R O C Z N I K P O L S K I E G O T O W A R Z Y S T W A G E O L O G I C Z N E G O A N N A L E S D E L A S O C I E T E G ß O L O G I Q U E D E P O L O G N E
T om (V olu m e) X X X V _ 1965 Z e s z y t (F a sc ic u le ) 1 K r a k ó w 1965
STANISŁAW DŻUŁYŃSKI, JANUSZ KOTLARCZYK
O POCHODZENIU WARSTW POPIELSKICH W KARPATACH POLSKICH
Sedim entation of the Popiele beds in the Polish Carpathians
STRESZC ZEN IE
W a rstw y popielskie w K a rp a ta c h polskich są w całości osadem spływ ów podm orskich. U tw o rzy ły się one w stosunkow o k ró tk im czasie podczas osadzania się pierw szych m eni'litopodobnych u tw o ró w w basenie skolskim . Spośród licznych porw aków tk w iący ch w b ru n a tn y m m u ło w cu n ajliczn iej w y stę p u ją duże p ła ty łu p k ó w i m a rg li oraz fra g m e n ty p ias
kowców. Część z nich pochodzi z w a rstw hieroglifow ych, in n e nie różnią się od łupków m en ilito w y ch i piaskow ców kliw skich. S kam ieniałości w w a rstw a c h popielskich są przem ieszczone, a częściowo m oże i n a w tó r
n y m złożeniu.
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T he nam e „P opiele b e d s” is used fo r s tr a ta w hich lie b e tw e e n th e H ieroglyphic (Eocene) an d M enilite beds (U pper m o st Eocene O ligocene) of th e Skole n ap p e ( K r o p a c z e k , 1919). T he series is a b o u t 100 m.
th ick an d can be tra c e d fro m P rz e m y śl u p to th e P r u t v alley in th e E a ste rn C arp ath ian s. T he g eo m etry of th e P opiele beds p re s e n ts a p ic tu re of a n a rro w lin e a r body ch anging in th ick n ess (H o r w i t z, 1926) an d w ith th e le n g th sev eral tim es th a t of th e w id th . B eing re s tric te d to the m o st e x te rn a l flysch folds, th e P opiele beds crop out in P o lan d along th e m a rg in of th e C arp ath ian s, so u th of P rzem y śl (W i ś n i o w s k i , 1908;
R o g a l a , 1925; N e y, 1961; W a t y c h a, 1964). T he P opiele beds hav e b een k now n because of rich fau n a, m a in ly of sm all m olluscs and g a stro pods of U p p er Eocene age ( R o g a l a , 1925).
L ithologically, th e P opiele beds consist of a m assive u n stra tifie d , bro w n ish sandy siltsto n e w ith v a ria b le am o u n t of slu m p -b alls, blocks an d sm a lle r ro c k -fra g m e n ts; an im p o rta n t e le m e n t of w h ich a re shales an d m arls. T hese bodies h av in g a w ide ran g e in size w ith a m ax im u m d ia m e te r up to sev eral m e te rs a re ra n d o m ly sc a tte re d th ro u g h o u t th e silty m a trix . Since m a n y of th e m re s t w ith th e ir p lan e of g re a te s t dim ension p a ra lle l to th e bedding, th e y m ay easily be confused w ith o rd in a ry stra tig ra p h ic in tercalatio n s.
T he P opiele beds m ay a p p e a r ,,b recciated ” an d consist locally of closely w elded, larg e blocks of shales an d m arls. If th e re is little c o n tra st in lithology b etw e e n th e n eig h b o u rin g frag m en ts, th e se d im e n t a p p ears hom ogeneous, b u t an e x a m in a tio n of bed d in g cleavage re v e a ls its tru e
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n a tu re . The boun d in g su rfaces of such blocks m a y also be m ade visible b y sm a lle r an d h a rd e r fra g m e n ts w hich stick in b e tw e e n th e blocks.
O b serv atio n s h av e n o t y e t been c a rrie d su ffic ie n tly fa r to id e n tify all th e frag m e n ts enclosed in th e P o p iele siltstones. T h e d o m in a n t ty p e s are:
1- g reen shales or p ack ets of g reen shales a lte rn a tin g w ith m a rls an d /o r g rey shales an d clay ironstones, 2- soft an d h a rd m a rls of g re e n an d d a rk g rey ish colours, 3- fra g m e n ts of coarse glauconitic san d sto n es (rare), 4- soft or h a rd , b lack an d b ro w n ish shales, 5- q u a rtz itic san d sto n es w ith d a rk silty lam ination, etc. W h ereas th e ro ck -ty p es (1) to (3) w ere e v id e n tly d eriv ed fro m th e H ieroglyphic beds below , th e ty p e s (4|) an d (5) resem b le th e M enilite sh ales an d th e associated K liw a san d sto n es from above th e P opiele beds. Fossils are ir re g u la rly d is trib u te d in th e silt- stone. P re su m a b ly som e of th e fossiliferous siltsto n e m a y also occur as isolated blocks in th e m a trix of th e sam e kind. T he base of th e Popiele beds re sts upo n an eroded su b stra tu m .
F ro m th e foregoing it is e v id e n t th a t th e P opiele beds in th e P olish C a rp a th ia n s w ere d eposited b y a h u g e su b -m a rin e av alan ch e of th e sed im en t-flo w type, or b y a n u m b e r of succesive av alanches. D istance an d d irectio n of flow s is n o t a p p a re n t fro m th e exposures. T he p ro b lem of sources of th e P opiele beds can n o t be sa tisfa c to rily solved a t p re s e n t b u t c e rta in evidences such as th e lim ita tio n of th ese beds to th e m ost e x te rn a l folds an d th e d o m in a n t d irectio n of se d im e n t tr a n s p o rt in th e M enilite beds suggest th e n o rth e rn or n o rth -e a s te rn side of th e flysch basin as a possible source of se d im e n t flow s (tra n sv e rse supply). T he la tte r m ig h t h av e s ta rte d fro m w id esp read slu m p in g s g e n e ra te d in responce to an increased tecto n ic a c tiv ity w ith in th e fly sch tro u g h s an d th e flan k in g source lan d s (P y ren eic phase). T he liq u efactio n of silty sed im en ts d eposited along th e coastal a re a s of th e fly sch sea m ig h t hav e re s u lte d in a c a ta stro p h ic dow nslope m o v e m e n t of larg e m asses of sed i
m ent. The P opiele beds a re com parable w ith se v e ra l fe a tu re s of W ild Flysch. H ow ever th e exotics p ro p e r are ra re in th e a re a in v e stig a te d though th e y te n d to be m ore a b u n d a n t in th e E a ste rn C a rp a th ia n s ( K r o p a c z e k , 1919).
T he P opiele beds w ere c o rre la te d w ith th e M enilite beds b y W i s- n i o w s k i (1908) an d w ith th e ,,su b -silex ” beds b y S w i d z i n s k i (1948)1 and considered as a facies of th e H ieroglyphic beds b y V i a 1 o f f (1961).
T he M enilite an d K liw a ty p es of rocks occur am ong th e slu m p — blocks in th e P opiele siltstone. F u rth e rm o re , th e la tte r is c u t b y clastic d y k es com posed of th e K liw a ty p e of san d sto n e an d a p p a re n tly in je c te d fro m below . T his m ean s th a t a t th e tim e of av alan ch in g w h ich re s u lte d in th e fo rm atio n of th e P opiele beds, th e M enilite ty p e of sed im en ts w e re a lre a d y p re s e n t on th e b o tto m of th e flysch sea in th e n o rth e rn tro u g h . I t is to be noted, how ever, th a t th e fo rm a tio n of th e P opiele beds w as o sh o rt episode
° n ly.
S ig n ifican t fa c t em erg in g fro m th e above co n sid eratio n is th a t th e fossils in th e P opiele beds are displaced. In case of la te ra l d isp lacem en t only, th e age of fossils w ould co rresp o n d to th a t of th e P o p iele beds. T h ere m ig h t h av e been, how ever, a c e rta in am o u n t of red ep o sitio n involved;
i. e., th e v e rtic a l d isp lacem en t of o ld er fossils in to y o u n g e r sedim ents. S uch a p o ssibility dep en d in g o n th e th ick n ess o f th e silts involved in g ra v ity
1 i.e. the „Lower M enilite beds” sensu HorwLtz (1926).
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m ass-m o v em en ts should not be ignored, th o u g h a n y sig n ifican t red ep o sitio n is h a rd ly to be expected.
The above in d icated c h a ra c te ristic fe a tu re s of th e P opiele beds m ay h e lp to c le a r som e conflicting opinions concerning th e precise s tra tig ra p h ic p o sitio n of th ese s tr a ta (see: R o g a l a , 1925; W i ś n i o w s k i , 1908;
S y n i e w s k a , 1937; G o l e v , 1954; M o r g i e 1 an d Ż g i e t, 1964; etc.).
Pracow nia Geologiczna w K r a k o w ie Z a k ła d Nauk Geologicznych PA N Geological Laboratory
Polish A c a d e m y of Sciences, K r a k ó w
K a te d r a Geologii A G H w K r a k o w ie D e p a r tm e n t of G eology,
School of Mining and M eta llu rg y in K r a k ó w
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