The International Course in Hydraulic Engineering

T H E I N T E R N A T I O N A L C O U R S E I N H Y D R A U L I C E N G I N E E R I N G

B Y D R . H . G . Q . U I K

DIRECTOR OF T H E NETHERLANDS UNIVERSITIES FOUNDATION FOR INTERNATIONAL OO-OPERATION, T H E H A G U E

I t has b e c o m e c u s t o m a r y i n r e c e n t y e a r s t o d e s c r i b e c e r t a i n t h i n g s i n o u r c o n t e m p o r a r y w o r l d as i n d i v i s i b l e , m e a n i n g t h a t t h e t i m e is p a s t w h e n t h e y w e r e t h e f o r t u n a t e p r o p e r t y o f a s p e c i f i c p a r t o f t h e w o r l d , w h e r e a s o t h e r p a r t s w e r e d e p r i v e d o f t h e m . O n e o f these c o n c e p t i o n s is p e a c e , p r o s p e r i t y b e i n g a s e c o n d a n d science y e t a n o t h e r o n e . W h e r e a s t h i s c o n c e p t i o n is n e w , p e r h a p s , w h e r e p e a c e a n d p r o s p e r i t y a r e c o n c e r n e d , i t is d e c i d e d l y n o t so w i t h r e g a r d t o science. O u r m e d i a e v a l a c a d e m i c societies w e r e o p e n t o e v e r y o n e w h o w a s f o u n d w o r t h y o f j o i n i n g t h e m . P a r t i c i p a t i o n w a s b y n o m e a n s r e s t r i c t e d t o t h e n a t i o n a l s o f t h e c o u n t r y w h e r e t h e u n i v e r s i t y was e s t a b h s h e d . T h e c h a r a c t e r o f these u n i v e r s i t i e s w a s i n t e r n a t i o n a l as r e g a r d s t h e s u b j e c t m a t t e r , w h i c h w a s u n i v e r s a l , t h e l a n g u a g e - t h e l i n g u a f r a n c a , L a t i n - a n d t h e t u t o r s a n d s t u d e n t s . L a t e r t h i s s i t u a t i o n c h a n g e d . L a t i n , as a l a n g u a g e o f i n s t r u c t i o n , w a s r e p l a c e d b y t h e l a n g u a g e o f t h e c o u n t r y ; n a t i o n a l r e q u i r e m e n t s b e g a n t o d e t e r m i n e t h e u n i v e r s i t y p r o g r a m m e ; i n t e r n a t i o n a l t r a f f i c o f l e c t u r e r s a n d s t u d e n t s d e c l i n e d . T h i s does n o t s i g n i f y t h a t i n t e r n a t i o n a l s c i e n t i f i c i n t e r c o u r s e ever c a m e t o a c o m p l e t e s t a n d s t i l l ; i t does m e a n , h o w e v e r , t h a t t h e c h a r a c t e r c h a n g e d , t h e r u l e b e c o m i n g e x c e p t i o n , t h e essential b e c o m i n g i n c i d e n t a l . A f t e r t h e M i d d l e A g e s i t w a s f o r g o t t e n t h a t science is i n d i v i s i b l e . I t is o n l y i n o u r t i m e , e s p e c i a l l y since t h e last W o r l d W a r , t h a t t h i s s i t u a t i o n is c l e a r l y b e g i n n i n g t o c h a n g e . T h i s c h a n g e is o c c a s i o n e d b y

T A B L E I Numbers of foreign students i n different countries of Western Europe Total number Middle of students Foreign and

enrolled students Near East Far East A f r i

Netherlands (1960) 40,727 United K i n g d o m (1961-'62) 106,000 France (1960) 203,375 Western Germany (1961) 275,000 Austria (1961) 42,645 Switzerland (1961) 23,412 Belgium (1961) 51,999 1,264 64 4 1 6 1 ) 13,385 1,495 3,881 3,41 27,132 886 2,633 9,30 23,462 4,706 5,536 47 10,787 1,500 904 3 7,602 709 562 31 2,083 102 133 35

1) 365 students f r o m Indonesia studied i n the Netherlands i n 1960.

-) 221 students f r o m the one-time Belgian Congo and 113 students f r o m Ruanda U r u n d i , in total 334 students studied in Belgium i n 1961

v a r i o u s c i r c u m s t a n c e s , t h e rise o f t h e so-styled d e v e l o p i n g c o u n t r i e s b e i n g o n e o f t h e p r i n c i p a l ones. N o m a t t e r w h e t h e r d e c o l o n i z a t i o n , a w a k e n i n g n a t i o n a l s e n t i m e n t , " A f r i c a n i z a t i o n " , e c o n o m i c g r o w t h o r s o c i a l d e v e l -o p m e n t is c -o n s i d e r e d t h e c h i e f f a c t -o r , i t is -o b v i -o u s t h a t k n -o w l e d g e a n d t e c h n o l o g y are i n d i s p e n s a b l e f o r r e a c h i n g t h e e n v i s a g e d g o a l , a n d t h a t i t is necessary t o d r a w o n t h e r e s e r v o i r a n d e x p e r i e n c e o f t h e W e s t e r n c o u n t r i e s . A n d a g a i n i t is seen t h a t science is i n d i v i s i b l e . O n e o f t h e c h i e f m e a n s w h i c h t h e n a t i o n s h a v e a t t h e i r d i s p o s a l f o r t h e a c q u i s i t i o n o f science a n d t e c h n o l o g y , is to send t h e i r y o u n g i n t e l l e c t u a l s to u n i v e r s i t i e s i n E u r o p e a n d t h e U n i t e d States. T h i s has b e e n d o n e o n a l a r g e scale. A s r e g a r d s E u r o p e , t h e i n f l u x o f s t u d e n t s f r o m t h e d e v e l o p -i n g c o u n t r -i e s w a s d -i r e c t e d -i n t h e f-irst p l a c e t o t h e f o r m e r c o l o n -i a l m o t h e r c o u n t r i e s . G r e a t B r i t a i n , F r a n c e , B e l g i u m , P o r t u g a l , t h e N e t h e r l a n d s b u t also, t o a g r o w i n g e x t e n t , t o W e s t G e r m a n y , S w i t z e r l a n d , a n d A u s t r i a . T h e e x t e n t o f t h i s d e v e l o p m e n t is s h o w n i n T A B L E I . T h i s t a b l e shows t h e n u m b e r o f f o r e i g n s t u d e n t s e n r o l l e d i n D u t c h u n i v e r -sities f o r t h e a t t e n d a n c e o f n o r m a l courses o f s t u d y is v e r y s m a l l i n d e e d . I t does n o t c o m p a r e w i t h m o s t o f t h e o t h e r c o u n t r i e s o f W e s t e r n E u r o p e . T h i s f a c t c a n easily b e e x p l a i n e d . D u t c h , t h e i n t e r m e d i a r y o f o u r s c i e n t i f i c

Idle and Australia nil and New

urica Europe U.S.A. Canada Zealand Stateless Polynesia 495 1,458 5,292 9,989 7,763 4,826 975 147 1,176 1,115 1,576 346 798 285 9 559 184 65 14 52 23 2 550 41 26 10 6 2 46 1 13 259 -«-) other countries Other countries ^) Other countries °) Other countries

') non-autonomous territories of France non-autonomous territories of England

- 1,622 19 - 5,431 - 155 - 100 - 122 e d u c a t i o n , is n o t a w o r l d l a n g u a g e . F o r e i g n s t u d e n t s w h o w a n t t o s t u d y i n t h e N e t h e r l a n d s h a v e t o g o t h r o u g h t h e t r o u b l e o f l e a r n i n g a l a n g u a g e w h i c h w i l l be o f v e r y l i t t l e use to t h e m i n l a t e r l i f e . S t u d y p e r i o d s i n t h e N e t h e r l a n d s are l o n g . I n t h e A n g l o A m e r i c a n c o u n -tries i t is possible t o o b t a i n a " f i r s t d e g r e e " a f t e r t h r e e o r f o u r y e a r s o f s t u d y , q u a l i f y i n g f o r f u n c t i o n s i n s o c i e t y . I n t h e N e t h e r l a n d s , h o w e v e r , t h e s t u d e n t takes his " c a n d i d a a t s " e x a m i n a t i o n a f t e r t h r e e o f f o u r y e a r s ; i t is m e r e l y a n i n t r o d u c t i o n t o c o n t i n u e d s t u d y . T h e degree r e q u i r e d f o r a f u n c t i o n i n society c a n o n l y be o b t a i n e d a f t e r a s t u d y o f some seven years. A p a r t f r o m t h e d o c t o r ' s degree w h i c h is d e s i r e d a n d r e c o g n i s e d t h r o u g h -o u t t h e w -o r l d , D u t c h u n i v e r s i t y degrees are n -o t r e c -o g n i s e d i n m -o s t -o t h e r c o u n t r i e s , a n d h a v e n o " e f f e c t u s c i v i l i s " t h e r e . T h e N e t h e r l a n d s has n e v e r b e e n b l i n d to these f a c t o r s . I n 1950 a C o m -m i t t e e set u p b y t h e M i n i s t e r o f E d u c a t i o n , A r t s a n d Sciences t o s t u d y t h e a d a p t a t i o n o f D u t c h u n i v e r s i t y e d u c a t i o n t o i n t e r n a t i o n a l r e q u i r e -m e n t s , r e a c h e d t h e c o n c l u s i o n t h a t t h i s a d a p t a t i o n -m i g h t r e q u i r e t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f n e w i n s t i t u t e s , i n w h i c h a w o r l d l a n g u a g e w o u l d h a v e t o be t h e v e h i c l e o f c o m m u n i c a t i o n , a n d t h e f o u n d a t i o n s a n d results o f

o u r o w n c u l t u r e w o u l d n o t be a n o b j e c t , b u t a m e a n s t o be m a d e service-a b l e t o t h e c u l t u r e o f o t h e r t e r r i t o r i e s .

T h e t a s k t o t a k e c a r e o f i n t e r n a t i o n a l e d u c a t i o n i n t h e N e t h e r l a n d s , i n c o o p e r a t i o n w i t h t h e U n i v e r s i t i e s , o t h e r s c i e n t i f i c i n s t i t u t i o n s , f o u n d a t i o n s a n d societies, was assigned t o t h e N e t h e r l a n d s U n i v e r s i t i e s F o u n d a -t i o n f o r I n -t e r n a -t i o n a l G o - o p e r a -t i o n . T h i s F o u n d a -t i o n was i n s -t i -t u -t e d b y t h e j o i n t N e t h e r l a n d s U n i v e r s i t i e s w i t h t h e o b j e c t o f l e n d i n g c o - o p e r a t i o n to t h e e f f o r t s o f t h e N e t h e r l a n d s G o v e r n m e n t t o f u r t h e r i n t e r n a t i o n a l c o - o p e r a t i o n . So i t c a n r i g h t l y be said t h a t t h i s U n i v e r s i t y F o u n d a b o n g a v e shape t o c o o p e r a t i o n b e t w e e n t h e G o v e r n m e n t a n d t h e N e t h e r -l a n d s U n i v e r s i t i e s . I n t h e y e a r s w h i c h f o l l o w e d t h e p u b l i c a t i o n o f t h e a f o r e s a i d r e p o r t b y t h e G o m m i s s i o n f o r A d a p t i n g U n i v e r s i t y E d u c a t i o n t o I n t e r n a t i o n a l N e e d s , a n u m b e r o f i n s t i t u t e s f o r i n t e r n a t i o n a l e d u c a t i o n w e r e set u p , t h e m a j o r i t y b y N U F F I G a n d some o f t h e m o u t o f N U F F I G c o n t e x t . T h e p r i n c i p a l i n i t i a t i v e s o f these first years are t h e I n s t i t u t e o f S o c i a l S t u d i e s , a n d t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l T r a i n i n g G e n t r e f o r A e r i a l S u r v e y , w h i c h w e r e l a t e r f o l l o w e d b y s e v e r a l o t h e r s . A l l these i n i t i a t i v e s are c h a r a c t e r i s e d b y t h e f a c t t h a t a s e p a r a t e u n i t f o r i n t e r n a t i o n a l e d u c a t i o n is c r e a t e d , so t h a t f u l l a t t e n t i o n c a n be c o n c e n t r a t e d o n t h e s p e c i a l r e q u i r e m e n t s o f t h i s b r a n c h o f e d u c a t i o n . T h e l a n -g u a -g e o f i n s t r u c t i o n is E n -g l i s h , t h e l e v e l p o s t -g r a d u a t e . T h e d u r a t i o n o f t h e courses is u s u a l l y u n d e r t w o years. T h e c o n t i n e n t a l s y s t e m o f f r e e d o m o f s t u d y has b e e n s u p e r s e d e d b y s t r i c t e r s u p e r v i s i o n a n d a s y s t e m o f t u i t i o n . M o r e o v e r , a flexible s t u d y p r o g r a m m e u s u a l l y m a k e s i t possible t o t a k e i n t o a c c o u n t the s p e c i a l wishes o f t h e s t u d e n t s a n d t h e c u l t u r a l p a t t e r n o f t h e i r c o u n t r y o f o r i g i n . T h e reasons f o r e s t a b l i s h i n g a n i n s t i t u t i o n f o r i n t e r n a t i o n a l e d u c a t i o n are n o t a l w a y s t h e s a m e . I n s o m e cases t h e i r o r i g i n goes b a c k t o t h e t i m e w h e n t h e N e t h e r l a n d s s t i l l was a c o l o n i a l p o w e r a n d t r a i n e d D u t c h n a t i o n a l s f o r a task i n t h e overseas t e r r i t o r i e s . Gourses i n p u b l i c a d m i n -i s t r a t -i o n , t r o p -i c a l a g r -i c u l t u r e , t r o p -i c a l h e a l t h d a t e f r o m t h -i s p e r -i o d . I n l a t e r y e a r s these courses w e r e ( o r are b e i n g ) a d a p t e d t o t h e c h a n g e d r e l a t i o n s i n t h e w o r l d o f t o - d a y . I n o t h e r cases t h e i r o r i g i n m a y b e ex-p l a i n e d b y a n e x i s t i n g n e e d w h i c h was n o t ex-p r o v i d e d f o r e l s e w h e r e . T h e E u r o p e a n G o u r s e i n S a n i t a r y E n g i n e e r i n g is n o t c o n n e c t e d w i t h a n o l d e r D u t c h t r a d i t i o n . T h e m e r e f a c t t h a t t h e r e a p p e a r e d t o b e a n e e d f o r a

E u r o p e a n course to t r a i n s a n i t a r y engineers c o n s t i t u t e d t l i e r e a s o n t o p r o v i d e t h i s t r a i n i n g i n t h e N e t h e r l a n d s , t h e m o r e so as t h e r e w a s n o s u c h course a n y w h e r e o n t h e E u r o p e a n C o n t i n e n t . Y e t as a r u l e s u c h a n i n t e r n a t i o n a l course i n t h e N e t h e r l a n d s is b a s e d o n a t y p i c a l l y D u t c h s p e c i a l i t y . I n s u c h a case i t c a n be s a i d t h a t t h e N e t h e r l a n d s is a n a t u r a l c e n t r e f o r e s t a b l i s h i n g a n i n t e r n a t i o n a l t r a i n i n g i n s t i t u t e . T h i s n o w has c l e a r l y b e e n t h e case w i t h t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l course i n h y d r a u h c e n g i n e e r i n g , w h i c h w a s e s t a b l i s h e d i n 1957. T h e N e t h e r -l a n d s has a g e - -l o n g e x p e r i e n c e i n t h e fight a g a i n s t t h e w a t e r : i n t h i s s t r u g g l e i t has b u i l t u p h e r r e s e r v o i r o f h y d r a u l i c e n g i n e e r i n g k n o w l e d g e . I t is o n l y n a t u r a l t h a t f o r e i g n e r s m a k e a n a p p e a l t o t h i s s p e c i a l i s e d ex-p e r i e n c e , a n d i t is e q u a l l y n a t u r a l t h a t t h e N e t h e r l a n d s s h o u l d m a k e i t accessible t o o t h e r s . D e t a i l s a b o u t t h e p a r t i c i p a t i o n o f f o r e i g n s t u d e n t s i n i n t e r n a t i o n a l i n -s t i t u t e -s a n d cour-se-s i n t h e N e t h e r l a n d -s are -s h o w n i n T A B L E I I . T H E P R E V I O U S H I S T O R Y O F T H E GOURSE I n t h e y e a r s 1955 a n d 1956 t h e w r i t e r o f t h i s a r t i c l e r e p e a t e d l y discussed w i t h Professor THIJSSE - w h o a t t h e t i m e w a s n o t o n l y Professor a t D e l f t T e c h n o l o g i c a l U n i v e r s i t y , b u t also d i r e c t o r o f t h e H y d r a u l i c s L a b o r a t o r y t h e r e - t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o f e s t a b l i s h i n g a course i n h y d r a u l i c e n g i n e e r i n g . Y e t i t n e e d e d a c r y s t a l l i s a t i o n p o i n t to c o n v e r t i n t o deeds t h e i d e a s t h a t w e r e i n t h e a i r . I r e g a r d a r e c e p t i o n a t t h e residence o f t h e t h e n P a k i s t a n i A m b a s s a d o r to t h e N e t h e r l a n d s , t h e B e g u m L i a q u a t A l i K h a n , as t h i s c r y s t a l l i s a t i o n p o i n t . D u r i n g t h i s r e c e p t i o n i n t h e s p r i n g o f 1956 t h e A m b a s s a d o r p u t t h e c o n c r e t e a n d p e r t i n e n t q u e s t i o n t o Professor THIJSSE, w h e t h e r i t w o u l d b e possible t o g i v e a n u m b e r o f P a k i s t a n i c i v i l e n g i n e e r s a d v a n c e d t r a i n i n g i n h y d r a u l i c e n g i n e e r i n g , i n o r d e r t h u s t o l e t t h e m s h a r e i n t h e s p e c i f i c experiences w h i c h t h e N e t h e r l a n d s h a d g a i n e d i n t h i s field. T h i s q u e s t i o n l e d t o t h e i n s t i t u t i o n o f a w o r k i n g g r o u p w h i c h s o o n r e a c h e d t h e c o n c l u s i o n t h a t t h e r e w a s l i k e l y t o be i n t e r e s t a b r o a d i n a course i n t h e E n g l i s h l a n g u a g e , t h e n u c l e u s o f w h i c h w a s t o b e f o r m e d b y a n u m b e r o f subjects i n t h e field o f h y d r a u l i c e n g i n e e r i n g , w h i c h are t o be r e g a r d e d as a D u t c h s p e c i a l t y . I n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h t h e R o a d a n d H y d r a u h c E n g i n e e r i n g D e p a r t m e n t

T A B L E I I Foreign students i n tire Netherlands. Foreign Students Attending Internat M i d d l e

and

Near East Far East A f r N U F F I C

Summer Gom'se of the Netherlands Universities 1 _ _

International Course in Hydraulic Engineering at Delft 5 21 8

European Gourse in Sanitary Engineering at Delft 2 1

-N U F F I C Summer Course i n Science

-

-

1

I N S T I T U T E O F S O C I A L S T U D I E S

Gourse leading to the degree of Master of Social Sciences 1 7 _

Gourse i n Public Administration 9 1 8

Gourse i n Economic Planning and National Accounting 5 3 4

Gourse i n Social Welfare Policy 3 14 6

Gourse leading to the degree of Master of Public

Administration 8 3 2

Course i n Comprehensive Planning 2 4

Orientation Course

-

— ₄

Course i n Statistics 2 2 3

The Hague Academy of International Law 17 15 20

International Training Centre for Aerial Survey at Delft 33 21 41

International Course on Small-Scale Industries at Delft 7 15 3

International Agricultural Gentre at Wageningen 36 35 13

Building Gentre at Rotterdam 4 8 7

Philips' International Institute of Technological Studies

at Eindhoven 3 9 2

Total 138 159 1 00

o f D e l f t T e c h n o l o g i c a l U n i v e r s i t y a p r o v i s i o n a l p r o g r a m m e w a s d r a f t e d w h i c h was sent t o some 25 posts o f the N e t h e r l a n d s f o r e i g n service a n d t o a n u m b e r o f D u t c h engineers e m p l o y e d i n u n d e r d e v e l o p e d c o u n t r i e s . B o t h t h e H e a d s o f t h e D i p l o m a t i c Amissions a n d t h e e n g i n e e r s h a d c o n -s u l t a t i o n -s i n w i d e c i r c l e -s a b o u t t h i -s p r o g r a m m e , a n d t h e i n t e r e -s t i t w a -s H k e l y t o arouse. O n t h e w h o l e r e a c t i o n s f r o m a b r o a d p r o v e d m o s t p o s i t i v e . Y e t t h e o r i g -i n a l l y p l a n n e d d u r a t -i o n o f t h e course, t w o y e a r s , was c o n s -i d e r e d t o o l o n g . F r o m m a n y q u a r t e r s i t was suggested t o c o n f i n e t h e course t o o n e y e a r . T h i s s u g g e s t i o n was a d o p t e d a n d the p r o g r a m m e f o r a o n e - y e a r course f u r t h e r e l a b o r a t e d .

s i n 1962

(lie and Australia ll and New

•rica Europe U.S.A. Canada Zealand Stateless Total

24 35 - - - 60 7 4 5 - - 66 14 1 2 - - 27 21 6 - - - 28 • 4 2 - - - 17 3 - - - - 25 5 - - - - 21 12 1 - - - 42 1 - - - - 15 3 - - - - 13 4 - - - - 11 252 52 2 - 1 394 35 7 1 2 - 156 - - - 31 236 8 4 5 - 351 1 - - - - 30 15 - - - - 42 637 116 14 7 1 1336 I n S e p t e m b e r 1956 t h e w o r k i n g g r o u p suggested t o N U F F I G a n d t h e T e c h n o l o g i c a l U n i v e r s i t y t o e s t a b l i s h a n i n t e r n a t i o n a l c o u r s e i n h y d r a u l i c e n g i n e e r i n g . T h i s p r o p o s a l w a s a c c e p t e d b y t h e B o a r d o f G o v -e r n o r s o f t h -e T -e c h n o l o g i c a l U n i v -e r s i t y a n d t h -e B o a r d o f N U F F I G . T h -e M i n i s t e r o f E d u c a t i o n , A r t s a n d Sciences t e s t i f i e d t o his a p p r o b a t i o n a n d d e c l a r e d h i s w i l l i n g n e s s t o g r a n t a s u b s i d y t o c o v e r d e f i c i t s . O n D e c e m b e r 1st, 1956, t h e a g r e e m e n t w a s s i g n e d u n d e r w h i c h N U F F I G a n d t h e T e c h -n o l o g i c a l U -n i v e r s i t y u -n d e r t o o k j o i -n t l y t o e s t a b l i s h a -n i -n t e r -n a t i o -n a l c o u r s e i n h y d r a u h c e n g i n e e r i n g . O n t h e s a m e d a t e t h e M a n a g i n g B o a r d o f t h e course w a s i n s t a l l e d . S h o r t l y a f t e r i t w a s a n n o u n c e d t h a t t h e first c o u r s e w o u l d s t a r t o n O c t o b e r 1 6 t h , 1957.

T H E O R G A N I S A T I O N T h e course has b e e n e s t a b h s h e d j o i n t l y b y t h e T e c h n o l o g i c a l U n i v e r s i t y i n D e l f t a n d N U F F I G . W i t h o u t the c o - o p e r a t i o n o f D e l f t T e c h n o l o g i c a l U n i v e r s i t y , t h e o l d e s t D u t c h i n s t i t u t i o n f o r t e c h n i c a l u n i v e r s i t y e d u c a t i o n a n d t h e o n l y o n e i n w h i c h h y d r a u l i c e n g i n e e r i n g is t a u g h t , a n i n t e r -n a t i o -n a l c o u r s e i -n t h i s s u b j e c t w o u l d -n o t h a v e b e e -n c o -n c e i v a b l e i -n the N e t h e r l a n d s . F o r N U F F I G i t was o n l y n a t u r a l to c o - o p e r a t e i n t h i s p r o j e c t , as i t h a d b e e n i n s t i t u t e d b y t h e j o i n t U n i v e r s i t i e s t o c r e a t e s t u d y f a c i l i t i e s f o r f o r e i g n s t u d e n t s i n t h e N e t h e r l a n d s . Y e t i n m o r e t h a n o n e respect the h y d r a u l i c e n g i n e e r i n g course m e a n t a n e w v e n t u r e f o r N U F F I G . I n p r e v i o u s y e a r s t h e F o u n d a t i o n ' s a t t e n t i o n h a d b e e n d i r e c t e d a l m o s t e x c l u s i v e l y a t s o c i a l sciences; n o w i t was b e i n g d i r e c t e d a t t e c h n o l o g y . I n p r e v i o u s y e a r s i n t e r n a t i o n a l e d u c a t i o n u n d e r N U F F I G h a d b e e n c o n c e i v e d as e d u c a t i o n i n o n e c e n t r a l i s e d a c a d e m i c i n s t i t u t e . W i t h t h e h y -d r a u l i c e n g i n e e r i n g course a -d e c e n t r a l i s e -d f o r m was c h o s e n , m a k i n g i t possible t o l i n k i n s t i t u t i o n s f o r i n t e r n a t i o n a l e d u c a t i o n t o those e x i s t i n g D u t c h i n s t i t u t i o n s w h i c h are t h e m o s t s u i t a b l e f o r t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f s u c h a course, w h i l e m a i n t a i n i n g t h e t i e w i t h N U F F I G . T h u s D e l f t b e c a m e t h e p l a c e w h e r e t h e n e w i n t e r n a t i o n a l course was set u p i n t h e b u i l d i n g s o f t h e T e c h n o l o g i c a l U n i v e r s i t y i n o r d e r t h a t t h i s course w o u l d n o t o n l y b e s y m b o l i c of, b u t w o u l d a c t u a l l y be p a r t o f t h e U n i v e r s i t y . M o r e o v e r , N U F F I G was to p l a y a n i m p o r t a n t p a r t i n t h e o r g a n i s a t i o n o f t h i s course b y c h a r g i n g i t s e l f w i t h t h e r e c r u i t m e n t o f t h e s t u d e n t s , t h e g e n e r a l c u l t u r a l a n d s o c i a l c a r e ( i n c l u d i n g i n f o r m a t i o n f o r a s p i r a n t s t u d e n t s a n d s t u d e n t s , l o o k i n g a f t e r t h e i r h o u s i n g , o r a c t i n g as a n i n t e r -m e d i a r y , h e a l t h c a r e , seeing t o i t t h a t t h e s t u d e n t s c o -m e i n t o c o n t a c t w i t h aspects o f o u r s o c i a l a n d c u l t u r a l l i f e o t h e r t h a n those c o n n e c t e d w i t h t h e i r a c t u a l studies etc.) a n d t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f t h e c o u r s e , p a r t i c -u l a r l y t h e financial a d m i n i s t r a t i o n . N a t u r a l l y i n t e r n a t i o n a l e d u c a t i o n has t o m e e t o t h e r d e m a n d s t h a n t h e e d u c a t i o n i n t h e T e c h n o l o g i c a l U n i v e r s i t y , based o n t h e N e t h e r l a n d s l a w a n d t h e N e t h e r l a n d s A c a d e m i c S t a t u t e . I t has t o t a k e i n t o a c c o u n t t h e d i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e c u l t u r a l m i l i e u s f r o m w h i c h t h e p a r t i c i p a n t s o r i g i n a t e a n d t h e d i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e i r p r e v i o u s e d u c a t i o n . I t s h o u l d a l w a y s b e b o r n e i n m i n d t h a t t h e k n o w l e d g e t r a n s m i t t e d w i l l h a v e t o b e i n t e g r a t e d i n a

c u l t u r a l p a t t e r n w h i c h u s u a l l y d i f f e r s g r e a t l y f r o m o u r s . I t s h o u l d t r a n s m i t t h e m a x i m u m a m o u n t o f k n o w l e d g e i n t h e shortest possible t i m e . I t w i l l n o t a l w a y s be possible t o a p p l y t h e e d u c a t i o n a l m e t h o d s w h i c h are c u r -r e n t i n t h e N e t h e -r l a n d s , b u t w i l l h a v e t o s i n g l e o u t those m e t h o d s w h i c h are best s u i t e d t o t h e g i v e n e d u c a t i o n a l s i t u a t i o n . T h e r e f o r e t h e course h a d t o h a v e its o w n s t a t u t e w h i c h w a s l a i d d o w n i n a n a g r e e m e n t b e t w e e n t h e t w o c o n t r a c t i n g p a r t n e r s , t h e T e c h n o l o g i c a l U n i v e r s i t y o f D e l f t a n d N U F F I G . T h e S t a t u t e r e g u l a t e d t h e o b j e c t i v e s , c o m p o s i t i o n o f t h e B o a r d , t h e m e t h o d o f a p p o i n t i n g t e a c h i n g s t a f f a n d t h e financing. T h e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f t h e course w a s e n t r u s t e d t o a B o a r d o f T r u s t e e s t o w h i c h e a c h o f t h e p a r t n e r s a p p o i n t t w o m e m b e r s . T h e c h a i r m a n is n o m i n a t e d b y j o i n t a g r e e m e n t . M o r e o v e r a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f t h e M i n i s t e r o f E d u c a t i o n , A r t s a n d Sciences sits o n t h e B o a r d . T h e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r e d u c a t i o n rests w i t h a s m a l l g r o u p o f p r o f e s s o r s , t h e F a c u l t y C o m m i t t e e . D u r i n g t h e first years o f t h e course's e x i s t e n c e t h e i r task w a s e s p e c i a l l y d i f f i c u l t because t h e p r o g r a m m e s t i l l h a d t o t a k e s h a p e a n d be a d a p t e d t o i n t e r n a t i o n a l r e q u i r e m e n t s . I t s h o u l d b e b o r n e i n m i n d t h a t v i r t u a l l y a l l teachers h a v e t h e i r c h i e f task e l s e w h e r e a n d c a n t h e r e f o r e d e v o t e o n l y a h m i t e d p a r t o f t h e i r t i m e t o t h i s w o r k . T h i s m a y b e r e g r e t t e d , i t w i l l , h o w e v e r , b e c l e a r t h a t i t w a s o n l y p o s s i b l e i n t h i s w a y t o a t t a c h t o t h e course t h e best e x p e r t s t h e N e t h e r l a n d s has a t h e r d i s p o s a l . E x c e l l e n t w o r k has b e e n d o n e b y m a n y p a r t - t i m e t e a c h e r s . T h e d a y - t o - d a y m a n a g e m e n t c a n n o t be c a r r i e d o u t b y a b o d y . T h e B o a r d o f T r u s t e e s a n d t h e F a c u l t y C o m m i t t e e c a n d r a f t p r o g r a m m e s , t a k e decisions, b u t c a n n o t r e p r e s e n t t h e course a t h o m e a n d a b r o a d , l o o k a f t e r t h e c o n t a c t s w i t h t u t o r s a n d s t u d e n t s a n d see t o i t t h a t t h e c o u r s e r u n s as s m o o t h l y as a n e f f i c i e n t e n t e r p r i s e . T h e r e f o r e t h e d a y t o -d a y m a n a g e m e n t has b e e n e n t r u s t e -d t o a D i r e c t o r , w h o is also a m e m b e r , a n d t h e S e c r e t a r y o f t h e F a c u l t y C o m m i t t e e . T H E G O U R S E ' S P R O G R A M M E S i n c e t h e b e g i n n i n g o f t h e course, t h e p r o g r a m m e has i n c l u d e d t h r e e d i f f e r e n t b r a n c h e s o f s t u d y . T i d a l a n d c o a s t a l e n g i n e e r i n g . L a n d r e c l a m a -t i o n a n d R i v e r s a n d N a v i g a -t i o n w o r k . 1. T i d a l a n d c o a s t a l e n g i n e e r i n g r e p r e s e n t a t r u e D u t c h t r a d i t i o n , w h i c h b e g i n s w i t h t h e m o u n d s t h r o w n u p a b o u t t h e b e g i n n i n g o f o u r e r a .

c o n t i n u e s w i t h t h e b u i l d i n g o f dykes a n d d a m s a l o n g t h e s m a l l e r r i v e r s d u r i n g t h e M i d d l e A g e s , a n d w h i c h reaches i t s c l i m a x i n t h e D e l t a P l a n , t h a t is t o say, t h e p l a n f o r d a m m i n g t h e r i v e r s M e u s e a n d R h i n e , a h u g e , m u l t i - p u r p o s e p r o j e c t , a i m e d a t p r o t e c t i o n a g a i n s t s t o r m f l o o d s a n d a t i m p r o v e d f r e s h - w a t e r c o n t r o l a n d n a v i g a t i o n . 2. L a n d r e c l a m a t i o n has b e e n c a r r i e d o n i n t e n s i v e l y b y D u t c h m e n since t h e M i d d l e A g e s . T h i s w o r k was o r i g i n a l l y c o n f i n e d t o l a n d l y i n g a b o v e s e a - l e v e l , b u t a f t e r t h e i n v e n t i o n o f t h e w i n d m i l l f o r p u m p i n g w a t e r , a l a r g e n u m b e r o f d e e p lakes w e r e d r a i n e d d u r i n g t h e 1 6 t h a n d 1 7 t h c e n t u r i e s . T h e w i n d m i l l s w e r e f o l l o w e d b y t h e use o f m o r e m e c h a n i c a l e q u i p m e n t , first e m p l o y e d o n a l a r g e scale i n t h e last c e n t u r y f o r t h e p u r p o s e o f d r a i n i n g t h e H a a r l e m m e r m e e r , a w i d e a r e a l y i n g b e t w e e n H a a r l e m a n d L e y d e n , a n d r e a c h i n g i t s z e n i t h i n t h e Z u y d e r z e e R e c l a m a t i o n W o r k s , w h i c h are a t p r e s e n t b e i n g c a r -r i e d o u t . 3. R i v e r s a n d n a v i g a t i o n w o r k s , a l t h o u g h n o t q u i t e so m u c h o f a D u t c h s p e c i a l t y , d o nevertheless r e p r e s e n t a field i n w h i c h t h i s c o u n t r y o f r i v e r s a n d c a n a l s , has a c q u i r e d e x p e r i e n c e w h i c h c e r t a i n l y deserves t o be m a d e k n o w n t o o t h e r s t h r o u g h t h e m e d i u m o f a n i n t e r n a t i o n a l c o u r s e .

I n t h e course o f t h e y e a r s i t has a p p e a r e d t h a t t h e r e is also i n t e r e s t i n s u b j e c t s o t h e r t h a n those d e a l t w i t h i n t h e a b o v e t h r e e sections. T h e r e -f o r e i t has n o w b e e n d e c i d e d t o e x t e n d , as -f r o m t h e a c a d e m i c y e a r 1963¬ 1 9 6 4 , t h e n u m b e r o f s t u d y b r a n c h e s t o six. I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e s u b j e c t s m e n t i o n e d t h e y w i l l i n c l u d e T h e o r e t i c a l a n d E x p e r i m e n t a l H y d r a u l i c s , F o u n d a t i o n E n g i n e e r i n g a n d W a t e r R e s o u r c e s I n v e n t o r y .

E a c h p a r t i c i p a n t is e x p e c t e d t o chose one o f these b r a n c h e s o f s t u d y . T h i s does n o t e x c l u d e t h e p o s s i b i l i t y f o r h i m t o a t t e n d o t h e r l e c t u r e s t o o . F o r those w h o are i n t e r e s t e d i n t h e d e t a i l s o f t h e p r o g r a m m e a l i s t o f s u b j e c t s has b e e n i n c l u d e d a t t h e e n d o f t h i s a r t i c l e .

E D U C A T I O N

T h e course has b e e n e s t a b l i s h e d w i t h a v i e w t o t h e needs o f t h e d e v e l -o p i n g c -o u n t r i e s f -o r h y d r a u l i c e n g i n e e r s a n d is b a s e d -o n t h e a s s u m p t i -o n t h a t t h e t r a i n i n g r e c e i v e d i n t h e N e t h e r l a n d s s h o u l d s u p p l e m e n t t h e basic

u n i v e r s i t y e d u c a t i o n w h i c h t h e s t u d e n t s h a v e r e c e i v e d i n t h e i r o w n c o u n t r y . E a c h s c i e n t i f i c s p e c i a l t y is c h a r a c t e r i s e d b y t h e o b j e c t o f s t u d y , t h e f a c t u a l k n o w l e d g e c o n n e c t e d w i t h i t a n d t h e s p e c i a l m e t h o d s o f r e s e a r c h . A s r e g a r d s t h e a c t u a l s c i e n t i f i c m e t h o d s , o n e s p e c i a l t y does n o t e s s e n t i a l l y diflFer f r o m a n o t h e r . S p e c i a l i s a t i o n e n t a i l s t h e d a n g e r o f t h e a c c u m u l a t i o n o f f a c t u a l k n o w l e d g e b e i n g o v e r r a t e d . B u t t h i s course is n o t a i m e d s o l e l y a t t r a n s m i t t i n g a l a r g e q u a n t i t y o f f a c t u a l k n o w l e d g e , b u t r a t h e r t o t e a c h s t u d e n t s t o a p p l y t h e i r t h e o r e t i c a l k n o w l e d g e t o v a r i o u s p r a c t i c a l p r o b -l e m s u n d e r v a r y i n g c i r c u m s t a n c e s . T h e r e f o r e t h e course does n o t o n -l y consist o f l e c t u r e s ; p a r t i c i p a n t s m u s t also w o r k o u t a g r e a t m a n y p r o b l e m s a n d exercises. T h i s is d o n e p a r t i c u l a r l y d u r i n g t h e first t e r m o f t h e course, f r o m O c t o b e r t o F e b r u a r y . T h e g r o u p w o r k , t o w h i c h g r e a t a t t e n t i o n is p a i d d u r i n g t h e s e c o n d t e r m o f t h e c o u r s e ( F e b r u a r y - J u l y ) is i n k e e p i n g w i t h t h e s e l f - a c t i v i t y o f t h e p a r t i c i p a n t s . T a k i n g i n t o a c c o u n t t h e i r wishes w i t h r e g a r d t o t h e s t u d y p r o g r a m m e , w o r k i n g g r o u p s are f o r m e d i n t h i s p e r i o d . U n d e r t h e s u p e r -v i s i o n o f a t u t o r t h e y m a k e a d e s i g n o r c a r r y o u t a t h e o r e t i c a l s t u d y . I n c e r t a i n i n s t a n c e s s t u d e n t s m a y be c o m m i s s i o n e d t o m a k e a n i n d i v i d u a l s t u d y i n s t e a d o f p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n a g r o u p p r o j e c t . T h e s e c o n d t e r m , finally, is f o l l o w e d b y a p e r i o d o f i n d i v i d u a l s t u d y d u r i n g w h i c h t h e s t u d e n t s c a n p a y d e t a i l e d a t t e n t i o n t o a s u b j e c t i n w h i c h t h e y are e s p e c i a l l y i n t e r e s t e d . T h e y c a n d o t h i s b y s p e n d i n g t h e i r t i m e a t a l a r g e h y d r a u l i c e n g i n e e r i n g p r o j e c t , b y w o r k i n g i n a l a b o r a t o r y o r i n a h y d r a u l i c s t u d y d e p a r t m e n t , b y s t u d y i n g field m e a s u r e m e n t s o r b y w o r k i n g o u t a t h e o r e t i c a l p r o b l e m . I n S e p t e m b e r t h e s t u d y y e a r ends. T o those p a r t i c i p a n t s w h o w i s h t h i s a d i p l o m a m a y be issued i n so f a r as t h e y h a v e a c t i v e l y a n d r e g u l a r l y a t t e n d e d l e c t u r e s a n d t a k e n p a r t i n c u r r i c u l a r field t r i p s , a n d c a n p r o d u c e s a t i s f a c t o r y results o f exercises a n d g r o u p w o r k , h a v e c o m p l e t e d t h e i r c o m m i s s i o n f o r i n d i v i d u a l s t u d y a n d h a v e passed t h e i r final e x a m i n a t i o n w h i c h centres m a i n l y a r o u n d the v a r i o u s r e p o r t s w h i c h t h e y h a v e w r i t t e n i n t h e c o u r s e o f t h e i r y e a r o f s t u d y . T h o s e w h o d o n o t q u a h f y f o r t h e d i p l o m a , b u t h a v e r e g u l a r l y a t t e n d e d l e c t u r e s a n d t a k e n p a r t i n g r o u p w o r k a n d p r a c t i c a l w o r k c a n , u p o n r e q u e s t , be issued w i t h a c e r t i f i c a t e o f a t t e n d a n c e .

A S P E C I A L B R A N C H , S A N I T A R Y E N G I N E E R I N G T h e p o l l u t i o n o f s u r f a c e a n d g r o u n d w a t e r , t h e g a i n i n g o f d r i n k i n g w a t e r a n d t h e w a t e r s u p p l y f o r i n d u s t r y a n d a g r i c u l t u r e c o n s t i t u t e i n c r e a s i n g l y g r a v e p r o b l e m s w i t h w h i c h l o c a l a d m i n i s t r a t i o n s , g o v e r n m e n t s a n d i n t e r -n a t i o -n a l o r g a -n i s a t i o -n s are b e i -n g c o -n f r o -n t e d i -n d e -n s e l y p o p u l a t e d a -n d i n t e n s i v e l y i n d u s t r i a h s e d W e s t e r n E u r o p e . T h e s h o r t a g e o f e x p e r t s h a m -p e r s t h e finding o f a d e q u a t e s o l u t i o n s . A -p a r t f r o m t h e U n i t e d States t h e r e are o n l y a f e w places i n t h e w o r l d w h e r e p o s t - g r a d u a t e t r a i n i n g i n s a n i t a r y e n g i n e e r i n g is g i v e n . O n t h e E u r o p e a n C o n t i n e n t t h e r e is a serious s h o r t -age o f t r a i n i n g f a c i h d e s . T h i s l e d t o t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t i n t h e N e t h e r l a n d s , a f e w y e a r s a g o , o f a s a n i t a r y e n g i n e e r i n g course, c l o s e l y a l l i e d t o t h e e x i s t i n g course i n h y d r a u l i c e n g i n e e r i n g . I t is t r u e t h a t s a n i t a r y e n g i n e e r -i n g -is n o t a D u t c h s p e c -i a l t y as -is h y d r a u h c e n g -i n e e r -i n g . Y e t p r a c t -i c e a n d r e s e a r c h i n s a n i t a r y e n g i n e e r i n g i n t h e N e t h e r l a n d s are o n a s o u n d l e v e l . T h e r e are i n s t i t u t e s w h e r e t h e m a i n aspects o f s a n i t a r y e n g i n e e r i n g are b e i n g s t u d i e d . A l s o i m p o r t a n t p r o j e c t s i n t h i s field are b e i n g c a r r i e d o u t . M o r e o v e r , t h e N e t h e r l a n d s a d o p t s a c e n t r a l p o s i t i o n b e t w e e n c o u n t r i e s s u c h as G e r m a n y , B e l g i u m a n d G r e a t B r i t a i n w h i c h c a n s u p p l e m e n t , b o t h t h e o r e t i c a l l y a n d i n p r a c t i c e , w h e r e t h e N e t h e r l a n d s f a l l s s h o r t i n t h e field o f s a n i t a r y e n g i n e e r i n g . I t has p r o v e d possible t o e s t a b l i s h s o u n d c o - o p e r a t i o n w i t h i n s t i t u t i o n s a n d e x p e r t s i n these c o u n t r i e s . S t i l l i t w o u l d h a v e b e e n i n c o n c e i v a b l e f o r t h e N e t h e r l a n d s t o h a v e estab-l i s h e d a n i n t e r n a t i o n a estab-l course i n s a n i t a r y e n g i n e e r i n g i f t h e h y d r a u estab-l i c e n g i n e e r i n g course h a d n o t e x i s t e d . N o w i t w a s possible t o c r e a t e t h e f a c i l i t i e s n e e d e d f o r a course i n s a n i t a r y e n g i n e e r i n g b y a f e w a d d i t i o n s w i t h i n t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i v e f r a m e w o r k o f a n e x i s t i n g c o u r s e . I n t h e a u t u m n o f 1960 t h i s course w a s s t a r t e d , a n d i t has c l e a r l y p r o v e d t o m e e t a w a n t . A l t h o u g h o r i g i n a l l y t h e course w a s c h i e f i y i n t e n d e d f o r engineers f r o m W e s t e r n E u r o p e , i t has a p p e a r e d t h a t i n a c t u a l f a c t E u r o p e a n s a n i t a r y e n g i n e e r i n g p r o b l e m s diflFer b u t l i t t l e f r o m those i n t h e i n d u s t r i a l i s e d t e r r i t o r i e s i n o t h e r p a r t s o f t h e w o r l d . T h e r e f o r e p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n t h e course has n o t b e e n c o n f i n e d t o E u r o p e a n e n g i n e e r s . SOME S O C I A L A S P E C T S F o r m a n y p a r t i c i p a n t s s t u d y a b r o a d is a g r e a t a d v e n t u r e . M a n y o f t h e m

eave t h e i r c o u n t r y f o r t h e first t i m e t o l i v e a n d w o r k f o r a y e a r i n s u r r o u n d i n g s w h i c h are c o m p l e t e l y a h e n t o t h e m . S o m e t i m e s t h e i r e x p e c t a -t i o n s are h i g h . T h e y are g o i n g -t o increase -t h e i r k n o w l e d g e , o b -t a i n a d i p l o m a t h a t w i l l raise t h e i r s o c i a l p r e s t i g e a n d i m p r o v e t h e i r p r o s p e c t s . T h e y w i l l b e c o m e f a m i l i a r w i t h a diflFerent c o u n t r y a n d h a v e t h e o p -p o r t u n i t y t o d i s s e m i n a t e s o m e t h i n g o f t h e i r o w n c u l t u r e . T h e y a r r i v e i n t h i s c o u n t r y w i t h a specific p i c t u r e o f t h e N e t h e r l a n d s w h i c h , as a r u l e , d i f f e r s f r o m r e a l i t y . I t is a l w a y s d o u b t f u l h o w t h e a d v e n t u r e w i l l t u r n o u t , w h e t h e r e x p e c t a t i o n s a t t h e e n d o f t h e s t u d y h a v e b e e n f u l f i l l e d , o r w h e t h e r t h e y h a v e m a d e w a y f o r d i s a p p o i n t m e n t , w h e t h e r t h e p i c t u r e o f t h e N e t h e r l a n d s a n d h e r p e o p l e has c h a n g e d i n a f a v o u r a b l e o r u n -f a v o u r a b l e sense. T h e p a r t i c i p a n t s t h e m s e l v e s h a v e n o f u l l c o n t r o l o f t h i s . I t is p a r t l y a q u e s t i o n o f c h a r a c t e r a n d p e r s o n a l o u t l o o k . I t w o u l d be d e s i r a b l e t o t a k e t h i s i n t o a c c o u n t w h e n a d m i t t i n g t h e s t u d e n t s . Y e t i t has n o t b e e n possible t o devise a system f o r t h i s so f a r . H o w w o u l d p e r s o n a l c o n t a c t w i t h a s p i r i n g p a r t i c i p a n t s w h o are s p r e a d a l l o v e r t h e w o r l d h a v e t o be e s t a b l i s h e d b e f o r e d e c i d i n g o n t h e i r a d m i s s i o n t o t h e course? W h e r e c o u l d o n e find t h e i n t e r m e d i a r i e s w h o c a n m a k e a s o u n d p r o n o u n c e m e n t as t o t h e p e r s o n a l s u i t a b i l i t y o f a c a n d i d a t e f o r s t u d y a b r o a d ? F o r t u n a t e l y e x p e r i e n c e has t a u g h t t h a t t h e n u m b e r o f f a i l u r e s t h r o u g h p e r s o n a l u n s u i t a b i l i t y is v e r y s m a l l . I t is a v e r y r a r e o c c u r r e n c e f o r a s t u d e n t to r e t u r n t o his c o u n t r y b e f o r e t h e e n d o f t h e course, because he c a n n o t c o p e w i t h t h e s i t u a t i o n . S t i l l , i t is h a r d l y s u r p r i s i n g t h a t d i f f i c u l t i e s p r e s e n t t h e m s e l v e s w i t h r e g a r d to t h e a d a p t a t i o n to t h e s t r a n g e s u r r o u n d -i n g s w h -i c h are o f a m o r e o r less ser-ious n a t u r e . T h e m a n a g e m e n t o f t h e course c a n d o a l o t to r e d u c e these d i f f i c u l t i e s t o a m i n i m u m ; y e t t h e y w i l l n e v e r be a b l e t o c o m p l e t e l y p r e v e n t t h e m . T h e h o u s i n g o f t h e p a r t i c i p a n t s is one o f t h e subjects o f a s o c i a l n a t u r e w h i c h r e q u i r e s g r e a t a t t e n t i o n . S o m e N e t h e r l a n d s i n s t i t u t e s f o r i n t e r n a t i o n a l e d u c a t i o n h a v e a h o s t e l . T h i s is n o t so w i t h t h e h y d r a u l i c e n -g i n e e r i n -g c o u r s e : h e r e care f o r h o u s i n -g is c o n f i n e d t o m e d i a t i o n i n findin-g s u i t a b l e a c c o m m o d a t i o n e i t h e r i n D e l f t o r T h e H a g u e . T h e r e are d i s -a d v -a n t -a g e s t o t h i s s c -a t t e r e d h o u s i n g ; t h e s t u d e n t s -are v e r y m u c h o n t h e i r o w n ; t h e y lose t i m e , e s p e c i a l l y i f t h e y l i v e i n T h e H a g u e a n d h a v e t o t r a v e l u p a n d d o w n t o D e l f t e v e r y d a y . T h e y miss t h e e d u c a t i o n a l b o o n o f l i v i n g i n a n i n t e r n a t i o n a l c o m m u n i t y . Y e t , o n t h e o t h e r h a n d , l i v i n g

T A B L E I I I Numbers of students in tire International Course in Hydraulic Engineering. 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 Total Argentina 1 - 1 1

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2 5 Australia

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1 2 _

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3 Belgium 1 1

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- 1

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3 Bolivia

-

_

- 1 - 1 Brazil

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- - - 2 Burma 1 3 - - - 4 Canada 1 1 - - 1 4 7 China 4 3 3 4 1 15 Colombia 1

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- 1 - 2 Costa Rica

-

-

1 1

-

2 Cuba

-

-

-

- 1

_-

1 Denmark

-

-

-

- - 1 1 Ecuador 1

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- 1 - 2 Egypt 1 5 1 6 2 1 16 Ethiopia

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-

-

- • - 1 1 Finland 1

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- - - 1 Ghana

-

-

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- - 1 1 Greece

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- - 1 1 Guatemala

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-

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1 -

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1 H a ï t i —

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₁ - 1 2 India 4 4 3 3 2 3 19 I r a q

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2

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- - - 2 Iran 2

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- 1 1 4 Israel 4

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1 - - 5 Jamaica

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- - 1 1 Japan

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2 1 2 5 Korea —

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1 2 3 Mexico 1

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1 1 - 3 New Zealand 1

-

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- 1 Nicaragua

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1 - 1 Nigeria

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2

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1 2 5 Norway

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1 1 - 2 Pakistan 10

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2 3 3 1 19 Peru

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-

2

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- - 2 Philippines

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1 1 - 3 5 Poland

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2 3 1 - 6 Portugal 3

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- - 3 South Africa

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1 - 2 1 4 Thailand

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— - 1 1 1 3 Trinidad —

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- - - 1 1 Turkey

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1 - -

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1 U . K . 3 3 3 2 2 - 13 U.S.A. 1 1 6 4 1 3 16 Venezuela 1 2 2 ~ ₂ 2 9 Vietnam

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1 ~ - 1 Yugoslavia 2 1

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1 1 5 Total 44 31 33 37 28 37 210

i n a b o a r d i n g h o u s e o r w i t h a D u t c h f a m i l y has a d v a n t a g e s w h i c h t h e y , w h o are l i v i n g i n a h o s t e l , miss. E s p e c i a l l y f o r t h e s t u d e n t s o f a s l i g h t l y m o r e a d v a n c e d age ( a f t e r a l l t h e y are a l l o f t h e m p o s t - g r a d u a t e s , m o s t o f w h o m h a v e h a d s e v e r a l y e a r s o f p r a c t i c a l w o r k ) a n d f o r those w h o w a n t t o g e t t o k n o w m o r e a b o u t t h e c o u n t r y i n w h i c h t h e y a r e s t u d y i n g t h a n s o l e l y t h e aspects o f h y d r a u l i c e n g i n e e r i n g , t h i s f o r m o f h o u s i n g has h a r d l y e v e r p r o v e d a p r o b l e m . A V I E W O F T H E F U T U R E T h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l course i n h y d r a u l i c e n g i n e e r i n g is i n t e n d e d as a D u t c h c o n t r i b u t i o n t o t h e t e c h n i c a l assistance t o u n d e r d e v e l o p e d c o u n t r i e s . A s a r u l e t w o m a i n facets are d i s t i n g u i s h e d i n t h i s t e c h n i c a l a i d : t h e s e n d i n g o f e x p e r t s t o d e v e l o p i n g c o u n t r i e s , a n d t h e t r a i n i n g o f f e l l o w s a n d s c h o l a r s f r o m these c o u n t r i e s i n e d u c a t i o n a l i n s t i t u t i o n s i n t h e t e c h n i c a l l y h i g h l y d e v e l o p e d c o u n t r i e s o f E u r o p e a n d t h e U n i t e d States. T h e c o u r s e i n h y -d r a u l i c e n g i n e e r i n g is -d i f f i c u l t t o p l a c e i n t h i s classical p a t t e r n - a l t h o u g h t h e T e c h n o l o g i c a l U n i v e r s i t y o f D e l f t c o n t r i b u t e s a g r e a t d e a l , i t is n o t r a i n i n g i n a D u t c h i n s t i t u t i o n f o r s c i e n t i f i c e d u c a t i o n . I t is a n o t h e r f o r m o f t r a i n i n g , w h i c h has b e e n d e t a c h e d f r o m n a t i o n a l r e q u i r e m e n t s a n d has b e e n a d a p t e d t o i n t e r n a t i o n a l ones, w h i c h is p u r p o s i v c l y d i r e c t e d a t t h e w o r l d , t h e f a c t t h a t i t is l o c a t e d i n t h e N e t h e r l a n d s o n l y b e i n g i n c i -d e n t a l . I t goes w i t h o u t s a y i n g t h a t t h e o r g a n i s i n g i n s t i t u t i o n s a n -d t u t o r s h a v e t o f a m i l i a r i s e t h e m s e l v e s w i t h the d e m a n d s v v l i i c h this s p e c i a l f o r m o f t r a i n i n g m a k e s u p o n t h e m . T h o u g h t h e i d e a l s i t u a t i o n has n o t y e t b e e n f o u n d , progress is m a d e a n d w i t h t h e a c t i v e c o - o p e r a t i o n o f t e a c h e r s a n d s t u d e n t s f r o m m a n y c o u n t r i e s t h e final g o a l o f a w o r l d c e n t r e f o r t h e s t u d y o f h y d r a u l i c e n g i n e e r i n g w i l l c e r t a i n l y be r e a c h e d . I t is s i g n i f -i c a n t t h a t UNESCO has r e c o g n -i z e d t h e -i n t e r n a t -i o n a l f u n c t -i o n o f t h -i s c o u r s e b y a g r e e i n g t o a c t as a sponsor. T h e course c a n a n d w i l l be e x t e n d e d , as is p r o v e d b y t h e t h r e e n e w s t u d y b r a n c h e s w h i c h are b e i n g a d d e d t o t h e p r o g r a m m e . M o r e o v e r , o t h e r w o r k c a n be d o n e , e.g. i n s t r u c t i o n o n a l o w e r l e v e l t h a n t h e p r e s e n t p o s t - g r a d u a t e c o u r s e , p o s s i b i l i t i e s f o r assist-a n c e t o t h e e s t assist-a b l i s h m e n t o f e d u c assist-a t i o n assist-a l o r g assist-a n i s assist-a t i o n s i n d e v e l o p i n g c o u n t r i e s , t h e o r g a n i s a t i o n , u p o n r e q u e s t , o f s h o r t courses f o r s p e c i a l g r o u p s , etc. T h e field o f a c t i v i t y c a n o n l y be w i d e n e d i f t h e p e r m a n e n t s t a f f is e x t e n d

-e d , a n d this c a n o n l y b-e d o n -e g r a d u a l l y . Y -e t , sinc-e t h -e c o u r s -e has c o m -e t o h o l d a p l a c e o f its o w n i n t h e w o r l d a n d i n t e r e s t i n i t has b e e n estab-l i s h e d b e y o n d d o u b t , its g r a d u a estab-l d e v e estab-l o p m e n t c a n n o t be q u e s t i o n e d .

SUBJECTS T A U G H T I N T H E GOURSE 1. Waves of long period

2. Sediment transportation 3. Theory of tides

4. Waves of short period 5. Theory of silting and scour 6. Hydraulic measurements 7. Ground-water flow 8. Model investigations 9. Hydrology 10. Introductory statistics 11. Engineering operations 12. Geology 13. Geophysical prospecting 14. Geomorphology 15. Agro-hydrology 16. Soil mechanics

17. Soil mechanics laboratory 18. Foundation methods 19. Hydraulic construction

20. Dredging and dredging equipment 21. Revetments 22. Dikes 23. River engineering 24. T i d a l rivers 25. Construction of weirs 26. Inland navigation 27. Navigation canals 28. Locks 29. Navigation

30. Port planning and port management 31. Harbour equipment

32. Harbour entrances 33. Coastal engineering 34. Principles of agronomy 35. Water control

36. Salt problems i n irrigation works 37. Reclamation and polders 38. Pumping stations 39. Ground-water recovery

a. Geophysical aspects b. Technical aspects 40. Sanitary aspects of hydraulic

engineering

41. Aerial Survey as an aid i n hydraulic engineering

42. The Delta project 43. The Zuyderzee works