v o l u m e t o Greek Papyri, b u t is also in its o w n r i g h t a s u p e r b p a l a e o g r a p h i c a l b u m c o n t a i n i n g n u m e r o u s r e p r o d u c t i o n s of i n t e r e s t i n g m a n u s c r i p t s t h a t h a v e s e l d o m , a n d i n s o m e cases n e v e r , b e e n r e p r o d u c e d b e f o r e ( a p a r t f r o m t h e p h o t o g r a p h s m e n t i o n e d a b o v e , see also, e.g. P l a t e s 25, 46, 51, 57, 68, 69, 72). T h e o n l y o b j e c t i o n t h a t m i g h t b e r a i s e d is t h a t t h e p l a t e s a r e n o t a r r a n g e d i n chro-nological o r d e r ( t h e Chrochro-nological Table of Manuscripts g i v e n o n p . 127 c a n n o t r e p l a c e it). E v e n if w e c o n c e d e t h a t i t w a s r i g h t t o a r r a n g e t h e p l a t e s a c c o r d i n g t o l i t e r a r y g e n r e s , i t m i g h t p e r h a p s h a v e b e e n b e t t e r t o k e e p t o a c h r o n o l o g i c a l s e q u e n c e w i t h i n e a c h g e n r e , i n s t e a d of a r r a n g i n g t h e m a n u s c r i p t s a c c o r d i n g t o a u t h o r . T h e i n c l u s i o n , in t h e i l l u s t r a t i o n s , of as m u c h as possible of t h e u n w r i t t e n a r e a s of t h e originals is a c o m p l e t e i n n o v a t i o n , a n d is m o s t u s e f u l as i t gives t h e r e a d e r a n i d e a of t h e p h y s i c a l p r o p e r t i e s of t h e b o o k . A n i n v a l u a b l e f e a t u r e of t h e b o o k r e v i e w e d h e r e is t h e a m p l e i n d e x giving p a l a e o g r a p h i c a l t e r m s a n d p o i n t s of s c r i b a l p r a c t i c e . T h e s e a r e discussed b o t h in t h e Introduction a n d i n t h e s h o r t d e s c r i p t i o n s of t h e P l a t e s , w h i c h are a r e a l t r e a s u r e - s t o r e of i m p o r t a n t c o m m e n t s , o b s e r v a t i o n s a n d i n f o r m a t i o n . All i n all, t h e s e t w o b o o k s b y P r o f e s s o r T u r n e r c o n s t i t u t e a u n i q u e , m a s t e r l y i n t r o d u c t i o n t o t h e w o r l d of l i t e r a r y p a p y r i . [ W a r s z a w a ] Anna Świderek
D o r o t h y J . C r a w f o r d, Kerkeosiris, an Egyptian Village in the Ptolemaic Period, Cambridge Classical Studies, C a m b r i d g e , a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s 1971, p p . 2 3 8 .
T h i s b o o k b y Mrs C r a w f o r d is n o t o n l y v a l u a b l e f o r i t s s u b j e c t - m a t t e r , b u t also i n t e r e s t i n g a n d i n s t r u c t i v e as r e g a r d s m e t h o d as well. A l t h o u g h t h e a u t h o r t a k e s as h e r s t a r t i n g p o i n t t h e v e r y w e l l - k n o w n d o c u m e n t s f r o m t h e a r c h i v e of M e n c h e s , village scribe of K e r k e o s i r i s f r o m 1 2 0 — 1 1 1 B.C., n e v e r t h e l e s s she m a k e s a n original c o n t r i b u t i o n (following t h e line i n d i c a t e d i n t h e Preface, p . X I , a n d t h e Introduction, p . 1) b y r e l a t i n g t h e m t o t h e b r o a d c o n t e x t of t h e a n c i e n t E g y p t i a n t r a d i t i o n s a n d t h e e n t i r e h i s t o r y of P t o l e m a i c E g y p t . O w i n g t o t h e s y s t e m a t i c a p p l i c a t i o n of t h i s m e t h o d , t h i s b o o k is n o t a m e r e agglo-m e r a t i o n of a r t i f i c i a l l y i s o l a t e d f a c t s a b o u t K e r k e o s i r i s , b u t a t r u e ( a l t h o u g h of c o u r s e n o t e x h a u s t i v e ) a c c o u n t of life i n t h e E g y p t i a n c o u n t r y s i d e d u r i n g t h e reigns of t h e P t o l e m i e s , w h e n t h e old w a s i n t e r t w i n e d a t e v e r y s t e p w i t h t h e n e w , a n d n o village w a s i n s i g n i f i c a n t e n o u g h t o b e c u t off c o m p l e t e l y f r o m t h e n e i g h b o u r i n g villages, of f r o m A l e x a n d r i a , or f r o m t h e r e s t of t h e c o u n t r y .
T h u s in a f e w s e n t e n c e s i n t h e Introduction (p. 1) t h e a u t h o r s k e t c h e s i n t h e h i s t o r i c a l b a c k g r o u n d — t h e g e n e r a l s i t u a t i o n in E g y p t i n t h e 2 n d c. B.C. T h i s p i c t u r e is a m e r e o u t l i n e , a n d p e r h a p s t o o b a r e a n o u t l i n e a t t h a t . Mrs C r a w f o r d q u o t e s t h e o p i n i o n s of a n c i e n t a u t h o r s , b u t does n o t e x p r e s s h e r o w n , a n d t h e r e a d e r is l e f t w i t h t h e i m p r e s s i o n t h a t e v e r y t h i n g c a n b e e x p l a i n e d v e r y s i m p l y . She w r i t e s : " N a t i o n a l i s m i n c r e a s e d ; rebellion f o l l o w e d . T h e r u l e r s . . . w e r e w e a k a n d d e g e n e r a t e t h e m s e l v e s " . Y e t n o w a d a y s , as w e well k n o w , s u c h s i m p l i f i c a t i o n s are u n a c c e p t a b l e . A f t e r t h e Introduction w e c o m e t o C h a p t e r I I , w h e r e t h e a u t h o r r i g h t l y b e g i n s b y r e v i e w i n g t h e s o u r c e m a t e r i a l . B u t e v e n t h i s c h a p t e r , h e a d e d The Land Survey, c o n s i s t s of v e r y m u c h m o r e t h a n a m e r e p e r u s a l of t h e sources. F o r it sets o u t in o r d e r l y f o r m a n d b r i n g s u p t o d a t e t h e b o d y of i n f o r m a t i o n n o w a v a i l a b l e a b o u t c a d a s t r e i n P t o l e m a i c E g y p t a n d a b o u t t h e d o c u m e n t s
(such as l a n d s u r v e y s a n d registers) c o n n e c t e d w i t h i t . H e r e Mrs С r a w -f o r d does n o t c o n -f i n e hersel-f t o G r e e k t i m e s a l o n e b u t goes b a c k t o P h a r a o n i c E g y p t as well. She c o n t e s t s t h a t " w h i l s t . . . a P h a r a o n i c c a d a s t r a l s u r v e y a p p e a r s w e l l - a t t e s t e d , t h e r e are n e i t h e r classical G r e e k e x a m p l e s of t h i s o p e r a t i o n n o r e x a m p l e s f r o m t h e H e l l e n i s t i c N e a r E a s t " ( p . , 7 ) . H e r e , t o o , w e h a v e a v e r y i n t e r e s t i n g a c c o u n t of t h e a n c i e n t E g y p t i a n i n s t r u m e n t s u s e d still t o d a y i n a c t u a l s u r v e y o p e r a t i o n s ( p p . 3 5 — 3 6 ) . T h e conclusions p r o p o u n d e d b y t h e a u t h o r a t t h e e n d of t h i s c h a p t e r (p. 38) a r e w e l l - f o u n d e d , a n d t h e c a u t i o n w i t h w h i c h s h e a p p r o a c h e s t h e p r o b l e m of a c o m p r e h e n s i v e c a d a s t r e in A l e x a n -d r i a ( p p . 34—35) is t o b e c o m m e n -d e -d . S o m e o b j e c t i o n , h o w e v e r , m a y b e m a -d e t o t h e i n c l u s i o n of P S I 502 i n t h i s c h a p t e r , as n o t o n l y is i t a n e a r l y d o c u m e n t , b u t also i t c o n c e r n s a c o m p l e t e l y specific c a t e g o r y of l a n d — t h e g i f t - e s t a t e of t h e d i o i k e t e s A p o l l o n i o s .
C h a p t e r I I I , e n t i t l e d Kerkeosiris, is a c a p t i v a t i n g o n e , since it gives u s a c o l o u r f u l p i c t u r e of a l i t t l e v i l l a g e i n t h e G r e e k F a y u m . T h e r a t h e r e x t e n s i v e a c c o u n t of t h e F a y u m a r e a , a n d of t h e r e c l a m a t i o n w o r k d o n e t h e r e a t t h e t i m e of t h e f i r s t P t o l e m i e s , is a p p r o p r i a t e , f o r e v e n i n t h e specialist l i t e r a t u r e of t o d a y e r r o n e o u s , o u t - o f - d a t e v i e w s on t h i s s u b j e c t still c r o p u p o c c a s i o n a l l y . T h e s e t t l e m e n t of t h e F a y u m a n d of K e r k e o s i r i s itself is t h e n e x t s u b j e c t d e a l t w i t h in t h i s c h a p t e r . R e l a t i o n s w i t h t h e n e i g h b o u r i n g villages are discussed n e x t . As r e g a r d s t h e g e n e r a l p i c t u r e of F a y u m h o u s i n g ( p p . 4 6 — 4 7 ) , one m i g h t
a d d t o t h e r e f e r e n c e s g i v e n b y Mrs C r a w f o r d a b o o k b y Μ. Ν o w i с к а, La maison privée dans FEgypte ptolémaique, W r o c ł a w — W a r s z a w a — K r a k ó w 1969, w h e r e w e f i n d (e.g. p p . 129—139) a n e x t e n s i v e a c c o u n t of r u r a l h o u s i n g .
T h e n e x t t h r e e c h a p t e r s c o m e u n d e r a j o i n t t i t l e : Studies in Land and Pop-ulation. C h a p t e r I V deals w i t h t h e Cleruchic Land, C h a p t e r У w i t h Sacred Land, Cults and Temples, a n d C h a p t e r V I w i t h Crown Land.
T h e c h a p t e r o n cleruchic l a n d b e g i n s as u s u a l w i t h a r é s u m é of w h a t is k n o w n a b o u t t h i s p r o b l e m . O n e m i g h t b e i n c l i n e d t o cavil a t a f e w p o i n t s h e r e .
For instance one wonders if, as early as the 3rd century B.C , when the cleruchic
system was coming into existence, it is justifiable to speak of an "ever-present
threat of native sedition" (p. 54)? It should also perhaps be pointed out that
Demetrius of Phaleron was a refugee mainly at the court of Ptolemy I Soter,
not Ptolemy II Philadelphus. Besides, Lesquier's hypothesis that he had an
influence on the emergence of the cleruchic land system in Egypt seems, for
other reasons as well, to be rather improbable (see p. 54). Another slight
cor-rection is that SB 7986 quoted in footnote 7 on p. 58 is not connected with
cleruchic land at all, but with the gift-estate of the dioiketes Apollonios; so
Mrs С r a w f о r d' s statement that "the original cleruchs were not generally
considered to be men with a competent knowledge of irrigation, farming and
land reclamation" (p. 58) at any rate cannot be based on this document. P.
Ed-fou 8, likewise cited in this footnote, is also too obscure to be used as evidence
of the "initiative taken in new irrigation methods by the third-century
cle-ruchy" as thé author claims. The section headed Cleruchic settlement in
Ker-keosiris (pp. 58—75), which is characteristic of the author's method, constitutes
a very interesting attempt to depict the development of the cleruchic system
in Kerkeosiris as being dependent on political circumstances and events. It
should be emphasized that Mrs C r a w f o r d never tries to bend the facts to
fit her theories. As a rule she merely lists new grants to the cleruchs in the
context of political events and dates. In the next subsection, headed The
Cultivations of the Kleroi (pp. 75—77), the author wisely draws on documents
that originally came from places other than Kerkeosiris. But she makes no
reference to the Zenon archive, which, it will be remembered, tells us of
large-scale leasing out of the kleroi by absent cleruchs, and perhaps even cultivation
of some of the plots by the administrators of the gift-estate of the dioiketes
Apollonios (see A. Ś w i d e r e к, Journal of Juristic Papyrology IX —X,
1956, pp. 370—375).
Chapter У, which is on the subject of Sacred Land, Cults and Temples,
provides us above all with very instructive information on the cults at Fayum
and Kerkeosiris (here the author is especially interesting on the cult of Sobek,
pp. 86—87). She also argues convicingly that a temple was built to Souchos
in Kerkeosiris (pp. 89—90). Another point she stresses is that especially in
re-ligious life there is more evidence "for the Egyptianization of Greeks than for
the adoption of Greek beliefs and practice by the native Egyptians" (p. 93,
see also the author's stringent criticism of Brady's arguments on this subject
in footnote 1). Further on in this same chapter we find a discussion of the knotty
problems connected with γή έν άφέσει, and its connection with the temples
(see pp. 94—96, where what the author says is interesting but not conclusive)
and with γή άνιερωμένη (pp.96—98, where we find an interesting attempt to
relate the date of the dedication of land to certain political events !) And finally
•we have a discussion of problems connected with the cultivation and
administra-tion of sacred land at Kerkeosiris (pp. 99—102).
After these two long chapters on cleruchic and sacred land, Chapter YI,
dealing with Crown Land, is a short one that leaves the reader somewhat
un-satisfied, for here Mrs С r a w f о r d, according to her own words, gives "only
a short summary of the present state of knowledge" (p. 103).
Chapter VII, on Irrigation and Agriculture, also begins with some general
remarks on Egypt as a whole. First and foremost the author stresses that the
state of the irrigation system, and consequently the level of the productivity
of the land, was always dependent on the strength and effectiveness of the
central government. She next proceeds to discuss irrigation in Kerkeosiris, as
well as crops and cultivation (pp. 108—117). In this section we have an
ex-tremely interesting compilation of figures illustrating the distribution of various
kinds of crops in Kerkeosiris. The author also compares these figures with
figures for other villages, both in Fayum and elsewhere (the author draws
a comparison here too with the figures known from the time of the Napoleonic
invasion — see p. 115). From these figures we see that whereas at Kerkeosiris
more than 50% of the whole area was under wheat, this percentage was even
higher in other places; the absence here of Egyptian grain such as olyra is
typical of other places as well; finally, a characteristic that differentiated
Ker-keosiris from other places was a complete lack of olive groves and vineyards.
The concluding part of this chapter has many interesting things to say. It deals
with the agricultural decline. From her careful study of the papyri Mrs C r a w
-f o r d has several things to say about the decline o-f land cultivation at
Ker-keosiris. "The picture of agriculture as illustrated in the Kerkeosiris surveys
is far from healthy" is her opening statement. That there was such a decline
is undoubtedly proved by such facts as the lowering of the rents (see figures
given on p. 118), the doubling of the area of pasturage, and finally the rise in
the area of derelict cleruchic lands and a corresponding decrease in cereal
cul-tivation. Besides, this deterioration in cultivation at the end of the second
century is documented for both crown and cleruchic land (pp. 117—121).
In Chapter VIII, headed Food and Population, Mrs C r a w f o r d essays
to calculate the number of inhabitants in Kerkeosiris, the density of population,
and even the annual production of wheat per capita or per family. These
spec-ulations are no doubt fascinating, but, as the author herself admits, are very
uncertain.
Chapter IX deals with Nomenclature, that is, the names of the villagers of
Kerkeosiris. Contrary to her usual custom, the author does not draw any
comparisons with the names used in other villages of the Fayum or in other
nomes in Egypt. This is a pity, for, as L. C. Υ o u t i e has recently shown
(cf. P. Petaus, Einleitung, pp. 46—53), even in the Fayum itself there are
significant differences between the names used in particular villages. The list
of n a m e s u s e d in K e r k e o s i r i s a l o n e does n o t tell u s v e r y m u c h . F o r i n s t a n c e t h e n a m e H o r o s is p r o b a b l y f o u n d w i t h e q u a l p o p u l a r i t y in all p a r t s of E g y p t , w h e r e a s t h a t is p r o b a b l y n o t t h e case w i t h t h e n a m e M a r r e s . Mrs C r a w f o r d ' s conclusions as t o t h e n a t i o n a l i t y of v a r i o u s p e o p l e s e e m also t o b e r a t h e r t o o c a u t i o u s . A s f o r t h e " a d d i t i o n a l i n f o r m a t i o n " t h a t c a n e n a b l e u s t o r e a c h a n y conclusions on t h i s s u b j e c t , i t w o u l d b e b e t t e r t o seek t h i s in t h e f a m i l y a n d b a c k g r o u n d of t h e g i v e n p e r s o n ( n a m e s , p o s i t i o n , o c c u p a t i o n , etc.), r a t h e r t h a n i n t h e k i n d of i n f o r m a t i o n t h e a u t h o r herself t h i n k s a p t , s u c h as t h e d a t e of t h e p a p y r u s , or t y p e of d o c u m e n t (p. 133). D o u b l e n a m e s , t o o , s o m e t i m e s h e l p u s t o m a k e a f a i r l y good guess as t o w h e t h e r w e h a v e t o do w i t h a H e l -l e n i z e d E g y p t i a n or a n E g y p t i a n i z e d G r e e k (see n o w W . P e r e m a n s , Sur l'identification des Egyptiens et des étrangers dans l'Egypte des Lagides, Ancient Society I , 1970, p p . 2 5 — 3 8 ) . A t t h e e n d of t h e t e x t w e f i n d a n Appendix c o n t a i n i n g a n e d i t i o n of a f r a g m e n t f o r m i n g p a r t of P . T e b t . 152, w h i c h w a s o r i g i n a l l y p u b l i s h e d , b y d e s c r i p t i o n only, in T e b t u n i s P a p y r i I . T h e r e m a i n i n g p a r t of t h e b o o k c o n s i s t s of a b i b l i o g -r a p h y , e x t e n s i v e i n d e x e s , a n d a b o v e all t w e n t y - t w o t a b l e s . T h e s e t a b l e s , w h i c h a r e v e r y clear a n d s y s t e m a t i c , p r o v i d e a n i n d i s p e n s i b l e i l l u s t r a t i o n of t h e a r g u m e n t , a n d a r e i n t e g r a l p a r t of t h e discussion in t h e t e x t .
All in all Mrs C r a w f o r d ' s b o o k will m a k e f a s c i n a t i n g i n s t r u c t i v e r e a d i n g f o r all w h o are i n t e r e s t e d i n t h e life of H e l l e n i s t i c E g y p t . T h e t a b l e s e n a b l e t h e r e a d e r t o follow t h e a u t h o r ' s a r g u m e n t w i t h ease, w h i l e t h e t e x t p r o v i d e s a r e a l l y v i v i d p i c t u r e of t h e E g y p t of t h o s e t i m e s , w i t h all i t s w e a l t h of a n c i e n t t r a d i t i o n a n d its m u l t i t u d e of n e w n e i g h b o u r l y , a d m i n i s t r a t i v e , a n d p o l i t i c a l i n t e r r e l a t i o n s h i p s .
[ W a r s z a w a ] Anna Świderek
H a n s H a u b e n , Callicrates of Samos, A Contribution to the Study of the Ptolemaic Admiralty, ivith a Samian Inscription Published in an Appendix by Günter Dunst, Studia Hellenistica 18, L e u v e n s e U n i v e r s i t a i r e U i t g a v e n 1970.
Callicrates of S a m o s is a f i g u r e v e r y c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of his e p o c h , one of t h e l e a s t w e l l - k n o w n p e r i o d s in t h e p o l i t i c a l h i s t o r y of t h e G r e e k - s p e a k i n g w o r l d . A s n a u a r c h of P t o l e m y I I P h i l a d e l p h u s h e w a s u n d o u b t e d l y one of t h e m o s t p o w e r f u l a n d i n f l u e n t i a l m e n of t h e E g y p t i a n e m p i r e . Y e t all w e k n o w of h i m is of r e c e n t d a t e , h a v i n g c o m e f r o m t h e i n s c r i p t i o n s a n d p a p y r i , f o r t h e e x t a n t l i t e r a r y sources do n o t e v e n m e n t i o n his n a m e . T h e s e i n s c r i p t i o n s a n d p a p y r i , h o w e v e r , a r e v e r y m e a g r e sources o n w h i c h t o b u i l d conclusions. F o r m o r e de-f i n i t e conclusions a b o u t t h e c a r e e r ode-f Callicrates, son ode-f B o i s c u s ode-f S a m o s , w e h a v e
