The Ability to Maintain Attention during Visuomotor Task Performance in Handball Players and Non-Athletes

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THE ABILITY TO MAINTAIN ATTENTION

DURING VISUOMOTOR TASK PERFORMANCE

IN HANDBALL PLAYERS AND NON-ATHLETES

Teresa Zwierko,

1, A, B, C, D, E

_{Beata Florkiewicz,}

1, B, D

6áDZRPLU)RJWPDQ

1, B

$QQD.V]DN.U]\ĪDQRZVND

2, B, C

1_{Szczecin University, Faculty of Physical Culture and Health Promotion, Poland} 26WDWH+LJKHU9RFDWLRQDO6FKRROLQ:DáF]3RODQG

A _{Study Design;}B _{Data Collection;}C_{Statistical Analysis;}D0DQXVFULSW3UHSDUDWLRQE_{Funds Collection}

Address for correspondence:

Prof. Teresa Zwierko PhD

Szczecin University, Faculty of Physical Culture and Health Promotion $O3LDVWyZ%EXLOGLQJ6]F]HFLQ3RODQG

(PDLOWHUHVD]ZLHUNR#XQLYV]F]HFLQSO

Abstract.

2QHRIWKHLPSRUWDQWDVSHFWVRIDWWHQWLRQDOSURFHVVHVLQVSRUWSHUIRUPDQFHLVVXVWDLQHGDWWHQWLRQGXULQJWDVNH[HFXWLRQ7KH objective of this study was to analyze the ability to maintain attention during a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higher level of ability to maintain attention in handball SOD\HUV

Key words:

sustained attention; handball; reaction time

Introduction

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Methods

Participants

The study involved a JURXSRIKDQGEDOOSOD\HUVQ RI*D]6\VWHP3RJRĔLQ6]F]HFLQSDUWLFLSDWLQJLQ FRPSHWLWLRQVRIWKH3ROLVK)LUVW'LYLVLRQDQGWKH8QLYHUVLW\/HDJXHUHSUHVHQWLQJWKH8QLYHUVLW\RI6]F]HFLQ7KH PHDQDJHRIWKHSOD\HUVZDV\HDUV7KHDYHUDJHERG\KHLJKWRIWKHH[DPLQHGDWKOHWHVZDV FPZKLOHWKHPHDQERG\ZHLJKWZDVNJDWKOHWHVZHUHULJKWKDQGHGDQGZDVOHIWKDQGHG 7KHFRQWUROJURXSFRQVLVWHGRIVWXGHQWVRIWKH6WDWH+LJKHU9RFDWLRQDO6FKRROLQ:DáF]DJHG\HDUV ZKRGLGQRWH[HUFLVHUHJXODUO\7KHLUDYHUDJHERG\KHLJKWZDVFPZKLOHWKHPHDQERG\ZHLJKWZDV NJ$OOLQGLYLGXDOVLQWKHFRQWUROJURXSZHUHULJKWKDQGHG$OOSDUWLFLSDQWVZHUHLQIRUPHGDERXWWKH WHVWLQJSURWRFRODQGHDFKVLJQHGD FRQVHQWIRUP7KHORFDO%LRHWKLFDO&RPPLWWHHDSSURYHGWKHUHVHDUFKSURMHFW

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Procedure

3DUWLFLSDQWVSHUIRUPHGD FitLight TrainerTM)LWOLJKW6SRUWV&RUS&DQDGDWHVWSURWRFRO7KHWHVWSURWRFROZDV

FRQILJXUHGE\WKH3'$FRQWUROOHUDQGFRQVLVWHGRIVHULHVRIVLPSOHPRWRUUHDFWLRQWDVNWRYLVXDOVWLPXOLDSSHDULQJ on 8 wireless light discs.

/LJKWGLVFVZHUHSODFHGRQD SODWHZLWKGLPHQVLRQVRIîFPDWLQWHUYDOVRIFPDSDUWDQGFPIURP WKHGHVLJQDWHGVWDUWLQJSRLQWDFFRUGLQJWRWKHVFKHPHVKRZQLQ)LJXUH7KHWDVNZDVWRSHUIRUPWKHIDVWHVWKDQG movement in order to touch the disc surface and deactivate the lights.

Figure 1.

Station for the measurement of visuomotor task

7KHSODWHZLWKOLJKWGLVFVZDVSODFHGRQD table at a KHLJKWRIFP3DUWLFLSDQWVZHUHVWDQGLQJDQGKROGLQJ WKHLUGRPLQDQWKDQGVRQWKHGHVLJQDWHGVWDUWSRLQW$IWHUHDFKGHDFWLYDWLRQRIOLJKWWKHKDQGZDVVXSSRVHGWRUHWXUQ WRWKHRULJLQDOSRVLWLRQRQWKHGHVNWRS,QWKHDSSOLHGSURFHGXUHWKHPD[LPXPGXUDWLRQRIWKHOLJKWVWLPXOXVRIRQH GLVFZDVSURJUDPPHGIRUVHFRQGV7KHVWXG\XVHGD \HOORZOLJKWDSSHDULQJLQWKHFHQWUDOSRUWLRQRIWKHGLVFZLWK a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Data analyses

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Results

Ability to maintain attention was determined by analyzing the variability in results during testing, e.g. the total WLPHRIWHVWH[HFXWLRQDQGWKHDYHUDJHUHDFWLRQWLPHWRYLVXDOVWLPXOXVLQHDFKVXEVHTXHQWVHULHV:HLQYHVWLJDWHG WKHHIIHFWRI*URXS$WKOHWHVYV1RQDWKOHWHVDQGWHVWVHULHVWRRQDELOLW\WRPDLQWDLQDWWHQWLRQ

Effects on the total time of test execution

Data showed that there was a PDLQHIIHFWRI*URXS)_(1,22) SD main effect of test series (F_(9,198) SDVZHOODVD VLJQLILFDQWLQWHUDFWLRQEHWZHHQ*URXSDQGWHVWVHULHV)_(9,198) S IRUWKHWRWDOH[HFXWLRQWLPH3RVWKRFWHVWVLQGLFDWHGD GLIIHUHQWLDOHIIHFWEHWZHHQ$WKOHWHVDQG1RQDWKOHWHVRQWKH WRWDOWLPHRIWHVWH[HFXWLRQ6HULHVYVVS7KHWRWDOWLPHH[HFXWLRQRIHDFKWHVWVHULHVLQ $WKOHWHVGLGQRWYDU\VLJQLILFDQWO\ZLWKVXEVHTXHQWUHSHWLWLRQVS!,QFRQWUDVWWKHWRWDOWLPHH[HFXWLRQZDV VLJQLILFDQWO\VKRUWHUGHOWDVHULHVDQGVHULHV±VSLQ1RQDWKOHWHVDIWHUWKHILUVWVHULHV)LJXUH non-athletes handball players 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Test series 385 390 395 400 405 410 415 420 425 430 435 440 445 450 T o ta l ti m e o f te s t e x e c u ti o n [ s ] ** ††

Figure 2.

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Effects on

reaction time

The analysis showed that there was a main effectRI*URXS)(1,22) SDQGD main effect of test

series (F(9,198) SIRUUHDFWLRQWLPH+RZHYHUZHGLGQRWREVHUYHGVLJQLILFDQWSORWRILQWHUDFWLRQEHWZHHQ

analyzed factors (F(9,198) S!$ VLJQLILFDQWGLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQWKH*URXSVZDVQRWHGLQWKHFDVHRI

VHULHVYVVS$WKOHWHVKDGVLJQLILFDQWO\VKRUWHUUHDFWLRQWLPHFRPSDUHGWR1RQDWKOHWHV 3RVWKRFWHVWVLQGLFDWHGD GLIIHUHQWLDOHIIHFWLQLQWUDJURXSIDFWRU5HDFWLRQWLPHRIHDFKWHVWVHULHVLQ$WKOHWHVGLGQRW YDU\VLJQLILFDQWO\ZLWKVXEVHTXHQWUHSHWLWLRQVS!,QFRQWUDVWUHDFWLRQWLPHZDVVLJQLILFDQWO\VKRUWHUHJ GHOWDVHULHVDQGVHULHV±VSLQ1RQDWKOHWHVDIWHUWKHILUVWVHULHV+RZHYHUWKHGDWDVKRZHGQR VLJQLILFDQWGLIIHUHQFHVEHWZHHQ6HULHVDQG6HULHVLQ1RQDWKOHWHVJURXS)LJXUH non-athletes handball players 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Test series 035 040 045 050 055 060 065 R e a c ti o n t im e [ s ] ** ††

Figure 3.

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Discussion

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Similar to our results, PRVWVWXGLHVKDYHVKRZQWKDWDWKOHWHVKDYHVKRUWHUUHDFWLRQWLPHZKHQUHVSRQGLQJWR YLVXDOVWLPXOLFRPSDUHGWRQRQDWKOHWHV$QGRHWDO.RNXEXHWDO). Previous studies have identified PDUNHGGLIIHUHQFHVEHWZHHQHOLWHDQGQRQHOLWHVSRUWSHUIRUPHUVLQD YDULHW\VWDJHRIYLVXDOVHQVRULPRWRUSURFHVVLQJ LQFOXGLQJWKHVSHHGRIVLJQDOFRQGXFWLYLW\LQWKHYLVXDOSDWKZD\'HOSRQW et al. 1991; g]PHUGLYHQOLHWDO =ZLHUNRHWDO=ZLHUNRHWDOVLPSOHDQGFKRLFHUHDFWLRQWLPHWRVWLPXOLDSSHDULQJLQWKHFHQWUDOILHOGRI

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Acknowledgments

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References

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The Ability to Maintain Attention during Visuomotor Task Performance in Handball Players and Non-Athletes