A N N A L E S
81,9(56,7$7,60$5,$(&85,(6.à2'2:6.$
/8%/,1±32/21,$
92/;;;9,, 6(&7,2,
ABSTRAKT
:DUW\NXOH]RVWDáRRGWZRU]RQHQDSRGVWDZLHNLONXSUDFVWDQRZLVNR:DVLOLMD5R]DQRZDGR- W\F]ąFHUHODFMLSRPLĊG]\UHOLJLąFKU]HĞFLMDĔVNąDQDXNąNWyUH]RVWDáR]DOLF]RQHGRPRGHOXQLHNRQ- IURQWDF\MQHJR:VSRPLQDVLĊWXWHĪRU]DGNLHMZ5RVMLIDVF\QDFML¿OR]R¿ą$U\VWRWHOHVDZLGRF]QHM
ZMHJRSRJOąGDFK
6áRZDNOXF]RZHFKU]HĞFLMDĔVWZRQDXNDPRGHONRQIURQWDF\MQ\LQLHNRQIURQWDF\MQ\UHODFML
religia – nauka
52=$12:-$.20<ĝ/,&,(/5(/,*,-1<
:DVLOLM5R]DQRZ±MHVW]DOLF]DQ\]SHZQ\PLRSRUDPL]HVWURQ\
QLHNWyU\FKWHRUHW\NyZGRURV\MVNLFKP\ĞOLFLHOLUHOLJLMQ\FKSU]HGVWDZLFLHOLUHQH- VDQVX¿OR]R¿F]QRUHOLJLMQHJRZNXOWXU]HURV\MVNLHM)LOR]R¿DUHOLJLMQDQDWRPLDVW
R]QDF]DIHQRPHQZKLVWRULL¿OR]R¿LURV\MVNLHMSU]HáRPX;,;L;;ZLHNXNWyU\
QD]ZDQ\MHVWG]LVLDMWDNĪH¿OR]R¿ąWHRORJLF]Qąz racji SU]HMPRZDQLDSU]H]QLą nie- NWyU\FKWZLHUG]HĔSRMĊüLDNVMRPDWyZ]WHRORJLLFKU]HĞFLMDĔVNLHM2'ODREURĔFyZ
LZVSyáF]HVQ\FKUHVWDXUDWRUyZURV\MVNLHM¿OR]R¿LUHOLJLMQHMGRNRQDQLDMHMSU]HGVWD- ZLFLHOLVWDQRZLąX]QDQH]MDZLVNRZKLVWRULLURV\MVNLHMP\ĞOLLNXOWXU\1DWRPLDVW
GODRSRQHQWyZWHJRURG]DMX¿OR]RIRZDQLD¿OR]R¿DUHOLJLMQDE\áDLMHVWW\ONRHSL- ]RG\F]Q\P L PDáR ]QDF]ąF\P Z\WZRUHP ]DFKRGQLHJR URPDQW\]PX ]ZáDV]F]D
5:LHUV]\ááR5R]DQRZ:DVLOLM:DVLOMHZLF]>Z@$QWLPRGHUQL]PUX3UDZRVáDZQDMDPLVMR- QLHUVNDMDHQF\NáRSLHGLMDKWWSDQWLPRGHUQZRUGSUHVVFRPUR]DQRY
2=RE35RMHN5RV\MVNLSURMHNWILOR]RILLWHRORJLF]QHM>Z@5RV\MVNDPHWDIL]\NDUHOLJLMQDUHG
72EROHYLWFK:.RZDOVNL7DUQyZV
5HOLJLDDQDXNDZP\ĞOL:DVLOLMD5R]DQRZD
+$/,1$5$527
5HOLJLRQDQGVFLHQFHLQWKHWKRXJKWRI9DVLO\5R]DQRY
niemieckiego (pU]HQRV]RQHJR QDVWĊSQLH QD JUXQW URV\MVNL NWyU\ FKDUDNWHU\]R- ZDáVLĊ]DVWĊSRZDQLHPWHRORJLLSU]H]WHQQRZ\URG]DM¿OR]R¿L-HGQDNĪHPLPR
RZHMG\VNXV\MQRĞFLFRGRMHMVWDWXVXL]QDF]HQLDQLHVSRVyEQLH]DXZDĪ\üĪHQD
VZyMVSRVyERGSRZLDGDáDRQDQDZ\]ZDQLDU]XFRQHSU]H]HXURSHMVNLHRĞZLHFHQLH
RUD]UHDJRZDáDQDSRWU]HE\ĞZLDWRSRJOąGRZHURG]RQHSU]H]yZF]HVQąVHNXODU\]X- MąFąVLĊURV\MVNąNXOWXUĊFKĊü]UR]XPLHQLDFKU]HĞFLMDĔVNLHMZROQRĞFLZVSyOQRW\
XPRĪOLZLDMąFHMRZąZROQRĞüVHQVXOXG]NLHMKLVWRULLSUREOHPDW\NLGRW\F]ąFHM]áD
FLHUSLHQLDFHOXOXG]NLHJRĪ\FLD2GSRZLDGDáDPRĪQDGRGDüZGRĞüUyĪQRURGQ\
VSRVyEFRVSUDZLDáRĪHQDOHĪ\PyZLüRNLONXRGPLDQDFKURV\MVNLHM¿OR]R¿LUHOL- JLMQHMLGZXMHMZDĪQ\FKRĞURGNDFKSHWHUVEXUVNLPLPRVNLHZVNLP
7DNĪH5R]DQRZZVZHMVNRPSOLNRZDQHMHZROXF\MQHMGURG]HWZyUF]HMFLą- JOHXQLHPRĪOLZLDMąFHMSRZDĪQąV\QWH]ĊMHJRĞZLDWRSRJOąGXZ\SRZLDGDáVLĊ]D- UyZQRQDSRVLHG]HQLDFKSHWHUVEXUVNLHJR7RZDU]\VWZD5HOLJLMQR)LOR]R¿F]QHJR
MDNLZVZHMERJDWHMWZyUF]RĞFLQDWHPDW\MDNLHE\á\LVWRWQHGODWHMF]ĊĞFLLQWHOL- JHQFMLURV\MVNLHMNWyUDGRNRQDáDSU]HMĞFLDRGPDUNVL]PXGRLGHDOL]PX$QDOL]R- ZDá]DWHPSRGREQLHMDN'\PLWU0HUHĪNRZVNL0LNRáDM%LHUGLDMHZ:LDF]HVáDZ
,ZDQRZ]ZLą]NLSRPLĊG]\UHOLJLąDNXOWXUąÄGXFKHP´DÄFLDáHP´Ä'XFK´R]QD- F]DáZLFKG\VNXVMDFKLGUXNRZDQ\FKZ\SRZLHG]LDFK]ELRUF]HSRMĊFLHGODWHPD- W\NLUROL.RĞFLRáDUHOLJLLLNXOWXU\ZSRGOHJDMąF\PV]\ENLPSU]HPLDQRPF\ZLOL- ]DF\MQ\PĞZLHFLH]SU]HáRPXZLHNyZÄFLDáR´QDWRPLDVW]DUH]HUZRZDQHE\áRGOD
]DJDGQLHĔNRQG\FMLVSRáHF]HĔVWZDQDURGXMHJRĪ\FLDJRVSRGDUF]HJRLSROLW\F]QHM
DNW\ZQRĞFL5R]DQRZSRUXV]DáWHĪG]LVLDMEDUG]RZDĪQą]SRZRGX]PLHQLDMąFHJR
VLĊF]\ZUĊF]VáDEQąFHJRZF\ZLOL]DFML=DFKRGXPRGHOXVHNXODU\]DF\MQHJRNZH- VWLĊUROLUHOLJLLQDXNL¿OR]R¿LLUHODFMLSRPLĊG]\W\PLDQWDJRQLVW\F]Q\PL]D]Z\- F]DMG]LHG]LQDPLDNW\ZQRĞFLNXOWXURZHM&]\QLáWRMXĪMDNRWU]\G]LHVWROHWQLDXWRU
SLHUZV]HMLQDG]Z\F]DMGRMU]DáHMSUDF\VWURQLFRZHJRO ponimanii>2UR]X- PLHQLX@DWDNĪHZSyĨQLHMV]\FKOLF]Q\FKZ\SRZLHG]LDFK]]DNUHVXNU\- W\NLOLWHUDFNLHMZHVHMDFK¿OR]R¿F]Q\FKDUW\NXáDFKSXEOLF\VW\F]Q\FKUHFHQ]MDFK
LWSPLQZ8MHGLQLHQQRMH2SDZV]\MHOLVWMD5HOLJLMD¿áRVR¿MDNXOWXUD0LUQLH- MDVQRJRLQLHULHV]HQQRJR0LHVWRFKULVWLDQVWZDZLVWRULL&LHPQHREOLF]H0HWD¿- ]\NDFKU]HĞFLMDĔVWZD%H]SRĞUHGQLPPRW\ZHPMHJRGąĪHQLDGRQRZHJRXMĊFLDWHM
UHODFMLE\áRUR]F]DURZDQLHVWDQHPZVSyáF]HVQHMPXQDXNLL¿OR]R¿L3LHUZRWQ\
PáRG]LHĔF]\]DFKZ\WQDXNąHQF\NORSHG\]PHPGDQ\FKQDXNHPSLU\F]Q\FKSU]H- URG]LáVLĊXQLHJRGRĞüV]\ENRZ]GHF\GRZDQąQLHFKĊüZREHFPQRJRĞFLQLF]\P
&KRG]LWXRVWDQRZLVNRWHRORJD*)áRURZVNRJR]DZDUWHZ3XWLUXVVNRJRERJRVáRZLMD3DULV
V±RUD]RNRQFHSFMĊZVSyáF]HVQHJRKLVWRU\NDILOR]RILLURV\MVNLHM0,OMLQD]DPLHV]- F]RQąZMHJRNRQWURZHUV\MQHMSUDF\7UDJLHGLMDUXVVNRMILáRVRILL3RU7HQĪH7UDJLHGLMDUXVVNRMILáR- VRILL0RVNZDVLLQQH
2ZRVNRPSOLNRZDQLHSROHJDáRQDSXEOLF\VW\F]Q\P]DSLV\ZDQLXSUREOHPyZILOR]RILF]Q\FK
áąF]HQLX]HVREąUyĪQ\FKVSU]HF]Q\FKGODXP\VáXILOR]RILF]QHJRUDFMLIRUPXáRZDQLXWH]ZSROHPL- FHF]\NRPHQWDU]DFKGRFXG]\FKWHNVWyZDOERZSRVWDFLDIRU\]PyZRGGDZDQLXVZRLFKRVRELVW\FK
SU]HĪ\üLQDVWURMyZEXU]HQLXUyĪQ\FKLOX]MLLSU]HVąGyZ
QLHSRZLą]DQ\FKIDNWyZ:VNXWHNF]HJR]DSUDJQąáVIRUPXáRZDQLDFDáRĞFLRZH- JRĞZLDWRSRJOąGXNWyU\áąF]\áE\VDPąZLHG]ĊQDXNRZąDOHWHĪVSRáHF]HĔVWZD
DQDZHWQDURG\(XURS\:GUXJLHMSR2SRQLPDQLLSUDF\Z/HJHQG]LH o :LHO- NLP,QNZL]\WRU]H)0'RVWRMHZVNLHJRP\ĞOLFLHOVWZLHUG]DáĪHEUDNWD- NLHJRMHGQRF]ąFHJRFHQWUXPGRVWU]HJDQ\SU]H]QLHJR]DUyZQRZĪ\FLXQDURGyZ
(XURS\MDNLMHGQRVWNLURG]LQLHXFKURQQ\]DQLN]DLQWHUHVRZDQLDĪ\FLHP:\- twarza poza tym najbardziej widoczny fenomen (nazwany na zachodzie Europy GHNDGHQW\]PHPF]\QLKLOL]PHPSDV\ZQ\PIDVF\QDFMĊW\PFRPURF]QHLSR- QXUHJáXFKąUR]SDF]LVFHSW\F\]PRG]ZLHUFLHGODQHSU]H]SLVDU]\SRHWyZF]\
PDODU]\'ODWHJRZHZF]HVQHMVWULFWH¿OR]R¿F]QHMLQLHGRFHQLRQHMSU]H]NU\W\- NyZ pracy O ponimaniiV]XNDáRZHJRMHGQHJRĞZLDWRSRJOąGXFHOQRJR]QDQLMD
DQDORJLF]QLHGRZF]HĞQLHMV]HJRZ\VLáNX:áRG]LPLHU]D6RáRZMRZD]PLHU]DMą- FHJRGRVNRQVWUXRZDQLDWHR]R¿LáąF]ąFHJRZLQWHJUDOQąFDáRĞüRVLąJQLĊFLDSR- V]F]HJyOQ\FKG]LHG]LQNXOWXU\QDXNL¿OR]R¿LUHOLJLLV]WXNLWHRULLSROLW\F]QHM
HNRQRPLL]ZDQHJRSU]H]QLHJRZáDĞQLHUR]XPLHQLHP1DMNUyFHMPyZLąFFKFLDá
GRNRQDüIXQGDPHQWDOQHJRUR]UyĪQLHQLDSRPLĊG]\]QDQLMHPZLHG]ąDponima- QLMHPUR]XPLHQLHP
:<02*,1$8.2:2ĝ&,:('à8*52=$12:$
:UR]G]LDOHSLHUZV]\PNVLĊJL,,,O ponimanii5R]DQRZSRVWDZLáWH]ĊGRĞü
NRQWURZHUV\MQą GOD F\ZLOL]DFMLNXOWXU\ =DFKRGX RG WU]\VWX ODW UDG\NDOQLH RG- G]LHODMąFHMUHOLJLĊFKU]HĞFLMDĔVNąRGSDĔVWZDDRG,,SRáRZ\;,;ZLHNXQDXNL
SU]\URGQLF]HRGUHOLJLL]JRGQLH]NWyUąUHOLJLDQLHMHVWSU]HV]NRGąGODUR]ZR- MXQDXNLZMHMV]HURNLPXMĊFLXZUĊF]SU]HFLZQLH±MHVWVSU]\PLHU]HĔFHPZMHM
SRVWĊSLH2SRZLHG]LDáVLĊ]DWHP]DPRGHOHPV\PELRW\F]Q\PUHODFMLSRPLĊG]\
QDXNąDUHOLJLąDSU]HFLZNRPRGHORZLNRQIURQWDF\MQHPXVSURZDG]DMąFHPXLFK
VWRVXQHNGRNRQÀLNWX-DNGRWHJRGRV]áR"3U]\MU]\P\VLĊEOLĪHMWHMGURG]HGRĞü
U]DGNLHMZKLVWRULLQRZRĪ\WQHM¿OR]R¿LHXURSHMVNLHM5R]DQRZRZV]HPX]QD- MHSDQXMąF\RGQLHGDZQDSR]\W\ZLVW\F]Q\SDUDG\JPDWXSUDZLDQLDQDXNLDNFHS- WXMHWHQIDNWLĪZ\PDJDRQDV]F]HJyOQHJRVWDQXXP\VáXXF]RQHJRNWyU\PRĪ- QDZ\UD]LüVáRZDPLÄZDKDQLHVLĊ´ÄZąWSLHQLH´ÄSRGHMU]OLZRĞü´ZVWRVXQNXGR
U]HF]\]HZQĊWU]Q\FKMDNLQLHXIQRĞüZREHFVWDQyZZHZQĊWU]Q\FKVDPHJRSR- ]QDMąFHJR-HGQDNPáRG\P\ĞOLFLHOQLHX]QDMHW\FKVWDQyZ]DQDWXUDOQHGODOXG]- NLHJRUR]XPX-HJRQDWXUąERZLHPMDNVWZLHUG]D5R]DQRZSRZWDU]DMąF\QLHPDO
VWDQRZLVNR$U\VWRWHOHVDF]\¿OR]RIyZFKU]HĞFLMDĔVNLFKNWyU]\SHáQLĊSR]QDZ-
3LV]ĊRW\PWDNĪHZSUDF\2GQLKLOL]PXGRFKU]HĞFLMDĔVWZD+LVWRULDLZVSyáF]HVQRĞüLGHLIL- OR]RILF]QRUHOLJLMQHJRSU]H]Z\FLĊĪHQLDQLKLOL]PX/XEOLQV
= SRZRGX QLHSU]\FK\OQ\FK UHFHQ]ML FDá\ QLHPDO QDNáDG O ponimanii ]RVWDá Z\FRIDQ\ ]H
VSU]HGDĪ\
F]\FKGąĪHĔGXV]\OXG]NLHMZLG]ą]Dwsze w poznaniu Boga) jest czysta i spokoj- na kontemplacja prawdy71DPDUJLQHVLHGRGDMąFQDOHĪ\VWZLHUG]LüĪHIDVF\QD- FMD¿OR]R¿ą$U\VWRWHOHVDXMDZQLVLĊZSRJOąGDFK5R]DQRZDMHV]F]HQLHMHGHQUD]
%ĊG]LHWRZLGRF]QHJG\F]\WDMąF2SRQLPDQLLodnajdziemy tutaj siedem schema- WyZSR]QDMąFHJRUR]XPXRNUHĞODMąF\FKWRFRPRĪHSRZVWDüZSURFHVLH SR]QDQLD
DNWyUHRGV\áDMąEH]SRĞUHGQLRGRDU\VWRWHOHVRZVNLFKNDWHJRULL8JG\]HWNQLHP\VLĊ
]HPEULRQDOQą]DURGNRZąWHRULąE\WXEĊGąFąSURVW\PSRZWyU]HQLHPNRQFHSFML
SRWHQFMDOQRĞFLE\WX$U\VWRWHOHVD9JG\GRVWU]HĪHP\REURQĊRGU]XFRQHMSU]H]QR- ZRĪ\WQHSU]\URGR]QDZVWZR]DVDG\FHORZRĞFLĞZLDWD1DOHĪ\WHĪZVSRPQLHüĪH
5R]DQRZE\áDXWRUHPSU]HNáDGXLNRPHQWDU]\SLHUZV]\FKSLĊFLXNVLąJ0HWD¿]\- NL Arystotelesa
=DWHPSRGHMU]OLZRĞüLZąWSLHQLHQLHVąMDNSLV]H5R]DQRZVWDQDPLZ\JRGQ\- PLF]\SU]\MHPQ\PLGODSR]QDMąFHJRSRGPLRWXDOERZLHPSU]HV]NDG]DMąUR]XPR- ZLZGąĪHQLXGRVZHMQDWXU\GRDU\VWRWHOHVRZVNLHMHQWHOHFKLL:ąWSLHQLHZ\ZRáX- MHZUĊF]SHZQąGR]ĊFLHUSLHQLDXXF]RQHJRSRGREQLHMDNFLHUSLF]áRZLHNNWyU\]R- VWDáXGHU]RQ\WUDFLUyZQRZDJĊLQLHZLHF]\XSDGQLHF]\XGDPXVLĊSRZUyFLüGR
SRVWDZ\Z\SURVWRZDQHM5RV\MVNLP\ĞOLFLHOQLHLG]LHMHGQDNWDNGDOHNRZRSLVLHQH- JDW\ZQ\FKVNXWNyZZąWSLHQLDMDNF]\QLáWR3DVFDONWyU\ZLą]DáMH]SRZDĪQąFKR- UREąOXG]NLHJRGXFKD=NROHLZRGUyĪQLHQLXRG$U\VWRWHOHVDF]\ĞUHGQLRZLHF]Q\FK
¿OR]RIyZ FKU]HĞFLMDĔVNLFK NWyU]\ RVLąJQLĊFLH VSRNRMX XP\VáX F]\QLOL RGOHJá\P
L QLHáDWZR RVLąJDOQ\P ZUĊF] HOLWDUQ\P VWDQHP 5R]DQRZ VąG]L ĪH QLH MHVW RQR
RVWDWHF]QLHF]\PĞWDNWUXGQ\P6DPRGąĪHQLHGRSU]HMĞFLDRGZąWSLHQLDGRZLH- G]\SHZQHMVSU]\MDSRQDGWRUR]ZRMRZLQDXNL1DWHMGURG]HPRJąSRMDZLDüVLĊQLH- XVWDQQHZąWSOLZRĞFLGRSyW\GRSyNLZXP\ĞOHXF]RQHJRQLHXNRQVW\WXXMHVLĊSHá- QHUR]XPLHQLHEH]SU]HUZLVSU]HF]QRĞFLZP\ĞOHQLXFDáNRZLWDSHZQRĞüUR]XPX
,QQ\PZDUXQNLHPUR]ZRMXQDXNLSR]DZ\PLHQLRQ\PLVWDQDPLSV\FKLF]Q\- PL MHVW ]GROQRĞü GR MHM XSUDZLDQLD F]\OL MDVQRĞü L NRQVHNZHQFMD Z P\ĞOHQLX
2QHWDNĪHVąFHFKDPLUR]XPXZNWyU\P]EXG]LáDVLĊFKĊüXSUDZLDQLDQDXNL.LH- G\ZąWSLHQLHLRZH]GROQRĞFLVSRW\NDMąVLĊPRĪOLZHMHVWU]HF]\ZLVWHQDXNRZH
P\ĞOHQLH -DVQRĞü P\ĞOHQLD 5R]DQRZ SRMPXMH MDNR G\VWDQV UR]XPX GąĪąFHJR
GRSRF]XFLDRF]\ZLVWRĞFLZREHFWHJRFRQLHRNUHĞORQHLPĊWQHFRQLHPRĪHE\ü
zaakceptowane bez bolesnegoZ\VLáNXSV\FKLF]QHJRXF]RQHJR.RQVHNZHQFMD
F]\LQDF]HMORJLF]QRĞüP\ĞOHQLDMHVWWXVNXWNLHPSRF]XFLDMDVQRĞFLLRF]\ZLVWRĞFL
7:5R]DQRZ2SRQLPDQLL2S\WLVOHGRZDQLMDSULURG\JUDQLFLZQXWULHQQRJRVWURMHQLMDQD- XNLNDNFHOQRJR]QDQLMDUHG:*6XNDF]0RVNZDV
8$13DUV]\Q5R]DQRZLQDXND9RSURV\ILáRVRILLV
9 7DHPEULRQDOQDNRQFHSFMDE\WX]RVWDQLHSRZWyU]RQDSU]H]5R]DQRZDZSyĨQLHMV]\FKV]NL- FDFKSW(PEULRQ\]DZDUW\FKZSUDF\5LHOLJLMDLNXOWXUD
$13DUV]\QGRVWU]HJDX5R]DQRZDDU\VWRWHOL]PLSUyEĊMHJRGRSHáQLDQLDSRGMĊWąZ;,;
ZLHNX=RE7HQĪH5R]DQRZLQDXND9RSURV\ILáRVRILLV
:5R]DQRZ2SRQLPDQLL2S\WLVOHGRZDQLMDSULURG\JUDQLFLZQXWULHQQRJRVWURMHQLMDQD- XNLNDNFHOQRJR]QDQLMDG]F\WV
UR]XPXLQDF]HMLQWXLFMLLQWHOHNWXDOQHM2ZRNDUWH]MDĔVNLHNU\WHULXPSUDZG]LZR- ĞFLP\ĞOHQLDSR]ZDODRGUyĪQLDüWRFR]QDQHRGWHJRFRQLH]QDQH&RZLĊFHM5R- ]DQRZX]QDMHVWDáąĞZLDGRPRĞüJUDQLF\PLĊG]\W\PFR]QDQHDW\PFRQLH]QD- QH]DQLH]EĊGQ\ZDUXQHNUR]ZRMXQDXNL$OERZLHPSURFHVZ\MDĞQLDQLDQDXNRZH- JR]DF]\QDVLĊRGWHJRFR]QDQHLWáXPDF]\MHW\PFRQLH]QDQH0áRG\P\ĞOLFLHO
SU]\]QDMH]ĪDOHPĪHRZD]GROQRĞüUR]UyĪQLDQLDZ\VWĊSXMHGRĞüU]DGNR=D]Z\- F]DMQLHZLG]LVLĊWHMJUDQLF\LWRFRQLH]QDQHX]QDMHVLĊ]D]QDQHFRQLHVWHW\QLH
VSU]\MDUR]ZRMRZLQDXNLSRQLHZDĪXĞPLHUFDVLĊZWHG\MHMQDMZDĪQLHMV]\LPSHUD- W\ZGąĪHQLHGRSR]QDQLDWHJRFRQLH]QDQH
5(/,*,$635=<0,(5=(ē&(0:52=:2-81$8.,
5R]DQRZZVND]XMąFQDWH]DVDGQLF]HFHFK\LGąĪHQLDXP\VáXSRGPLRWXSR- ]QDMąFHJRG]LĊNLNWyU\PPRĪOLZ\MHVWUR]ZyMQDXNLGRFKRG]LGRĞüV]\ENRGR
X]DVDGQLHQLDVZHMWH]\LĪUHOLJLDRZLHOHEDUG]LHMQLĪZRMXMąF\VFHSW\F\]PSR- PDJDZMHMUR]ZRMX-HVWRQDMHMVSU]\PLHU]HĔFHPDQLHZURJLHPQDZHWZWHG\
NLHG\QLHVLH]HVREąWRFRQDMEDUG]LHM]QLHFKĊFDMHMSU]HFLZQLNyZF]\OLQLHWROH- UDQFMĊLSU]HĞODGRZDQLDQDWOHZ\]QDQLRZ\P5HOLJLDERZLHPQLHXWRĪVDPLDQD
jeszcze przez Rozanowa w dziele O ponimaniiZ\áąF]QLH]FKU]HĞFLMDĔVWZHPQLH
XNU\ZDDZUĊF]SRGNUHĞODĪHĞZLDWMHVWQLHSU]HZLG\ZDOQ\LQLHSRMĊW\ZSHáQLGOD
OXG]NLHJRUR]XPXSRQLHZDĪSRGOHJDQLHRGJDGQLRQHMGODF]áRZLHND2SDWU]QRĞFL
%RĪHMLG]LĊNLWHPXLVWQLHMąQDGDORJURPQHREV]DU\WHJRFRQLH]QDQH=WHJR
WHĪSRZRGXHSRNLZ]PRĪRQHMUHOLJLMQRĞFLRG]QDF]Dá\VLĊUyZQRF]HĞQLHMHJR]GD- QLHPZLHONąFLHNDZRĞFLąUR]XPXOXG]NLHJRLRZRFRZDá\ZZDĪQHRGNU\FLDQD- XNRZHRUD]WHRULH¿OR]R¿F]QH-DNSRZLDGD5R]DQRZ
Ä>@FDáD¿OR]R¿DJUHFNDZ\URVáDLUR]ZLMDáDVLĊZF]DVDFKVLOQLHUHOLJLMQ\FK.VHQRIDQHV
(PSHGRNOHV3DUPHQLGHV$QDNVDJRUDV6RNUDWHVLMHJRXF]QLRZLH±RQLZV]\VF\Ī\OLZHSRFHNWy- UHMREFHE\áRRVáDELHQLHXF]XFLDUHOLJLMQHJRLGODWHJRZáDĞQLHZFDá\PLFKĪ\FLXLZNDĪG\PQLHPDO
VáRZLHRGF]XZDOQ\MHVW]DG]LZLDMąF\]DFKZ\WLPLáRĞüGRWUXGQRRVLąJDOQHMSUDZG\NWyUHE\á\WDN
ZLHONLHĪHQLHNWyU]\]QLFKE\OLJRWRZL]RVWDZLüGODSUDZG\RMF]\]QĊF]\XPU]Hü7DNĪHZSyĨ- QLHMV]\FKF]DVDFK(XURS\HSRNDZ\VRNLHJRUR]ZRMXZUDĪOLZRĞFLUHOLJLMQHMWRĪVDPDE\áD]UR]ZR- MHP ZLHONLFK V\VWHPyZ ¿OR]R¿L VFKRODVW\F]QHM$OEHUWD :LHONLHJR 'XQVD 6]NRWD : 2FNKDPD
5%DFRQDLZLHOXLQQ\FKDSHáQHGXFKRZHMVLá\UHIRUPDF\MQHRGQRZLHQLH.RĞFLRáDSRFLąJQĊáR]D
VREąSRZVWDQLHQRZHM¿OR]R¿LLQLHPDOZV]\VWNLFKIXQNFMRQXMąF\FKGRG]LVLDMQDXN.DUWH]MXV]
XF]HVWQLF]\áZOHWQLHMZRMQLHUHOLJLMQHMDMHJRXF]QLDPLE\OL*XHOLQ[0DOHEUDQFKHL6SLQR]D´
1DWRPLDVWZRMXMąF\VFHSW\F\]P]ZDQ\SU]H]5R]DQRZDÄZLHU]ąF\PVFHS- W\F\]PHP´NU\MąF\ZVRELHSU]HNRQDQLHLĪZQLH]QDQ\FKMHV]F]HG]LHG]LQDFK
E\WXQLHPDQLF]HJRLQQHJRQLĪZW\FKMXĪSR]QDQ\FKURG]Lá]DZV]HW\ONREH]-
7DPĪHV
7DPĪH
SáRGQ\QDXNRZRLQG\IHUHQW\]P Tak oto autor O ponimanii SU]\V]á\ P\ĞOLFLHO
UHOLJLMQ\ RGZUDFD ]DFKRGQLRHXURSHMVNL PLW EĊGąF\ GXPą =DFKRGQLHM (XURS\
PyZLąF\RMHMQLHSRZWDU]DOQ\PSU]HMĞFLXRGPLWKRVXGRORJRVXMDNRQLH]EĊGQ\P
ZDUXQNXSRZVWDQLDQDXNL:MHJRXMĊFLXMHVWUDF]HMRGZURWQLHNLHG\UHOLJLD]R- VWDMHRGU]XFRQDOXEVáDEQLHSU]HVWDMHUR]ZLMDüVLĊWHĪQDXNDL¿OR]R¿D1LHMHVWRQ
ZW\PVWDQRZLVNXE\QDMPQLHMRGRVREQLRQ\FKRFLDĪZ\]QDZFyZWDNLHJRURG]D- MXP\ĞOHQLDE\áRGRWąGQLHZLHOXSRQLHZDĪQDSU]HV]NRG]LHVWDá]D]Z\F]DMRF]\- ZLVW\QLHGREyUIDNWyZ2ZSá\ZLHUHOLJLLDGRNáDGQLHMWUDQVFHQGHQWQHJRFKU]H- ĞFLMDĔVWZDQDF\ZLOL]DFMĊNXOWXUĊSLVDOLGRWHMSRU\QS9LWWRULR*LREHUWL-DFTXHV 0DULWDLQ D REHFQLH ]DMPXMH VLĊ W\P ]DGDQLHP &KULVWRSKHU 'DZVRQ )UDQFXVNL
QHRWRPLVWD0DULWDLQSRND]\ZDáPLĊG]\LQQ\PLZ1DXFH i PąGURĞFLMDNFKU]H- ĞFLMDĔVWZR ĞUHGQLRZLHF]QH ]H VZRMą V\QWH]ą L KLHUDUFKLą PąGURĞFL EĊGąFą SR- U]ąGNLHPVDPHJRGXFKDOXG]NLHJRSU]\F]\QLáRVLĊGRSRZVWDQLDZVSDQLDáHMF\- ZLOL]DFMLĞUHGQLRZLHF]QHMLMDNQHJDW\ZQLHZSá\ZDáQDHXURSHMVNąU]HF]\ZLVWRĞü
QRZRĪ\WQ\KXPDQL]PDQWURSRFHQWU\F]Q\NWyU\Z\SDUáKXPDQL]P¿OR]R¿LFKU]H- ĞFLMDĔVNLHM%\áRWRMHJR]GDQLHPQLV]F]HQLHF]áRZLHNDLMHJRF\ZLOL]DFMLJG\Ī
Ä>@DQW\WHRORJLDUDFMRQDOLVW\F]QDNWyUDSRGSRNU\ZNą¿OR]R¿LX]XUSRZDáDVRELHĞZLĊWRĞü
ZNRQVHNZHQFMLXF]\QLáDOXG]NRĞüVLHURWąPąGURĞFL´
7HMPąGURĞFLQDOHĪ\WXZ\MDĞQLüNWyUDMHVWZFKRG]HQLHPZJáĊELĊ%RJD
MHVWQDGSU]\URG]RQDXG]LHODVLĊF]áRZLHNRZL]DVSUDZąáDVNLLZ\Sá\ZD]]D- VDG\E\WyZMDNÄVWUXPLHĔGREURG]LHMVWZD´,NWyUDGRSHáQLDZLHG]ĊDXWRQRPLF]- QHJRUR]XPX¿OR]R¿F]QHJRRUD]RVLąJQLĊFLDQDXNV]F]HJyáRZ\FKQDVWDZLRQ\FK
JáyZQLHQDSUDNW\F]QąNRU]\Ğü
7H]Ċ5R]DQRZDRGREURF]\QQ\PZSá\ZLHUHOLJLLQDQDXNĊPRĪQDRF]\ZL- ĞFLHSRGZDĪDü]ZáDV]F]DSRRGNU\FLX]DVDG\QLHR]QDF]RQRĞFLGRNRQDQ\PSU]H]
+HLQVHQEHUJDZPHFKDQLFHNZDQWRZHMZURNXNWyUDGODQLHOLF]Q\FKPLPR
ZV]\VWNRZVSyáF]HVQ\FK]ZROHQQLNyZLQGHWHUPLQL]PXMHVWQDXNRZ\PDUJXPHQ- WHPQDU]HF]QLHSU]HZLG\ZDOQRĞFLĞZLDWDSU]\URG\LLVWQLHQLDZROQRĞFLOXG]NLHM
/HF]PRĪQDWHĪV]XNDü]ZLą]NyZSRPLĊG]\RZą]DVDGąQDXNRZąDUHOLJLMQ\PRE- UD]HPĞZLDWD6DP5R]DQRZMHV]F]HSU]HG+HLVHQEHUJLHPWZLHUG]LáZ:LHURLVSR- ZLHGDOQ\PZRSURVLHZ5RVVLLĪHXSRGVWDZĞZLDWDQLHOHĪąE\QDMPQLHMOLF]- E\PDWHPDW\F]QHOHF]QLHR]QDF]RQRĞü]DJPDWZDQLHÄ]DSXWDQQRVW¶´]NWyUHM
URG]ąVLĊZV]\VWNLHU]HF]\LFDáDKLVWRULDĞZLDWDLRNWyUHMPyZLWHĪFKU]HĞFLMDĔ- VWZRZUR]DQRZVNLPVIRUPXáRZDQLX±ÄFKULVWLDQVNLMH]DSXWDQQRVWL´
-0DULWDLQ1DXNDLPąGURĞüSU]Há05HXWW:DUV]DZD=ąENLV
3RGDMĊ]D$13DUV]\Q5R]DQRZLQDXNDG]F\WV±
6<0%,27<&=1<02'(/5(/$&-,0,ĉ'=<5(/,*,Ą$1$8.Ą 'ODQLHOLF]Q\FKZF]DVDFKZVSyáF]HVQ\FKSU]HGVWDZLFLHOLPRGHOXV\PELR- W\F]QHJRXMPRZDQLDUHODFMLPLĊG]\UHOLJLąDQDXNąZDĪQHMHVWXQLNDQLHMDNLFK- NROZLHN VXJHVWLL ]ZLą]DQ\FK ] NRQÀLNWHP PLĊG]\ RE\GZLHPD G\VF\SOLQDPL
=ZáDV]F]DWHMNWyUą]NROHLHNVSRQXMąSU]HGVWDZLFLHOHPRGHOXNRQIURQWDF\MQHJR
PLDQRZLFLHGRW\F]ąFHMVWRVXQNXGRQRZRĞFL:W\PĪHXMĊFLXUHOLJLDZMDNLHMNRO- ZLHNRGPLDQLHMHVW]DZV]HNRQVHUZDW\ZQDDQDXNLV]F]HJyáRZHVąUDG\NDOQH
UHZROXF\MQHRSRZLDGDMąVLĊERZLHP]D]PLHQQRĞFLąLSRVWĊSHPF\ZLOL]DF\MQ\P
5HSUH]HQWDQWDPLPRGHOXV\PELRW\F]QHJRVą]D]Z\F]DMWHRORJRZLHLP\ĞOLFLHOH
UHOLJLMQLWUDG\F\MQLHSRGNUHĞODMąF\ĪHZV]HONDSUDZGDMHVWSUDZGą%RĪąLGODWHJR
SRZLQQRĞFLąWHRORJLLF]\¿OR]R¿LUHOLJLMQHMMHVWSR]\W\ZQ\VWRVXQHNGRUR]ZRMX
QDXNRUD]XPLHMĊWQHZNRPSRQRZDQLHLFKUH]XOWDWyZGRĞZLDWRSRJOąGXFKU]HĞFL- MDĔVNLHJR=DWHPQLHREDZLDMąVLĊUR]ZRMXQDXNLZSU]HFLZLHĔVWZLHGRSU]HGVWD- ZLFLHOLPRGHOXNRQIURQWDF\MQHJRNWyU]\OĊNOLZLHSRGFKRG]ąGRIHQRPHQXRGUD- G]DQLDVLĊUHOLJLMQRĞFLF]\IXQGDPHQWDOL]PyZUHOLJLMQ\FK,VWQLHMHZV]DNĪHSHZ- QDRGPLDQDWHJRPRGHOXNWyUDWUDNWXMHQDXNĊLUHOLJLĊMDNRGZLHUyĪQHRGVLH- ELHG]LHG]LQ\NXOWXU\SRQLHZDĪWZLHUG]LVLĊWXWDMĪHQDXNLSU]\URGQLF]HQLHPDMą
ĪDGQHJR]ZLą]NX]FKU]HĞFLMDĔVWZHP1LHFKRG]LZW\PVWDQRZLVNXE\QDMPQLHM
RVWRVXQHNGRSRVWĊSXF\ZLOL]DF\MQHJRXPRĪOLZLDQHJRSU]H]UDG\NDOQąLQQRZD- F\MQRĞüQDXN5]HF]GRW\F]\NZHVWLLEDUG]LHMIXQGDPHQWDOQHMF]\OLURG]DMXS\- WDĔVWDZLDQ\FKSU]H]QDXNLSU]\URGQLF]HLWHRORJLĊFKU]HĞFLMDĔVNą2WyĪZHGáXJ
WHJRXMĊFLDQDXNLSU]\URGQLF]HLQWHUHVXMHRGSRZLHGĨQDS\WDQLHMDNWHRORJLDQD- tomiast zadaje pytanie GODF]HJRWHSLHUZV]H]DMPXMąVLĊSU]\F]\QDPLZWyUQ\PL
WDGUXJD±SU]\F]\QDPLSLHUZV]\PLPHWD¿]\F]Q\PL
5R]DQRZQDOHĪDá]SHZQRĞFLąGR]ZROHQQLNyZSLHUZV]HMRGPLDQ\PRGHOX
QLHNRQIURQWDF\MQHJRZRGUyĪQLHQLXRGVZHJRLGHRZHJRPLVWU]D'RVWRMHZVNLH- JR7HQĪHERZLHPIRUPXáRZDáQHJDW\ZQąRGSRZLHGĨQDFLąJOHDNWXDOQHS\WD- QLHF]\F]áRZLHNF\ZLOL]RZDQ\PRĪHE\üMHGQRF]HĞQLHUHOLJLMQ\"0LDáMHGQDN
QDXZDG]HSU]HGHZV]\VWNLPUHOLJLĊSRMĊWąMDNRZHZQĊWU]QHLJáĊERNLHSU]HĪ\- ZDQLHZLĊ]L]%RJLHPF]\OLMHMDVSHNWVXELHNW\ZQ\DQLH]HZQĊWU]Q\NXOWXUR- Z\DWHQQLHGDZDáVLĊSRJRG]Lü]QDGPLHUQąUDFMRQDOL]DFMąĪ\FLDREVHUZRZDQą
V]F]HJyOQLHZ]DFKRGQLHM(XURSLH2ZV]HPDXWRUWUDNWDWXO ponimanii przyzna- ZDáJG]LHLQG]LHM]QLH]DGRZROHQLHPĪHFKU]HĞFLMDĔVWZRQDWOHZF]HĞQLHMV]\FK
UHOLJLLZ\MDĞQLDMąF\FKWDNĪHDVSHNW\NRVPRORJLF]QHVWDáRVLĊMHG\QLHUHOLJLąSR- FLHV]HQLDGODFLHUSLąF\FKLVNU]\ZG]RQ\FK1LH]QDF]\WRMHGQDNĪHWĊVZRLVWą
$0F*UDWK1DXNDLUHOLJLDSU]Há0&KRMQDFNL.UDNyZ V
6 0D]XUHN 5RV\MVNL UHQHVDQV UHOLJLMQRILOR]RILF]Q\ 3UyED V\QWH]\ :DUV]DZD
V±
=RE:5R]DQRZ/LWLHUDWXUQ\MHL]JQDQQLNL116WUDFKRZ.1/HRQWMHZ0RVNZD
V±RUD]3DUV]\Q5R]DQRZLQDXNDG]F\WV
IXQNFMĊWHUDSHXW\F]Qą]DSRF]ąWNRZDQąSU]H]&KU\VWXVDMDNRÄOHNDU]DFKRU\FK´
X]QDZDá]DMHG\QąLZ\F]HUSXMąFąFDáHFKU]HĞFLMDĔVNLHFRQIHVVLR i SLHWDV'RVWU]H- JDáZV]HODNRĪHUHOLJLDFKU]HĞFLMDĔVNDSHáQLZ\UDĨQLHWDNĪHIXQNFMĊSR]QDZF]ą
FRMHVW]NROHL]DZV]HWUXGQHGRSU]\MĊFLDSU]H]]ZROHQQLNyZP\ĞOHQLDVHNXODU\- VW\F]QHJRSU]HNRQDQ\FKĪHUHOLJLDQLHQLHVLH]HVREąĪDGQHJRSR]QDQLD=ZáDV]- F]DQLHPDZQLHMPLHMVFDQDMDNąNROZLHNUDFMRQDOQąSUDZGĊ:MHJRQDWRPLDVW
XMĊFLXMDNWHĪX6RáRZMRZDF]\%LHUGLDMHZDMHG\QLHUHOLJLDSURZDG]LGRĨUyGHá
E\WXVWDQRZLąFHOHPHQWSURFHVXUR]XPLHQLDSU]HNUDF]DMąFHJRZ\MDĞQLDQLHQD- XNRZHEĊGąFHJRMHGQRĞFLąSR]QDZDQHJRSR]QDMąFHJRLSR]QDZDQLD3R]DW\P
W\ONRRQDXMPXMHLSU]HĞZLHWODFDáHJRF]áRZLHNDLDGHNZDWQLHGRWHJRSR]QDQLD
ÄSU]HGMHGQ\PJRSRZVWU]\PXMHGRF]HJRĞLQQHJR]NROHL]DFKĊFD´-DNPRĪ- QD]DXZDĪ\üMHVWWRZLHG]DRSR]QDQLXUHOLJLMQ\PMDNQDMEDUG]LHM]JRGQD]GR- ĞZLDGF]HQLDPLPLVW\NyZFKU]HĞFLMDĔVNLFKGRNWyU\FKQLHNLHG\DF]]E\WSRFKRS- QLH]DOLF]DQ\MHVWQDV]P\ĞOLFLHONWyU]\QLHMHGQRNURWQLHSLVDOLĪHF]\VWHVHUFH
ZROQHRG]QLHZROHQLDĞZLDWHPSR]QDMHJáĊERNREH]SU]HV]NyGSU]HQLNDQLHER
LSLHNáR7RPDV]D.HPSLV5R]DQRZZVZHMSRFKZDOHFKU]HĞFLMDĔVWZDVWDZDá
VLĊVZRLVW\PLQLHUR]SR]QDQ\PGRWHMSRU\SUHNXUVRUHPMXQJRZVNLHMF]\IURP- PRZVNLHMQHRSV\FKRDQDOL]\NLHG\WZLHUG]LáĪHĪDGQHUHOLJLHQLH]DVWąSLąMHGQDN
ZWHMIXQNFMLSR]QDZF]RSUDNW\F]QHMUHOLJLLFKU]HĞFLMDĔVNLHM$OERZLHPWXF]áR- ZLHNZ\UDĪRQ\MHVWFDáNRZLFLHLW\ONRRQDZ\SRZLDGDZSHáQLSUDZGĊRSLHUZRW- QHMF]\VWRĞFLMDNąSRWHPF]áRZLHNWUDFLLNWyUąSUDJQLHLPRĪHSRQRZQLHRG]\- VNDüSRSU]HMĞFLXFDáHMGURJLGREUDL]áD20:áDĞQLHZLQWHUSUHWDFML-XQJRZVNLHM
FKU]HĞFLMDĔVWZRMHVWGRVNRQDá\P]ELRUHPDUFKHW\SyZOXG]NLHMHPRFMRQDOQRĞFL
ZUD]]DUFKHW\SHPXSDGNX]NWyUHJRPRĪQDLQDOHĪ\VLĊSRGQRVLü
=WHJRFR]RVWDáR]UHNRQVWUXRZDQHQDSRGVWDZLHUR]SURV]RQ\FKZ\SRZLHG]L
5R]DQRZDPRĪQDZ\FLąJQąüZQLRVHNLĪ5RVMDQLQXOHJááDWZHMSRNXVLHVIRUPX- áRZDQLDMHGQR]QDF]QHMRGSRZLHG]LQDS\WDQLHF]\UHOLJLDMHVWVSU]\PLHU]HĔFHP
F]\ SU]HFLZQLNLHP QDXNL -HGQDNĪH P\ĞOLFLHO MDN VLĊ ]GDMH Z\F]XZDá RJURP- QąZDJĊSUREOHPXSRGQRV]RQąWDNĪHSU]H]ZVSyáF]HVQ\FKQDPEDGDF]\]DJDG- QLHQLDUHODFMLUHOLJLD±QDXND&LSLV]ąPLDQRZLFLHĪHS\WDQLHRWRÄF]\UHOLJLD
MHVWVSU]\PLHU]HĔFHPF]\ZURJLHPQDXNL"´Z\PDJD]áRĪRQHMRGSRZLHG]L,VW- QLHMHERZLHPV]HUHJSRZRGyZVNáDGDMąF\FKVLĊQDRZą]áRĪRQRĞüDQLHMHGQR- OLWRĞüWZRUX]ZDQHJRÄQDXNą´ZLHORĞüG]LHG]LQ]RGUĊEQ\PLSRODPLEDGDZF]\- PLLVSHF\¿F]Q\PLPHWRGDPLEQLHMHGQRURGQRĞüVDPHJR]MDZLVNDUHOLJLLVSUD- ZLDMąFDQDZHWWUXGQRĞFLGH¿QLF\MQHFZ\VWĊSRZDQLHUyĪQ\FKWHQGHQFMLLQXUWyZ
: 5R]DQRZ 2E LVWLQQ\FK FHODFK F]HáRZLHF]HVNRM Ī\]QL >Z@ 0LHWDIL]\ND FKULVWLDQVWZD
0RVNZDV±=REWHĪ+5DURW2GQLKLOL]PXGRFKU]HĞFLMDĔVWZD+LVWRULDLZVSyáF]H- VQRĞüLGHLILOR]RILF]QRUHOLJLMQHJRSU]H]Z\FLĊĪHQLDQLKLOL]PXG]F\WV
207DPĪHVRUD]+5DURWG]F\WV
=REPLQZ\SRZLHGĨ$OLVWHUD0F*UDWKD]DZDUWąZMHJRZDĪQHMLF\WRZDQHMMXĪSUDF\Na- XNDLUHOLJLD7HQĪH1DXNDLUHOLJLDG]F\WV
MXĪZREUĊELHNRQNUHWQHMG]LHG]LQ\QDXNRZHM=GUXJLHMVWURQ\SU]\]QDMąRELHN- W\ZQLHĪHÄFKU]HĞFLMDĔVWZR]ZáDV]F]DOLEHUDOQ\SURWHVWDQW\]P±+5QDMJáĊ- ELHM]HZV]\VWNLFKUHOLJLL]DDQJDĪRZDQHE\áRZGLDORJSRPLĊG]\UHOLJLąDQDXND- PLSU]\URGQLF]\PL´22GąĪ\áRGR]DV\SDQLDSU]HSDĞFLPLĊG]\ZLDUąFKU]HĞFLMDĔ- VNą D ZVSyáF]HVQą QDXNą ÏZ GLDORJ ] QDXNą L ZVSyáF]HVQ\P ĞZLDWHP PXVLDá
ZV]HODNRZLą]DüVLĊ]UHLQWHUSUHWDFMąFKU]HĞFLMDĔVNLFKSUDZGZLDU\]GRSDVRZ\- ZDQLHPLFKGRZVSyáF]HVQ\PQRUPNXOWXURZ\FK
3UREOHP NRQVHUZDW\]PX UHOLJLL L UDG\NDOL]PX QDXN WDN ZDĪQ\ GOD PRGH- OX NRQIURQWDF\MQHJR D SRPQLHMV]DQ\ Z PRGHOX QLHNRQIURQWDF\MQ\P QLH SRMD- ZLDáVLĊZZ\UDĨQHMSRVWDFLWDNĪHZP\ĞOHQLX5R]DQRZD2ZDQLHMHGQR]QDF]- QRĞüZ\QLNDüPRĪHVWąGĪHP\ĞOLFLHOE\áSU]HGVWDZLFLHOHPPRGHUQL]PXSUDZR- VáDZQHJRF]\OLMHGQHM]RGPLDQQXUWXXP\VáRZHJRZWHRORJLL]NRĔFD;,;ZLH- NXRERNPRGHUQL]PXNDWROLFNLHJRLSURWHVWDQFNLHJRNU\W\F]QLHRGQRV]ąFHJRVLĊ
GRWUDG\F\MQHMGRNWU\Q\FKU]HĞFLMDĔVNLHMLSUyEXMąFHJRSRáąF]\üP\ĞOFKU]HĞFL- MDĔVNą]GXFKHPRĞZLHFHQLDV]F]HJyOQLHZSU]\SDGNXUR]XPLHQLDKLVWRULLLQDXN
SU]\URGQLF]\FK,QQąZVSyOQąFHFKąW\FKRGPLDQE\áRRSRZLDGDQLHVLĊ]DUHOL- JLMQ\PHZROXFMRQL]PHP-XĪZSUDF\2UR]XPLHQLX5R]DQRZWZLHUG]LáĪHOXG]- NDUHOLJLMQRĞü]QDMGXMHVLĊZVWDQLHXVWDZLF]QHJRUR]ZRMXĪHÄUHOLJLDSRZV]HFK- QDSUDZG]LZDLĪ\ZDMHVWQDUD]LHLGHDáHPGRNWyUHJR]PLHU]DĞZLDGRPRĞüUHOL- JLMQDOXG]NRĞFL´1DVWĊSQLHZ0LHVWRFKULVWLDQVWZDZLVWRULL VWZLHUG]LĪH
FKU]HĞFLMDĔVWZRVWDáRVLĊ]ZLHĔF]HQLHPGáXJLHJRSURFHVXHZROXFMLUHOLJLLOXG]NR- ĞFLV\QWH]ąVXELHNW\ZL]PX6HPLWyZLRELHNW\ZL]PX*UHNyZ7DNĪHZSyĨQLHM- V]\FKMHJRZ\SRZLHG]LDFKOLWHUDFNRSXEOLF\VW\F]Q\FKGRW\F]ąF\FKFKU]HĞFLMDĔ- skiej religii w trzech jej odmianach historycznych (oraz judaizmu) trudno jest od- QDOHĨüSRMPRZDQLHFKU]HĞFLMDĔVWZDMDNR]GHF\GRZDQLHQLH]PLHQQHJRF]\QQLND
NRQVHUZDW\ZQHJR 3U]HFLZQLH QLHXVWDQQLH NU\W\NXMH RQ FKU]HĞFLMDĔVWZR KLVWR- U\F]QH]DUyZQR]DMHJRNZHVWLHFKU\VWRORJLF]QHMDNLVSRáHF]QHLFKFHVIRUPX- áRZDQLDQRZHMGRVNRQDOV]HMSRVWDFLWHMUHOLJLLF]\OLQHRFKU]HĞFLMDĔVWZD3RGRE- QLHMDN'\PLWU0HUHĪNRZVNLF]\0LNRáDM%LHUGLDMHZ±LQQLZDĪQLSU]HGVWDZLFLHOH
PRGHUQL]PXSUDZRVáDZQHJR]ZDQHJRWHĪQRZąĞZLDGRPRĞFLąUHOLJLMQą±XZD- ĪDĪHFKU]HĞFLMDĔVWZRMHVWZVWDQLHXVWDZLF]QHJRUR]ZRMXGRNWyUHJRSRWU]HEX- MHZVSRVyENRQLHF]Q\MDNRĨUyGáDQDSLĊüWHJRFRQLHFKU]HĞFLMDĔVNLHD%LEOLD
MHVW]DSLVHPSRMDZLDQLDVLĊHZROXXMąFHJRUR]XPLHQLDĞZLDWDL%RJD'ODWHJRVą
ZQLHM]DZDUWHF]ĊVWRVSU]HF]QRĞFL]NWyU\PLRQVDPERU\NDáVLĊLFRVNáDQLDáR
JRGRLQNU\PLQRZDQHMSU]H]SU]HGVWDZLFLHOLRUWRGRNV\MQHMWHRORJLLSUDZRVáDZ-
22 7DPĪHV
:5R]DQRZ2SRQLPDQLL2S\WLVOHGRZDQLMDSULURG\JUDQLFLZQXWULHQQRJRVWURMHQLMDQD- XNLNDNFHOQRJR]QDQLMDG]F\W5R]G];9,,,SRGU9,,V
: 5R]DQRZ 0LHVWR FKULVWLDQVWZD Z LVWRULL >Z@ 5LHOLJLMD ILáRVRILMD NXOWXUD 0RVNZD
V±
:5R]DQRZ$SRNDOLSVDQDV]\FKF]DVyZSU]Há:.U]HPLHĔ%LDá\VWRNV
QHMIDVF\QDFMLQLHFKU]HĞFLMDĔVNLPLNXOWDPLDQW\F]Q\PL=DWHPUHOLJLMQHUR]XPLH- QLHSRGOHJDFLąJá\PSU]HPLDQRPLX]XSHáQLHQLRPDLVWRWQąUROĊZW\FKG]LDáD- QLDFKSHáQLąQDXNLSU]\URGQLF]HJG\Ī±MDNSRZLDGDá5R]DQRZZ/LWLHUDWXUQ\FK
L]JQDQQLNDFK±UHOLJLDQLHZ\F]HUSXMHVLĊLQLHNRĔF]\QDQDV]\FKVWDQDFKGXFKR- wych (QDVNRUELVLHUGFD=DZDUWHZQLHMLGHHÄWZyUF\ĞZLDWD´ÄWZRU]HQLDĞZLD- WyZ´Z\PDJDMąĞFLVáHMZVSyáSUDF\]DVWURQRPLąDOJHEUąPHFKDQLNą
1LH PRĪQD SRPLMDü WDNĪH WHJR IDNWX LĪ Z]PLDQNRZDQL P\ĞOLFLHOHZáRĪ\OL
GRĞüZáDVQHJRWUXGXZ QRZHUR]XPLHQLH%LEOLLGRGDMąFGRQLHMQDZHW7U]HFL7H- VWDPHQW7HVWDPHQW'XFKDĝZLĊWHJR0HUHĪNRZVNLZF]HVQ\%LHUGLDMHZRGQDM- GXMąFZQLHMX]DVDGQLHQLHGODHW\NLWZyUF]RĞFL%LHUGLDMHZF]\QLKLOL]PXHXUR- SHMVNLHJRGRMU]Dá\5R]DQRZ2WyĪZVZHMSyĨQHM$SRNDOLSVLHQDV]\FKF]DVyZ
±QDV]P\ĞOLFLHOZ\ZRG]LMHV]F]HUDG\NDOQLHMQLĪ1LHW]VFKHNRU]H- QLHQLKLOL]PX]VDPHM(ZDQJHOLL7ZLHUG]LWXPLDQRZLFLHĪHNLHG\&KU\VWXVVWD- QąáSU]HGG\OHPDWHPF]\Z\EUDüWHQĞZLDWLVWRVRZDQLHSU]HPRF\F]\]UH]\JQR- ZDü]QLHJRLE\üEH]JU]HV]Q\PGRNRQDáWUDJLF]QHMSRP\áNL7HQVWDQáDWZRQD- ]ZDüQLHW\ONREáĊGHPDOHWHĪSRQLHW]VFKHDĔVNLHMGHNRQVWUXNFMLSRGVWDZLUyĪ- Q\FKIRUPNXOWXU\HXURSHMVNLHMQLKLOL]PHP$OERZLHPQLHMHVWZWHG\FRNROZLHN
SRWU]HEQHFKU]HĞFLMDQRPDQLSDĔVWZRDQLĞZLDWGRF]HVQ\F]\OLnicZRJyOH
2 UR]DQRZRZVNLHM SU]\QDOHĪQRĞFL GR ]ZROHQQLNyZ PRGHOX QLHNRQIURQWD- F\MQHJRĞZLDGF]\UyZQLHĪMHJRMXĪZVSRPQLDQHSU]HĞZLDGF]HQLHĪHSRPLPR
IDNWXLĪUHOLJLDLQDXNDRSLVXMąRGPLHQQHDVSHNW\U]HF]\ZLVWRĞFLWRMHGQDNSR- GREQLHZ\MDĞQLDMąWĊVDPąU]HF]\ZLVWRĞüSRVWĊSXMąFZHGáXJQRZRĪ\WQHM]DVDG\
Z\MDĞQLDQLDQDXNRZHJRZ\MDĞQLDüWRFR]QDQHSU]H]WRFRQLH]QDQH28
6800$5<
7KHDUWLFOHZULWWHQXVLQJVHYHUDOZRUNVDQGWKHSRVLWLRQRI9DVLO\5R]DQRYRQWKHUHODWLRQVKLS
EHWZHHQWKH&KULVWLDQUHOLJLRQDQGVFLHQFHZKLFKKDVEHHQFODVVL¿HGDVWKHQRQFRQIURQWDWLRQDOPR- GHO)XUWKHUDGLVFXVVLRQLVRIIHUHGRQWKHUDULW\RI5XVVLDQIDVFLQDWLRQZLWK$ULVWRWHOLDQSKLORVRSK\
DVLVDSSDUHQWLQKLVYLHZV
.H\ZRUGV&KULVWLDQLW\VFLHQFHWKHFRQIURQWDWLRQDODQGQRQFRQIURQWDWLRQDOPRGHORIWKHUH- lationship between religion and science
3RGDMĊ]D$13DUV]\Q5R]DQRZLQDXNDG]F\WV
27:5R]DQRZ$SRNDOLSVDQDV]\FKF]DVyZG]F\WV=REWHĪ+5DURW2GQLKLOL]PX
GR FKU]HĞFLMDĔVWZD +LVWRULD L ZVSyáF]HVQRĞü ILOR]RILF]QRUHOLJLMQHJR SU]H]Z\FLĊĪHQLD QLKLOL]PX
G]F\WV
282UyĪQLF\SRPLĊG]\VWDURĪ\WQ\PDQRZRĪ\WQ\PZ\MDĞQLDQLHPQDXNRZ\PSLVDáZ3ROVFH
6$PVWHUGDPVNLZSUDF\0LĊG]\KLVWRULąDPHWRGą1RZRĪ\WQHZ\MDĞQLDQLHSROHJDZáDĞQLH
MHJR]GDQLHPQDGąĪHQLXDE\Z\MDĞQLDüWRFR]QDQHSU]H]WRFRQLH]QDQHÄDZLĊF>MHVWWR@VSUR- ZDG]HQLHWHJRFREH]SRĞUHGQLRGDQHGRWHJRFRW\ONRÄREVHUZRZDOQH´FRVWDQRZLXNU\WąDUFKL- WHNWRQLNĊĞZLDWDEDGDQHJR.:\MDĞQLHQLHEĊG]LHW\POHSV]HLPÄJáĊELHM´EĊG]LHVLĊJDüZXNU\WąU]H- F]\ZLVWRĞü=RE0LĊG]\KLVWRULąDPHWRGą:DUV]DZDV