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Limnol. Rev. (2.015) 15, 119-127

DOI 10.2478/limre-2015-0013 DE GRUYTE9

OPEN

Spatial variation of the chemical composition of lake waters in the Tatra National Park

Anna Wolanin, Daria Chmielewska-Błotnicka, Łukasz Jelonkiewicz, Mirosław Żelazny

Institute of Geography and Spatial Management, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Cracow, Poland, e-mail:

anna.wolanin@uj.edu.pl

(corresponding author),

daria.chmielewska@uj.edu.pl

,

lukasz.jelonkiewicz@uj.edu.pl

,

miroslaw.zelazny@uj.edu.pl

Abstract: The aim of this study is to determine the factors affecting the spatial variation of the chemical composition of lake waters in the Tatra Mountains. In most cases, the lake waters are acidic and very dilute, with a low ionic content and low conductivity values. In general, HCO3- is the predominant anion and Ca2+ is the predominant cation in the chemical composition of the analysed water samples.

Among nutrients, NO3- is the dominant form of nitrogen, but also NH4+ may be found in lake waters. By using principal component analysis (PCA) two factors have been identified that explain 63.6% of the variation in the chemical composition of water. Factor 1, which explains 43.2% of the total variability, is associated with Ca2+, SO42-, HCO3-, Na+, pH and lake area and is related to weathering and atmospheric deposition. Factor 2 explains 20.4% of the total variability and is associated with Mg2+, K+, Cl- and with lake altitude.

In terms of chemical composition, based on the projection of cases of the first and second factor, the lakes in the Tatra Mountains may be divided into four groups, representing the following: lakes situated within the subalpine forest at the lowest altitude (<1300 m a.s.l.), characterized by medium mineralization (~14 mg dm-3) and the highest concentration of NH4+ and Cl- (Group I, 8 lakes); slightly alkaline lakes, with the lowest average acidification, medium mineralization (~31 mg dm-3) and the highest concentrations of Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, HCO3-, SO42-, and low concentrations of NO3- (Group II, 2 lakes); small lakes (<0.01 ha) located within the alpine meadow and the nival zones at high elevations with the lowest mean mineralization (~4.3 mg dm-3), with the highest ammonium contribution to the sum of ions among all lakes and the largest sensitivity to acidification (Group III, 13 lakes); large lakes with high mineralization and slightly acidic pH (Group IV, 26 lakes) and medium mineralization (~31 mg dm-3).

Key words: chemistry, Tatra National Park, principal component analysis

Introduction

The chemical composition of lakes in mountain areas is usually affected by natural conditions, such as geological structure, lithological cover, topogra- phy, climatic conditions, vegetation and soil proper- ties (Psenner and Catalan 1994; Marchetto et al. 1995).

Previous studies, especially Scandinavian ones, show that the lakes located in remote areas are particularly susceptible to anthropogenic impact (Skjelkvale and Wright 1998; Skjelkvale et al. 2001). In the highest parts of the Tatra Mountains, in the Tatra National Park, lakes are also subject to various forms of an- thropogenic pressure. The main threats towards the Tatra lakes include precipitation-related pollution (i.e.

acid rains), intensive mountaineering and the effect of mountain hostel infrastructure (Fott et al. 1994;

Kownacki et al. 1996; Kopacek et al. 2001; Kownacki and Łajczak 2002; Rzychoń and Worsztynowicz 2008;

Kurzyca et al. 2009).

Waters of the Tatra lakes have been studied since the late nineteenth century in terms of both their origin and hydrochemical parameters (Dziewul- ski 1880). In the last two decades of the twentieth cen- tury, the lake ecosystems were studied in the context of the impact of air pollution, acid rains and climatic changes on their quality. Geochemical and biological studies of high mountain lakes, including the Tatra lakes, were conducted within the projects AL:PE, MO- LAR, EMERGE (Mosello et al. 1995; The MOLAR Wa- ter Chemistry Group 1999).

The aim of this study was to determine the fac- tors affecting the spatial variability of the chemical composition of water in the Tatra lakes.

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120 Anna Wolanin, Daria Chmielewska-Błotnicka, Łukasz Jelonkiewicz, Mirosław Żelazny

Study area Methods

The Tatras are the highest mountains (Mount Gerlach 2655 m a.s.l.) in the Carpathians and are lo- cated on the border of Poland and Slovakia (Figure 1). They are mountains of Alpine orogeny and have a high-mountain nature. They are characterized by altitudinal zonation. The mean annual temperature decreases as altitude increases from 4 to 6°C at the foot to -2 and -4°C in the highest parts (Hess 1965).

Mean annual total precipitation is high and varies from 1,117.6 mm (Zakopane) to 1,797.7 mm (Kas- prowy Wierch / Mount Kasprowy) (Żmudzka 2010).

Five altitudinal zones can be distinguished: lower sub- alpine forest, upper subalpine forest, dwarf pine zone, alpine meadow zone and nival zone (Piękoś-Mirkowa and Mirek 1996). The geological structure is of belt character. The southern part forms the crystalline core and is built of igneous and metamorphic rocks. In contrast, the northern part (tatric and sub-tatric se- ries) is built of sedimentary rocks (Bac-Moszaszwili et al. 1979). The area of the Tatras is legally protected (Tatra National Park, UNESCO Biosphere Reserve, Natura 2000). The studied lakes are of glacial origin and the majority of them are located within the crys- talline core of the Tatras (Bac-Moszaszwili et al. 1979).

Hydrochemical surveys were conducted twice - in 2007 and 2008 - and 49 lakes in total in the Tatra National Park were considered. Temperature, pH and electrical conductivity (EC25oC) were measured during field work using Mutli 350i (WTW) meters equipped with a combined glass electrode with a gel electrolyte type POLYPLAST PRO (Hamilton) and LR-325/01 (WTW) conductivity sensor with constant k = 0.1.

Additionally, CPC 401 and CX 401 (Elmetron) meters with glass electrodes ERH-11 and conductivity cells CFT-201 (k = 0.1) and CDT-2 (Hydromet) with con- stant k = 0.45 were used in the field. Water samples were collected into polyethylene bottles with a volume of 0.5 dm3 at the lake shores or from their outflows.

pH and conductivity were measured again in the labo- ratory and the chemical composition of water was de- termined by ion chromatography in the Hydrochemi- cal Laboratory of the Institute of Geography and Spa- tial Management of the Jagiellonian University. Two chromatographic modules (DIONEX ICS-2000) ena- bled the simultaneous separation and determination of 14 ions: Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, NH4+, Li+, HCO3-, SO42-, Cl-, NO3-, NO2-, PO43-, F-, Br-. The gradient elution

(KOH) was used in the anion module equipped with

Fig. 1. Study area and spatial diversity of lake groups

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Spatial variation of the chemical composition of lake waters in the Tatra National Park 121

an AS18 column (2 mm) and suppressor ASRS 300 (2 mm), while isocratic elution (MSA) was used in the cation module equipped with a CS16 column (5 mm) and suppressor CSRS 300 (4 mm).

^e quality of the analytical results was checked using certified reference materials: AES-02 -a low pH acid rain sample; and Trois-94 -a coloured soft water from Quebec. For each sample the ionic balance was also calculated. Mineralization (TDS) was calculated as the sum of concentrations of determined ions ex- pressed in mg dm-3 Watersheds of the sub-catchments were identified based on mapping and geographical and morphological characteristics, i.e. area and alti- tude, geological structure and land cover, were deter- mined for lakes and their sub-catchments.

Statistical analyses were performed in STATIS- TICA 10. The interpretation of the chemical composi- tion of waters was conducted both for the ion con- centrations and their percentage contribution to the total ionic content. To organize the information on the chemical composition of lakes, waters were divid- ed into several types. ^e name of the hydrochemical types included ions whose share was >10% peq dm-3 in relation to the group of anions or cations. In order to determine the factors affecting the spatial variabil- ity in the chemical composition of waters, the princi- pal component analysis (PCA) was used, based on 12 parameters. Two parameters were related to the mor- phometric characteristics of lakes: altitude (m a.s.l.) and area (ha), while the remaining variables were pH and concentration of Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, HCO3-, SO42-, Cl-, NO3-, F-. Calculations were performed using standardized and normalized data. Cattells scree test was used to limit the number of analysed factors (Cat- tell 1966). ^e analysis was performed on both the ion concentrations (mg dm-3) and their relative contribu- tion to the total ionic content (peq dm-3).

Results

In terms of the natural characteristics, the ana- lysed lakes are extremely different. ^e largest group consists of the lakes with a small area up to 0.01 ha (47%); the second group is formed by slightly larger lakes - from 0.01 to 1 ha - 30.6%; while the lakes with an area >1 ha constitute 22.5%. Morskie Oko (34.93 ha) is the largest lake, while the Mnichowe and Sz- piglasowe Stawki lakes are the smallest ones. Topo- rowy Stawek No. 4 is located at the lowest elevation (1093 m a.s.l.), and the highest is Zadni Mnichowy

Stawek (2070 m a.s.l.). As regards the area land cover of the sub-catchments, the lakes are mostly located within the alpine tundra zone (Table 1).

The analysis of the chemical composition of the Tatra lake waters showed a significant variation in the ion concentrations (mg dm-3) and their rela- tive contribution to the total ionic content (Table 2).

The chemical composition of waters is dominated by HCO3- among anions (34.63% peq dm-3) and by Ca2+ among cations (38.20% peq dm-3). Large variability among cations was observed, especially in the case of Mg2+ as shown by the coefficient of variation (Cv = 183.2%), SO42- and nitrogen compounds. Among nu- trients, mineral nitrogen in the form of NO3- and less often NH4+ is usually found in the lake waters. ^e ma- jority of lake waters are acidic, which is confirmed by numerous studies of the Tatra lakes (Rzychoń 1998, 2009; Fott 1994; Kopacek et al. 2001; Rzychoń and Worsztynowicz 2008). The values of pH of lake wa- ters ranged from 4.61 to 7.40 and the median value was 6.15 pH units. ^ese lakes are characterized by extremely dilute waters, with conductivity values be- tween 5.6 and 39.2 pS cm-1. ^e contribution of nitro- gen compounds to the total ionic content reached up to 18.77% peq dm-3 in the case of NH4+ and 12.77%

peq dm-3 for NO3-.

In terms of hydrochemical properties, the lake waters belong to 11 hydrochemical types (Table 3).

^ese are simple or complex waters, from two- to five- ion. The most common types include complex three- ion waters: HCO3-SO4-Ca (32.7%) and waters belong- ing to a simple, two-ion type HCO3-Ca (30.6%). It is noteworthy that also nutrients, even though present in low concentrations, are part of some hydrochemi- cal types, forming unusual types with ions of anthro- pogenic origin, e.g.: HCO3-SO4-NO3-Ca, HCO3-Ca- NH4. Due to low pH and extremely low mineralization of water, an element related to the H+ ion appeared in the hydrochemical type of water in several lakes (e.g.

HCO3-SO4-H-Ca).

Principal component analysis (PCA) based on ion concentrations and environmental variables enabled the determination of two independent fac- tors that explain most (63.6%) of the total variability (Table 4). Factor 1 explains 43.2% of the total variabi- lity and is associated with Ca2+, SO42-, HCO3-, Na+, pH and lake area. Ca2+, HCO3- and Na+ ions are related to the natural processes of weathering. Na+ and Ca2+ ions originate from the chemical weathering of alumi- nosilicates, e.g. quartz diorite, granite, sienna granite

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Lake Valley

Area Elevation

[a] [m a.s.l.]

Czarny Pięciu Stawów meadows 1270.0 1891

Mały Pięciu Stawów meadows 18.0 1664

to the north of Wielki Pięciu Stawów meadows 0.1 1696

Przedni Pięciu Stawów meadows 770.0

1668

Stara Koleba Pięciu Stawów meadows 0.5 1781

Szpiglasowy 1 Pięciu Stawów meadows 0.1 1774

Szpiglasowy 2 Pięciu Stawów meadows 0.1 1774

Szpiglasowy 3 Pięciu Stawów meadows 0.1 1990

Szpiglasowy 4 Pięciu Stawów meadows 0.1 1774

Wielki Pięciu Stawów meadows 3414.0 1553

Zadni Pięciu Stawów bare rock 647.0 1668

Siwy (Northern) Kościeliska meadows 4.6 1722

Siwy (Southern) Kościeliska meadows 3.7 1725

Smreczyński Kościeliska forests 75.0

1226

Zadni Mnichowy Rybiego Potoku bare rock 0.4 1863

Czarny Staw Rybiego Potoku meadows 2064.0 1470

Mnichowy 1 Rybiego Potoku meadows 0.3 1779

Mnichowy 2 Rybiego Potoku meadows 0.3 1836

Mnichowy 3 Rybiego Potoku meadows 0.3 1795

Mnichowy 4 Rybiego Potoku meadows 0.3 1825

Mnichowy 5 Rybiego Potoku meadows 0.3 1854

Mnichowy 6 Rybiego Potoku meadows 0.3 1831

Mnichowy 7 Rybiego Potoku meadows 0.3 1516

Mnichowy 8 Rybiego Potoku meadows 0.3 1858

Morskie Oko Rybiego Potoku dwarf 3493.0 1516

Na Kopkach Rybiego Potoku meadows 0.6 1794

Pod Wołoszynem Rybiego Potoku forests 1.0 1244

Staszica (Northern) Rybiego Potoku meadows 0.1 1625

Czarny Sucha Woda dwarf 1794.0 1575

Czerwony Pańszczycki Sucha Woda dwarf 30.0 1652

Czerwony Pańszczycki Sucha Woda dwarf 30.0 1653

Czerwony (Eastern) Sucha Woda meadows 15.0 1700

Czerwony (Western) Sucha Woda meadows 27.0 1697

Długi Sucha Woda meadows 156.4 1624

Dwoisty (Eastern) Sucha Woda dwarf 141.0 1652

Dwoisty (Western) Sucha Woda dwarf 90.0 1656

Kurtkowiec Sucha Woda dwarf 153.6 1095

Litworowy Sucha Woda dwarf 40.7 1620

above Zadni Sucha Woda bare rock

0.1 1881

Samotniak Sucha Woda dwarf 0.1 1594

Toporowy 1 Sucha Woda forests 0.1 1133

Toporowy 2 Sucha Woda forests

0.1

1129

Toporowy 3 Sucha Woda forests 3,0 1123

Toporowy 4 Sucha Woda forests 61.7 1093

Trójniak Sucha Woda dwarf 0.01 1620

Zadni Sucha Woda meadows 51.5 1856

Zielony Sucha Woda dwarf 376.4 1679

Zmarzły Sucha Woda bare rock 28.0 1794

Waksmundzkie Rówienki Waksmundzka forests 0.1 1278

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Feature Unit Mean Median Min Max Q25% Q75% CV [%]

EC25°C pS cm- 1 17.77 15.28 5.56 39.20 11.55 23.70 51.55

TDS mg dm- 3 13.78 12.90 2.80 32.44 6.96 19.32 61.63

PH 5.42 6.15 4.61 7.40 5.19 6.99 14.74

Ca2+ 2.551 2.447 0.241 7.378 0.739 3.415 73.41

Mg2+

0.258 0.105 0.034 2.354 0.084 0.156

183.22

Na+ 0.338 0.354 0.066 0.601 0.250 0.418

40.24

K+ 0.172 0.133 0.046

0.820 0.111 0.180 72.22

NH/ E 0.138 0.042 0.002 1.159 0.018 0.210 159.01

HCO3- 7.789 6.031 1.077 21.503 2.302 11.055 76.31

SO42- 1.590 1.544 0.560 3.056 1.040 1.982 37.86

Cl- 0.200 0.158 0.043 0.589 0.129 0.246 53.69

NO3- 0.688 0.631 0.001 1.925 0.100 1.183 93.66

F- 0.0181 0.0174 0.0003 0.0497 0.0115 0.0231 48.75

H+ 2.41 0.30 0.01 12.17 0.02 4.50 143.45

Ca2+ 32.01 38.20 13.75 44.86 21.06 41.48 34.26

Mg2+ 5.08 3.24 1.16 24.16 2.43 4.16 101.54

Na+ 5.12 4.64 1.39 15.89 3.21 5.57 54.87

K+ E 1.85 1.06 0.28 6.13 0.79 1.93 91.96

NH4+ 3 4 2 0.77 0.02 18.77 0.20 5.03 139.50

HCO3- .0 31.98 34.63 14.86 43.28 25.82 37.64 24.16

SO42- 11.71 10.85 3.11 23.02 7.62 14.83 45.34

Cl- 2.39 1.36 0.38 8.76 0.85 3.06 88.52

NO3- 3.32 1.78 0.00 12.77 0.58 5.83 101.28

F- 0.34 0.32 0.01 0.89 0.18 0.45 55.67

Hydrochemical types N [%

] Cumulative [%]

HCO3 - Ca 15 30.6 30.6

HCO3 1 O C O 't 1 O (0

16 32.7 63.3

HCO3 0 1 5 10.2 73.5

HCO3 - SO4 - Ca - NH4

4 4 3 6.1 79.6

HCO3 - Ca - NH4 2 4.1 83.7

HCO3 - SO4 - Ca - Na 2 4.1 87.8

HCO3 - SO4 - NO3 - Ca 2 4.1 91.8

HCO3 - SO4 - Ca - Mg 1 2.0 93.9

HCO3 1 O C 0 't 1 X 1 O (0

1 2.0 95.9

HCO3

- SO4 - H - Ca - Na 1 2.0 98.0

HCO3 - SO - H - Ca - NH.

4 4 1 2.0 100.0

Features Factor 1 Factor 2

area of lakes (ha) -0.65 0.23

elevation (m a.s.l.) 0.08 0.57

PH -0.83 0.22

Ca2+ -0.94 -0.11

Mg2+ -0.48 -0.73

Na+ -0.82 -0.07

K+ 0.12 -0.77

HCO3- -0.83 -0.38

SO42- -0.84 -0.01

Cl- 0.29 -0.74

NO3- -0.67 0.43

F- -0.58 -0.08

Accounted variance [%] 43.2 20.4

Spatial variation of the chemical composition of lake waters in the Tatra National Park 123

Table 2. Characteristics of physico-chemical parameters of lakes (n = 49)

Table 3. Diversity of hydrochemical types of lakes Table 4. Factor matrix and accounted variance

Cumulative variance [%] 43.2 63.6

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Feature [mg dm-3] Group

I Group

II Group III Group IV

Mean 13.7

4 31.47 4.33 17.15

Mineralizatio

n Mi

n 6.96 31.20 2.80 8.51

Max 19.5

6 31.74 10.78 32.44

Mean 1.82 3.45 0.48 3.74

Ca2+ Mi

n 0.63 3.42 0.24 1.66

Max 2.89 3.48 1.40 7.38

Mean 0.46 2.32 0.06 0.13

Mg2+ Mi

n 0.10 2.29 0.03 0.07

Max 1.12 2.35 0.13 0.30

Mean 0.33 0.48 0.17 0.41

Na+ Mi

n 0.13 0.46 0.07 0.29

Max 0.53 0.50 0.35 0.60

Mean 0.32 0.39 0.15 0.12

K+ Mi

n 0.14 0.37 0.05 0.08

Max 0.82 0.41 0.24 0.18

Mean 0.43 0.15 0.17 0.03

NH4+ Mi

n 0.03 0.09 0.02 0.00

Max 1.16 0.21 0.49 0.23

Mean 8.44 21.26 1.92 9.49

HCO3- Mi

n 2.30 21.02 1.08 3.07

Max 13.4

5 21.50 6.95 20.57

Mean 1.22 3.03 0.99 1.89

SO42-

Min 0.56 3.00 0.56 1.39

Max 2.25 3.06 1.50 2.77

Mean 0.36 0.22 0.20 0.15

Cl- Mi

n 0.15 0.20 0.04 0.08

Max 0.59 0.25 0.35 0.28

Mean 0.22 0.15 0.14 1.15

NO3- Mi

n 0.00 0.12 0.00 0.17

Max 0.73 0.17 0.94 1.92

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Spatial variation of the chemical composition of lake waters in the Tatra National Park 125

Group (IV) comprises a group of 26 large lakes (e.g.

Morskie Oko, Czarny Staw), characterized by slightly acidic pH and high mineralization. Among ions, Ca2+, NO3- and F- show the greatest mean concentration;

this group also shows high concentrations of HCO3-, SO42- and a low concentration of Mg2+, K+, NH4+, Cl-. The average hydrochemical type of lake waters is HCO3-Ca. Additionally, the HCO3-SO4-Ca type of waters occurs frequently and yet only NO3- happens to be the type-forming ion.

Discussion

The chemical composition of the Tatra lakes is characterized by extremely dilute waters, with low buffer capacity and the highest concentrations of main ions associated with shallow hypergenic circulation.

The Tatra crystalline core has low water permeability as it is cracked only to the depth of 20-30 m (Chow- aniec 2009). Therefore, water circulation in crystalline formations occurs only in the shallow, surface crack zone. There is no common reservoir of underground water but many separate slitlike systems. Because of the high inclination of the mountain sides, water cir- culation is fast, so any longer water retention in the covers is inhibited. Some small water-bearing systems were formed within glacial moraines and fluvioglacial structures (Ziemońska 1966, 1973, 1974; Łajczak 1988, 1996; Małecka 1989). Very low ionic concentrations in lake waters result from the resistance of crystalline rocks to weathering (Oleksynowa 1970; Łajczak 2006;

Małecka et al. 2007; Chowaniec 2009). Low levels of ion concentration in lake waters have also been ob- served in other mountain regions, e.g. in Scandina- via (Camerero et al. 2009). The literature concerning the Tatra Mountains has demonstrated that lakes are usually acidic (pH <7) (Rzychoń 1998, 2009; Kopacek et al. 2004; Kopacek et al. 2006; Stuchlik et al. 2006).

Studies have shown that although acidic water pre- vails, still 20% of lake waters are not acidified. This ap- plies especially to large lakes belonging to group IV, in which 35% is represented by water of slightly alkaline pH (>7 pH). In other mountain regions of Europe (the Alps) and South America (Patagonia) lake waters are predominantly alkaline (Rogora et al. 2008; Camerero et al. 2009). Lakes in group III are entirely different in terms of acidification, as all waters in this group were acidic with pH <5.40. Among cations, regardless of the type, Ca2+ occurs usually in the highest concen- tration, and then depending on the lithology, there is

much lower concentration of Mg2+ (group I and II) or Na+ (group III and IV). In the study of Camarero at al. (2009) it was shown that calcium is the dominant cation in the lake waters in Europe and also depends on the lithology. It needs to be stressed that in lakes belonging to groups I and II the relevance of Mg2+ is greater than that of Na+, whereas the ratio is different in lakes of groups III and IV. Lithological-mineralogi- cal studies of granitoids of the High Tatras conducted by Gawęda (2008); Burda and Gawęda (2009) showed that these rocks are characterized by a high proportion of sodium while there are virtually no magnesium- containing minerals. Thus, the fact that the concentra- tion of sodium exceeds the concentration of magne- sium in lake waters results from lithological features.

It is worth noting that only in group II is Mg2+ more important in the chemical composition of water than Ca2+. This is an extremely rare hydrochemical relation, considering that the analysed waters are very low min- eralized. Magnesium in the Western Tatras is probably of amphibolite origin, which can be verified on the Geological map of the Tatra Mountains on a scale 1 : 50 000 (Nemcok et al. 1994). Studies by Gawęda (2001) showed that the concentration of magnesium in the Western Tatras is high in the mica group (e.g. biotite, muscovite), and it is particularly high in the pegma- tite segregation in alaskites of the Starorobociański Wierch (Mount Starorobociański) and in chlorites of biotite alaskite from the Western Tatras, e.g. on Ornak Ridge (MgO 10.86-11.71%). Studies by Żelazny (2012) showed that the rCa2+/rMg2+ ratio in the spring wa- ters draining metamorphic rocks in some areas of the western Tatras (e.g. the slope of Czubik in the catch- ment of Jarząbczy Potok) is less than one, i.e. in terms of equivalence there is more Mg2+ than Ca2+. Thus, a source of magnesium is associated with the lithologi- cal and mineral structure of metamorphic rocks of some parts of the Western Tatras. Probably high con- centrations of K+ were observed in lakes located in the forest zone, which should be associated with the organic matter decomposition. Various studies em- phasized that K+ ions originated from the decomposi- tion of organic matter and from soil (Avila et al. 1992;

Likens et al. 1994). The sequence of anion concen- trations is typically represented by the order: HCO3-

>SO42->Cl->NO3- except for waters from the group IV, in which the concentrations of NO3- are greater than Cl-. The chemical composition of lake waters in the upper parts of the Tatras depends only to a small extent on soil cover, due the lack of it or to the fact

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126 Anna Wolanin, Daria Chmielewska-Błotnicka, Łukasz Jelonkiewicz, Mirosław Żelazny

that soils are poorly developed. Also within the sub- catchments of lakes there is virtually no vegetation.

What mainly influences the chemical composition of the lakes in this group is atmospheric deposition. A similar relationship was found in Camareros research (Camarero et al. 2009), where the source of NO3- and NH4+ ions was also related to atmospheric deposition.

The observed elevated concentrations of nutrients, es- pecially NH4+ and NO3- in lakes located at high eleva- tions above sea level are usually the result of poor as- similation of those ions by plants. When atmospheric deposition exceeds the uptake capacity by plants and microorganisms, the NO3- excess is leached into water and increases its acidity (Rzychoń 2009). On the other hand, the group of lakes located within the alpine for- est contains lower concentrations of NO3- ions due to the vegetation-related uptake. Plants, by taking up nitrogen compounds cause the release of H+ and OH- ions, thus increasing acidification of soil and water (Rzychoń 2009). Kopacek et al. (2006) noted that the poorer the vegetation and soil cover, the greater the concentration of NO3-. High concentrations of NO3-

were recorded in waters of large lakes, such as Morskie Oko, Czarny and Zielony Staw Gąsienicowy as well as Czarny Staw Pod Rysami. Perhaps this is the result of conducting the studies in late summer, when the plant demand for nitrogen is not as high as in spring or early summer. The environmental pressure associated with massive tourism probably has a certain effect on the nitrogen concentration. It is also worth noting that the stock of fish in lakes, which results in an increased fertility of the Tatra lakes, is an additional aspect af- fecting the increase in nutrient concentration in Mor- skie Oko, Czarny and Zielony Staw Gąsienicowy and Kurtkowiec (Kownacki et al. 1996).

Conclusion

The analysis of the chemical composition of lake waters in the Tatra National Park showed sig- nificant spatial variation of pH, level of mineraliza- tion and ionic concentrations as well as their structure expressed by hydrochemical types. Two independent main factors, determined by PCA, explain ~63.6% of the total variability of the chemical composition of lake waters. Of the two morphometric features con- sidered in the analysis, lake size is more strictly associ- ated (factor 1) with ion concentration and pH value of water. The second environmental variable affecting ion concentration is the ordinate of its altitude, which

is strictly negatively associated with the concentration of magnesium, chlorides and potassium. This factor, strongly differentiating chemical composition of lake waters, can be called the lithological one. The distin- guished four groups of lakes revealed the differences in the chemical composition of lake waters, result- ing from the geological structure and the lithology in particular. It is worth noting that the generalization of the chemical composition allows subtle differences to be identified in the chemical composition of water resulting from different geological structure. Frequent occurrence of hydrochemically atypical waters is as- sociated with extremely low concentrations of main ions. In these cases small changes in their concentra- tions, also of the mineral forms of nitrogen (NO3- , NH4+), result in the creation of many hydrochemical types that are rare in nature. This mosaic variation of the chemical composition of water is, however, of a natural character.

References

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