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The Pastoral and Its Use in "The Winter’s Tale" by William Shakespeare

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A C T A I) N I V F I) S 1 T A 1 I S L D D Z I E N S I S F O L I A L I T T E R A R I A 29, 1 9 9 0 P i o t r S z y m o r TH E P A S T U R A L A N D I T S US E IN " T H E W I N T E R ’S T A L E " BY W I L L I A M S H A K E S P E A R E i B e f o r e p a s s i n g to a n a n a l y s i s of the r o l e of th e p a s t o r a l in " T h e W i n t e r ' s T a l e " it w i l l b e w o r t h w h i l e d w e l l i n g b r i e f l y o n t h e w e a n i n g of t h e p a s t o r a l as a l i t e r a r y f o r m . C r i t i c a l l i t e r a -t u r e o n -t h e s u b j e c -t m a k e s u s a w a r e -t h a -t p l a y s s u c h a s " T h e W i n t e r ’s T a l e " b e l o n g to th e m a i n l i n e of d e v e l o p m e n t of a f o r m m o d e l l e d o n c l a s s i c a l e x a m p l e s a n d r e v i v e d m a i n l y , aa D a v i d Y o u n g claiiho, in -зонт n a r r a t i v e r o m a n c e s b y R e n a i s s a n c e w r i -t e r s 1 . As f o r t h e c l a s s i c a l m o d e l s , it w a s a b o v e a l l V i r g i l w h o c o n t r i b u t e d to t h e c o n s o l i d a t i o n of t h e p a s t o r a l a l t h o u g h th e e a r l i e r " I d y l l s " of T h e o c r i t u s w e r e g e r m i n a l to its d e v e l o p m e n t . P e t e r M a r i n e l l i s t r e s s e s t h e f a c t t h a t T h e o c r i t u s i n t r o d u c e d the f u n d a m e n t a l i d e a of t h e ar t of p a s t o r a l , n a m e l y t h e c o n -c e p t of a b a -c k w a r d g l a n -c e , in h i s c a s e f r o m t h e c o m p l e x i t y of th e c i v i l i z e d w o r l d r e p r e s e n t e d b y a s p e c i f i c l o c a t i o n ( A l e x a n -d r i a ) a n -d b y a s p e c i f i c p e r i o d of i n d i v i d u a l h u m a n e x i s t e n c e ( a d u l t h o o d ) to th e v i s i o n s of c h i l d h o o d a n d s i m p l i c i t y o f t h e r u r a l l i f e ( S i c i l i a ) 3 . T h u s h e c r e a t e d a d i s t a n c e f r o m r e a l i t y by a r e m o v a l in t i m e a n d s p a c e ; y e t h e s t i l l e v o k e d a r e a l i s t i c 1 0. Y o u n g, T h e H e a r t ' s F o r e s t . A S t u d y o f S h a k e s p e a -r e ’s P a s t o -r a l P l a y s , Y a l e U n i v e -r s i t y P -r e s s , N e w H a v e n , L o n d o n 19 7 2 , p. 13. 2 Se e, fo r i n s t a n c e , W. W. G r e g, P a s t o r a l P o e t r y a n d P a s t o r a l D r a m a , L o n d o n 19 0 6 , p. 1 3 - 1 6 ; P. V. M a r i n e l 1 i, P a s t o r a l , M e t h u e n , L o n d o n 19 7 1 , p. 9. 5 M a r i n e 1 1 i, op. c i t . , p. 11.

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Piotr S?yn>or i m a g e of r u r a l lif e . H o w e v e r , it is, a d m i t t e d l y , o n l y w h e n p o e -try c e a s e s to i m i t a t e o r d i n a r y f u s t i c e x i s t e n c e t h a t it b e c o m e s d i s t i n c t l y p a s t o r a l 4 . V i r g i l d e p a r t e d f r o m d i r e c t i m i t a t i o n in the " E c l o g u e s " a n d c r e a t e d an i m a g i n a r y w o r l d by m o v i n g a w a y f r o m the i m m e d i a t e r a n g e of R o m a n c u l t u r e . H e i n v e n t e d a p a -s t o r a l -s e t t i n g w h i c h he n a m e d a f t e r a p a r t of G r e e c e , A r c a d i a , a n d w h i c h r e p r e s e n t e d an i de a l r e a l i t y w h i c h w a s to b e c o m e in turn a u n i v e r s a l c o n c e p t . The a b s t r a c t q u a l i t y of th e A r c a d i a of t he " E c l o g u e s " a l l o w s the i n t r o d u c t i o n of b o t h m y t h i c a l a n d r ea l f i g u r e s . Th ey b e l o n g to A r c a d i a e i t h e r by t h e i r r e m o t e n e s s f r o m r e a l i t y as g o d s a n d s h e p h e r d s o r Ь е с а и з е , as p o e t s , th ey r e t i r e to t hi s w o r l d f r o m the c o r r u p t e n v i r o n m e n t w h i c h is i m p l i e d in the p o e m s / e . g . E c l o g u e I/. The a p p e a r e n c e of p o e t s w h o c r e a t e p o e t r y w i t h i n t he f r a m e w o r k of the p o e t i o v i s i o n , M a r i n e l l i c o n t i n u e s , m a k e s p o e t r y i t s e l f t he m o s t i m p o r t a n t of th e c o n -s t a n t e l e m e n t -s of A r c a d i a , b e s i d e the s u b j e c t s of l o ve a n d 5 d e a t h . fh er e is h e r e a n e w v i e w of p o e t r y as a s e l f - c o n s c i o u s ar t an d an a w a r e n e s s of its b e i n g a p r o c e s s r a t h e r t h a n a p r p - d u c t . H e n c e , the d y n a m i s m of the p o e t i c f o r m w i l l D e f u l l y a p -p r e c i a t e d by R e n a i s s a n c e w r i t e r s . It s h o u l d b e e m p h a s i z e d , t h e r e f o r e , t h a t d r a w i n g an i d e a l i m a g e of A r c a d i a is no t an e n d in i t s e l f . The r e g r e s s i o n f r o m r e a l i t y i n t o the w o r l d of p o e t i c f a n c y is n o t i n f i n i t e . If this w e r e t h e c a s e , p a s t o r a l l i t e r a t u r e w o u l d h a v e to b e c l a s s i f i e d as e s c a p i s t . The t u r n w h i c h V i r g i l ’s a r t t a k e s , h o w e v e r , a l -r e a d y p o i n t s to a d i f f e -r e n t d i r e c t i o n of its e v o l u t i o n . It p l a -c e s the c o n t e m p l a t i o n c o n n e c t e d w i t h A r c a d i a n p o e t r y as a p r e -l i m i n a r y s t a g e b e f o r e t h e e n g a g e m e n t w i t h th e w o r l d of r e a l i t y . V i r g i l th en , as M a r i n e l l i c o n c l u d e s , e s t a b l i s h e s A r c a d i a a n d a l s o s u g g e s t s th e r o l e it s h o u l d p l a y as a d e v i c e u s e d by a p o e t 6 . The v a l u e of l i v i n g in the p a s t o r a l w o r l d of A r c a d i a 4 P r i n c e t o n E n c y c l o p e d i a of P o e t r y a n d P o e t i c s , ed. A'lex P r e m i n g e r , M a c m i l l a n , L o n d o n 19 75 , p. 603. S e e a l s o G r e g , op. c i t . , p. 1-5. } M a г i n e 1 1 i, op. c i t . , p. 41 -4 5 .

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Il« Pastoral id id its Use ln "Ihn Winter's Tale" 19i_ c o n s i s t s in an o p p o r t u n i t y fo r s e i f - d i s c o v e r y a n d l i k e w i s e fo r t he e x p l o r a t i o n of t h e r e l a t i v e m e r i t s of th e a c t i v e a n d c o n -t e m p l a -t i v e l i v e s . In th e l i g h t of th e a b o v e - m e n t i o n e d p o e t i c p r a c t i c e , t h e p a s t o r a l is m o r e t h a n a s p e c i f i c k i n d of p o e m . It o f f e r s r a t h e r "a v i e w of l i f e, an e t h o s o r i n f o r m i n g princip-le", a n d а з s u c h it m a y i n t e r p e n e t r a t e a n d m o d i f y o t h e r f o r m s as a c r e a t i v e e l e m e n t ^ . R e n a i s s a n c e w r i t e r s to ok fu l l a d v a n t a g e o f t h e p o s s i b i l i -t i e s w h i c h -th e c l a s s i c a l p a s t o r a l o f f e r e d . H o w e v e r , t h e r e is n o c l a s s i c a l d r a m a t i c m o d e l , e x c e p t fo r t he e x a m p l e o f f e r e d by M a r v i n H e r r i c k of a r a t h e r p r o b l e m a t i c s a t y r p l a y a s s o c i a t e d Й w i t h t r a g i - c o m e d y a n d a p a s t o r a l s e t t i n g . T h u s th e R e n a i s -s a n c e p a -s t o r a l w a -s d e v e l o p i n g m a i n l y w i t h i n th e n a r r a t i v e r o -m a n c e in p r o s e a n d v e r s e ( f r o m З а п а г г а г о ’з " A r c a d i a " , to M o n - t e m a y o r ' s “D i a n a " a n d S i d n e y ’s " A r c a d i a " ) o r w i t h i n th e n a r r a -t i v e p o e m ( T a s s o ’s " O e r u s a l e m m e L i b e r a t a " a n d S p e n s e r ’s " T h e F a e r i e Q u e e n e ” ). The p a s t o r a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of t h e s e w o r k s , s e e n by Y o u n g a s t h e m o s t s i g n i f i c a n t a c h i e v e m e n t s o f t h e R e -n a i s s a -n c e p a s t o r a l , m a y h a v e i n f l u e n c e d S h a k e s p e a r e ’s p a s t o r a l p l a y s to a g r e a t e r e x t e n t t h a n t h e I t a l i a n d r a m a of T a s s o an d G u a r i n i , or f o r t h a t m a t t e r , m u c h m o r e t h an t h e p a s t o r a l shows which a p p e a r e d а з c o u r t e n t e r t a i n m e n t in E n g l a n d in t h e s e c o n d 9 h a l f of the s i x t e e n t h c e n t u r y . A l t h o u g h t h e p a s t o r a l d r a m a is l a t e n t in the i d y l l s a n d e c l o g u e s i n a s m u c h a s t h e y c o n t a i n b r i e f d i a l o g u e s w h i c h c a n b e e a s i l y e x p a n d e d , y e t t h e y b e c o m e a r t i f i c i a l a n d s t a t i c w h e n t r a n s f e r r e d d i r e c t l y t o t h e s t a g e . T he I t a l i a n p a s t o r a l d r a m a is c h a r a c t e r i s a d p r e c i s e l y b y a l a c k o f d r a m a t i c m o v e m e n t w h i c h is t h e e f f e c t of i t s b e i n g c o n -s t r u c t e d a r o u n d -s e t p i e c e -s , l y r i c s a n d c h o r u s e s . S i m i l a r l y s t a -t ic, a n d t h e r e f o r e a r t i f i c i a l , w a s c o u r t e n t e r t a i n m e n t in which r u s t i c a n d p a s t o r a l m o t i f s w e r e q u i t e c o m m o n a n d w e r e r e p r e -s e n t e d m a i n l y in the f o r m o f the p a s t o r a l m a s q u e o r a 7 I b i d e m , p. 9. û М. T. H e r r i c k , T r a g i c o m e d y . It s U r i g i n a n d D e v e -l o p m e n t in I t a -l y , F r a n c e a n d E n g l a n d , U n i v e r s i t y of I l l i n o i s P r e s s , U r b a n a 1 9 6 2 , p. 1 0- 14, Ci Y o u n g, op. c i t . , p. 1 3^1 4.

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p l a y 1 0 . G e n e r a l l y s p e a k i n g , t h e r e w a s rio g e n u i n e i n t e r e s t iri the d r a m a t i c t a c t o r in t h e s e p a g e a n t - l i k e s h o w s s i n c e t h e i r c h i e f p u r p o s e w a s t h e g l o r i f i c a t i o n of th e r o y a l p a t r o n . H o w e v e r , t w o c o n s p i c u o u s e x a m p l e s of p l a y s w r i t t e n f or t he e n t e r t a i n m e n t of th e c o u r t d e s e r v e to be m e n t i o n e d , n a m e l y ; " I h e A r r a i g n m e n t o f P a r i s " by G e o r g e P e e l e (ca. 15 81 ) a n d "G a l - l a t h e a " b y J o h n L y l y (ca. 1 585 ). P e e l e ’s p l a y is i m p o r t a n t chie-fly o n a c c o u n t of its t h e m e w h i c h c o n c e r n s the m y t h of the j u d g e m e n t of P a r i s , t h e m o s t f a m o u s of al l c l a s s i c a l s h e p h e r d s f r o m w h o s e w r o n g c h o i c e of the l i f e of p l e a s u r e s p r a n g the w h o l e e p i c n a r r a t i v e of H o m e r . P a r i s r e m a i n e d the a r c h e t y p e of the s h e p h e r d for the E l i z a b e t h a n s a n d t he p o p u l a r i t y of th e m o -tif iS a s s e r t e d , a c c o r d i n g to H a l l e t t S m i t h , b y t h i s m a j o r E l i z a b e t h a n t r e a t m e n t of i t 1 1 . A c c o r d i n g l y , P a r i s s t o r y p o i n t s to c e r t a i n t e n d e n c i e s in the p a s t o r a l . In the f i r s t p l a c e , t he p a s t o r a l f i g u r e is of r o y a l b i r t h , n o t a t r u e s h e p h e r d ; s e c o n d l y , p a s t o r a l l e i s u r e d o e s n o t a l w a y s h a v e to b r i n g b e n e f i c i a l r e s u l t s a n d in th is r e s p e c t th e q u e s t i o n of i n d i v i d u a l c h o i c e b e c o m e s f o r e g r o u n d e d . On t he o t h e r h a n d , l y l y ’s " G a l l a t h e a " , a c c o r d i n g to Yo u n g , is a s t e p f o r w a r d , a l t h o u g h p a r t i a l , in c r e a t i n g a d r a m a t i c s t r u c t u r e a r o u n d p a s t o r a l m o t i f s 1 2 . In th e p l a y t h e r e a r e t r a c -e s of th-e p a t t e r n of e x t r u s i o n f r o m s o c i e t y r e s u l t i n g in the u s e of d i s g u i s e by the c h a r a c t e r s a n d in t he c h o i c e of r u r a l e x i s t e n c e u n t i l j u s t i c e is r e s t o r e d , w h i c h w a s to b e c o m e the b a s i s o f E n g l i s h p a s t o r a l d r a m a . The w o r k is a l s o c h a r a c t e r i s e d by a f r e e d o m in h a n d l i n g p a s t o r a l m o t i f s , w h i c h m a y be e x p l a i n -ed, as H e r r i c k f i n d s , by th e f a ct t ha t n a t i v e E n g l i s h d r a m a a l w a y s w a s "a d r a m e l i b r e ’*1 3 . IU Ih e c o m m e n t s on t he q u a l i t i e s of t he I t a l i a n p a s t o r a l d r a m a a n d of t h e c o u r t e n t e r t a i n m e n t c o m e f r o m У о u n g, op. c i t . , p. 12, 14. 11 H. S m i t h, E l i z a b e t h a n P o e t r y . A S t u d y in C o n v e n -t i on s , M e a n i n g a n d E x p r e s s i o n , H a r v a r d U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s , O a m- b r i d g e (MatiS.) 1970 , p. 3-8. S m i t h e x e m p l i f i e s t h e v i t a l i t y of t he m y t h as a m o t i f a n d a p o i n t of r e f e r e n c e in R e n a i s s a n c e l i -t e r a -t u r e . 1 ~ Y o u n g , op. c i t . , p. 15-1 6. 1 ' H e г г i с к , o p . c i t . , p . 215.

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N e v e r t h e l e s s , f o l l o w i n g t h e c o n v i n c i n g a r g u m e n t a t i o n of Y o u n g , w e m a i n t a i n t h a t it is o n l y t h e t r a d i t i o n o f th e n a r r a -t i v e r o m a n c e , i -t s p l o -t s -t r u c -t u r e s , c h a r a c t e r s a n d s i t u a t i o n s w h i c h p r o v i d e p r e c e d e n t s fo r s h a p i n g t h e p a s t o r a l d r a m a of S h a k e s p e a r e 1 4 . The d e v e l o p m e n t of t h a t f o r m i n th e s i x t e e n t h c e n t u r y le d to t h e c r e a t i o n of S i r P h i l i p S i d n e y ’s " A r c a d i a " w h i c h w a s e n o r m o u s l y p o p u l a r a n d h a d a c o n s i d e r a b l e l i t e r a r y in-f l u e n c e . D e s c r i b i n g t h e a c h i e v e m e n t uf S i d n e y , t h e critic s ay s : P e r h a p s t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t s i n g l e I n n o v a t i o n e x e m p l i f i e d b y t h e " A r c a d i a " w a s t h e c o n c e p t of t h e s o j o u r n , t h e e x p e r i e n c e of t h e p a s t o r a l w o r l d as a p a r t o f a l a r g e r s e t o f c i r c u m s t a n -c e s , b o t h s p a t i a l a n d t e m p o r a l , o f t e n a s e g m e n t of a j o u r n e y . T w o r a d i c a l c h a n g e s in t he c h a r a c t e r of t h e p a s t o r a l w e r e t h e -r e b y a c c o m p l i s h e d ; t h e c h a r a c t e r s d e a l t w i t h c o u l d b e v i s i t o r s to A r c a d i a as w e l l as i n h a b i t a n t s , p s e u d o - s h e p h e r d s a s w e l l as s h e p h e r d s , a n d the p a s t o r a l e x p e r i e n c e b e c a m e s e q u e n t i a l , g i v i n g r i s e to m o r e o p p o r t u n i t i e s f or p l o t 1'. S i d n e y e n a b l e s t h e n a s h i f t f r o m t he i m p l i c a t i o n of a d i f -f e r e n t r e a l i t y o u t s i d e t h e p a s t o r a l to i t s r e p r e s e n t a t i o n in the p a s t o r a l e n v i r o n m e n t . I n t h i s w a y a s t a t i c p i c t u r e o f an i d e a l u n i o n o f m a n w i t h n a t u r e is r e p l a c e d by a c t i d n - an e n -a c t m e n t of t h e p r o c e s s of -a c h i e v i n g th e h a r m o n i o u s union t h r o u g h th e s o j o u r n . M o r e o v e r , th e s o j o u r n h a s t o p r o v i d e b o t h a n e x -p l a n a t i o n of t h e m o t i v e s w h i c h p r e c i p i t a t e d th e a r r i v a l i n A r -c a d i a a n d a s u b s e q u e n t c h a n c e of r e t u r n . T h e c o n c e p t of th e p a s t o r a l as s o j o u r n , w h i c h s i m u l t a n e o u s l y p o i n t s to t h e i m p o r -t a n c e o f a b r o a d e r c o n -t e x -t w i t h i n w h i c h t h e p a s t o r a l p l a c e is s e t , w i l l b e e s s e n t i a l in my a n a l y s i s of " T h e W i n t e r ' s T a l e " . T h e s c o p e o f th e p o s s i b l e a n t e c e d e n t s of t h e S h a k e s p e a r e a n p a s t o r a l d r a m a m a y b e e n r i c h e d by m e n t i o n i n g e x a m p l e s of d r a -m a t i z a t i o n s of p a s t o r a l r o -m a n c e s , w h i c h a n s w e r e d a p u b l i c d e -m a n d c r e a t e d p r o b a b l y b y t h e po pu l a r it y of t h e p a s t o r a l as c o u r t e n t e r t a i n m e n t . S u c h p o p u l a r . E l i z a b e t h a n h a c k - w o r k , m e n t i o n e d by Y o u n g , as " T h e M a i d ’s M e t a m o r p h o s i s " , " T h e T h r a c i a n W o n d e r " a n d " M u c e d o r u s " a r e a n o n y m o u s a n d of u n c e r t a i n d a t e b u t t h e y 14 Y o u n g, op. c i t . , p. 16. 15 I b i d e m , p. 18 -1 9.

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a re d e f i n i t e l y s y m p t o m a t i c of th e c o m m o n p r a c t i c e in th e t h e a -t r e s a-t -th e e n d of th e s i x t e e n t h c e n t u r y w h i c h c a n n o t b e w i t h -o u t i n f l u e n c e -o n t h e s u b s e q u e n t d e v e l o p m e n t of t h e p a s t o r a l d r a m a in E n g l a n d 1 6 . Th e f o r e g o i n g b r i e f s u r v e y of s t a t e m e n t s b y c r i t i c s , w h i c h p l a c e S h a k e s p e a r e ’s p a s t o r a l d r a m a in t he h i s t o r i c a l p e r s p e c -t i v e of -t he d e v e l o p m e n -t of t h e fo rm , is to s e r v e as an i n t r o -d u c t i o n to th e s u b s e q u e n t a n a l y s i s of t h e p a s t o r a l i n t h e p l a y . I m p o r t a n t as it is in th e s t r u c t u r a l d e s i g n o f " T h e W i n -t e r ’s T a l e ” , t h e p a s t o r a l e x i s t s w i t h i n a n o n p a s t o r a l u n i v e r -se so th a t the c o n f l i c t s a n d c o m p l e x i t i e s d o n o t a r i s e o n l y f r o m t e n s i o n s in t h e p a s t o r a l s e t t i n g . Th us p a s t o r a l values a c -q u i r e s i g n i f i c a n c e f r o m r e f e r e n c e to a n u n p a s t o r a l c o n t e x t by b e i n g s e t w i t h i n a n d d i s t i n g u i s h e d f r o m it. T h e f i r s t t h r e e a c t s in w h i c h p r o p e r s o c i a l r e l a t i o n s a m o n g t h e r o y a l family a n o th e w h o l e c o u r t l y s o c i e t y of S i c i l i a a r e v i o l e n t l y d e s t r o y e d by L e o n t e s p r o v i d e a d r a m a t i c s i t u a t i o n to b e j u x t a p o s e d w i t h t h e n a t u r a l o r d e r of li f e . Th e l a t t e r is e x p r e s s e d in t h e r e l a -t i o n s h i p of F l o r i z e l a n d Perdi-t,a, b a s e d o n f a i t h a n d d e v o t i o n : F lo . I . J s i n c e m y d e s i r e s R u n n o t b e f o r e m i n e h o n o u r , n o r m y l u s t s B u r n h o t t e r t h a n my fa it h . ( I V , i v , 33 - 5 ) F o r I c a n n o t be M i n e o w n , n o r a n y t h i n g to a ny , if I b e n o t t h i n e , ( I V , i v , 4 3 - 5 ) 17 T h e r e l a t i o n s h i p of F l o r i z e l a n d P e r d i t a t h u s b e c o m e s i d e a l a n d s u g g e s t s r e g e n e r a t i o n of t h e j u s t o r d e r of s o c i e t y to c o n -t r a s -t s -t r i k i n g l y w i t h L e o n t e s ’ s u s p i c i o n a n d j e a l o u s y . In t h i s s e n s e th e p a s t o r a l i n s e t c o n s i t u t e s a c o u n t e r f o r c e to t h e h i -I b i d e m , p. 22, 24. 17 W. S h a k e s p e a r e , T h e W i n t e r ’s Ta l e , ed. J. H. P. P a f f o r d , A r d e n 19 63 ; rpt. M e t h u e n , L o n d o n 19 66 . A l l r e f e r e n -c e s in the t e x t w i l l b e t o t h i s e d i t i o n .

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t h e r t o m a i n m o v e m e n t of t h e p l a y , c h a l l e n g i n g it a n d in the c a s e of " T h e W i n t e r ’s T a l e ” e f f e c t i n g a d e s i r e d c h a n g e . If we t a ke i n to a c c o u n t A n d r e w E t t i n ’s c r i t i c a l d i s t i n c -t i o n s , -t h e n s u c h an i n s e t is e x p l i c i t , t h a t is it " c l e a r l y s e t s a p a r t t he t wo s p h e r e s of p a s t o r a l a n d n o n - p a s t o r a l " 1 0 , r a t h e r t h a n i m p l i c i t , t h a t is o n e w h i c h o n l y " s u g g e s t s k n o w l e d g e of a n o t h e r wa y of l i f e " c o n t r a s t e d w i t h t he p a s t o r a l 1 9 . W h i l e t he r e a d e r or a u d i e n c e is b r o u g h t i n t o t h e p a s t o r a l e n v i r o n m e n t t he f o r m e r e v e n t s f al l i n t o p e r s p e c t i v e w i t h w h a t is h a p p e n i n g w h e n th e m o v e m e n t of t he p a s t o r a l s c e n e p r o m i s e s a f r e s h s t a r t . T h e n o n - p a s t o r a l a n d the p a s t o r a l , h o w e v e r , a r e n o t n e a t l y s e p a r a t -e d f r o m -e a c h o t h e r to p r o v i d e a r e c o g n i t i o n of w h a t t h e p a s -t o r a l h a s a l r e a d y e x c e l l e d in or g a i n e d v i c t o r y o v e r . I n s t e a d , t he d r a m a t i s t c o n c e n t r a t e s o n th e q u e s t i o n o f h o w s u c h a v i c t o ry is b e i n g a c h i e v e d by p l a c i n g f i g u r e s c o n n e c t e d w i t h th e o u t -s i d e w o r l d in t he p a -s t o r a l c o n t e x t . Th e a u d i e n c e m a y w a t c h the a c t u a l c l a s h of o u t l o o k s o n life s i n c e a r e c o l l e c t i o n o f th e w o r l d s e e m i n g l y e x c l u d e d b y t h e p a -s t o r a l i-s f o r c e f u l l y r e a l i s e d at th e s h e e p - s h e a r i n g f e a s t t h r o u g h t he p r e s e n c e a n d b e h a v i o u r of K i n g P o l i x e n e s , which p a -r a l l e l s t h a t of l e o n t e s in A c t s I a n d II. P o l i k e n e s r e p r e s e n t s the c o u r t w i t h it s i d i o s y n c r a s i e s so, a c c o r d i n g l y , h e o v e r -s h a d o w -s ^ n d at l a -s t d e s t r o y s the m o o d of p a s t o r a l h a p p i n e s s ; ye t u n l i k e L e o n t e s h e is u n a b l e to d e s t r o y t h e b o n d of lo v e, w h i c h f u r t h e r s t r e s s e s its i dea l q u a l i t y , a s s e r t e d b y F l o r i z e l t o w a r d s th e e n d of the sc e n e : N o t f o r B o h e m i a , n o r the p o m p t h a t m a y B e t h e r e a t g l e a n ’d: for al l th e s u n s e e s , or The c l o s e e a r t h w o m b s , or t h e p r o f o u n d s e a s h i d e s I n u n k n o w n f a t h o m s , w i l l I b r e a k m y o a t h Fo t h i s m y f a i r b e l o v ’d. ( I V , i v , 4 8 9 - 9 3 ) The a t t i t u d e of P o l i x e n e s p r o v e s ye t a n o t h e r p o i n t , n a m e l y • 1 ft A. V. E t t i n, L i t e r a t u r e a n d t he P a s t o r a l , Y a l e U n i -v e r s i t y P r e s s , N e w H a -v e n , L o n d o n 19 84, p. 80. 19 I b i d e m , p. 81. Th e c o n c e p t of t h e i m p l i c i t i n s e t p r o v e s to b e u s e f u l in r e l a t i o n to p a s t o r a l l y r i c s . H o w e v e r , w h a t is i m p l i c i t in e c l o g u e s u s u a l l y b e c o m e s e x p l i c i t in a n a r r a t i v e or a d r a m a t i c fo rm.

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t h a t th e p h y s i c a l p r e s e n c e of c h a r a c t e r s in t he p a s t o r a l e n -v i r o n m e n t d e e s n o t n e c e s s a r i l y e n t a i l b e n e f i c i a l r e s u l t s . A n e -c e s s a r y -c o n d i t i o n fo r th e a d o p t i o n of p a s t o r a l v a l u e s b y members of the n o n - p a s t o r a l w o r l d w i l l b e a s p i r i t u a l e v o l u t i o n s i n c e the c o u n t r y s i d e is n o t for o u t s i d e r s in s p i r i t . T h e e v o l u t i o n o c c u r s in the c a s e of L e o n t e s w h o r e c o g n i z e s h i s e r r o r a n d t h e n for s i x t e e n y e a r s r e p e n t s of w h a t h e h a s do n e . C l e o m e n e s s a y s of L e o n t e s ’ r e p e n t a n c e : S i r , y o u h a v e d o n e e n o u g h , a n d h a v e p e r f o r m ’d A s a i n t - l i k e s o r r o w : n o f a u l t c o u l d y o u m a k e , W h i c h y o u h a v e n o t r e d e e m ’d; i n d e e d , p a i d d o w n M o r e p e n i t e n c e t h a n d o n e t r e s p a s s . ( V , i , l - A ) O n l y in t h i s s t a t e of m i n d is L e o n t e s p r e p a r e d to a p p r e c i a -te f u l l y w h a t h i s d e s t r u c t i v e a c t i o n h a d c a u s e d to d i s a p p e a r , n a m e l y th e v i r t u e s e x p r e s s e d in t h e p a s t o r a l . T h e y a r e s i m i l a r to t h o s e w h i c h s u p p o r t e d s o c i a l r e l a t i o n s in S i c i l i a b e f o r e l e -o n t e s h a d d e s t r o y e d t h em . T h e r e f o r e , it is i m p o r t a n t t h at in t h e p l a y h e v a l u e s t h e p a s t o r a l q u a l i t i e s s t a n d i n g fo r t h e l o s t q u a l i t i e s of t h e c o u r t . T h u s it is o n l y an i m m a n e n t p a r a d o x of 20 th e p a s t o r a l , t h a t L e o n t e s , w h o is n o t h i m s e l f of the p a s t o r a l w o r l d , c a n b e s t e x p r e s s a p p r e c i a t i o n of i t s m e r i t . A c c o r d i n g l y , F l o r i z e l a n d P e r d i t a , s y m b o l i c of t h e p a s t o r a l i d e a l , a r e w a r m l y w e l c o m e d by hi m : " W e l c o m e h i t h e r , / As is s p r i n g to t h ’ e a r t h " . ( V , i , 1 5 0 - 1 ) . T h e i r u n i o n b r i n g s h o p e f o r a n e w b e g i n n i n g . It s t a n d s f o r w h a t is l a c k i n g a f t e r H e r m i o n e ’s d e a t h , a n d s o L e o n te s d e c i d e s to a c t o n t h e i r b e h a l f , t h us c o n f i r m i n g h i s s p i r i t u -al m a t u r i t y . He d e c l a r e s : I w i l l to y o u r f a t h e r : Y o u r h o n o u r n o t o ’e r t h r o w n by y o u r d e s i r e s , I a m f r i e n d to t h e m a n d you: u p o n w h i c h e r r a n d I n o w g o t o w a r d h i m; ( V , 1 , 2 2 8 - 3 1 ) It is t h e n readily n o t i c e a b l e t h a t t h e c l o s i n g a c t of • the p l a y i3 i m p o r t a n t fo r th e v a l i d i t y of th e p a s t o r a l s c e n e as w e l l 2Q o n e of t h e c e n t r a l p a r a d o x e s of t h e p a s t o r a l is t h a t t h o s e b e s t a b l e to a p p r e c i a t e it a n d t h o s e b e s t a b l e to e x p r e s s t h e i r a p p r e c i a t i o n a r e n o t t h e m s e l v e s of t h e p a s t o r a l w o r l d " . (E t t i n, op. c i t . , p. 82).

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as th e precedi nf l t h r e e a c t s . W h a t h a s b e e n e x e m p l i f i e d a b o v e a l l o w s t h e o b s e r v a t i o n t h a t the d r a m a t i c p a s t o r a l r e q u i r e s s o m e d e g r e e of b o r d e r i n g o n an u n p a s t o r a l c o n t e x t b e c a u s e t h e i d e a l is p a r t l y d e f i n e d t h e r e by c o n t r a s t . T he n a t u r a l l a w b y w h i c h th e u n i p n of F l o r i z e l a n d P e r d i t a is s a n c t i o n e d s u b s u m e s a w h o l e c o m p l e x of p a s t o r a l q u a l i t i e s w h i c h to a l a r g e d e g r e e s t e m f r o m t he p a s t o r a l e n v i r o n m e n t - th e n a t u r a l p l a c e of l o v e a n d r e n e w a l . I t s f o r c e l i e s p r e c i s e l y in i ts c a p a b i l i t y o f e x e m p l i f y i n g p a s t o r a l v i r t u e s , f o r p l a c e in th e p a s t o r a l n e v e r f u n c t i o n s a s a c o l l e c t i o n of p a r t i c u l a r d e -t a i l s , -the l a n d s c a p e b e i n g a -t o -t a l p h y s i c a l s u r r o u n d i n g w h i c h 21 d o e s n o t c a l l a t t e n t i o n to i t s e l f . A l t h o u g h th e " c o u n t r y s i d e of B o h e m i a “ p a r t a k e s of a c t u a l c o u n t r y f e s t i v a l s w h i c h m a y b e n o t i c e d in t h e u s e of c u s t o m a r y d a n c e s a n d s o n g s t o g e t h e r w i t h o t h e r c e r e m o n i e s of r u r a l f e a s t s , y e t in t h e p l a y it is m a i n l y a s y m b o l of a s i m p l e r f o r m of s o c i e t y t h a n t h a t of th e c o u r t p r e s e n t e d in t he f i r s t t h r e e a c ts . B o h e m i a , as a l o c a l e , is d e p r i v e d of a n y r e a l i s t i c g e o g r a p h i c a l i m p l i c a t i o n s . It is d i s -l o c a t e d , p r o v i d e d w i t h a s e a c o a s t a n d a d e s e r t t o a c q u i r e p h y -s i c a l n e u t r a l i t y , e v e n m y s t e r i o u s n e s s . T h e m a i n p u r p o s e of such a d e p i c t i o n of th e s e t t i n g is to m a k e it a p s y c h o l o g i c a l s y m -b o l w h i c h -b e l o n g s to a t r a d i t i o n g o i n g b a c k to th e a n c i e n t o r i g i n s of tb e p a s t o r a l , to, as R o s a l i e L. C o l i e o b s e r v e s , V i r -g i l ’s A r c a d i a r a t h e r t h a n T h e o c r i t u s ’ S i c i l y , b e c a u s e B o h e m i a , О О as a n a t u r a l s p o t , is "a c o n c e p t , a n i m a g e i n i t s e l f " , The s a m e J u x t a p o s i t i o n of p a s t o r a l v e r s u s n o n - p a s t o r a l as in t he c a s e of t h e m o t i f of l ov e , w i l l p l a y i t s r o l e in th e p e r c e p t i o n of t h e p a s t o r a l p l a c e b e c a u s e t h e r e a d e r or a u d i e n c e is to f e e l r e l i e f f r o m t he p r e s s u r e s of t r a g e d y at c o u r t in the c h a n g e o f a t m o s p h e r e i n t r o d u c e d b y t h e p a s t o r a l . T o g e t h e r w i t h th e c h a r a c t e r s o f t h e p a s t o r a l , th e o n l o o k e r s w i l l e n j o y th e l i b e r t y a n d f r e e d o m o f th e r u r a l e n v i r o n m e n t w h i l e t h e s h o r t -c o m i n g s o f t he -c o u r t ( c q l d in o p p o s i t i o n to t h e s u b s e q u e n t w a r m t h ; c r u e l , s i n c e s t i f f f o r m a l i t y r e s u l t s i n d e a t h s at o d d s w i t h l i b e r a t e d s i m p l i c i t y an d r e b i r t h ) m a k e it a hositile p l a c e 21 Ib i d e m , p. 127 f f -22 R. L. С о 1 i e, S h a k e s p e a r e ’s L i v i n g A r t , P r i n c e t o n 1974, p. 249. S e e a l s o H a r i n e l l i o n t h e c l a s s i c a l o r i g i n s of " A r c a d i a " , (op. c i t . , p. 9 - 1 1 , 3 9 - 4 5 ) .

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c o n t r a s t e d w i t h th e e m o t i o n a l q u a l i t y of t he p a s t o r a l site. Th us the d o m i n a n t i m p r e s s i o n of th e p a s t o r a l m a y b e e x p r e s s e d as 23 f e e l i n g at h o m e . H o w e v e r , i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s of p l a c e v a r y a c c o r d i n g to th e c h a r a c t e r s ’ p r o v e n a n c e , or e m o t i o n s , m a k i n Q it, t y p i c a l l y for the p a s t o r a l , a f i e l d o f r e f e r e n c e . A n t i g o n u s a n d t h e M a r i n e r s e e it as a d e s e r t , the s k i e s o v e r w h i c h a r e g r i m , th e l a n d i t s e l f b e i n g a p l a c e f e m o u s for b e a s t s of p r e y ( I I I ,iii ,2 - 1 3) . N a t u r e s e e m s h o s t i l e to t h em , the w e a t h e r an d g e n e r a l a t m o s p h e -re s e r v i n g as a r e a c t i o n to t h e i r s t a t u s as o u t s i d e r s in s p i -ri t b e c a u s e t h e y a r e to d o s o m e t h i n g u n n a t u r a l , w h i c h c u l m i n a t -es in th e o b j e c t i v e l y h o r r i f y i n g d e a t h of A n t i g o n u s . This e v e n t d r a w s a b o r d e r l i n e b e t w e e n t he i m p u r e w o r l d a n d th e p u r i f i e d p a s t o r a l e n c l a v e . S i m i l a r l y , in P o l i x e n e s ’ w o r d s t h e r e is an i m p l i c i t e v a l u a t i o n of t he p l a c e as t h a t of b a s e r u s t i c i t y - i g n o b l e ( I V , i v , 1 5 9 ) . On the c o n t r a r y , th e S h e p h e r d a n d the C l o w n f e el s a f e e v e n in t h e p r e s e n c e of d e a t h b e c a u s e , o n the o n e h a n d , t h e i r h o m e is r e a l l y n o t fa r a w a y in p h y s i c a l terms; b e s i d e s , th e y d o n o t i n t e r v e n e in s o m e t h i n g t h at s e e m s to t he m to be b e y o n d h u m a n r e a c h. T h u s th e e n a c t m e n t of t h e w h o l e e v e n t at th e s e a - s h o r e b e c o m e s o n l y an o c c a s i o n fo r t y p i c a l w i t t y r e p a r t e e s o n t h e p a r t of s i m p l e - m i n d e d c o u n t r y m e n : Clo. No w, no w : I h a v e n o t w i n k e d s i n c e I s a w t h e s e s i g h t s : the m e n a r e n o t y e t c o l d u n d e r w a t e r , n o r the b e a r h a l f d i n e d o n t h e g e n t l e m a n : h e ’s at it now. Shep. W o u l d I h a d b e e n by, to h a v e h e l p e d the o l d

m a n I Clo. I w o u l d y o u h a d b e e n b y the s h i p si d e , to h a v e h e l p e d h e r: t h e r e y o u r c h a r i t y w o u l d h a v e l a c k e d f o o t i n g . Shep. H e a v y m a t t e r s ! h e a v y m a t t e r s ! A r e l a t i v e l a c k of i n t e r e s t in t h e d e a t h o f A n t i g o n u s is e x p l a i n e d by t h e i r b e l i e f in the l a w s o f n a t u r e . W h e n p e o p l e f o l l o w t h e s e, t h e y a re r e w a r d e d , o t h e r w i s e t h e y a r e p u n i s h e d - s u c h is th e s i m p l e c r e d o of t h e s h e p h e r d s . A c c o r d i n g l y , g o l d w r a p p e d in the " b e a r i n g - c l o t h " w h i c h t he S h e p h e r d f i n d s is p e r -t -t -t i n, pp. c i t . , p. 135,

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c e i v e d a s a s i g n of n a t u r e ’s b o u n t y , w h i c h c o n f i r m s t he r i g h t -n e s s o f b i s o b e d i e -n c e to t h e r u l e ç s e t b y l o c a l d e i t i e s : " i t w a s t o l d m e 1 s h o u l d b e r i c h by th e f a i r i e s " ( I I I ,ii i , 1 1 6) : "We a r e l u c k y , b o y ; a n d to b e s o s t i l l r e q u i r e s n o - / t h i n g b u t s e -c r e -c y ” . ( I l l , iii , 1 2 3 - 4 ) . U n d o u b t e d l y , o b s e r v i n g t he t r a d i t i o n s a n d b e l i e f s , a s e x p r e s s e d b y t he S h e p h e r d a n d t h e C l o w n , a d d s to t h e s e n s e of f e e l i n g at h o m e in t h e n a t u r a l w o r l d . In s p i t e of s u c h u n u s u a l i n c i d e n t s a s f i n d i n g g o l d , h o w e v e r , n a t u r e daily y i e l d s m e a n s of s u s t e n a n c e , so to c u l t i v a t e t r a d i t i o n m e a n s a l s o to m a r k i m p o r t a n t m o m e n t s of t h e y e a r w i t h c e l e b r a t i o n s of t he n a t u r a l o r d e r s u c h a s t h e s h e e p - s h e a r i n g fe a s t . N o t al l t h e c h a r a c t e r s p r e s e n t in t h e p a s t o r a l e n v i r o n m e n t a r e m e m b e r s of o n e a c t u a l f a m i l y l i v i n g in t h e s a m e h o m e . O n l y t he C l o w n is t h e s o n of t h e S h e p h e r d a n d P e r d i t a h i s a l l e g e d d a u g h t e r . T h us t h e n o t i o n s of f a m i l y a n d h o m e b e c o m e b r o a d e r in s c o p e to m e a n the h u m a n f a m i l y a n d t h e p a s t o r a l w o r l d . F u r t h e r -m o r e , n o t al l th e c h a r a c t e r s w h o w a n t to l i v e i n i d e a l c o m m u -n i o -n w i t h -n a t u r a l s u r r o u -n d i -n g s a r e s h e p h e r d s s i n c e in R e n a i s -s a n c e p a -s t o r a l l i t e r a t u r e m o -s t of t h e m a r e c o u r t i e r s a n d t h e y a r e r e a l l y t h e f o c u 3 of a t t e n t i o n , a s F l o r i z e l is. T h e y c o m e f o r i n s t r u c t i o n to b e n a t u r a l i z e d , as it w e r e a n d t h e y o b t a -in it i f t h e y a r e e m o t i o n a l l y m a t u r e , t h a t is r e a d y t o a c c e p t 24 h i g h p a s t o r a l v a l u e s . In t h i s w a y c o u r t i e r s m a y s h a r e t h e s h e p h e r d s * e n j o y m e n t of t h e i r w o r l d , a n d , w h a t is e s p e c i a l l y i m p o r t a n t , t h e y t r a n s f e r a w h o l e c o m p l e x o f p r i n o i p l e s r u l i n g t h e p a s t o r a l w o r l d to a p l a c e o u t s i d e th e r u r a l e n v i r o n m e n t , t h a t is th e c o u r t a s in th e c a s e of F l o r i z e l a n d P e r d i t a a r -r i v i n g in S i c i l i a in A c t V. B e s i d e t h e s e t t i n g , t i m e is a n o t h e r e l e m e n t of t h e p a s t o r a l w h i c h p l a y s an i m p o r t a n t r o l e in the c o n s t r u c t i o n of t h e p a -s t o r a l i d e a l a n d r e l a t e d m e a n i n g s . T h e c h o i c e o f a p a r t i c u l a r t i m e of y e a r f o r t h e p a s t o r a l is a m a t t e r o f a s s o c i a t i o n s w i t h -25 in a g i v e n c u l t u r e , a s E t t i n o b s e r v e s . M o s t p a s t o r a l sc en es , i n c l u d i n g t h a t of " T h e W i n t e r ’s T a l e " , t a k e p l a c e d u r i n g summ-. C о 1 i e, op. c i t ., p. 249. E t t i n, o p . c i t ., p. 137.

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er s i n c e t h at is t he t i m e of n a t u r e ’s f r u i t i o n w h e n t he sheph-- e r d ’s re a l w o r k h a s b e e n d o n e a n d h o l i d a y m e r r y - m a k i n g a n d lei-s u r e a r e p o lei-s lei-s i b l e . M o r e o v e r , s i n c e t h e p a s t o r a l s h o u l d be t i m e -le s s , a p e r m a n e n t s u m m e r , t h e p a s s a g e of t i m e h a s to b e a r r e s t -ed. In th e c o n t e x t of t h e w h o l e p l a y , h o w e v e r , t i m e s t o p s o n l y for a m o m e n t in th e p a s t o r a l sc e n e , " o n e s e l f - b o r n h u u r " in the w o r d s of T i m e , t h e C h o r u s ( I V , i , 8). Ye t to p r o v i d e a n i l l u s i o n of u n e n d i n g d u r a t i o n t he p r e s e n c e of a ll s e a s o n s is e v o k e d . F o r o n e, P e r d i t a in h e r f l o w e r s p e e c h d u r i n g t he f e a s t i m p l i e s t h a t the t i m e of t h e s h e e p - s h e a r i n g is r e a l l y l a t e s u m m e r , a l m o s t a u t u m n ( I V , i v , 7 9 - 8 1 ) , t h e n the b e g i n n i n g o f the y e ar is r e c a l l -e d by i m a g -e s of s p r i n g f l o w e r s ( I V , i v , 1 1 8 - 2 7 ) as s p r i n g is u n -d o u b t e -d l y m o s t i m p o r t a n t to th e m e a n i n g o f t h e p a s t o r a l i -d ea l . It e m p h a s i z e s r e b i r t h , th e a w a k e n i n g of n e w t h i n g s l e a d i n g to f r u i t i o n ; h e n c e A u t o l y c u s ’ s o n g a l s o e v o k e s t h e a t m o s p h e r e of s p r i n g ( I V ,i i i , 1- 1 2) . T h e s i g n i f i c a n c e of t h i s s e a s o n is f u r t h e r s t r e n g t h e n e d by t h e c o n t r a s t w i t h th e i m p l i c a t i o n s of w i n t e r . T he s e a s o n s of th e y e a r a r e a l s o m a d e to r e i l e c t d i f f e r -e n t s -e a s o n s of l i f -e in th e a b o v e - m e n t i o n e d f l o w e r s p e e c h of P e r d i t a w h o d i s t r i b u t e s f l o w e r s of p a r t i c u l a r s e a s o n s a m o n g m e m b e r s of v a r i o u s a g e g r o u p s . As ал e x p r e s s i o n of t h e d e s i r e for p e r p e t u a t i o n of th e v e r n a l c l i m a t e of the p a s t o r a l , h o w -e v -e r , s h -e p r -e s -e n t s m -e n , w h o m s h e t h i n k s to b e o l d , w i t h r o s e -m a r y a n d r u e - h e r b s t h a t s t a y g r e e n a n d f r a g r a n t , a t o k e n of s p r i n g in w i n t e r ( I V , i v , 7 4 - 5 ) . A d m i t t e d l y , s u c h a g r e e n , f e r t i l e a n d w a r m t i m e l e s s n e s s r e -c a l l s th e i m a g e of t h e m y t h i c a l G o l d e n A ge , m o d i f i e d by t he C h r i s t i a n p o i n t of v i e w . A c c o r d i n g to t h i s t r a d i t i o n , E d e n had. b e e n d e s t r o y e d f o r e v e r by the F a l l , w h i c h o b j e c t i v e l y h a p p e n -e d i n w o r l d h i s t o r y , h e n c e t he i d e a l in t h a t f o r m c a n n o t r e -t u rn . S i m i l a r l y , w h e n -t h e -t i m e of i n d i v i d u a l h u m a n l i f e is i n -t e r p r e -t e d in s u c h t e r m s , c h i l d h o o d is a p a s t a g e , a n d the s u b -s e q u e n t f a l l -s of a d o l e s c e n c e a n d m i d d l e a g e e n l a r g e th e d i s -t a n c e f r o m -t h a -t u n c o n s c i o u s u n i t y w i t h n a t u r e . In " I h e W i n t e r ’s T a l e 4 , L e o n t e s ’ h i s t o r y s e e m s to r e c r e a t e t h a t v e r y v i e w of w o r l d h i s t o r y i n s c r i b e d in t h e t i me of h u m a n l i f e : i m a g e s of c h i l d h o o d a n d i n n o c e n c e ( I , i , 2 2- 5; I ,i i , 6 7 - 7 0 ) , t h e n c r i s i s

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a n d p e r s o n a l l o s s e s ( a c c u s a t i o n a n d s e e m i n g d e a t h o f H e r m i o n e ; the d e a t h of M a m i l l i u s ) . In a g r e e m e n t w i t h t h e s a m e v i e w , h o w e v e r , S h a k e s p e a r e i m -p l i e s in t h e -p l a y th a t a h a p p i n e s s r e c a l l i n g t h a t of th e G o l -d e n A g e m a y h e r e g a i n e -d in t he l i f e of a n i n d i v i d u a l by th e p e r f e c t i o n of h i s o w n . s e l f - T h e r e s u l t o f th e p r o c e s s is p e r -c e i v e d as a s t a t e of s p i r i t u a l m a t u r i t y a n d e m o t i o n a l i n t e g r i -ty a t t a i n e d by L e o n t e s a f t e r a p e r i o d of s i x t e e n y e a r s , a s the e a r l i e r - m e n t i o n e d o p e n i n g s c e n e of A c t V s u g g e s t s . T h e p a s t o r a l s c e n e p l a y s a s i g n i f i c a n t r o l e in the p e r c e p t i o n b y t h e r e a d -e r o r a u d i -e n c -e of t h e d i r e c t i o n of L e o n t e s ’ m o r a l d e v e l o p m e n t as it p r o p o u n d s th e i d e a l w h i c h L e o n t e s w a n t s to r e a c h . R e a c h -ing t h e i d ea l i n v o l v e s , as the r e a d e r or a u d i e n c e is l e d to i n f e r f r o m t h e p l a y , a p p r o a c h i n g t h e s t a t e in w h i c h P e r d i t a f i n d s h e r s e l f in t h e p a s t o r a l s c e n e , t h a t is of a f u l l y b a l a n -c e d s e l f in h a r m o n y w i t h n a t u r e . S h e e m b o d i e s w h a t L e o n t e s lack-ed; L e o n t e s ’ j e a l o u s y is d e s c r i b e d by C a m i l l o in A c t I a s b e -ing th e r e s u l t of m o r a l c h a o s , a s t a t e o f r e b e l l i o n a g a i n s t his true , s a n e s e l f ( I ,i i , 3 5 5) * 6 . At th e s a m e t i m e , as it s e e m s , t h r o u g h th e r o l e o f P e r d i t a as a s y m b o l o f r e n e w a l - " F l o r a / P e r r i n g in A p r i l ’s f r o n t " (I V, i v , 2 - 3 ) - th e p a s t o r a l p r o m i s e s t h a t it w i l l b e p o s s i b l e to a- v o i d e r r o r s o f t h e p a s t in th e n e x t g e n e r a t i o n , w h i c h w i l l t h u s m a i n t a i n o r d e r a n d s t a b i l i t y , s i n c e P e r d i t a ’s u p b r i n g i n g a n d h e r u n i o n w i t h F l o r i z e l p o s s e s s v a l u e s of t h e n a t u r a l world w h i c h a r e p e r c e i v e d as a g u a r a n t e e of p e r f e c t i o n . T h u s w e n o t i c e th a t t h e l a r g e r t e m p o r a l p l a n of t h e p a s -t o r a l , -t h a -t is -the c y c l e gf s e a s o n s l i n k e d w i t h th e c y c l e of g e n e r a t i o n s , p r o v i d e s a d e g r e e of d e t a c h m e n t f r o m e v e r y d a y r e -a l i t y , t h a t is th e r e a l i t y of th e c o u r t i n t h e p l a y . A c c o r d -in g l y , it p r o v i d e s s p a c e f o r a c l a r i f i c a t i o n of L e o n t e s ’ m o t i -v e s , ye t in a b r o a d e r s e n s e it e l e v a t e s t h e v a l u e of t h e p a s -t o r a l c a p a b l e of -th e c r e a -t i v e r e a l i z a t i o n o f th e i d e a l w h e n it r e c a l l s t h e m y t h i c a l G o l d e n Ag e. T he g u a r a n t e e of p e r f e c t i o n , w h i c h t h e u n i o n o f F l o r i z e l P a f f о r d, op. c i t . , f. n. to 11. 3 5 5 - 3 5 6 , p. 24.

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a n d P e r d i t a b e c o m e s , is s o s t r o n g l y p r o n o u n c e d t h r o u g h o u t Ac t IV, s c e n e iv t h at an a p p a r e n t a m b i g u i t y c o n t a i n e d in th e n o -t i o n of w o r l d h i s -t o r y as a c y c l e of g e n e r a t i o n s r e m a i n s u n n o -t i c e d in -t h i s p a s -t o r a l by S h a k e s p e a r e . Го s a y t ha t a f t e r win-' t er c o m e s p r i n g a n d s u m m e r i m p l i e s t ha t t h e r e is a n o t h e r w i n -ter in t h e f u t u r e as w e l l , Th e p r o b l e m w a s g i v e n p o e t i c s h a p e a l m o s t f r o m the b e g i n n i n g of p a s t o r a l l i t e r a t u r e , n a m e l y lri V i r g i l ’s F o u r t h E c l o g u e in w h i c h an i d y l l i c v i s i o n is b r o k e n by a p a s s a g e s l i g h t l y o v e r s h a d o w i n g its s p l e n d o u r : "Y e t a/ few t r a c e s of a n c i e n t d e l u s i o n s w il l r e m a i n , m o v i n g p e o p l e to t e s t t h e s e a s / w i t h s h i p s , e n c i r c l e t o w n s w i t h w a l l s , cu t f u r r o w s i n t o the e e r t h " ^ 7 . T h « f r a g m e n t d r a w s a t t e n t i o n to an a s p e c t of h i s t o r y w h i c h s e e m s to be c o n s c i o u s l y e v a d e d in “ The W i n t e r ’s Ta l e ". S h a k e s -p e a r e d e a l s m a i n l y w i t h the -p r o m i s e of b e n e f i c i a l r e s u l t s which ar e g o i n g to be b r o u g h t a b o u t by s h a p i n g r e a l i t y a c c o r d i n g to th e p r i n c i p l e s of th e n a t u r a l w o r l d . O n the o t h e r h a n d , h o w e v e r , the h y p o t h e t i c a l q u a l i t y of t he p a s t o r a l i m a g e o f a l t e r n a t i v e e x i s t e n c e , t h a t is o n e m o d e l l e d o n the i d ea l, is s u g g e s t e d t h r o u g h o u t the p l a y by r e f e r e n c e s to the t h e a t r i c a l i t y o r the u n b e l i e v a b l e n a t u r e of th e e v e n t s : Per. M e t h i n k ś I p l a y as 1 h a v e s e e n t h e m do In W h i t s u n p a s t o r a l s (IV, i v , 1 3 3 - 4 ) I se e t he p l a y s o l i es T h at I m u s t b e a r a p a rt . ( I V , i v , 6 5 5 - 6 ) S e c . G e n t , C . . J T h is n e w s w h i c h is c a l l e d tr ue , is so l i k e an o l d t a l e t h a t the v e r i t y of it is in s t r o n g s u s p i c i o n * ( V , i i , 2 7 - 9) This i n s i s t e n c e o n f i c t i o n m a y s e r v e t o p p i n t o u t w h a t V i r g i l e x p r e s s e d in t h e a b o v e - m e n t i o n e d f r a g m e n t of the F o u r t h ^ V i r g i l , E c l o g u e s , I V . 3 1 - 33 , a f t e r E t t i n ’s t r a n s l a -t i o n (op. c i t . , p, 47 ). Ihe a u t h o r p r o v i d e s a d i s c u s s i o n of the w h o l e F o u r t h E c l o g u e , p. 4 ^- 50 .

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The Pastoral anii lts_Use in "Ihs Winter's Tale" _ 2 0 3 E c l o g u e , n a m e l y th a t m a n m a y o n l y b e o f f e r e d a c h a n c e for v i r -t u o u s l i f e b u -t h u m a n b e i n g s p o s s e s s a f r e e d o m of c h o i c e arid s o m e of t h e m c h o o s e j u s t th e o p p o s i t e o f v i r t u e . Th u s t h e p o s -s i b i l i t y of p e r p e t u a t i n g h i g h p a -s t o r a l v a l u e -s is n o t r e a l l y u n -d e r m i n e -d ; it is r a t h e r th e l i m i t e -d e f f e c t i v e n e s s of t h e p a s t o -ral p a t t e r n d e p e n d i n g o n f r e e c h o i c e th at is p o i n t e d o ut . The q u e s t i o n of f r e e c h o i c e a n d the p a s t o r a l a p p e a r s in " T h e T e m -p e s t " w h e r e it o b t a i n s a f u l l e r e x -p r e s s i o n . H a v i n g e x a m i n e d th e p r e s e n c e ^ n d s t r u c t u r a l u s e s of the e l -e m -e n t s f o r m i n g th -e p a s t o r a l i d e a l o f n a t u r e , it w i l l b e a p p r o -p r i a t e to t u r n to th o m e a n i n g of th e p a s t o r a l r e n d e r e d b y S h a -k e s p e a r e in " T h e W i n t e r ’s T a le " . A s h a s a l r e a d y b e e n n o t e d , a se t of v a l u e s i n t r o d u c e d by the p a s t o r a l a n d p e r c e i v e d a s a t -t r i b u -t e s of n a -t u r e e f f e c t s a t r a n s f o r m a t i o n w i t h i n t h e s p i r i -tual s t a t e of t h e h e r o , w h i c h b e c a u s e of h i s s t a t u s (a k i n g - a r u l e r ) i n f l u e n c e s th e w h o l e s o c i a l o r d e r . Th e m o v e m e n t of the i n d i v i d u a l t o w a r d s p e r f e c t i o n c o r r e s p o n d s to th at of s o -c i e t y , as s t a t e d i n o n e of th e m o s t i n f l u e n t i a l R e n a i s s a n c e b o o k s , lialdesar C a s t i g i i o n e ’s “ Ihe B o o k of the C o u r t i e r " . There, we r e a d that if tb e " p r i n c e is g o o d £... ] h i s p e o p l e a r e g o o d , b e c a u s e the l i f e of th e p r i n c e is a n o r m a n d g u i d e fo r t h e c i -') fi U z e ns a n d a l l b e h a v i o u r m u s t n e e d s d e p e n d o n h i s " . T h e n o r m in q u e s t i o n is n e v e r s et by s h e p h e r d s a s s u c h t s i n c e a l t h o u g h t h ey p a r t a k e of it in t h e i r n a t u r a l e n v i r o n m e n t , t h e r e a l v a l u e is e m b o d i e d i n t h e " r o y a l s h e p h e r d " . The l a t t e r is to a p p e a r n a tu r a l in a p a s t o r a l m a s q u e r a d e . C a s t i g l i o n e s t r e s s e s t h a t , in the p a s t o r a l c o n t e x t , t h e " r o y a l s h e p h e r d ’s" e x c e l l e n c e " i s all the m o r e c o n v i n c i n g for b e i n g s o o b v i o u s w h e n e v e r y o n e s u p p o s -29 es h i m to be an o r d i n a r y s h e p h e r d " In r e l a t i o n to th is , it s h o u l d be e m p h a s i z e d t h a t th e s o c i a l t r a n s f o r m a t i o n in p a s t o r a l l i t e r a t u r e n e v e r a f f e c t s h i e r a r c h y , d e s p i t e s i n g l e p r o n o u n c e -m e n t s of e g a l i t a r i a n i s -m l i k e t ha t of P e r d i t a : " T h e s e l f s a m e s u n t h a t s h i n e s u p o n b i § c o u r t / H i d e s n o t h i s v i s a g e f r o m o u r c o t t -О Ci Q u o t e d in H. E. T Q 1 i v e r, P a s t o r a l F o r m s a n d A t -t i -t u d e s , U n i v e r s i t y o f C a l i f o r n i a P r e s s , B e r k e l e y , L o s A n ge l es , L o n d o n 19 7 1, f.n. 5, p. 26. 29

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Piotr S/уяюг

age, bu t/ L ook s on alike". ( I V , i v , 445-7), w h i c h s p o k e n by her, a d i s g u i s e d p r in ce s s, i n e v ita b ly p oi n ts to he r ow n s u p e r i o r i t y as well as to a lack of any furt her c o n s e q u e n c e s of the idea in the c o nt ex t of the wh ol e play.

Still, as Ha r o ld To li ver ob ser ves, S h a k e s p e a r e in such p la y s as "A M i d s u m m e r N i g h t ’s D ream", "As You L i ke I t ” , "The W i n t e r ’s Tale" and "The T em pest " u ni t e s id yl li c wi sh wi th r e a -li zable social ch an ge, wh er e as Sidn ey and Sp ense r, for i n s t a n -ce, in their romances, sim il ar in tr i p ar t i t e s t r u c t u r e a nd the e x p o s u r e of he r o es to the g r een world, s tr e s s rat her the d i f -fic ulty of any p e r m a n e n t so cial t r a n s f o r m a t i o n 3 0 . U n l i k e S h a -k e sp ea r e, who at le ast b e li e v e s in the p o e t ’s p o we r to work .tpon the mind, thus in f l u e n ci n g m i nd s by the m a g i c of natu re, ntney a p p r o ac h e s the at t i t ud e of a real i st in so c ia l matters. A c co r di ng ly , de s p i te the t e nden cy of the p a s t ora l to re move b à rr i e r s be t w ee n cl as ses, in the "A rca dia" , Sid n ey s h ar p e n s so-cial d i s t i n c t i o n s 3 1 . S h a k e s p e a r e do es not so m u c h s h a r p e n the d i s t in c ti on s, yet he u se s irony to sh ow the l i m i t a t i o n s of mere rusticity: M op sa is s ur e that the in cr e d i bl e s t or i e s must be true b e c a us e in pr int ( I V , i v , 261-2) and O orc as , g e n u i n e l y m o v -ed by a s tor y of a u s u r e r ’s wife, e x cl ai ms , "Ble ss me from m a r r y i n g a u s u r er ! " (I V, iv, 2 69 ); s i m i la rl y, w h en in Act V the S h e p he r d and the C l ow n hav e put on ri ch a p pa re l and s p ea k of their ne wly ac q u i r e d no bil it y, they are to p oi n t out the a b -s u r d it y of -such a p r o p o -s i t i o n (V , i , 127-175).

In this way the va lu es of the co urt or of civilization, cul-- ture and art are not d e n o u n c e d as i n ferio r but ra ther r e e s t a

-b l is h e d after h a v i n g -b e c o m e e n r i c h e d -by the r e s o u r c e s of the pa st oral. The o p p o s i t i o n of na t u re and art is a b a s i s for d i a -lect ical r e a s o n i n g in p a s to ra l w o r k s 3 2 , yet in a g r e e m e n t wi th the N e o - P l a t o n i c s e a r c h for h a rm o n y na t u r e u l t i m a t e l y m e r g e s w it h art i nst ea d of o p p o s i n g it. Mo r eo ve r, it s e em s that n a tu r e itself ne ed s m o d i f i c a t i o n to be t r a n s fo r m e d b e y o n d its m er e

30 Ibidem, p. 15-16. 31 Ibidem, p. 52-53.

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15-Itit Pastoral arid Its lise "The Wint er's Tale"_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 2Üb s i m p l i c i t y to h e a b l e to a n s w e r th e d e m a n d s of t he d o m i n a n t cul-t u r a l o r d e r w h i c h t he d r a m a t i s t is c o n s c i o u s of. F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e n a t u r e of th e c o u n t r y s i d e of B o h e m i a as t he r e a l i t y of t h e s t a g e d p e r f o r m a n c e c a n n o t e x i s t w i t h o u t art,, a n d s o t h e s e e m -in g p o l a r i t y of n a t u r e a n d a r t is to a l a r g e d e g r e e s u b s u m e d u n d e r t h e r u l e s of the a r t of t h e d r a m a t i s t . S t i l l , a n a l l - - e n c o m p a s s i n g c o n c e p t of " g r e a t c r e a t i n g n a t u r e " is i n t r o d u c e d q u i t e e a r l y in t he p a s t p r a l s c e n e , a p p a r e n t l y to i n f o r m the r e a d i n g of t h e p l a y . Ye t , s i m p l e h u m a n n a t u r e e m b o d i e d b y the S h e p h e r d , t h e C l o w n , M o p s a a n d D o r c a s , as w e h a v e s e e n , is p o -w e r l e s s to a l a r g e e x t e n t , in the s e n s e t h a t it is n o t c o m -p a t i b l e w i t h the i d e a l . It m a y be m e r e l y an o c c a s i o n f o r l a -u g h t e r in t h i s p l a y . It is t h e n th e r o l e of n a t u r e as th e s o u r c e of the p o w e r of a r t a n d n o t t h e p o w e r o f n a t u r e itself, w h i c h th e a r t - n a t u r e d e b a t e b e t w e e n P o l i x e n e s a n d P e r d i t a e s p e -c i a l l y s t r e s s e s . N a t u r e is u n i t e d w i t h a r t w h i c h s e r v e s as it s c o r r e c t i v e ( a r t aa n u r t u r e ) a n d a r t in f a c t e n a b l e s th e r e -p r e s e n t a t i o n , or c r e a t i o n o f n a t u r e , in t he l a n g u a g e of t he t e xt a n d in s t a g e - l m a g e r y , P e r d i t a a n d P o l i x e n e s sa y, Pe r, F o r I h a v e h e a r d it s a i d T h e r e is an a r t w h i c h , in t h e i r p i e d n e s s , s h a r e s W i t h g r e a t c r e a t i n g n a t u r e , P o l i x . S a y t h e r e bej Y e t n a t u r e is m a d e b e t t e r b y n o m e a n B u t n a t u r e m a k e s t h a t m e a n : s o o v e r t h a t a r t , W h i c h y o u s a y a d d s to n a t u r e , is an ar t That n a t u r e m a k e s . Y o u se e, s w e e t m a i d , w e m a r r y A g e n t l e r s c i o n to t h e w i l d e s t s t o c k , A n d m a k e c o n c e i v e a b a r k »f b a s e r k i n d B y b u d o f n o b l e r r a c e . T h i s is art ar t W h i c h d o e s m e n d n a t u r e - c h a n g e it r a t h e r - b u t T he a r t i t s e l f is n a t u r e . ( I V , i v , 8 6 - 9 7 ) A s T e r r y E a g l e t o n r i g h t l y s u g g e s t s , t h e d i a l o g u e l e a d s to v i e w i n g c u l t u r e a s n a t u r a l j u s t as to p e r c e i v i n g n a t u r e as c u l -t u r a l b e c a u s e f r o m t h e p e r s p e c t i v e of th e d e b a t e : " N a t u r e i t -s e l f p r o d u c e -s t h e m e a n -s of It s o w n t r a n s f o r m a t i o n , co nt ai ns t h a t

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33 w h i c h g o e s b e y o n d it" . G r a f t i n g , w h i c h P e r d i t a o p p o s e s (IV, i v , 9 9 - 1 0 3 ) , is a c t u a l l y a s y m b o l of h e r o w n a n d F l o r i z e l ’s s i g -n i f i c a -n c e i-n th e p l a y s i -n c e as th e y a r e " r oy a l s h e p h e r d s " , t h e i r r o y a l t y m e r g e s w i t h p a s t o r a l l i fe a n d t h e y a r e m a d e i n t o p r o -d u c t s of n a t u r e : e v e n t h o u g h t h e y b e l o n g p r i m a r i l y to the o r - d e r of art, c u l t u r e a n d c i v i l i z a t i o n . A s s u ch , th ey s e r v e as the m e a n s w h i c h h e l p s to b r i n g h u m a n n a t u r e to p e r f e c t i o n . In t h i s wa y , th e p a s t o r a l e v e n t u a l l y r e i n f o r c e s the e x i s t i n g s o -c i al o r d e r , d o m i n a t e d by t he c o u r t , in p r o v i d i n g an i d e o l o g y 34 w h e r e u y t h at o r d e r is " n a t u r a l i z e d " I n s t i t u t e o f E n g l i s h S t u d i e s U n i v e r s i t y of Ł ó dż P i o t r S z y m o r S I E L A N K A I J E J Z A S F O S U W A N J L W " O P O W I E Ś C I Z I M O W E J " W I L L I A M A S Z E K S P I R A Z a s t o s o w a n i e s i e l a n k i w " O p o w i e ś c i z i m o w e j " w s k a z u j e na p r z y n a l e ż n o ś ć u t w o r u d o g ł ó w n e g o n u r t u r o z w o j u k o n w e n c j i l i t e r a c k i e j w z o r o w a n e j na m o d e l a c h k l a s y c z n y c h . W ś r ó d g a t u n k ó w r e n e -s a n -s o w y c h r o z w i j a j ą c y c h k o n c e p c j e -s i e l a n k o w e , k t ó r e m o g ł y m i e ć w p ł y w n a s p o s ó b ich u ż y c i a p r z e z S / e k s p i r a w y r ó ż n i a j ą s i ę r o -m a n s p r o z ą i w i e r s z e -m . C h o c i a ż s z e ś n a s t o w i e c z n y d r a -m a t w ł o s k i o- f e r u j e f o r m ę t r a g i k o m e d i i p a s t o r a l n e j , to j e d n a k fa kt , że b r a -k u j e m u d r a m a t y c z n o ś c i d e c y d u j e o w y b o r z e s t r u k t u r y a k c j i , p o -s t a c i o r a z -s c e n w y s t ę p u j ą c y c h w r o m a n s i e j a k o e l e m e n t ó w k s z t a ł -t u j ą c y c h s z -t u k i p a s -t o r a l n e S z e k s p i r a . S z c z e g ó l n i e i s t o t n y w y d a -je s i ę w z ó r s t r u k t u r y u t w o r u p a s t o r a l n e g o ja ki p r e z e n t u j e " A r -k a d i a " S i d n e y a , k t ó r e g o p o d s t a w ą j e s t o k r e s £ o b y t u w r z e c z y w i -s t o ś c i -s i e l a n k o w e j b ę d ą c y o d t w o r z e n i e m p r o c e s u osiągania h a r m o -nii z o t a c z a j ą c y m ś w i a t e m . S t r u k t u r a " O p o w i e ś c i z i m o w e j " o p i e r a s i ę w ł a ś n i e na k o n c e -pc ji p o b y t u w r z e c z y w i s t o ś c i s i e l a n k o w e j , a w a r t o ś c i p r z y p i s y -w a n e s i e l a n c e są p o s t r z e g a n e w r e z u l t a c i e k o n t r a s t u m i ę d z y i- d e a l n y m i c e c h a m i e g z y s t e n c j i s i e l a n k o w e j a i ch o d p o w i e d n i k a m i w r z e c z y w i s t o ś c i d w o r u . K o n s t r u k c j a i d e a ł u o b e j m u j e p r z e d e w s z y -55 [ . E a g l e t o n , W i l l i a m S h a k e s p e a r e , B a s i l Bla ck we l l , O x f o r d 19 Й6 , p. 91.

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st'kim s a m o m i e j s c e o p a r t e na k o n c e p c j i n a t u r a l n e j r o d z i n y i p o -c z u -c i a b e z p i e -c z e ń s t w a w y n i k a j ą -c e g o z p o d d a n i a s i ę j e g o m i e s z k a ń * c ó w p r a w o m n a t u r y . I n n y m e l e m e n t e m i d e a ł u j e s t s p e c y f i c z n e d l a s i e l a n k i u j ę c i e c z a s u j a k o c y k l u o r a z z a w i e s z e n i e c z a s u w s t a -n i e p e r m a -n e -n t -n e g o l a t a w o b r ę b i e s a m e j s c e n y p a s t o r a l n e j . Ta k s k o n s t r u o w a n y i d e a ł s i e l a n k o w y j e s t j e d n a k k o n s e k w e n t n i e r e l a -t y w i z o w a n y p r z e z o d n i e s i e n i a d o t e a t r a l n o ś c i c a ł e g o z a ł o ż e n i a . Z e s p ó ł w a r t o ś c i s i e l a n k o w e g o i d e a ł u p o j m o w a n y c h j a k o " n a t u -r a l n e " p o w o d u j e t -r a n s f o -r m a c j ę w e w n ę t -r z n ą b o h a t e -r a , k t ó r a ze w z g l ę d u na j e g o s t a t u s w ł a d c y o b e j m u j e c a ł e s p o ł e c z e ń s t w o . Jed-n a k w l i t e r a t u r z e s i e l a Jed-n k o w e j t r a Jed-n s f o r m a c j a n i e d o t y c z y n i g d y s p o ł e c z n e j h i e r a r c h i i m i m o w y p o w i e d z i p r o p a g u j ą c y c h e g a l i t a -r y z m s p o ł e c z n o ś c i s i e l a n k o w e j . W r ę c z p r z e c i w n i e , z w y k l e m a m y d o c z y n i e n i ? z p o d k r e ś l e n i e m r ó ż n i c y m i ę d z y " s z l a c h e t n i e u r o d z o n y m i p a s t e r z a m i " a w i e ś n i a k a m i . W z w i ą z k u z ty m w a r t o ś c i p r z y p i -s y w a n e c y w i l i z a c j i d w o r -s k i e j n i e u l e g a j ą d e g r a d a c j i w z e s t a w i e -n i u z -n a t u r a l -n y m i . Są o n e r a c z e j o n i e w z b o g a c o n e . N a t u r a j e s t w o b e c t e g o ź r ó d ł e m c y w i l i z a c j i , a d o p i e r o s z t u k a d o n i e j p r z y -n a l e ż ą c a , f a k t y c z -n i e u m o ż l i w i a k s z t a ł t o w a n i e n a t u r y w t e k ś c i e i w o b r a z i e d r a m a t y c z n y m . S i e l a n k a o s t a t e c z n i e w z m a c n i a o b o w i ą -z u j ą c y p o r -z ą d e k k u l t u r o w y , g d y d r a m a t u r g ś w i a d o m y t e g o d o m i n u j ą -c e g o p o r z ą d k u k s z t a ł t u j e o b r a z , k t ó r y t è n p o r z ą d e k ć z y h i n a t u -r a l n y m .

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