əɁɕɄɈɁɇȺɇɂȿ
ȽɊȺɆɆȺɌɂɑȿɋɄȺə ɋɂɇɈɇɂɆɂə ɂ ȼȺɊɂȺɇɌɇɈɋɌɖ ɄȺɄ ȼȺɀɇȿɃɒɂȿ ɎȺɄɌɈɊɕ əɁɕɄɈȼɈȽɈ ɊȺɁȼɂɌɂə
SYNONYMY AND VARIANCE IN GRAMMAR AS MAIN FACTORS OF LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT
ɅəɃɋɗɇ ȺȻȾɍɅɏȺɄɈȼȺ
ABSTRACT. Problem of synonymy and variance is one of the important questions discussed by linguists. It is necessary to make difference between synonyms and variances especially in grammar. Both of these phenomena play significant role in language development. Transformations in both cases are the same: reduction of the number of parallel forms or keeping them all as a result of formation of differences between them. The history of Russian language shows various examples of changes caused by the same relations in the different levels of the language.
Ʌɹɣɫɷɧ Ⱥɛɞɭɥɯɚɤɨɜɚ, Ʉɚɡɚɧɫɤɢɣ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ, Ʉɚɡɚɧɶ – Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ. ɋɢɧɨɧɢɦɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɯ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɧɟɨɞɧɨɤɪɚɬɧɨ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɚɥɚ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɥɢɧɝɜɢɫɬɨɜ. ȼɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɥɨ-ɜɢɧɟ XX ɫɬɨɥɟɬɢɹ ɜɵɲɟɥ ɜ ɫɜɟɬ ɰɟɥɵɣ ɪɹɞ ɫɛɨɪɧɢɤɨɜ, ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɸ1 , ɛɵɥɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɵ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɢ ɫɢɧɨɧɢɦɨɜ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ2, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɥɢɫɶ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚɦ ɫɢɧɨɧɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɫɢɧɨɧɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɥɟɤɫɢɤɢ. ɋɥɨ-ɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɢɧɨɧɢɦɢɹ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɤɚɤ ɫɢɧɨɧɢɦɢɹ ɫɥɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨ-ɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɨɪɮɟɦ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɫɢɧɨɧɢɦɢɢ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ. Ƚɨɪɚɡɞɨ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɭɫɢɫɬɢɤɟ ɭɞɟɥɹɥɨɫɶ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹɦ, ɨɬɧɨɫɹɳɢɦɫɹ ɤ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɝɪɚɦ-________________ 1 Ɉɱɟɪɤɢ ɩɨ ɫɢɧɨɧɢɦɢɤɟ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ– Ʌɟɧɢɧɝɪɚɞ 1966; Ʌɟɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɢɧɨɧɢɦɢɹ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1967; ɋɢɧɨɧɢɦɵ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɢ ɢɯ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, Ʌɟɧɢɧɝɪɚɞ 1972; ɋɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɢ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɚɪɶɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1979 ɢ ɞɪ. 2 Ɂ.ȿ. Ⱥ ɥ ɟ ɤ ɫ ɚ ɧ ɞ ɪ ɨ ɜ ɚ, ɋɥɨɜɚɪɶ ɫɢɧɨɧɢɦɨɜ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1968; ɋɥɨɜɚɪɶ ɫɢɧɨɧɢɦɨɜ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ: ɜ 2-ɯ ɬɨɦɚɯ, ɩɨɞ ɪɟɞ. Ⱥ.ɉ. ȿɜɝɟɧɶɟɜɨɣ, Ʌɟɧɢɧɝɪɚɞ 1970–1971.
ɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɧɨɧɢɦɢɢ. Ɋɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɬɢɤɢ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɥɭ-ɱɚɟɜ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɚɫɶ ɧɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɟ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ – ɧɟɦɟɰɤɨɝɨ, ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɞɪ. (ɫɦ. ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ȿ.ɂ. ɒɟɧɞɟɥɶɫ, ȼ.ɇ. əɪɰɟɜɨɣ, Ɉ.ɂ. Ɇɨɫɤɚɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɞɪ.). Ɂɚ ɩɪɨɲɟɞɲɢɟ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɹ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɨɞɜɢɧɭɥɢɫɶ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɛ-ɥɚɫɬɢ ɫɥɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɢɧɨɧɢɦɢɢ. ɇɚ ɫɦɟɧɭ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɦ ɨ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɬɢɩɚ ɥɢɫɚ–ɥɢɫɢɰɚ ɤɚɤ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɧɵɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɩɪɢɲɥɨ ɱɟɬɤɨ ɫɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨ-ɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɥɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɢɧɨɧɢɦɢɢ ɤɚɤ ɫɢɧɨɧɢɦɢɢ ɫɥɨɜɨ-ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ, ɞɥɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵ ɨɛɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɳɟɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɵ, ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɫɥɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɫɥɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚ-ɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɚɮɮɢɤɫɵ. ȼɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɫɢɧɨɧɢɦɢɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɰɟɥɵɦ ɪɹɞɨɦ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ, ɫɪɟɞɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɭɬɢ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɫɢɧɨɧɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɵɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɯ, ɫɢɧɨɧɢɦɢɹ ɜ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɢɢ ɢ ɞɢɚɯɪɨɧɢɢ, ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɢɧɨɧɢ-ɦɢɢ ɢ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɢɯ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɞɪ. ɏɨɬɟɥɨɫɶ ɛɵ ɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ. Ɉɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ, ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɡɧɚɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɡɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɢɧɨɧɢɦɨɜ ɢ ɜɚ-ɪɢɚɧɬɨɜ. Ⱦɥɹ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɢɯ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɜɵɪɚɠɟ-ɧɢɟ, ɤɚɤ „ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ”. ȼ.ɇ. əɪɰɟɜɚ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɩɚ-ɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɯ ɟɝɨ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ, ɨɛɪɚɳɚɹ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɬɪɭɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɬɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɚɪɶɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɫɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɣ. ɋɚɦ ɚɜ-ɬɨɪ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬ ɜɚɪɶɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ, ɚ ɫɢɧɨɧɢɦɢɸ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬ ɤ ɫɨ-ɞɟɪɠɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ, ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɟ: „ɇɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɚɪɶɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɜ ɬɟɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɢ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚ-ɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɜɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɱɟɪɟɞɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢ ɬɨɣ ɠɟ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ”3 . Ⱦɥɹ Ɉ.ɂ. Ɇɨɫɤɚɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ ɜɚɪɢɚɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɟɪɚɡɪɵɜɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɩɨ-ɧɹɬɢɟɦ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɧɨɪɦɵ ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ „ɫɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɥɢɬɟɪɚ-ɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɧɨɪɦɟ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɷɩɨɯɢ ɢ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɢɥɹ ɪɚɜɧɨɡɧɚɱɧɵɯ ɩɚɪɚɥ-ɥɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɜɚɪɶɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɧɟ ɧɟ-ɫɭɳɢɯ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɞɪɭɝ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ”4 . ɂɫɫɥɟ-ɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶ ɪɚɫɰɟɧɢɜɚɟɬ ɜɚɪɶɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɫɢɧɨɧɢɦɢɸ ɤɚɤ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɢ ɧɟɩɟɪɟ-ɫɟɤɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɹ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɫɬɟ-ɩɟɧɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɚ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɟ ɹɡɵɤɚ. ɗɬɚ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ ɛɥɢɡɤɚ ɤ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ ɇ.ɇ. ɋɟɦɟɧɸɤ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢ-ɜɚɟɬ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɸ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟɦ ɧɨɪɦɵ ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɟɟ ɤɚɤ „ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢ ɬɨɣ ɠɟ ɥɟɤɫɟɦɵ, ɫɥɨɜɨɮɨɪɦɵ ________________ 3 ȼ.ɇ. ə ɪ ɰ ɟ ɜ ɚ, ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɜɚɪɢɚɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɹɡɵɤɚ, [ɜ:] ɋɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɢ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɚɪɶɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1979, ɫ.10. 4Ɉ.ɂ. Ɇ ɨ ɫ ɤ ɚ ɥ ɶ ɫ ɤ ɚ ɹ, ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɚɰɢɹ ɜ ɥɟɤɫɢɤɟ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨ-ɝɨ ɧɟɦɟɰɤɨɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨ-ɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ, [ɜ:] ɇɨɪɦɚ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɚɰɢɹ ɹɡɵɤɚ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1969, ɫ. 58.
ɢɥɢ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢ ɬɨɣ ɠɟ ɫɢɧɬɚɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɤɪɚɣɧɟɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɜ ɞɜɭɯ ɪɚɡ-ɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɨɞɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹɯ, ɧɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɥɢɧɝɜɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɣ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɵ”5 . ɇɚ ɥɟɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɢɧɨɧɢɦɚɦɢ ɢ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɚɦɢ ɩɪɨ-ɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ, ɤɚɡɚɥɨɫɶ ɛɵ, ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨ: „ɋɭɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɨɜ ɫɥɨɜ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɨɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɫɥɨɜɚ – ɮɨɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ, ɧɟ ɡɚɬɪɚɝɢɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɟɝɨ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɥɟɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ, ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɥɨɜɚ”6 . Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨɣ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɩɪɢɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ȿ.Ⱥ. ɂɜɚɧɧɢɤɨɜɚ: „Ɉɛɥɚɫɬɶ ɥɟɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ – ɷɬɨ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ, ɡɜɭɤɨɜɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɤɚɤ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɵ ɹɡɵɤɚ, ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ, ɷɬɭ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɭɸɳɟɣ, ɫɮɟ-ɪɚ ɠɟ ɫɢɧɨɧɢɦɢɢ – ɷɬɨ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɹɡɵɤɚ”7 . ɉɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɬ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɵɟ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɵ ɤ ɪɚɫ-ɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɟ: ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ „ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬ” ɱɚɳɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɯɚɪɚɤ-ɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɮɨɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɢɞɨɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɫɥɨɜɟ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɯɪɚ-ɧɟɧɢɢ ɟɝɨ ɥɟɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɞɥɹ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɨɜ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɫɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɹ ɥɢɲɶ ɫɬɢɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɡ-ɥɢɱɢɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɣ ɩɨ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟ-ɧɢɹ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɟɫɥɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɪɟɡɚ ɬɚɤɚɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɬɨ ɜ ɩɥɚɧɟ ɞɢɚɯɪɨɧɢɢ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɫɬɨɥɶ ɨɞɧɨ-ɡɧɚɱɧɨɣ. Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɥɟɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɢ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɫɢɧɨɧɢɦɚɦɢ ɢ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɚɦɢ ɫɭ-ɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɹ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟ-ɥɢ. ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɚɜɬɨɪɵ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɨɜ ɪɚɜɧɨɡɧɚɱɧɵɟ ɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ, ɚ ɤɚɤ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɢɧɨɧɢɦɵ – ɮɨɪ-ɦɵ ɧɟ ɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ, ɧɨ ɛɥɢɡɤɢɟ ɩɨ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɸ. Ʌ.Ʉ. Ƚɪɚɭɞɢɧɚ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ ɬɟɪɦɢɧ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɢɧɨɧɢɦ ɦɧɨɝɨɡɧɚɱɧɵɦ ɢ ɩɪɢɛɟɝɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ, ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɸ ɧɨɪɦ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ, ɤ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɸ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬ, ɧɟ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɪɭɹ, ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɢ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ: „Ƚɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɵ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭ-ɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ. Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɨ, ɪɨɞɢɜɲɟɟɫɹ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɛɥɢɡɨɫɬɢ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ, ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɣ, ɬ.ɟ. ɤ ɜɧɟɲ-ɧɟɦɭ ɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɭ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ”8 . Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɬɟɦ, ɚɜɬɨɪ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɚ ________________ 5ɇ.ɇ. ɋ ɟ ɦ ɟ ɧ ɸ ɤ, ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ, „ȼɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɹɡɵ-ɤɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ” 1965, ʋ 1, ɫ. 49. 6Ɋ.ɉ. Ɋ ɨ ɝ ɨ ɠ ɧ ɢ ɤ ɨ ɜ ɚ, ɋɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɨɜ ɫɥɨɜ, ɨɞɧɨɤɨɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɥɨɜ ɢ ɫɢ-ɧɨɧɢɦɨɜ, [ɜ:] Ʌɟɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɢɧɨɧɢɦɢɹ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1967, ɫ. 152–153. 7ȿ.Ⱥ. ɂ ɜ ɚ ɧ ɧ ɢ ɤ ɨ ɜ ɚ, Ʉ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɭ ɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɚ ɫ ɩɨ-ɧɹɬɢɟɦ ɫɢɧɨɧɢɦɚ, [ɜ:] ɋɢɧɨɧɢɦɵ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɢ ɢɯ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, Ʌɟɧɢɧɝɪɚɞ 1972, ɫ. 142. 8Ʌ.Ʉ. Ƚ ɪ ɚ ɭ ɞ ɢ ɧ ɚ, ȼɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ. Ƚɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɤɚ ɢ ɜɚɪɢ-ɚɧɬɵ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1980, ɫ. 102.
ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɵ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɣ ɫɥɭɱɚɣ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɪɟɱɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ, ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɩɨ-ɧɢɦɚɸɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ „ɧɟɤɚɹ ɨɛɳɚɹ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɹɡɵɤɟ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɜɯɨɞɹɬ ɢ ɝɪɚɦ-ɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɵ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɨɛɳɢɟ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɢ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɚɦɢ”9 . Ʉɚɤ ɜɢɞɢɦ, ɡɞɟɫɶ ɧɟ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɵ ɧɢ ɨɛ-ɳɢɟ, ɧɢ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɢ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɢɧɵɯ „ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɵɯ” ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ. ɂɡɥɨɠɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɪɢɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɜ, ɩɪɢ-ɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ, ɪɚɡɧɵɦɢ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɬɚɤ ɱɬɨ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬ-ɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɬɢɩɚ ɱɚɹ – ɱɚɸ, ɲɭɦɚ – ɲɭɦɭ, ɬɪɚɤɬɨɪɵ – ɬɪɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɢ ɩɨɞ., ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɢ ɫɱɚɫɬɢɟ – ɫɱɚɫɬɶɟ, ɠɢɡɧɢɸ – ɠɢɡɧɶɸ, ɩɨɪɨɸ – ɩɨɪɨɣ ɢ ɩɨɞ. – ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɪɵɜ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɢɟɣ ɢ ɞɢɚɯɪɨɧɢɟɣ, ɱɬɨ, ɧɚ ɧɚɲ ɜɡɝɥɹɞ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ ɧɟɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɵɦ, ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɹ ɜɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ, ɩɨ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɬɨɱɧɨɦɭ ɡɚɦɟɱɚɧɢɸ ɂ.Ⱥ. Ȼɨɞɭɷɧɚ ɞɟ Ʉɭɪɬɟɧɷ, „ɫɬɚɬɢɤɚ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɟɫɬɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɣ ɫɥɭɱɚɣ ɟɝɨ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɢ”10 . Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɬɟɦ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨɝɨ ɫɦɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɧɨɬɢɩɧɵɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɢɡɛɟɠɚɬɶ ɩɪɟɞ-ɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɣ ȼ.Ɇ. Ɇɚɪɤɨɜɵɦ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɤ ɢɯ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɚɰɢɢ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɧɚ ɭɱɟ-ɬɟ ɝɟɧɟɡɢɫɚ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ. ɉɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ ɭɱɟɧɨɝɨ, ɭɱɟ-ɬɟɪɦɢɧ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬ „ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɩɪɢ-ɦɟɧɢɦ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɬɟɯ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ, ɩɪɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɨɠ-ɞɟɫɬɜɚ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜɧɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɵɯ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɣ, ɜɧɟ ɫɢɫɬɟ-ɦɵ ɫɥɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ. ɉɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɷɬɨ ɤɚɫɚɟɬɫɹ ɮɨɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɥɢɤɚ ɫɥɨɜ. Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɵ ɥɢɛɨ ɫɨɛ-ɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɮɨɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚɦɢ (ɯɢɬɪ – ɯɢɬɟɪ, ɫɟɪɞɟɱɧɵɣ – ɫɟɪɞɟɲɧɵɣ, ɚɮɟɪɚ – ɚɮɺɪɚ ɢ ɩɨɞ.), ɥɢɛɨ ɪɚɧɧɢɦɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɦɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɭɬɪɚɬɢɜɲɢ-ɦɢ ɫɜɨɣ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɦɵɫɥ (ɩɨɞɧɢɦɚɬɶ – ɩɨɞɵɦɚɬɶ ɢ ɩɨɞ.)”11 . ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɨɜ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ, ɜɵɪɚɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟ-ɫɤɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ, ɪɟɱɶ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɢɞɬɢ ɨ „ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹɯ ɮɨɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ, ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɡɧɚɱɟ-ɧɢɟɦ ɧɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ”12 . Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɢ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɥɟɤɫɢɤɢ, ɢ ɜ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɤɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɚ ɢ ɫɢɧɨɧɢɦɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɚ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɪɚɡɝɪɚɧɢ-ɱɟɧɢɢ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɣ, ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɨɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ, ɢ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɥɢ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɫɥɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ. Ƚɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɫɢɧɨɧɢɦɚɦɢ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɮɨɪɦɵ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɢɟ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɚɪɚɞɢɝɦ ɤɚɤ ɢɦɟɧɧɵɯ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɶɧɵɯ. ɉɪɢ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɬɢɩɚ ɩɨɪɨɸ – ɩɨɪɨɣ, ɠɢɜɭɱɢ – ɠɢɜɭɳɢ ɢ ɩɨɞ. ɛɭɞɭɬ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɶɫɹ ɤ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɚɦ, ɚ ɮɨɪ-________________ 9Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ. 10 ɂ.Ⱥ. Ȼ ɨ ɞ ɭ ɷ ɧ ɞ ɟ Ʉ ɭ ɪ ɬ ɟ ɧ ɷ, ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɡ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ, [ɜ:] ɟɝɨ ɠɟ, ɂɡɛɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɬɪɭɞɵ ɩɨ ɨɛɳɟɦɭ ɹɡɵɤɨɡɧɚɧɢɸ, ɬ. 1, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1963, ɫ. 349. 11 ȼ.Ɇ. Ɇ ɚ ɪ ɤ ɨ ɜ, Ɉ ɫɥɨɜɨ- ɢ ɮɨɪɦɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɢɧɨɧɢɦɢɢ ɜ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ, [ɜ:] Ɋɭɫɫɤɚɹ ɢ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɮɢɥɨɥɨɝɢɹ: ɥɢɧɝɜɨɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɚɫɩɟɤɬ, Ʉɚ-ɡɚɧɶ 2004, ɫ. 156–157. 12 Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ, ɫ. 157.
ɦɵ ɬɢɩɚ ɬɪɚɤɬɨɪɵ – ɬɪɚɤɬɨɪɚ, ɠɢɜɭɱɢ – ɠɢɜɹ – ɠɢɜɲɢ ɢ ɩɨɞ. – ɤ ɝɪɚɦɦɚ-ɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɫɢɧɨɧɢɦɚɦ. ȼ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɵ ɢ ɫɢɧɨɧɢɦɵ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɩɟɪɟɠɢɜɚɥɢ ɫɯɨɞ-ɧɵɟ ɫɭɞɶɛɵ: ɢ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɫɯɨɞ-ɧɵɟ, ɢ ɫɢɧɨɧɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɞɟɣɫɬ-ɜɢɹ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɢ ɤ ɩɪɟɨɞɨɥɟɧɢɸ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ (ɥɟɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ, ɫɥɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ, ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ) ɦɨɝɥɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɪɚɡɧɵɦɢ ɩɭɬɹɦɢ, ɨɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɜ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ. ɂɡɜɟɫɬɧɵ ɞɜɚ ɧɚ-ɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɢ ɷɬɢɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ. ɉɟɪɜɨɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɹɞɚ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɣ – ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɫɢɧɨɧɢɦɨɜ – ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɭɬɪɚɬɵ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɟɝɨ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ. ȼɬɨɪɨɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɸ ɜɫɟɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɢɯ ɪɚɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɸ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɫɬɢɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɚɰɢɢ. Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɨɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɚɦɢ ɧɚ ɥɟɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɭɞɶɛɚ ɩɨɥɧɨɝɥɚɫɧɨɣ ɢ ɧɟɩɨɥɧɨɝɥɚɫɧɨɣ ɥɟɤ-ɫɢɤɢ ɜ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ. Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɬɶ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɨɜ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɜɲɟɟ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɭɬɪɚɬɵ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɥɧɨɝɥɚɫɧɵɯ (ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɫ ɩɚ-ɪɚɦɢ ɜɪɟɦɹ – ɜɟɪɟɦɹ, ɩɥɚɦɹ – ɩɨɥɨɦɹ, ɲɥɟɦ – ɲɟɥɨɦ ɢ ɞɪ.), ɬɚɤ ɢ ɧɟɩɨɥɧɨɝɥɚɫ-ɧɵɯ (ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɬɢɩɚ ɜɪɚɛɢɣ – ɜɨɪɨɛɟɣ, ɦɥɟɤɨ – ɦɨɥɨɤɨ, ɞɪɟɜɨ – ɞɟɪɟɜɨ ɢ ɞɪ.) ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɣ. ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɫɚɦɢ ɤɨɪɧɟɜɵɟ ɦɨɪɮɟɦɵ ɜ ɬɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɣ ɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɤɟ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɜ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɫɥɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨ-ɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ (ɧɚɩɪ., ɨɲɟɥɨɦɢɬɶ, Ɇɥɟɱɧɵɣ ɩɭɬɶ, ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɠɤɚ ɢ ɞɪ.). ɉɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɥɚ ɢ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɚɰɢɹ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɨɜ, ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɜɲɚɹ ɤ ɫɬɢɥɢɫɬɢ-ɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ (ɧɚɩɪ., ɡɥɚɬɨ – ɡɨɥɨɬɨ, ɛɪɟɝ – ɛɟɪɟɝ ɢ ɞɪ.) ɢɥɢ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɫɬɢɥɢɫɬɢ-ɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ (ɧɚɩɪ., ɩɪɟɝɪɚɞɢɬɶ – ɩɟɪɟɝɨɪɨɞɢɬɶ, ɫɬɪɚɧɚ – ɫɬɨɪɨɧɚ, ɜɥɟɱɶ – ɜɨɥɨɱɶ ɢ ɞɪ.) ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɣ. ȼɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɪɚɡɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɮɨɧɟɬɢ-ɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɨɜ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɥɨ ɤ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɥɟɤɫɟɦ. ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɫɢɧɨɧɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɥɟɤɫɢɤɟ ɢ ɫɥɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɪɚɫ-ɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨ ɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɱɚ-ɳɟ, ɱɟɦ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɢɧɨɧɢɦɢɹ ɢ ɜɚɪɢɚɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ, ɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɦɫɹ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɟɟ ɧɚ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹɯ, ɤɚɫɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɭɞɶɛɵ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɧɵɯ ɢ ɫɢɧɨɧɢɦɢɱɧɵɯ ɦɨɪɮɟɦ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɣ ɢ ɮɨɪɦ ɢ ɫɥɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ, ɜ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɧɢ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɥɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ. ɋɬɪɟɦɥɟɧɢɟ ɮɨɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɨɜ ɤ ɪɚɡɦɟɠɟɜɚɧɢɸ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɥɟɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɟɞɢɧɢɰ, ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɦɟɱɟɧɵ ɢ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɚɮɮɢɤɫɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɨɪɮɟɦ. Ɍɚɤ, ȼ.Ɇ. Ɇɚɪɤɨɜɵɦ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɚ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɹ ɤ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɨɪɮɟɦ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɮɨɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɨɜ, ɭɛɟɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɨɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚɯ ɢɡ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɩɪɢɫɬɚɜɤɢ ɨɛ- ɢ ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɚ -ɧɭ-13 . ________________ 13 B.M. Ɇ ɚ ɪ ɤ ɨ ɜ, ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɨɪɮɟɦ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɮɨɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɨɜ, [ɜ:] ɟɝɨ ɠɟ, ɂɡɛɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɨ ɪɭɫ-ɫɤɨɦɭ ɹɡɵɤɭ, Ʉɚɡɚɧɶ 2001, ɫ. 72–84.
Ƚɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɜɲɚɹ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɦ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɪɟɞɭɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɫɬɚɜɤɚ ɨɛ- ɜ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɥɚ ɜ ɞɜɭɯ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɚɯ – ɨɛ- ɢ ɨ-, ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢ-ɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɛɵɥɨ ɮɨɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɨ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɜ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣ-ɲɟɦ ɨɧɢ ɩɪɢɧɹɥɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɫɥɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɢ-ɩɨɜ, ɱɬɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɨ ɢɯ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɸ ɜ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɨɪɮɟɦɵ. Ɍɚɤ, ɩɪɢɫɬɚɜɤɚ ɨɛ- ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɜ ɨɬɝɥɚɝɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɫɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦɢ: ‘ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ, ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɟɦɨɟ ɩɨ ɨɤɪɭɠɧɨɫɬɢ’ (ɨɛɯɨɞɢɬɶ, ɨɛɥɟɬɟɬɶ, ɨɛɧɟɫɬɢ), ‘ɞɟɣ-ɫɬɜɢɟ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɜ ɭɳɟɪɛ ɬɨɦɭ, ɞɥɹ ɤɨɝɨ ɨɧɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ’ (ɨɛɜɟɫɢɬɶ, ɨɛɦɟɪɢɬɶ, ɨɛɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ) ɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ. ɑɬɨ ɤɚɫɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɚ ɨ-, ɬɨ ɨɧ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɤɨɧɮɢɤɫɚ ɨ-…-ɢɬɶ ɜ ɫɥɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɬɢɩɟ ɫɨ ɡɧɚ-ɱɟɧɢɟɦ ‘ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɱɬɨ-ɥɢɛɨ ɤɚɤɢɦ-ɬɨ’ (ɨɡɟɥɟɧɢɬɶ, ɨɦɨɥɨɞɢɬɶ, ɨɠɢɜɢɬɶ). ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɛɟɡɴɟɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɚ -ɧɭ- ɛɵɥɚ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɫ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɦ ɜ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚ-ɜɟ ɜɫɬɚɜɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɝɥɚɫɧɨɝɨ, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɩɨɹɜɢɥɢɫɶ ɮɨɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɵ -ɧɭ- ɢ -ɨɧɭ-. ɇɚ ɛɚɡɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɥɫɹ ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫ -ɚɧɭ-, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɜ ɫɭ-ɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ-ɨɰɟɧɨɱɧɵɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɨɜ, ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ ɫɬɭɤɚɧɭɬɶ, ɱɟɪɤɚɧɭɬɶ, ɫɤɚɡɚɧɭɬɶ ɢ ɞɪ. ɋɬɪɟɦɥɟɧɢɟ ɮɨɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɨɜ ɦɨɪɮɟɦ ɤ ɪɚɡɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧ-ɰɢɚɰɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɚ ɛɵ ɢɯ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɸ, ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɱɚɫɬɨ, ɯɨɬɹ ɧɟ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɦ ɪɟ-ɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɨɪɮɟɦ. ɇɚɩɪɢ-ɦɟɪ, ɜ ɢɦɟɧɚɯ ɧɚ -ɢɟ/-ɶɟ, ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɹɸɳɢɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫ ɪɚɡɧɵɦɢ ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɚɦɢ (-ɟɧɢɟ, -ɧɢɟ, -ɬɢɟ ɢ ɞɪ.), ɷɬɨ ɪɚɡɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɢɦɟɥɨ ɫɬɢ-ɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ (ɫɱɚɫɬɢɟ – ɫɱɚɫɬɶɟ, ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ – ɞɜɢɠɟɧɶɟ). Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨ-ɝɨ, ɜ ɪɹɞɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɧɚ -ɢɟ ɢ -ɶɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɸ: ɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ‘ɞɟɣ-ɫɬɜɢɟ’ – ɩɟɱɟɧɶɟ ‘ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ’, ɜɚɪɟɧɢɟ ‘ɞɟɣ‘ɞɟɣ-ɫɬɜɢɟ’ – ɜɚɪɟɧɶɟ ‘ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ’, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɝɥɹɞɧɨ ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɭɟɬ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɸ ɤ ɫɚ-ɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɨɜ, ɨɮɨɪɦɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɫɥɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚ-ɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɢɩɵ. Ɏɨɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɵ ɩɚɞɟɠɧɵɯ ɮɥɟɤɫɢɣ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɫɬɢɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɚɰɢɢ. ɉɪɢɦɟɪɨɦ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɞɟɠɚ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ ɫ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɹɦɢ -ɢɸ/-ɶɸ, ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɪɚɡɧɨɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɯ ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɚɯ. ȼ ɬɟɤɫɬɚɯ Ⱦɨɫɬɪɨɹ (XVI ɜ.), ɀɢɬɢɹ ɩɪɨɬɨɩɨɩɚ Ⱥɜɜɚɤɭɦɚ (XVII ɜ.), ȼɫɟɨɛɳɟɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɨ ɦɨ-ɪɟɯɨɞɫɬɜɟ (ɧɚɱɚɥɨ XIX ɜ.) ɩɪɨɫɥɟɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɨɬɱɟɬɥɢɜɨɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨ-ɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɣ: ɮɨɪɦɵ ɧɚ -ɢɸ ɱɚɳɟ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɭ ɨɬɜɥɟɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ (ɥɸɛɨɜɢɸ, ɠɢɡɧɢɸ, ɫɨɜɟɫɬɢɸ, ɦɵɫɥɢɸ, ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɬɢɸ ɢ ɞɪ.), ɬɨɝɞɚ ɤɚɤ -ɶɸ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɭ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɦɟɧ (ɩɥɟɬɶɸ, ɧɨɱɶɸ, ɞɨɱɟɪɶɸ, ɧɚɞɩɢɫɶɸ, ɝɪɹɡɶɸ ɢ ɞɪ.)14. ________________ 14 B.M. Ɇ ɚ ɪ ɤ ɨ ɜ, Ɉɱɟɪɤɢ ɩɨ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɱɟɬ-ɜɟɪɬɢ XIX ɜɟɤɚ, [ɜ:] ɟɝɨ ɠɟ, ɂɡɛɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ..., ɭɤɚɡ. ɫɨɱ., ɫ. 184–253.
ɂɫɫɥɟɞɭɹ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɸ ɫɨɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ, ɂ.ɗ. ȿɫɟɥɟɜɢɱ ɜɵɹ-ɜɢɥɚ ɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɚ ɧɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɦ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɫɢɧɨ-ɧɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ, ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɜɲɢɯ ɜ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɪɭɫɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɮɨɪ-ɦɚɦɢ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɱɢɫɟɥ, ɜ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɡɞɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɩɚɪɚɞɢɝɦ ɫɨɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɦɟɧ. ɋɦɵɫɥɨɜɨɟ ɫɛɥɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɮɨɪɦ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɧɚ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɧɢɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɢ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ, ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɥɨ ɤ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɭ ɫɢɧɨɧɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɹɞɚ, ɤɚɤ ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɨɛɭɜɶ – ɨɛɭɜɢ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɡɚɤɪɟɩɢɥɚɫɶ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧ-ɧɨɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ, ɢɥɢ ɞɨɫɩɟɯ – ɞɨɫɩɟɯɢ – ɫ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɚɪɚɞɢɝɦɵ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧ-ɧɨɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ15 . ȼ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɝɪɚɦ-ɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɝɪɚɦɝɪɚɦ-ɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɢɧɨɧɢɦɨɜ ɢ ɢɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɢ-ɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɣ ɢ ɫɥɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ. əɪɱɚɣɲɢɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɨɦ, ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɳɢɦ ɫɬɪɟɦɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɪɚɡɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɤ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ ɫɭɞɶɛɚ ɫɬɚɪɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɱɚɫɬɢɹ, ɞɚɜɲɟɝɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɨ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɢɱɚɫɬɢɸ ɢ ɞɟɟɩɪɢɱɚɫɬɢɸ. Ʉɚɤ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɜ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɪɚɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɨɜɚɥ ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫ -*nt-, ɨɫɥɨɠɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɢɦɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɦ -*j-, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɟɥɨ ɤ ɪɚɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɸ ɮɨɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨ-ɝɨ ɨɛɥɢɤɚ ɷɬɢɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɜ ɫɬɚɪɨɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɨɦ ɢ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɪɭɫɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ. ɉɪɢɱɚɫɬɧɵɣ ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɦ ɧɵɧɟɲɧɟɦ ɨɛɥɢɤɟ (-ɭɳ-, -ɚɳ-) ɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧ ɫɨ ɫɬɚɪɨɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɢɦ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɨɦ. ɑɬɨ ɤɚɫɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɨɝɥɚ-ɫɨɜɤɢ (-ɭɱ-, -ɚɱ-), ɬɨ ɧɚ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɟɟɩɪɢɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɨɧɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɜ ɫɢɧɤɪɟɬɢɱɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɨɜɦɟɳɚɥɢ ɜ ɫɟɛɟ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɢ ɩɪɢɱɚɫɬɢɹ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɞɟɟɩɪɢɱɚɫɬɢɹ, ɫɦ., ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ Ʌɚɜɪɟɧɬɶɟɜ-ɫɤɨɣ ɥɟɬɨɩɢɫɢ (XIV ɜ.): ɢ ɦɵ ɫɟɞɢɦɴ. ɩɥɚɬɹɱɟ ɞɚɧɶ ɪɨɞɨɦɴ ɢ(ɯ) (ɥ. 7 ɨɛ.); ɜɫɹ ɛɪɚ(ɬ)ɹ ɢɦɹɯɭ ɨ ɬɨɦɶ ɩɟɱɚɥɶ ɜɟɥɢɤɭ. ɩɨɫɵɥɚɸɱɢ ɩɨ ɧɶ ɩɪɢɡɵɜɚɯɭ ɛɪɚɬɚ ɤ ɦɨ-ɧɚɫɬɵɪɸ (ɥ. 63 ɨɛ.); ɢ ɫɬɭɩɢɲɚ ɉɨɥɨɜɰɢ ɜɨɸɸɱɢ (ɥ. 72 ɨɛ.). Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɟɳɟ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɚɜɬɨɧɨɦɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɨɛɪɚ-ɡɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɫɬɚɥɨ ɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɢɦɟɧɢ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ, ɫɪ.: ɜɢɫɹɳɢɣ – ɜɢɫɹɱɢɣ, ɝɨɪɹɳɢɣ – ɝɨɪɹɱɢɣ, ɦɨɝɭɳɢɣ – ɦɨɝɭɱɢɣ ɢ ɞɪ. ɋɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɶɸ, ɩɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɬɝɥɚɝɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ, ɫɬɚ-ɧɨɜɹɬɫɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫ ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɨɦ -ɭɱ-, ɧɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɳɢɦ ɨɬ ɬɢɩɚ ɫɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨ-ɢɡɜɨɞɹɳɟɝɨ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɚ: ɩɥɚɤɭɱɚɹ ɢɜɚ, ɫɤɪɢɩɭɱɚɹ ɬɟɥɟɝɚ, ɝɨɪɸɱɢɟ ɫɥɟɡɵ, ɤɢɩɭɱɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɞɪ. ɑɬɨ ɤɚɫɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɟɟɩɪɢɱɚɫɬɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɧɚ -ɭɱɢ/-ɚɱɢ, ɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɩɪɢɧɹɥɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɜ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɫɥɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ, ɩɪɟɜɪɚɬɢɜɲɢɫɶ ɜ ɢɫɬɨ-ɪɢɢ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɜ ɧɚɪɟɱɢɹ, ɫɪ.: ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɭɦɟɸɱɢ, ɠɢɬɶ ɩɪɢɩɟɜɚɸɱɢ ɢ ɞɪ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɨɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɨɜ ɛɵɥɚ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɫ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɦ ɧɚ ɢɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɨɜ, ɫɨ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟ-ɧɢɟɦ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɣ ɩɪɢɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɢ ɞɟɟɩɪɢɱɚɫɬɢɹ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ c ɮɨɪɦɢ-________________ 15ɂ.ɗ. ȿ ɫ ɟ ɥ ɟ ɜ ɢ ɱ, ɂɡ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɣ ɧɚɞ ɮɨɪɦɚɦɢ ɫɨɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶ-ɧɵɯ ɜ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ, [ɜ:] ɂɦɟɧɧɨɟ ɫɥɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ, Ʉɚɡɚɧɶ 1976, ɫ. 69–80.
ɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɫɥɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɢɦɟɧɢ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɬɟɥɶ-ɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɧɚɪɟɱɢɹ. ȼɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɬɟɦ ɜ ɷɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɟɟɩɪɢɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɹɪɤɨ ɩɪɨɹɜɢɥɢɫɶ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɢ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɹ ɫɢɧɨɧɢɦɢɱɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ, ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɢ ɫɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɷɬɚ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ. Ɉɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨ-ɪɨɜ ɮɨɪɦɢɮɚɤɬɨ-ɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɟɟɩɪɢɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɫɬɚɥɚ ɩɪɟɞɢɤɚɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɫɢɧɬɚɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɮɭɧɤ-ɰɢɹ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɫɬɚɪɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ ɢ ɩɪɨɲɟɞɲɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɚɹ ɫ ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɭ ɧɢɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ (ɤɚɤ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɜɬɨ-ɪɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨɝɨ), ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɥɨɫɶ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ, ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɜɲɢɦ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɨɞɥɟɠɚɳɟɝɨ. ɗɬɢɦ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɦ ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɥɨɫɶ ɨɛɨɫɨɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɠɧɢɯ ɩɪɢɱɚɫɬɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɢɦɟɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɞɟɠɚ, ɢɦɟɜɲɢɯ ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚ-ɬɟɥɢ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɪɨɞɚ ɢ ɱɢɫɥɚ, ɬ.ɟ. ɜ ɢɦ. ɩ. ɛɵɥɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ: ɠɢɜɹ, ɠɢɜɭɱɢ(-ɟ), ɠɢɜɭɳɟ(-ɢ), ɠɢɜɴ, ɠɢɜɴɲɢ(-ɟ). ȼɫɟ ɩɪɢɜɟ-ɞɟɧɧɨɟ ɦɧɨɝɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɟ ɮɨɪɦ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɨ ɜ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɪɭɫɫɤɢɯ ɩɚ-ɦɹɬɧɢɤɚɯ ɜ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɹɯ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɢɯ ɥɢɛɨ ɤɚɤ ɫɢɧɤɪɟ-ɬɢɱɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ, ɥɢɛɨ ɤɚɤ ɭɠɟ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɜɲɢɟɫɹ ɞɟɟɩɪɢɱɚɫɬɢɹ16 . Ʉɚɠɞɨɟ ɢɡ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɫɬɪɟɦɢɥɨɫɶ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɫɜɨɸ „ɧɢɲɭ” ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɞɟɟɩɪɢɱɚɫɬɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ. Ɂɚɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɞɧɢɯ ɛɵɥɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸ-ɳɟɣɫɹ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɟɣ ɜɢɞɚ: ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɮɨɪɦɵ ɧɚ -ɚ(-ɹ), -ɭɱɢ(-ɚɱɢ) ɱɚɳɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɜ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɧɟɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ, ɚ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɧɚ -ɜ, -ɜɲɢ – ɫɨ-ɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨɝɨ (ɡɧɚɹ, ɠɢɜɹ, ɫɦɨɬɪɹ, ɧɨ: ɭɡɧɚɜ, ɩɪɨɠɢɜ, ɩɨɫɦɨɬɪɟɜ). ȼ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɷɬɢɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɚɫɶ ɢ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɨ-ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɚɰɢɹ ɪɚɡɧɨ-ɚɮɮɢɤɫɧɵɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɧɚ -ɜ, -ɜɲɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɜɚɥɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɜɟɪ-ɲɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɬɨɪɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɟɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦɭ, ɬɨɝɞɚ ɤɚɤ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɧɚ -ɚ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɥɢ ɜɬɨɪɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ, ɨɞɧɨ-ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɟ ɫ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ, ɫɨɩɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɟ ɟɦɭ. Ɍɚɤɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɨɬɦɟɱɟɧɨ ɤɚɤ ɞɥɹ ɨɞɧɨɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɢɧɨɧɢɦɨɜ, ɫɪ.: ɢ ɩɚɤɢ, ɥɟɬɨ ɩɥɵɜɲɟ, ɜ Ɍɨɛɨɥɶɫɤɟ ɡɢɦɨɜɚɥ (ɀɢɬɢɟ Ⱥɜɜɚɤɭɦɚ, ɫ. 112), ɧɨ: ɢ ɬɟɦ ɥɟɬɨ ɩɢɬɚɥɢɫɹ, ɩɥɨɜɭɱɢ (ɬɚɦ ɠɟ, ɫ. 108); …ɧɟ ɬɚɤ ɞɨɩɪɚɲɢɜɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɫɟɦɨ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɨ, ɧɨ ɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɩɨ ɞɟɥɭ ɢ ɩɨ ɫɥɭɱɚɸ ɢ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɟ ɞɟɥɨ ɡɪɹ, ɚ ɧɟ ɧɚɢ-ɡɭɫɬɶ, ɢɛɨ, ɞɟɥɚ ɧɟ ɜɢɞɟɜ, ɧɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɜ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ (ɉɨɫɨɲɤɨɜ, ɥ. 65 ɨɛ.); Ⱥ ɟɫɥɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɩɢɥɢɫɶ, ɫɦɨɬɚɥɢɫɶ ɢɥɢ, ɛɵɜ, ɧɢɱɟɝɨ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɚɝɨ ɧɟ ɧɚɭɱɢɥɢɫɶ, ɬɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨ ɧɢɯ ɬɚɤ ɪɚɡɭɦɟɬɶ, ɱɬɨɛ ɞɨɦɚ ɛɭɞɭɱɢ, ɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɠ ɩɥɨ-ɞɚ ɩɪɢɧɟɫɥɢ (Ɍɚɬɢɳɟɜ, ɫ. 111); ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪ, ɯɨɞɢɜ ɧɚ ɛɨɥɝɚɪ ɢ ɯɨɪɜɚɬɨɜ ɢ ɫ ɩɨ-ɛɟɞɚɦɢ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɹɫɶ, ɭɫɥɵɲɚɥ (Ʌɨɦɨɧɨɫɨɜ, ɫ. 271), ɧɨ: ɇɟɤɨɝɞɚ Ɉɥɚɜ, ɯɨɞɹ ɩɨ ɝɨɪɨɞɭ, ɭɜɢɞɟɥ ɝɪɚɛɢɬɟɥɹ ɢ ɡɥɨɞɟɹ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ Ʉɥɟɪɤɨɧɚ (ɬɚɦ ɠɟ, ɫ. 256); Ȼɵɬɢ ɬɭ-ɧɟɹɞɰɨɦ ɧɟ ɞɟɥɚɜ ɢ ɧɟ ɞɟɥɚɹ ɧɢ ɦɚɥɟɣɲɢɹ ɪɨɞɭ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɭɫɥɭɝɢ (ɋɭɦɚ-ɪɨɤɨɜ, ɫ. 127). ɂɧɨɝɞɚ ɫɜɨɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɢɝɪɚɥɢ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨ-ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜ ɪɟ-ɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫ -ɜɲɢ ɫɬɚɥ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɹɬɶ ɞɟɟɩɪɢɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɨɬ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɬɧɵɯ ________________ 16 ɋɦ.: Ʌ.Ɋ. Ⱥ ɛ ɞ ɭ ɥ ɯ ɚ ɤ ɨ ɜ ɚ, Ɋɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɞɟɟɩɪɢɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɜ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵ-ɤɟ, Ʉɚɡɚɧɶ 2007.
ɝɥɚɝɨɥɨɜ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ, ɫɪ.: ɭɜɢɞɟɜ – ɭɜɢɞɟɜɲɢɫɶ, ɨɛɪɚɬɢɜ – ɨɛɪɚɬɢɜ-ɲɢɫɶ ɢ ɞɪ. ɇɟ ɨɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɹɫɶ ɧɚ ɞɟɬɚɥɹɯ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɞɟɟɩɪɢɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɜ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ, ɫɱɢɬɚɟɦ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɦ ɟɳɟ ɪɚɡ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɡɧɚɱɢ-ɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɢɧɨɧɢɦɢɢ ɢ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɢɧɨɧɢɦɢɹ ɢ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɬɢ-ɦɭɥɹɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɯ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɧɚɝɥɹɞɧɨ ɢɯ ɪɨɥɶ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɞɢɚɯɪɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɢ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɣ. ɉɪɢɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɱɧɨɦɭ ɢ ɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɨɦɭ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɢɸ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɡɚɯ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɹɡɵɤɚ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɷɬɢ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɪɨɣ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɟɡɚɫɥɭɠɟɧɧɨ ɨɛɨɣɞɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨ-ɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ. ɂ ɫ ɬ ɨ ɱ ɧ ɢ ɤ ɢ ɀɢɬɢɟ ɩɪɨɬɨɩɨɩɚ Ⱥɜɜɚɤɭɦɚ, ɢɦ ɫɚɦɢɦ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɧɨɟ (ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɱɢɧɟɧɢɹ), Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1934. Ʌɚɜɪɟɧɬɶɟɜɫɤɚɹ ɥɟɬɨɩɢɫɶ, [ɜ:] ɉɨɥɧɨɟ ɫɨɛɪɚɧɢɟ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɯ ɥɟɬɨɩɢɫɟɣ, ɬ. 1, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ–Ʌɟ-ɧɢɧɝɪɚɞ 1962. Ɇ.ȼ. Ʌ ɨ ɦ ɨ ɧ ɨ ɫ ɨ ɜ, ɉɨɥɧɨɟ ɫɨɛɪɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɱɢɧɟɧɢɣ, ɬ. VI, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ–Ʌɟɧɢɧɝɪɚɞ 1952. ɂ.Ɍ. ɉ ɨ ɫ ɨ ɲ ɤ ɨ ɜ, Ʉɧɢɝɚ ɨ ɫɤɭɞɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɛɨɝɚɬɫɬɜɟ (ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɫɨɱɢɧɟɧɢɹ), Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1951. Ⱥ.ɉ. ɋ ɭ ɦ ɚ ɪ ɨ ɤ ɨ ɜ, ɉɨɥɧɨɟ ɫɨɛɪɚɧɢɟ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɨɱɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɫɬɢɯɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɨɡɟ ɩɨɤɨɣɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜ. ɫɬɚɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɜɟɬɧɢɤɚ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɚ ɉɟɬɪɨɜɢɱɚ ɋɭɦɚɪɨɤɨɜɚ, ɬ. 10, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1800. ȼ.ɇ. Ɍ ɚ ɬ ɢ ɳ ɟ ɜ, ɂɡɛɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ, Ʌɟɧɢɧɝɪɚɞ 1979.
