n ian te rrito ry a n d w as developing th a n k s to its c o n v en ien t tra d e location. The city h a d its econom ic boom in 19th c e n tu ry w h e n a lo t of city m a n o rs em erg ed a n d th e city re a c h e d its p re s e n t u r b a n a n d a rc h ite c to n ic s h a p e . At th e b e g in n in g of 2 0 th c e n tu ry th e city h a d first la n te rn s , a n ew Tow n Hall, electric pow er in s ta lla tio n s a n d a tra m lin e .
In th e m iddle of 19 th c e n tu ry , O ra d e a M are (the G reat O radea) c o n siste d of O ra d e a - Olosig, O ra d e a - O ra su l Nou, O ra d e a - S u b c e ta te a n d O ra d e a V elen ta a n d w a s a m u ltic u ltu r a l city, w h ich h a d a b o u t 18 th o u s a n d citizens.
T h ere w ere n o t only H u n g a ria n m in o ritie s b u t also R o m an ian , S a x o n s a n d Jew s. O ra d e a b ecam e e ith e r a sig n ific a n t in d u s try (m ining in d u stry ) o r fin a n c ial a n d tra d e c e n tre th a n k s to H u n g a ria n a n d G erm an in v e stm e n ts . F u rth e rm o re , in th e sa m e tim e, th e city a p p e a re d to be a c ru c ia l e d u c a tio n a l, c u ltu ra l a n d a r t c e n tre a n d also a p o p u la r h e a lth re s o rt fa m o u s for Baile Felix (Felix Spa) lo cated n e arb y . F o r th e H a b sb u rg E u ro p e of th a t tim e, O ra d e a w a s a k in d of a g ate lead in g to th e e a s t, to th e B lack Sea. After th e F irst W orld W ar, O ra d ea b ecam e a p a r t of th e R o m a n ian K ingdom a n d for a very s h o rt tim e cam e b a c k to H u n g a ry w h en th e S eco n d W orld W ar en d ed . In so cia list R o m an ia, u n til th e R evolution of 1989, O ra d ea w a s a n a d m in istra tiv e c e n tre of th e B ih o r region a n d w a s developing in a ty p ical w ay for so c ia list cities.
T he p erio d of th e c e n tra l p la n n in g econom y in R o m a n ian cities u n fo ld ed in a very sim ila r w ay to o th e r cities of th e region w h ich w a s ty p ical for th e to w n s of so cialist E u ro p e (D om ański 1997). The m a in fe a tu re s of p o st-so c ia list cities of R o m a n ia - v e rs u s sim ila r Polish c e n tre s w h ich differ from th e view point of th e m a rk e t econom y o n e s - are:
in d u s tria l em p lo y m en t, full c e n tra lisa tio n of a d m in is tra tio n , a c c id e n ta l so cial s tr u c tu re of s e ttle d people a n d po litics d e p en d in g on th e c ap ital. W h at is m ore, a rc h ite c to n ic m o n o to n y a n d d isre sp e c tfu l v alue of th e a re a a re observed (Węcławowicz 1996). T h ere is a clearly se e n su p re m a c y of th e h u g e a cco m m o d atio n co m p lex es often devoid of a c c u ra te service in fr a s tru c tu re in th e fu n c tio n a l s tr u c tu re of R o m a n ian cities in c o m p a riso n to Polish to w n s. U n fo rtu n ate ly , th e decay of old d is tric ts is also n o ticed a n d typ ical for m a n y R o m an ian cities. The d ecay is c o n n ec te d w ith th e p ro b lem of th e still n o t re g u la te d e s ta te p ro p e rty law e ith e r of th e to w n ’s a r e a o r its b u ild in g s. T he very co m p licated p a s t of th e region stro n g ly left its im p re s s on th e so cial s tr u c tu r e c h a n g e s leaving th e region e th n ic ally d ifferen t w ith a m o re restric tiv e to ta lita ria n sy stem .
T he c h a n g e s o f e th n ic a l, r elig io n and lan gu age str u c tu r e s in O radea after th e y ea r 1 9 9 0
T he m odification of th e so cial s tr u c tu r e in c lu d in g e th n ic , relig io u s a n d lin g u istic e le m e n ts s ta n d s o u t a s th e m o st im p o rta n t c h a n g e s d u rin g th e tra n s fo rm a tio n p erio d in O ra d ea a n d th e re m a in in g R o m a n ian cities. In 2 0 0 3 , O rad ea
h a d 2 0 6 ,5 th o u s a n d citizen s w h ich w a s one th ird of B ihor c o u n ty ’s p o p u la tio n a n d 72% p o p u la tio n of th e cities in th e region. W h at is typ ical for th e cities of s u c h e x te n t, w ith d o m in a n t a d m in istra tiv e , e d u c a tio n a l a n d service fu n c tio n s, is th e ra te of fem in ism w ith 110% w hile 5 2 ,4 % is th e p a rtic ip a tio n of w om en in th e w hole n u m b e r of c itiz en s3.
T ab .1 . C h a n g e s in th e e th n ic a l s tr u c tu r e of O ra d e a ’s p o p u la tio n s _________ _____________ _____________ _____________
E th n ic a l g ro u p s 200 2 (%)
1992 (%)
2 0 0 2 /1 9 9 2 (%)
R om a p o p u la tio n 1,19 0 ,9 5 1 25,26
R o m a n ia n s 7 0 ,3 5 6 4 ,4 3 1 09,19
Slovaks 0 ,1 8 0,21 85,71
H u n g a ria n s 27,51 3 3 ,5 8 8 1 ,9 2
G e rm a n s 0 ,2 7 0 ,4 3 6 2 ,7 9
News 0 ,0 8 0 ,1 3 6 1 ,5 3
B u lg a ria n 0,01 0,02 5 0 ,0 0
O th e rs 0,41 0 ,2 5 1 60,00
Source: O w n d a ta b a s e d o n D irec tia J u d e te a n a de S ta tis tic a B ihor, 2 0 0 2 , O rad ea.
T he average ra te of o ccu p an cy - w h ere th e a re a is 111,2 sq. k m - w a s 1857 people p e r sq. k m a n d le ss e n e d in c o m p a riso n to th e y e a r 1992 a t a b o u t 7,2% . The d e c re a se of citizen s in th e social s tr u c tu r e of th e cities se e m s to be th e m o st im p o rta n t ch an g e. In 2 0 0 2 , th e n u m b e r of b ir th s w a s of 2 2 8 9 , th e n u m b e r of d e a th s w a s of 1875 a n d it a p p e a rs to h ave a d e c re a se d v alu e eq u allin g 4 1 4 w h ich m a k e s th e ra te of b irth -2 . A dditionally, th e b a la n c e of m ig ratio n goes to g e th e r w ith th e decline of b irth a n d h ig h d e a th ra te . T he p h e n o m e n o n is c o n n ec te d w ith th e g re a t n u m b e r of d e p a r tu r e s of R o m a n ian H u n g a ria n s, G e rm a n s a n d Je w ish . However, th e d o m in a n t im p a c t on m ig ratio n re fe rs to th e H u n g a ria n m inority. In 2 0 0 2 , th e n u m b e r of refu g ees w a s of 1909 people, w hile th e n u m b e r of e m ig ra n ts w a s of 1665 w h ich gives a n eg ativ e (m inus) b a la n c e of m ig ra tio n eq u alled 2 4 4 people. In one y ear, to g e th e r w ith th e reg ressiv e b irth ra te , th e p o p u la tio n of O ra d e a
3 The following data are based on: Directia Judeteana de Statistica Bihor,2002, Oradea
d eclin ed a t a b o u t 65 8 people w h ich is 3,2% a n d d u rin g th e ex am in ed p erio d of tim e-w h ich m e a n s th e y e a rs 1 9 9 2 -2 0 0 2 - d eclin ed a t 17,3 th o u s a n d w h ich is 8%.
W hile an aly zin g th e above p re s e n te d d a ta it sh o u ld be co n sid e re d th a t th e fa c ts illu s tra te only a k in d of “n u m e ric a l d im e n sio n ” w h ich , in fact, w ith o u t a d d itio n a l, m ore d etailed re s e a rc h e s is very difficult to analyze. W ith o u t th e in fo rm atio n a b o u t th e n u m b e r of b ir th s a n d d e a th s (for in s ta n c e : R om a p o p u la tio n , R o m an ian s), it is very difficult to s a y in w h ich p a rt of th e ta b le , th e in c re m e n t of R om a p o p u la tio n in O ra d e a is a r e s u lt of a positive b irth ra te , a n d in w h ich p a r t it is th e r e s u lt of m ig ratio n . D esp ite th e above p ro b lem s, only th e in fo rm atio n a b o u t th e size of o th e r c h a n g e s illu s tra te s - only in a w ay - th e city ’s pow er of in te ra c tio n on a c h o se n e th n ic g ro u p .
D u rin g th e tim e of in v estig atio n , th e n u m b e r of citizen s d e c re a se d from 2 2 3 ,8 th o u s a n d in 1992 to 2 0 6 ,5 th o u s a n d in 2 0 0 2 .T h e big g est c h a n g e s in e th n ic a l s tr u c tu r e to o k place a m o n g th e G erm an , J e w is h a n d B u lg a ria n m in o rities. The R o m a n ian G e rm a n s w a s th e big g est m in o rity co n sid e rin g th e n u m b e r of em ig ra n ts. F ro m th e w hole n u m b e r of G erm an citizens, 40% left for G erm an y , m a in ly d u e to econom ical r e a s o n s (B enedek, S c h re ib e r 2001). The sam e s itu a tio n s fo cu s to th e R o m a n ian J e w is h from O ra d e a w ho em ig ra te d to Israel o r th e U n ite d S ta te s. A dditionally it sh o u ld b e re m e m b ered th a t O ra d e a w a s th e b ig g est c e n tre of R o m a n ian J e w s a n d a s tro n g fin a n c ial c e n tre also. We c a n still ad m ire its h e rita g e by looking a t th e city ’s a rc h ite c tu re in c lu d in g th e sy nagogue.
T he m ig ratio n p ro c e ss of th e R o m a n ian H u n g a ria n s u n fo ld s in a very sim ila r w ay to th e one m e n tio n e d above b u t o n a la rg e r scale a n d is p a rtic u la rly well o b serv ed a m o n g th e y o u th a n d people w ith h ig h e r e d u c a tio n . The la s t su rv e y ta k e n in O ra d e a a n d C luj-N apoca sh o w ed th a t n e a rly 45% of H u n g a ria n y o u th is going to leave R o m an ia for H u n g a ry for good o r for stu d y in g . However, th e econom ical m o tiv atio n -in th is c a s e -h a s a le ss e r m e a n in g t h a n in th e R o m a n ian H u n g a ria n s ’ c ase w h ich d ifferen tiates th e m from th e R o m a n ian G erm a n s. The R o m a n ian H u n g a ria n s p u t on th e first place fam ily c o n n e c tio n s w h ich a re very s tro n g in th is region m a k in g th e a d a p ta tio n p ro c e ss e a sie r (B enedek, Nagy 2003). The a d d itio n a l fa c to r w h ich m a k e s th e H u n g a ria n m ore a ttra c tiv e is- c re a te d by th e Prim e M in ister V. O rb a n - pro-
H u n g a ria n p o litics w h ich w a s in s titu tio n a l in its c h a r a c te r a n d w a s a re a so n of m a n y in te rp o la tio n s in th e H u n g a ria n a n d R o m a n ian P a rlia m e n t.4 N o n e th ele ss a t th e e n d of 9 0 s a d e c re a se of R o m a n ia n -H u n g a ria n m ig ratio n is observed (Horga, Brie 2001). It is n o t c o n n ec te d w ith th e d e crea sin g m ig rato ry te n d e n c y b u t r a th e r w ith th e g ro u p s of e m ig ra n ts g ettin g sm a lle r a n d sm aller. The c lea r p ro g re ss of th e city R om anizing c a u s e s th e c h a n g e s in e th n ic s tr u c tu r e sim ilarly in all th e region of C rię a n a a n d T ra n sy lv a n ia (B enedek, Nagy 2003).
T he e ss e n tia l outflow of H u n g a ria n a n d G e rm a n p o p u la tio n is b a la n c e d by th e p ro c e ss of m ig ratio n to O rad ea, w h ich in c lu d e s m ain ly th e R o m a n ian people com ing from r u r a l reg io n s a n d th e R om a p o p u la tio n . As we c a n observe, a t p re s e n t, th e p e rc en ta g e of th e R om a p o p u la tio n a m o n g th e city ’s p o p u la tio n w a s en larg ed a t a b o u t 0 .7 % a n d 15.4% , en larg in g th e to ta l a m o u n t of O ra d e a ’s p o p u la tio n a t a b o u t 1400. The sig n ifican t in flu en ce on th e city m ig ratio n c h a n g e d th e city fu n c tio n s, w h ich m ad e O ra d ea - from a d o m in a n t in d u s tria l a n d also m ilitary c e n tre to a serv ice -o rien te d city w ith e d u c a tio n a l, to u ris t a n d m ed ical c h a ra c te r. We sh o u ld em p h asiz e th e sp ecial e d u c a tio n a l fu n c tio n of th e city, w h ich h a s fo u r u n iv e rsitie s. More th a n 30 th o u s a n d s tu d e n ts a tte n d th e la rg e st of th e m , w h ich is a s ta te u n iv ersity . M any of th e s tu d e n ts com e from rem o te p la c e s of O rad ea. It co m es a s n a tu r a l a s th e U niversity of O ra d ea p lay s a reg io n al role en circling its in flu en ce on th e n o r th e r n a n d n o rth -w e s te rn p a rt of th e c o u n try b e c a u s e th e c lo se st u n iv e rsitie s a re only in Cluj- N apoca a n d T im isoara.
T he v a ria tio n s in th e lin g u istic a n d relig io u s s tr u c tu re a re a re s u lt of th e m ig ratio n p ro c e ss w h ere th e d e p en d e n c e is p ro p o rtio n al. W hen c o m p arin g th e d a ta p re s e n tin g th e e th n ic a l origin a n d la n g u ag e d ifferences we c a n observe th a t th e g ro u p w h ich is th e m o s t lin k ed w ith th e ir ow n la n g u ag e a re th e S lo v ak s a n d th e G reek s (Bente 2001). At th e s a m e tim e we c a n observe m a n y - a b o u t 1.2 th o u s a n d c o n sid e rin g H u n g a ria n a n d 0 .7 th o u s a n d co n sid e rin g R o m a n ian lan g u ag e
4 The Hungarian government accepted the financial support for Romanian citizens who are going to study or work in Hungary what met diplomatic intervention of Romanian government.
s u p p le m e n ta ry differences in re la tio n to th e n u m b e r of people d eclarin g th e ir e th n ic m e m b e rsh ip . To p u t it in a n o th e r w ay, it inev itab ly m a k e s th e R o m a n ian la n g u ag e m o re a ttra c tiv e a s a form al la n g u ag e a n d H u n g a ria n lan g u ag e , w h ich c a n be th e effect of th e in c re a se of e th n ic c o n sc io u s a m o n g th e people w ho com e from m ixed m a rria g e s (M u resan 1999).
T ab .2 . C h an g e s in th e s tr u c tu r e of th e m a te rn a l lan g u ag e referrin g to O ra d e a ’s p o p u la tio n _____________ _____________
E th n ic a l g ro u p s 200 2 (%)
1992 (%)
2 0 0 2 /1 9 9 2 (%)
R o m an i lan g u ag e 0,52 0 ,4 7 110,63
R o m an ian 7 0 ,6 8 6 4 ,8 2 109,04
Slovakian 0 ,1 8 0,21 85,71
H u n g a ria n 2 8 ,1 0 3 3 ,5 9 8 3 ,6 5
G erm an 0 ,1 7 0 ,2 8 60,71
O th e r la n g u a g e s 0 ,3 5 0 ,6 3 5 5 ,5 6
Source: Ow n d a ta b a s e d on D irectia J u d e te a n a de S ta tis tic a B ihor, 2 0 0 2 , O rad ea.
W h en we co m p are th e n u m b e r of people w ho declare th e ir e th n ic a n d la n g u ag e m e m b e rsh ip we s h a ll n o tice th a t th e s tro n g e s t e th n ic g ro u p in O ra d ea w h ic h is b e s t a ssim ila te d is th e G e rm a n g ro u p a n d th e R om a p o p u la tio n . In th e c ase of G e rm a n s, in th e y e a r 1992, 67% of people d eclared G erm an a s th e m o th e r to n g u e w hile te n y e a rs la te r only 63% did. In th e c ase of th e R om a p o p u la tio n th e n u m b e r w a s le sse n in g in sim ila r w ay, from 50% in 1992 to 46% in 2 0 0 2 . B u t for th e h e rm e tic p o p u la tio n of th e R om a p o p u la tio n , u s in g a n d d eclarin g th e lan g u ag e, w h ich is a ro u n d a s a m o th e r to n g u e is typical. All in all, on th e te rrito rie s in h a b ite d by th e R o m an ian o r H u n g a ria n R om a p o p u la tio n , R o m a n ian o r H u n g a ria n la n g u a g e s a re d eclared a s m o th e r to n g u e s.
T he very c ru c ia l facto r of th e social c h a n g e s, th o u g h difficult to p r e s e n t in th e s ta tis tic s , is th e life d e m o c ra tisa tio n a n d th e b eg in n in g s of civic society c reatio n . T h a n k s to th is c h an g e , som e people of H u n g a ria n origin, w ho prev io u sly d eclared R o m a n ian a s a m o th e r to n g u e , now declare H u n g a ria n b a c k (Horga, Brie 2001). W h at is m ore, know ing H u n g a ria n h e lp s to find legal o r even illegal jo b in H u n g a ry in c ase of m ig ratio n (Balaęco 2003).
However, w h e n we co m p are th e eth n ic , relig io u s a n d lin g u istic m o d ificatio n we h av e to n o tic e th a t th e d e e p e st c h a n g e s to o k place in th e relig io u s s p h e re . A dditionally we h ave to sa y t h a t th e p re s s u re of th e sy ste m on th e religious s p h e re w a s th e stro n g e st. It w a s th e d e m o n stra tio n in T im iso a ra - m e a n t to p ro te c t th e H u n g a ria n V icar Laszlo Tokes - w h ich s ta r te d th e R o m a n ian R evolution. W h en we look a t th e p ro b lem of relig io u s a tta c h m e n t in a tra d itio n a l w ay, a fte r m a k in g som e sim plification, it c a n be s a id th a t, positively, th e m ajo rity of R o m a n ian e th n ic people are O rth o d o x o r G reek- cath o lic (D am sa 1994), H u n g a ria n a n d G erm an e th n ic people a re R o m an -cath o lic o r C alvin (Z am firescu 1992). A ccording to th e d a ta p re s e n te d in th e above ta b le , th e g re a te s t c h a n g e s to o k place j u s t in th e th re e relig io u s gro u p s.
T ab .3 . C h an g e s in th e relig io u s s tr u c tu r e of O ra d e a ’s p o p u la tio n ___________________________________________________
E th n ic a l g ro u p s 200 2 (%)
1992 (%)
2 0 0 2 /1 9 9 2 (%)
Evangelic CA 0 ,1 7 0 ,1 0 170,00
A dventist 0 ,3 0 0 .1 8 167,67
P e n te co sta l 4 ,6 6 3 ,5 6 130,90
A theism (as a n idea) 0,11 0 ,0 9 122,22
B a p tist 3 ,5 8 3 ,0 4 117,76
Evangelic PS 0 ,1 4 0 ,1 2 116,67
O rth o d o x 5 8 ,9 4 5 5 ,0 2 107,12
G reek -cath o lic 3 ,3 8 3 ,4 0 99,41
R o m an - cath o lic 11,26 13,28 8 4 ,7 9
Alvin 16,15 19,60 8 2 ,4 0
U n ita ria n 0,11 0 ,1 4 7 8 ,5 7
Mozaic 0 ,0 8 0 ,1 3 6 1 ,5 4
W ith o u t religion 1,12 1,34 8 3 ,5 8
Source: O w n d a ta b a s e d o n D irec tia J u d e te a n a de S ta tis tic a B ihor, 2 0 0 2 , O rad ea.
A m ong th e six c h u rc h e s w h ich h av e m o re th a n one th o u s a n d m e m b e rs in th e y e a r 1992 like O rthodox, Calvin, R o m an -cath o lic, P e n te c o sta l, G reek C atholic, B ap tist, only th e P e n te c o sta l a n d B a p tists co n so lid ate d th e ir p o sitio n . The C alvin a n d R o m an -cath o lic c h u rc h e s h a d s e rio u s lo o ses c o n sid e rin g th e n u m b e r of c h u r c h e s ’ m e m b e rs, w h ich le sse n e d
from 10.5 th o u s a n d to 6 .5 th o u s a n d in th e exa m ined tim e.
C o m p ared to th e p a rtic ip a tio n p e rc e n ta g e of th e e th n ic gro u p a n d relig io u s g ro u p in 2 0 0 2 , we m ay a s s e rt, t h a t th e n u m b e rs of R o m an -cath o lic a n d C alvin c h u rc h m e m b e rs is sim ila r to th e p e rc e n ta g e of th e H u n g a ria n m inority. However, w h e n we c o n sid e r th a t 70% of th e people in th e city are R o m an ian , we c a n n o tice th a t only 62% d eclared O rth o d o x a n d G reek- cath o lic m e m b e rsh ip . In th e la tte r case - I m e a n co n sid erin g th e G reek -cath o lic c h u rc h - a n d sim ilarly O rth o d o x C h u rc h , we sh o u ld s ta te th a t m issio n activ ities a re very visible especially in P e n te co sta l, E vangelic CA a n d A d v en tist c h u rc h .
E ven so, looking a t th e w eak e n in g O rth o d o x C h u rc h we c a n n o tice a k in d of y o u n g d ev elo p m en t in R o m a n ian c h u rc h e s like: A dventist, E vangelic CA, P e n te co sta l, B a p tist, a n d Evangelic PS. E a c h of th e m e n tio n e d c h u rc h e s in c re a s e d its n u m b e r of m e m b e rs in th e d e sc rib e d tim e a t a b o u t 7% of Evangelic PS, to even 50% of A dventist. T ru ly sp ea k in g , w h en we c o n sid e r th e P e n te c o sta l a n d B a p tist c h u rc h e s we d eal w ith g ro u p s c o u n tin g le ss th a n one th o u s a n d m e m b e rs a n d we h ave to a d d t h a t th e n u m b e r of co n v ersio n c a n be a la rm in g in th e O rth o d o x C h u rc h .
W h en we c o n sid e r th e c h a n g e s in th e O rth o d o x a n d G reek -cath o lic c h u rc h e s we will n o tice th a t th e c h a n g e s in R o m an -cath o lic a n d Calvin c h u rc h e s are e a sie r to explain. The d e c re a se of w o rsh ip p e rs is stric tly lin k ed w ith th e em ig ratio n p ro c e ss e s of H u n g a ria n a n d G e rm a n origin people a n d u n fav o rab le d e m o g ra p h ic a n d e th n ic s tr u c tu r e of th o se g ro u p s. It is o b serv ed th a t only y o u n g people u s u a lly em ig rate a n d th e old o n e s altern ativ ely lim it th e n u m b e r of w o rsh ip p e rs, w h ich is- b e sid e s th e m ig ratio n p ro c e sse s - c o n n ec te d w ith th e n a tu r a l p ro c e ss of h u m a n c h an g e s.
R eg ard in g th e co rre la tio n b etw een e th n ic g ro u p s a n d religion d eclared by R o m a n ian , H u n g a ria n a n d G e rm a n citizen s we h av e to sa y th a t th e re s e a rc h e s m a d e for th e R om a p o p u la tio n se e m s to be very in te re stin g . In g en eral, th e R om a p o p u la tio n d e cla re s to belong to th e relig io u s co m m u n ity , w h ich is d o m in a n t in th e region th e y live. F o r in s ta n c e th e R om a p o p u la tio n , w ho lives a m o n g th e R o m a n ian s, very often d eclare to be O rth o d o x a n d th o se w ho live a m o n g th e H u n g a ria n s d eclare to be R o m an -C ath o lic (Zamfir, Z am fir 1993). S u c h s itu a tio n m a y be se e n in th e lig h t of a tte m p tin g to
avoid p o ssib ilitie s of a n y conflicts w h ich co u ld e v en tu ally com e from a c lassic relatio n ; w e-th e s tra n g e rs . The s itu a tio n of th e R om a p o p u la tio n , w ho live in a s u b - s ta n d a r d d is tric t of th e city, is different. T hey m ain ly d e sc rib e d th e m selv e s a s a people w ith o u t a n y religion.
C h a n g es in th e life c o n d itio n s in O radea
O ra d ea is a city w h ich p ro b a b ly m o stly b e n efitte d from p olitical a n d econom ical c h a n g e s a fte r th e R evolution.
D em o cratic P a rty (DP) g o v ern s th e city, to g e th e r w ith th e p a rty re p re se n tin g th e H u n g a ria n m in o rity (HDUR). B o th p a rtie s are in o p p o sitio n to th e p a rty , w h ich go v ern s th e c o u n try . The p a rty ’s c o -o p eratio n (DP, HDUR) is positively se e n a s a pow er, w h ich c re a te s th e b a s e s of a civic society a n d differs from o th e r cities w h ere th e p a rtie s h av e a n a tio n a l c h a ra c te r (e.g. th e p a rty in C luj-N apoca). New w o rk p laces, m a in ly in th e serv ices se c to r w ere c re a te d th a n k s to th e tr a n s b o r d e r co -o p eratio n a n d in v e stm e n ts com ing from th e H u n g a ria n s a n d Italian s.
The p o litical tra n s fo rm a tio n , th e lib eral p o litics of th e city ’s a u th o rity a n d th e eco n o m ical d ev elo p m en t let th e e sta te a rra n g e a n d re g u la te , in a la rg e r scale th e n in o th e r cities.
E arlier, before th e y e a r 1996 th e re w a s m o stly n a tio n a l a n d city e sta te . However, th e rise of p e o p le ’s w e a lth led to th e s itu a tio n in w h ich m o s t of th e city a re a s (90%) w ere ta k e n by p riv ate o w n ers w ho s ta r te d to in v e st in m a n y b u ild in g s. Two n ew d is tric ts of d e ta c h e d h o u s e s cam e to life w h ich c a n be a sign of a d ifferen t g eo g rap h ical s tr u c tu r e of th e city w h ich is slowly g ettin g th e o u tlo o k of a ty p ical la y o u t for th e free m a rk e t econom y.
N early all th e service b ra n c h e s w ere p riv a tise d , from th e e d u c a tio n (three p riv ate u n iv ersities) to th e h e a lth service (19 p riv ate su rg eries) a n d w hole c h a in sto re s. The H u n g a ria n a n d Ita lia n c a p ita l sto c k m a d e th e m iddle a n d sm all facto ries d o m in a n t in th e eco n o m ical s tr u c tu r e of th e city a n d h e n c e th e u n e m p lo y m e n t ra te d e c re a se d in O rad ea m a k in g it th e low est in th e c o u n try . T h ere a re em ployed 9 7 .5 th o u s a n d people:
2.1% w o rk in a g ric u ltu re , 4 8 .5 % in th e in d u s try , 15.6% in th e tra d e , 8 .9 % in tr a n s p o rt, 6.1% in m ed ical care, 6 .0 5 % in th e e d u c a tio n , 2.1% in th e a d m in is tra tio n a n d 10.7% in th e r e s t of services. C lear c h a n g e s to o k place in th e p u b lic a n d p riv ate tra n s p o rt. A lot of activ ities w ere m a d e to im prove th e
s ta n d a r d of tra m n e ts (124 tra m s) a n d b u s n e t (91 b u ses).
M any ro a d s w ere re n o v a te d a n d th e n u m b e r of re g iste re d c ars, especially from H u n g a ry a n d Italy h a s in c re a se d .
A m ong th e m o s t developed serv ices th e first place is o ccu p ied by e d u c a tio n , c u ltu re a n d to u rism . T h ere a re 46 p rim a ry a n d se c o n d a ry sch o o ls in O rad ea. After th e y e a r 1996 th re e n ew p riv ate h ig h sch o o ls w ere o p en ed , one of th e m r u n by th e B a p tist c h u rc h . Six th e a tre s (one of th e m of a s tro n g H u n g a ria n c h arac te r) a n d five c in e m a s give a very good c u ltu ra l offer. The w ide ra n g e of a cc o m m o d a tio n - w holly re n o v a ted - offers n e a rly one th o u s a n d p la c e s to sleep a n d w h a t is m ore th e city p la n s to en larg e th e h o te l b a sis. O ra d ea h a s its ty p ical to u r is t a ttra c tiv e n e s s th a n k s to th e lo catio n , a rc h ite c tu re , c o n v en ien t tr a n s p o r t a n d lying n e a rb y th e w arm w a ters. Baile Felix (Felix Spa) w a s a h e a lth re s o rt in th e A u stro -H u n g a ria n tim e s a n d sin ce th e y e a r 1998 its in fra s tru c tu re h a s b e e n m o d e rn ised . A lot of new , sm all fam ily a n d friendly g u e s t h o u s e s w ere b u ilt a n d th e old so cialistic o n e s w ere p riv atised . T he n ew o w n ers im proved th e to u ris t b a se a n d m ad e th e to u ris ts offers m ore a ttra c tiv e . We c a n n otice m a n y foreign to u r is ts from W este rn E u ro p e, especially from G erm any, w ho re s t w ith in th e w arm w ater.
D esp ite th e fact th a t O ra d e a b elo n g s to th e cities w ith th e h ig h e st life s ta n d a rd , it still h a s to cope w ith m a n y p ro b lem s. The m o st im p o r ta n t is s u e is e n v iro n m e n ta l p o llu tio n , im proving a n d developing th e tr a n s p o r t in fra s tru c tu re a n d th e e d u c a tio n d ev elopm ent. However, if th e in d ic a te d ta s k s a re to be a cco m p lish ed , th e city n e e d s to h av e fin an cial m e a n s . T he only a la rm in g th in g is th e s itu a tio n in w h ich m o st of th e d ecisio n -m ak in g a re a s - esp ecially in th e a re a of p u b lic service - h av e a c e n tra l c h a ra c te r.
C o n c lu sio n s
In th e scientific r e s e a rc h e s of O ra d e a so cial s tr u c tu r e it c a n be n o tic e d t h a t som e c ru c ia l c h a n g e s of e th n ic , lin g u istic a n d relig io u s s tr u c tu r e s to o k place in th e city. The ra n g e of th e c h a n g e s to g e th e r w ith th e before ex istin g p ro c e ss se e m s to d eep en . F o r one, th e p ro c e ss of H u n g a ria n , G erm an a n d J e w is h m in o ritie s’ m ig ratio n is obvious. The negative ra te of b irth a n d th e negative b a la n c e of e x te rn a l m ig ratio n only in a little w ay eq u alise th e in te rn a l m ig ratio n , w h ich in th is case
in c lu d e s m ain ly th e R o m a n ia n s a n d th e R om a p o p u la tio n . W hen we ta k e in to th e a c c o u n t th e m u lti-e th n ic city so cieties we c a n find o u t a c o n firm atio n of th e c h a n g e s w h ich are th e m o d ificatio n te n d e n c ie s of th e d e cla re d la n g u a g e a n d religion s tru c tu re .
A fter th e rev o lu tio n , th e city fu n c tio n s in a tra n s b o rd e r s p h e re a n d th erefo re it b en efits m u c h . The n e w in v e stm e n ts , m a in ly w ith th e e x te rn a l c a p ita l s to c k le t th e city developed w id e sp rea d a n d m a k e th e life s ta n d a r d h ig h er. A p ro p e r city policy in th e e u ro re g io n s ‘ c o -o p eratio n allow s O ra d e a to ta k e o n a se rie s of in v e stm e n ts , w h ich are also co m m o n for th e H u n g a ria n side a n d m a k e s th e city ’s d ev elo p m en t b e tte r. We sh o u ld also a d m it th e ex isten ce of a n e d u c a tio n a l im p ro v em e n t th a n k s to w h ich th e city b e ca m e th e m o s t im p o rta n t a n d th e la rg e s t s tu d y c e n tre in th e n o r th e r n a n d e a s te rn p a r t of th e c o u n try .
A very c ru c ia l a lte rn a tio n to o k place in th e in d u s tr y a n d service b ra n c h e s . The p e rc e n ta g e of th e w o rk e rs em ployed in th e m in in g a n d en erg etic c o m p an ies le s s e n e d a n d th e p e rc e n ta g e of th e w o rk e rs em ployed in e d u c a tio n , to u rism a n d tra d e h a s in c re a se d . T he very co n v en ien t lo catio n of th e c o m m u n ic a tio n w ays, a t th e c ro ssin g of tr a n s p o r t ro a d s , m a k e th e city a n im p o rta n t c o m m u n ic a tio n c en tre. T h a t is w ay O ra d e a a p p e a rs to be a k in d of a gate for id e a s, h u m a n a n d good diffusion for th e reg io n s like M a ra m u re s, C ris a n a a n d also for T ran silv a n ia , s e p a ra te d in th e S o u th a n d E a s t by th e C a rp a th ia n M o u n tain s.
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