Contacts with Institutions in the Light of a Time Budgets Survey

А С 1 A U N I V E R S I T A T I S L O D Z I E N S I S FOLIA SOCIOLOGICA 22, 1991

Marek Żelazo

CONTACTS WITH INSTITUTIONS IN THE LIGHT OF A TIME BUOGETS SURVEY

As you know, time budgets have already been studied for eighty years [ S c h e u c h , 1969, p. 745]. This specialized section of social research has various applications. The data on time spending may be put to use in many branches of social sciences. They are also useful in many spheres of social p r a c -tice. Thanks to the time budget data, one may solve various r e -search problems in comfortable manner, the research being easy to organize, as information on time budgets may be obtained by means of various specific techniques, from an enquiry, a questionnaire interview, to obs ervation techniques. Despite the wide range of available techniques, all studies of time budgets must supply the following basic information:

a) about the activities performed by the subjects of the r e -search ,

b) about the duration of these activities.

The sequences of both classes of primary information c o n stitutive for the time budget research are then processed u s u -ally in the form of statistical analyses. The result of such handling - the time budgets of individuals and social groups - is the pairing of the classes of activity, con tain ing s p e cific categories of activities, with the respective mean d u r a -tions expressed in hours and minutes. The most popular kind of budget survey contains information about how the res pondents use time during a twenty-^four hours period. Thanks to the p r o -bability sampling of the respondents and rotation sampling of

the s t u d y da ys , the t ime b u d g e t s b r i n g the p i c t u r e of e v e r y d a y a c t i v i t i e s of the s u r v e y e d p o p u l a t i o n as r e g a r d s t he k i n d s of a c t i v i t i e s p e r f o r m e d a n d the s t r u c t u r e of t i m e use.

The simplified description presented above obviously r e f e r s to the minimal variant of the survey of the time budgets. It is often complemented with much additional information - e .g . about where the activities are performed, the motivation for u n d e r -taking them, the distinction between the basic and concommitant activities, etc. One may also process the basic data d i f fere nt-ly, in this way obtaining such results as; the knowledge about the time of day at which specific activities are performed, the daily/weekly rhytm of the activities, the percentage of people performing a given activity, and the real (non-average) time of performing the activities.

It may be seen from these remarks on the time budget s ur-veys, that they may also bring some information about the re-s p o n d e n t re-s ’ contactre-s with inre-stitutionre-s, as any such contact should be registered as an activity in the time diary, whenever it occurs in a res p o n d e n t ’s study day. And since institutions demand, alas, that we allot time to them, this fact should find its place among other ways of spending time in the structure of the time budgets.

Whenever time budgets are studied, one ussually does not go deeper into the multidimensional setting of the activities and actions, confining oneself to registering the fact of their p e r -formance. Thus the sig nificance of the time budget data for the issue which is the subject of this conference, viz. Ins titu-tions and Everyday Life, may be defined as a general outlining of the phenomenon. From the time budgets, one may learn about how often various institutions appear in the "stream" of the daily activities of the respondents, and about what these in-stitutions are; about how much time is spent by individuals (or social groups) on the institutional spheres of life, and the re-fore, how much is left of their "private time" which, in c o m -mon opinion, is more valuable. One may also learn whether the particular social groups profit equally from the institutional offer, and what spheres of life demand the exp a n s i o n , of this offer, or are suitable ground for introducing new institutions. The time budgets also inform us about when the respondents

con-tact institutions most often - i.e. in which days of the week or at what times of-day.

T h e t i m e b u d g e t s m i g h t b r i n g m u c h m o r e i n f o r m a t i o n o n the p r o b l e m t h a t we ar e i n t e r e s t e d in, if it w e r e n o t for the f ac t t h a t t h e r e is n o d i s t i n c t i o n of a s e p a r a t e c l a s s of a c -t i v i -t i e s c o n n e c -t e d w i -t h i n s t i t u t i o n s , a l t h o u g h t h e t h e o r i s t s in t h i s f i e l d of r e s e a r c h p o i n t to t he s i g n i f i c a n c e of d i -c h o t o m i -c d i v i s i o n of th e q u a n t u m of t i m e i n t o p u b l i c ( s o c i a l ) a n d p r i v a t e t i m e [ B u s c h , 19 7 5 3- T h e y e m p h a s i z e th e f a c t t h a t th e r a n g e of the f o r m e r " t i m e " is a l w a y s e x p a n d i n g , as a r e s u l t of th e g r o w i n g i n s t i t u t i o n a l i z a t i o n of th e s o c i a l li fe . T h u s t h e w a n t e d a n d u n w a n t e d c o n t a c t s w i t h i n s t i t u t i o n s o c c u r e v e r m o r e o f t e n , a n d t h e i n f l u e n c e of t h e i n s t i t u t i o n s on th e o r g a n i z a t i o n of c o m m u n a l l i f e a n d o n t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n of an i n -d i v i -d u a l ' s a c t i v i t i e s is e v e r g r o w i n g , l e t us n o t e h e r e t h a t th e i n s t r u m e n t we u s e fo r m e a s u r i n g t i m e - t h e c l o c k (as w e l l a s the c a l e n d a r ) - h a s i t s e l f b e c o m e a k i n d of an " i n s t i t u t i o n " , w h o s e p e r n i c i o u s i n f l u e n c e m a y b e f e l t by al l t h o s e w h o h a p -p e n e d to m i s s a t r a i n or t r a v e l on a t r a i n w h i c h w a s an h o u r late . N o t g o i n g d e e p e r i n t o th e s u b t l e m a t t e r of t h e r e l a t i o n -s h i p -s b e t w e e n I n d i v i d u a l -s a n d i n s t i t u t i o n s , w e w o u l d l i k e to p r e s e n t s o m e f i g u r e s s h o w i n g th e f r e q u e n c y of a p p e a r a n c e of i n -s t i t u t i o n -s in th e t i m e d i a r i e s , th e t i m e s p e n t on c o n t a c t s w i t h th em , th e d i f f e r e n c e s a m o n g the s o c i a l g r o u p s in t h i s r e -s p e c t . W e s h a l l b a s e o u r s e l v e s o n t h e r e s u l t s of a t i m e - b u d g e t s u r v e y c o n d u c t e d in Ł ó d ź i n 1976/77 o n a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s a m p l e of a c t i v e e a r n e r s , male, 25-55 y e a r s o l d , w i t h a f u l l f a m i l y [ " S t u d i a S o c j o l o g i c z n e " 1977 3- In a s i x - m o n t h p e r i o d , e a c h of t he 500 r e s p o n d e n t s f i l l e d in (by s e l f - r e g i s t r a t i o n ) s e v e n t w e n -ty f o u r h o u r s t i m e d i a r i e s . T h i s s u r v e y d i d n o t h a v e a t o o e x t e n d e d c a t e g o r y of a c t i v i -t i e s c o n n e c -t e d w i -t h i n s -t i -t u -t i o n s , e i t h e r , a s it h a d a d i f f e r e n t aim: it w a s u s e d as a t o o l in t h e s t u d y of t h e " w a y s of l i f e " . N e i t h e r w a s th e w a y of h a n d l i n g th e q u a n t i t a t i v e d a t a v e r y h e l p -ful in i s o l a t i n g th e I n f o r m a t i o n e s s e n t i a l f o r t h e d e l i n e a t i o n of t h e p h e n o m e n o n t h a t i n t e r e s t s us. T h e r e f o r e , t a k i n g i n t o a c -c o u n t th e s u r v e y e d s a m p l e a n d the d i r e c t l y a v a i l a b l e d a t a , we s h a l l be d r a w i n g a r a t h e r i n c o m p l e t e p i c t u r e of th e c o n t a c t s w i t h i n s t i t u t i o n s . M o r e o v e r it m u s t b e m a d e c l e a r t h a t b e c a u s e of the

limitations following from the conception of the survey and from the method of analysing the results, we shall be using the specific concept ’institution* rather freely, in this way e n -abling ourselves to make use of the already analysed data. This possibility is limited by the coding list of activities,- which was employed for the analysis. In 79 detailed categories of activities, only 29 referred to the contact with some institu-tion, and as much as 13 of these concerned cultural institu-tions .

We shall thus be using the term ’i n s t i t u t i o n ’ rather as it is commonly understood: some people assuming the roles of clients, customers, viewers, audience, readers, passengers, c i -tizens, employees, and other people assuming the roles of clerks, authors, editors, shop-assistans, announcers, censors, s e r -vicemen, attendants, employers. This list, of course, does not pretend to be exhaustive: we hope, however, that in this way we are not in conflict with the ’s e r i o u s ’ , theoretically well- -founded def initions of the term we are using here.

1. Institutions according to the frequency of appearing in time budget diaries

and the time allotted to dealing with them

B e c a u s e of th e v a r i e t y of i n s t i t u t i o n s a p p e a r i n g in th e t i m e b u d g e t d i a r i e s , we h a v e a d o p t e d fo r t h e p u r p o s e s of o u r r e p o r t t he f o l l o w i n g c l a s s i f i c a t i o n a c c o r d i n g to th e c r i t e r i o n of the c h a r a c t e r of th e i n s t i t u t i o n ’s a c t i v i t y : A. T h e I N S T I T U T I O N S OF W O R K (or of E M P L O Y M E N T ) , in w h i c h the r e s p o n d e n t s p l a y the r o l e pf w o r k e r s . T h i s g r o u p of I n s t i t u t i o n s a p p e a r s in t h e t i m e d i a r i e s as a) t h e t i m e s p e n t in p r i m a r y e m p l o y m e n t , b) o v e r t i m e w o r k c o n n e c t e d w i t h th e p r i m a r y job, c) t he t i m e of a d d i t i o n a l p a i d - w o r k , e.g. s e c o n d job. B. Th e I N S T I T U T I O N S OF P U B L I C T R A N S P O R T A T I O N - m a i n l y t r a m a n d b u s s e r v i c e s . C. Th e I N S T I T U T I O N S OF THE T H I R O S O C I A L S E T T I N G OF C U L T U R E - t e l e v i s i o n , r a d i o , d a i l y n e w s p a p e r s . 0. T h e I N S T I T U T I O N S OF R E T A I L T R A D E A N D S E R V I C E S , of w h i c h t he r e s p o n d e n t s a r e c u s t o m e r s .

E. The SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONS of which the res pondents are members or activists,

F. EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS where the respondents and their children are taught.

G. ADMINISTRATIVE INSTITUTIONS ANU OFFICES, whose services the respondents use as clients.

H. RELIGIOUS INSTITUTIONS, where the res pondents are part of the congregation.

I. The INSTITUTIONS OF THE SECOND SOCIAL SET TING OF CULTURE, such as cinemas, theatres, museums.

The first four categories occupy a dominant position in the structure of the time budgets, ranging over the majority of the members of investigated population.

In the period under research, a hundred per cent of the r e s -pondents did paid work for at least one day, and 82 per cent of them worked for at least five days in the study week. The a v e r age time of effective work in primary employment was 343 m i -nutes per day. In addition, 13 par cent of the men worked o v e r -time, and 10 per cent declared holding a second job. The daily average time spent on doing the i n c ome- suppl ement ing work is 11 minutes.

Also, the whole surveyed pop ulat ion were using the services of public transport, 87 per cent of them daily. The total time spent on commuting and waiting for the tram or bus was 104 m i -nutes.

99 per cent of the respondents declare d watchin g TV, and only a slighty smaller percentage 90 per cent of the r e s -pondents - read the daily newspapers. The TV, however, appears more often in the diaries; 70 per cent of the res pondents watch it at least five times a week, while only 30 per cent read n e w s p a -pers with similar frequency. Radio bro adca sts were listened to by 35 per cent of the respondents, and mag azin es were read by 38 per cent. The average time devoted to contact with the media was 112 minutes daily, the main time ’c o n s u m e r ’ being t e l e v i -sion.

Shopping was registered by 85 per cent of the men, of which 21 per cent visited the shops once a week, 16 per cent - twice, 17 per cent - three times e week, and 32 per cent five or more times a week. Using services was muc h less popular; it was

re-gistered by 29 per cent of the respondents. The survey reported here did not provide information on how much time was spent on shopping, so we shall quote the relevant data after the 1976 survey conducted by Central Statistical Office [1978 3- Shopping and using services took 16 minutes of a male r e s p o n d e n t ’s (mar-ried, with children) time, and this kind of activity was r e -gistered by 20 per cent of the respondents (only one twenty-

-four hours period was being described).

The other kinds of institutions ’range’ over 20 to 25 per cent of the respondents. 25 per cent were members of social o r -ganizations, and another 5 per cent doing volunteer work. The average time spent on these kinds of activities was 10 minutes daily. Also 10 minutes daily was spent on educational act ivi-ties (declared by 25 per cent of the population). Slightly less, i.e. 23 per cent of the men took their children to and from school, kinderg arten or i n f a n t s ’ nursery. And only 5 per cent registered a more serious contact with the educational institu-tion: parents-teacher meetings, talking to teachers etc.

Spending time in various offices as clients was registered in the surveyed period by 21 per cent of the respondents. An a l -most equal number, or 20 per cent of the respondents, went to church, and the time spent on religious practices averaged 2 m i -nutes .

The last position as regards the number of users, is o c c u pied by the institutions of the second social setting of c u l t u -re. Cinema is the most popular of them, and 12 per cent of the sample went there. Sport events were watched by ♦ per cent, 2,5 per cent went to museums, 2 per cent to the theatre, and circa 1 per cent saw an opera, an operetta, or a variety performance. Only 0,2 per cent went to a philharmonic concert. The total a- mount of time spent on above activities was 4.5 minute daily.

Having approximately summed up the time devoted to the a c -tivities performed within the aforenamed groups of institutions, we may conclude that the respondents spend more than 10 hours within their range. After we have deducted the time spent on sleeping, only about 7 hours are left for any activity outside institutions, let us also note that institutions not only c o n -sume time, but also ’o r g a n i z e ’ the way of life of individuals,

particularly on work days. According to the survey of the C e n -tral Statistical Office [ 1978 J, most of the res pondents go to work between 6 and 7 a.m., using the public transport (trams and buses). From 7 to 9 a.m. most of them do paid work (or at least are present at their workplace). Between 9 and 11 a.m., however, they ussualy deal with offices or are active in social organizations. On Sunday, at this time they go to church. From 11 a.m. to 3 p.m. the respondents are back at their workplace. Then they do shopping till Ъ p.m. or do additional work till 7 p.m. The men who go home after work immediately, may read n e w s -papers or magazines from 4 to 7 p.m., and from 7 to 9 p.m. all of the respondents may watch TV or listen to the radio.

2. The social dif fere ntiat ion of the par tici patio n in thfl institutional spheres of life

The picture drawn above is a statistical average for the whole of the examined population. It is true in a sense; it does not, however, allow for the differe ntiat ion of this population, although it seems reasonable to assume that various social groups differ as regards the direction of the institutional a c -tivity - i.e. prefer or nBed different kinds of this ac-tivity. They also differ in their willingness to accept the influence of institutions on their lives - some would rather not feel this influence - or in the ability to use them. To take a different view, the system of institutions may engage or exploit some groups of people more than the others. We must remember that this system of institutions, and more generally, the social s y -stem, is directly or indirectly con trol led by the state - a special kind of Institution, whi ch is based on the planning of the social life arid the transformation of social structures. We should also add that the examined period is one of the so-called turning-points in history, at these years are thought to be formative of the processes that led to the failure of a certain type of the philosophy of adm inis terin g the society, and in consequence have led to the still lasting acute soc io-economical

It is perhaps l e s s well justified, yet r a t h e r tempting to entertain that hypothesis that the t i m e b u d g e t d a t a collected in that period a n d v i e w e d f r o m the p e r s p e c t i v e of ou r e x p e r i e n c e s of the l as t fe w y e a r s , c o u l d f r o m a b a s i s ( h o w e v e r u n s o u n d ) from which c o n c l u s i o n s c a n be d r a w n c o n c e r n i n g the r e l a t i o n s h i p s between the c a t e g o r i e s of t h e s o c i a l s t r u c t u r e a n d th e i n s t i t u -tional o r g a n i z a t i o n of th e s o c i e t y . We m u s t , h o w e v e r , m a k e the reservation t ha t the d a t a is so u n r e l i a b l e , t h a t w h a t w e sh a l l report n o w s h o u l d be t r e a t e d as r a t h e r f r e e s p e c u l a t i o n s . T hi s wi l l t h u s g i v e as f i c t i o n a l a p i c t u r e of th e p h e n o m e n o n as the o n e o b t a i n e d by m e a n s of th e s t a t i s t i c a l a n a l y s i s of the d a t a , o n l y of q u a l i t a t i v e c h a r a c t e r .

And so, examining the data on the time spent by socio-occupa- tional groups on the activities connected with some typtis of institutions chosen from our list, we suppose that they may be interpreted in such a way that we could in effect distinguish different types of involvement in the institutional spheres of life, or different patterns of allocation of time. We must make the reservation, however, that the types presented below c o m -prise only one of the possible orderings of the empirical data, and also, that they are simplified constructions, leaving out some - perhaps important - pieces of information.

The relevant figures on which we have based ourselves when creating the allocation patterns are presented in APPENDIX 1; we shall not be reporting them here. Let us only say that we have taken into consideration the institutions of work, those of culture and social organizations, and time allotted to these i n -stitutions by 13 specific socio-occupational groups. Analysing these pairs, we have been looking for the categories of which it may be said that they realize a related pattern of the allocation of time, resulting either from personal preferences and needs, or from the specific composition of the institutional offer. The analysis presented in appendix as a series of ’s t e p s ’ has led to the isolation of the following types:

A. The OUTSIDERS - i.e. those occupational groups which are the least involve in the system of institutions.

B. The BUREAUCRATS - i.e. the occupational groups allotting a large proportions of their time to institutions, and probably enjoying it.

C. The PROFESSIONALS - i.e. these occ upational groups that are mainly involved-in the institutions of work.

D. The UNDEREMPLOYED (or UNNECESSARY) - in contrast to the ’p r o f e s s i o n a l s ’ , not fully put to use by the institutions of w o r k .

E. The SECOND-JOB HOLDERS - i.e. these occupational c a t e g o -ries involved in the institutions enabling them to do a d d i -tional paid work.

F. The SUPERVISORS, i.e. the occupational cat egories forming the lower ranks of the hierarchy of managers, with a specific pattern of the allocation of time.

Let us make the above ’l a b e l s ’ more specific. The OUTSIDER type is represented by two diverse occupational categories: people involved in the arts and the unskilled workers. In five of the six aforementioned kinds of institutions they come last in the hierarchy of the allotted time. One exception is the m e -dia, whose services these respondents use in a moderate degree. This is the only kind of involvement in an institution that they are 3hare with the - otherwise quite different group of B U -REAUCRATS (Institution people). It may be supposed that these two oddly matched occ upational groups remain outside the i n -stitutional sphere on account of the spe cificity of their social standing. And so, the persons involved in the arts (and also such groups as free-lance jou rnalists etc.) have their sources of income partly outside the sphere of institutions - whenever they do rely for their income on an institutional patron, they are allowed more freedom than the other occupational c a t e g o r i e s Moreover, man ifesting their ind ependence lies in the tradition of their style of life. The unskilled workers, on the other hand, do not have to associate with institutions, as they have a rather limited range of needs.lt may also be clâimed that they are less competent as regards the efficiency of moving within the institutional system, hence the unw illi ngnes s to deal with it. Finally, the sources of their incomes and the satisfaction of their needs lie largely outside institutions, or are even illicit (e.g. speculation, illicit dis till ation of liquor).

The type BUREAUCRATS encompasses two categories - man ager s and clerical office workers, i.e. the categories charact erist ic for

b u r e a u c r a t i c s t r u c t u r e s . Jhen it is n o w w o n d e r th at th e y a l l o t e n o u g h t im e to e a c h of the a b o v e - m e n t i o n e d k i n d s of i n s t i t u t i o n s to c o m e h i g h in th e h i e r a r c h y of tim e. H o w e v e r , t h e y a r e not the m o s t a c t i v e in a ny of them. We m a y n o t e that t he y c o m e the l o w e s t in t h e h i e r a r c h y of a d d i t i o n a l p a i d wo r k. T he m a n a g e r s , it m a y be s u p p o s e d , a re w e l l - p a i d , a n d t he d e m a n d for a d d i t i o n a l c l e r i -cal w o r k is n o t too big.

The con trasting patterns of the allocation of time are made up of the types SUPERVISORS and SECOND JOB HOLDERS. The SUPERVISORS are persons occuppylng lower and middle positions connected with the proces of organizing and controlling the work. For this reason these are the categories that are relatively well paid for the relatively small amount of working time. Thus they allot the time left at their disposal to the media and voluntary work, which is their characteristic form of participation in social org a n i z a -tions. They do not need to look for addictional sources of in-come, which is reflected in the low position of SUP ERVISORS on the scale of the time allotted to additional paid work.

The SECONDJOB HOLDERS are represented by academics and s p e -cialists in non-technological areas. These are the groups c l o -sely attached td their places of employment, yet because of the existing structure of incomes, their are comparatively underpaid in relation to their qualifications and perhaps their aspirations. It is thus understandable that they seek additional sources of income, which they also find in the system of institutions, u s u -ally as second full-time oir part-time job, or work at order. They thus occupy the first position on the scale of the time spent on inc ome-supplementing work. It also seems that the price that the institutional system demands for their pri viledges is their equally high share in org anizational activity. It may be said with some exa ggeration that this group of intelligentsia is to some extent corrupted. They preserve, however, the remnants of their old style of life, as is reflected In their high p o -sition w i t h regard to the use of institutions of the second setting of culture, and in the lowest position as regards the use of mass media.

Another pattern of allocation of time may be labelled as P R O -FESSIONALS. This type is rep resented by skilled workers, s

ub-foremen, and doctors. All these profess ional cat egor ies are c h a -racterized by a large share of effective wor k i n g time. The skilled workers and subforemen are pivotal to the process of production: the rea lization of the scheduled tasks usually d e -pends on the expenditure of their time. Doctors, on the other hand, are forced to expend so much working time, since there are to few of them in proportion to the needs. They are also, like the other groups of intelligentsia, und erpa id as regards their basic salaries. Thus the demand for their services and the low salaries make them take up i n c o m e - suppl ement ing work, often within the institutions of medical sector. In turn, the skilled workers and the subforemen often work overtime in their places of work. In result, the total amount of working time of these categories is the highest (the workers and the s u b -foremen 382 minutes each, the doctors 373 minutes, i.e. 10 to 20 minutes more than the next group, the academics). Such c o n -siderable effort requires the reduction of interest in other institutions, with the exception of the ins titutions of the third setting of culture, which provide rel axat ion in the in t i -mity of o n e ’s home.

The UNDEREM PLOYE D/UNN ECES SARY type, c o n tras ted with the P R O -FESSIONALS, carries the label which may seem to sho ckin g when applied to engineers and technicians. Still, this label reflects the pattern of the allocation of time specific for these o c c u -pational categories. Spe cialists in technological areas usually play an important role in the dev elopment and o r g aniz ation of work, and were believed to be playing such role during the p e -riod of the so-called ’dynamic development*. The time budget data show, however, that these groups were actually not made much use of by their employers, and neither did they take up much incomesuppl ement ing work. It may be s up pose d that the i n stitutions of work did not offer sufficient p r o spec ts and i n -centives for the full use of technical knowledge, despite paying the engineers relatively high salaries. In con n e c t i o n with this, they could allot their excess time to ins titu tions ’o r n a m e n t a l ’ from point of view of their social function - the ins titutions of second setting of culture, vol unta ry work and activity in o r g a n i z a t i o n s .

A P P E N D I X 1 STEP 1. Average time allotted by occupational groups

to selected types of institutions

T ime in minutes allotted to: Occupational category main job second job v o -luntary work social o r g a n i z a -tions mass media 2nd setting of culture Managers 344 8.2 5.0 16.6 93.3 5.9 People inv. in arts 293 7.7 0.3 10.6 95.9 1.5 Academics 340 22.4 3.7 11.5 83.2 6.3 N o n t e c h n o l o gical s p e -cialists 301 26.5 3.4 8.7 112.5 3.2 Doctors 353 20.3 2.3 2.8 120.7 1.9 Engineers 326 14.4 5.3 6.2 110.3 5.7 Technicians 311 B.O 4.9 6.2 112.2 7.2 Foremen 317 6.8 6. В 8.4 125.1 2.1 Clerks 340 10.4 4.5 5.3 124.8 3.7 Manual/Office workers (store-kee- pers, q u a l i -ty control inspectors ) 343 8.0 12.7 4.9 145.4 0.0 Subforemen 363 16.8 4.7 4.8 . 112.7 7.9 Skilled w o r k -ers 374 8.2 1.0 4.3 116.3 4.3 Unskilled workers 331 3.2 0.9 2.7 122.1 !. 9

STEP 2. The ordering of the occ upational c a t egor ies according to rank positions

A. People inv. in arts 13 11 13 3 11 12

Unskilled workers В 13 12 13 4 10 B. Managers 4 7 4 1 12 4 Clerks 6 6 7 8 3 7 C. Subforemen 2 4 6 10 7 1 Skilled workers 1 7 11 11 6 13 Ooctors 3 3 10 12 5 10 D. Engineers 9 5 3 6 10 5 Technicians 11 9 5 7 9 2 E. Academics 7 2 8 2 13 3 Non -technological specialists 12 1 9 4 8 8 F. Foremen 10 12 2 5 2 9 Manual/Office workers 5 9 1 9 1 13

STEP 3. The positions of groups A-F according to the average rank in the respective types of institutions

A 10.5 12 12.5 B 7.5 11

VI VI VI V III-IV V-VI

В 5 6.5 5.5 4.,5 7.5 5.5

II III III II III-IV II-III

С 2 4.6 9 11 6 8 I II V VI II IV 0 10 7 4 6_.5 9.5 3.5 V IV II III V I E 9.5 1.5 8.5 3 1D.5 5.5 IV I IV I VI II-III F 7.5 10.5 1.5 7 1.5 11 III V I IV I V-VI

STEP 4. The types of the involvement in the institutional spheres

The type of in-v ol in-veme nt/oc cu-pational groups

Position according to the scale of involvement in type of institutions

(viz. table above) 2nd setting of culture social organiz a -tions second job main job v o -luntary work mass media

A. OUTSIDERS V-VI V VI VI VI III-IV

(people inv. in arts, unskilled workers)

B. BUREAUCRATS II-III II III II III III-IV

(managers, clerks)

F. SUP ERVISORS V-VI IV V III I I

(foremen, q u a -lity control inspectors) E. SECOND JOB HOLDERS II-III I I IV IV VI (academics, nontechnological s p e c i a -lists) C. PROFESSIONALS IV VI II I V II (skilled w o r k ers, s u b f o r e -men, doctors) D. UNDEREMPLOYED I III IV V II V (engineers, technicians)

BIBLIOGRAPHY

B u s c h Ch., 1975, La sociologie du temps libre, Mouton. Central Statistical Office, 1978, Warszawa.

S c h e u c h E. K., 1969, Soziologie der Freizeit, [ in :3 Handbuch der Emp irischen Soz ialforschung, Stuttgart.

"Studia Socjologiczne" 1977, nr 1, pp. 51-80.

Marek Żelazo

KONTAKTY 2 INSTYTUCJAMI W ŚWIETLE BADAŃ BUOŻETU CZASU

Na podstawie wyników badań budżetów czasu prz edst awion o w artykule statystyczny obraz częstości i cza sochłonności k o n t a k -tów z instytucjami. Uczestniczący w badaniu mężczyźni m i e s z k a ń -cy Łodzi pozostawali przez ponad 10 godzin dziennie w zasięgu działania różnych instytucji. Według relccji bud żetowych n a j c z ę stsze były kontakty z instytucjami zat rudnienia (pracy), k o m u n i -kacji miejskiej, handlu i usług, telewizją i środkami masowego przekazu, z którymi stykało się od 100% do 80% badanych. Z n a c z nie mniejsza część badanych (od 204 do 25%) zarejestrowała k o n takty z instytucjami religijnymi, administracją, placówkami k s z t a ł -cenia i wychowania oraz z organizacjami społecznymi. Najmniejszą liczbę kontaktów miały instytucje drugiego układu kultury.

W drugiej części artykułu analizując średnie czasu p o ś w i ę c o -nego przez różne kategorie zawodowe na kontakty z pos zczególnymi typami instytucji wyróżniono kilka wzorów alokacji czasu w i n -stytucjonalnych sferach życia. Minimalizacja kon takt ów z ins t y t u cjami charakteryzowała tzw. wolne zawady i twórców oraz r o b o t n i -ków niewykwalifikowanych. W wielu typach instytucji angażowali swój czas kierownicy i urzędnicy. Mis trzowie i pra cown icy fizy- czno-umysłowi więcej czasu od innych poświęcali na mass media i pracę społeczną. Pracownicy naukowi i inteligencja nie tech niczn a prz eznaczali swój czas na pracę w ins tytucjach dos tarczających dodatkowy dochód oraz na dzi ałalność w org aniz acjac h społecznych. Z kolei robotnicy wykwalifikowani, brygadziści i lekarze c h a r a k -teryzowali się wysoką średnią efe ktywnego czasu pracy zawodowej. Natomiast inżynierowie i technicy częściej od innych korzystali z oferty instytucji drugiego układu kultury.