Vol. 15, No. 2008
Vol. 15, No. 2008
1 Department of Grassland, Agricultural University of Krakow, al. A. Mickiewicza 21, 31–120 Kraków, Department of Grassland, Agricultural University of Krakow, al. A. Mickiewicza 21, 31–120 Kraków, Poland, email: rrgolab@cyf-kr.edu.pl
Poland, email: rrgolab@cyf-kr.edu.pl
Beata GRYGIERZEC Beata GRYGIERZEC1
EFFECT OF CULTIVATION MEASURES ON CR, PB, CD EFFECT OF CULTIVATION MEASURES ON CR, PB, CD AND NI CONCENTRATIONS IN PERMANENT GRASSLAND AND NI CONCENTRATIONS IN PERMANENT GRASSLAND
SWARD SWARD
WPŁYW ZABIEGÓW PRATOTECHNICZNYCH NA ZAWARTOŚCI WPŁYW ZABIEGÓW PRATOTECHNICZNYCH NA ZAWARTOŚCI CR, PB, CD ORAZ NI W RUNI TRWAŁYCH UŻYTKÓW ZIELONYCH CR, PB, CD ORAZ NI W RUNI TRWAŁYCH UŻYTKÓW ZIELONYCH
Summary:
Summary: The research comprised two experiments conducted in the years 1999–2002 on a permanent The research comprised two experiments conducted in the years 1999–2002 on a permanent grassland at Czarny Potok village near Krynica (650 m a.s.l.). The fi rst experiment was used for haying, grassland at Czarny Potok village near Krynica (650 m a.s.l.). The fi rst experiment was used for haying, whereas the second one for pasturing. Four variants were used in the experiments: control; P
whereas the second one for pasturing. Four variants were used in the experiments: control; P1818K6666; N; N8080P1818K6666; ; N120120P1818K6666.
The goal of the experiments was to determine changes of chromium, lead, cadmium and nickel contents The goal of the experiments was to determine changes of chromium, lead, cadmium and nickel contents in the sward of permanent grasslands as a result of use and as an effect of applied fertilization.
in the sward of permanent grasslands as a result of use and as an effect of applied fertilization.
On the other hand as a result of fertilization only with phosphorus and potassium, the content of lead On the other hand as a result of fertilization only with phosphorus and potassium, the content of lead and cadmium increased in the mountain meadow vegetation, whereas chromium and nickel concentrations and cadmium increased in the mountain meadow vegetation, whereas chromium and nickel concentrations decreased. Nitrogen fertilization against the background of P
decreased. Nitrogen fertilization against the background of P1818K6666 increased the quantities of chromium, increased the quantities of chromium, lead and cadmium. On the other hand, nickel was the only element whose quantity was diminishing under lead and cadmium. On the other hand, nickel was the only element whose quantity was diminishing under infl uence of greater doses of nitrogen fertilization. The use of pasturing and mineral fertilization were causing infl uence of greater doses of nitrogen fertilization. The use of pasturing and mineral fertilization were causing a systematic increase in the content of the analysed trace elements.
a systematic increase in the content of the analysed trace elements.
Keywords:
Keywords: method of use, fertilization, trace elements, Cr, Pb, Cd, Ni method of use, fertilization, trace elements, Cr, Pb, Cd, Ni
Means of transport are the common and main source of trace elements in soil and Means of transport are the common and main source of trace elements in soil and plants. Trace elements present in dust often fi nd their way to soil and plants with pre- plants. Trace elements present in dust often fi nd their way to soil and plants with pre- cipitation but also with dry deposition, penetrating various food chain links. Irrespec- cipitation but also with dry deposition, penetrating various food chain links. Irrespec- tive of the source of their origin, these elements occurring in excessive amounts pose tive of the source of their origin, these elements occurring in excessive amounts pose a grave hazard for plants, animals and humans [1]. Research focused on the trace ele- a grave hazard for plants, animals and humans [1]. Research focused on the trace ele- ment impact on plants has revealed their negative infl uence on a number of basic meta- ment impact on plants has revealed their negative infl uence on a number of basic meta- bolic and physiological processes [2–4]. However, so far no research has concerned the bolic and physiological processes [2–4]. However, so far no research has concerned the effect of essential cultivation measures on the quantity of trace elements in meadow–
effect of essential cultivation measures on the quantity of trace elements in meadow–
pasture vegetation. Therefore, the present paper aimed at determining the infl uence of pasture vegetation. Therefore, the present paper aimed at determining the infl uence of land use and fertilization on the contents of chromium, lead, cadmium and nickel, in land use and fertilization on the contents of chromium, lead, cadmium and nickel, in sward permanent grasslands.
sward permanent grasslands.
Materials and methods Materials and methods
The study comprised two experiments conducted in 1999–2002. They were localised The study comprised two experiments conducted in 1999–2002. They were localised on a permanent grassland at Czarny Potok near Krynica (650 m a.s.l.), on acid brown on a permanent grassland at Czarny Potok near Krynica (650 m a.s.l.), on acid brown soil developed from the Magura sandstone with granular size composition of light sandy soil developed from the Magura sandstone with granular size composition of light sandy loam (sand 1–0.1 mm – 40 %; silt 0.1–0.02 mm – 37 %; fl oatable particles < 0.02 mm loam (sand 1–0.1 mm – 40 %; silt 0.1–0.02 mm – 37 %; fl oatable particles < 0.02 mm – 23 %). Chemical characteristic in state initial
– 23 %). Chemical characteristic in state initial of the soil was as fallows: pHof the soil was as fallows: pHKClKCl – 4.1, – 4.1, organic C content 25.4 and total nitrogen 2.9 g · kg
organic C content 25.4 and total nitrogen 2.9 g · kg−1−1 of the soil and available P – 14, of the soil and available P – 14, K – 66, Mg – 56 g · kg
K – 66, Mg – 56 g · kg−1−1 of the soil. State after 3 year utilization and fertilization chemical of the soil. State after 3 year utilization and fertilization chemical characteristic of the soil was as fallows: pH
characteristic of the soil was as fallows: pHKCl KCl – 4.3, organic C content 19.8, total nitro-– 4.3, organic C content 19.8, total nitro- gen 3.7 g · kg
gen 3.7 g · kg−1−1 of the soil and available P – 10, K – 83 and Mg – 47 g · kg of the soil and available P – 10, K – 83 and Mg – 47 g · kg−1−1 of the soil. of the soil.
The experiments were set up using the randomised block method in four replications.
The experiments were set up using the randomised block method in four replications.
The fi rst experiment was used for hay and each year plants were harvested twice during The fi rst experiment was used for hay and each year plants were harvested twice during the vegetation season from the area of 12 m
the vegetation season from the area of 12 m2 at the earing stage of the dominant spe- at the earing stage of the dominant spe- cies. The other experiment was used for pasture, grazed with a fl ock of mountain sheep cies. The other experiment was used for pasture, grazed with a fl ock of mountain sheep four times during the vegetation period. The pasture quarters were grazed for three days four times during the vegetation period. The pasture quarters were grazed for three days in the case of the fi rst and second regrowth and for two days in the case of the third and in the case of the fi rst and second regrowth and for two days in the case of the third and fourth regrowth. The plot area was 20 m
fourth regrowth. The plot area was 20 m2.
The experiments comprised three fertilizer variants: P
The experiments comprised three fertilizer variants: P1818K6666, N, N8080P1818K66, 66, N120120P1818K66 66 and the control. In the fi rst experiment the control was provided by objects cut twice, and the control. In the fi rst experiment the control was provided by objects cut twice, whereas in the second experiment the objects were grazed four times but did not receive whereas in the second experiment the objects were grazed four times but did not receive mineral treatment.
mineral treatment.
Mineral fertilization contained phosphorus applied once in spring in the amount of Mineral fertilization contained phosphorus applied once in spring in the amount of 18 kg P · ha
18 kg P · ha−1−1, potassium in two equal doses of 33 kg K · ha, potassium in two equal doses of 33 kg K · ha−1 −1 under the fi rst and second under the fi rst and second regrowth in the fi rst experiment and under the fi rst and third regrowth in the second.
regrowth in the fi rst experiment and under the fi rst and third regrowth in the second.
Nitrogen was applied in two doses: 80 and 120 kg N · ha
Nitrogen was applied in two doses: 80 and 120 kg N · ha−1−1, which in the hay experiment , which in the hay experiment was divided into two parts: 60 % under the fi rst and 40 % under the second regrowth. In was divided into two parts: 60 % under the fi rst and 40 % under the second regrowth. In the second experiment nitrogen doses were divided into four equal doses applied under the second experiment nitrogen doses were divided into four equal doses applied under each regrowth.
each regrowth.
Yielding of the sward used for hay production was assessed by cutting plants from Yielding of the sward used for hay production was assessed by cutting plants from the 12 m
the 12 m2 plots, whereas the sward used as pasture was cut from 1 m plots, whereas the sward used as pasture was cut from 1 m2 of each plot prior of each plot prior to each grazing. Detailed data concerning sward yielding were compiled in the paper by to each grazing. Detailed data concerning sward yielding were compiled in the paper by Grygierzec and Radkowski [5]. Chemical analysis was performed on the mean weight- Grygierzec and Radkowski [5]. Chemical analysis was performed on the mean weight- ed dry matter samples from individual plant organs. Crushed plant material was dry ed dry matter samples from individual plant organs. Crushed plant material was dry mineralised in a muffl e furnace (at 450 °C for 5 hours) [6]. The obtained ash was then mineralised in a muffl e furnace (at 450 °C for 5 hours) [6]. The obtained ash was then dissolved (hot) in nitric acid (1 : 2) and transferred to volumetric fl asks. In the sam- dissolved (hot) in nitric acid (1 : 2) and transferred to volumetric fl asks. In the sam- ples prepared in this way the element concentrations (Cr, Pb, Cd and Ni) were assessed ples prepared in this way the element concentrations (Cr, Pb, Cd and Ni) were assessed using the ICP-AES method by the JY 238 Ultrace apparatus. The determinations were using the ICP-AES method by the JY 238 Ultrace apparatus. The determinations were carried out in four replications.
carried out in four replications.
Annual precipitation totals fl uctuated between 1136 and 1332 mm and mean annual Annual precipitation totals fl uctuated between 1136 and 1332 mm and mean annual precipitation totals for the six-month period (April-September) ranged from 671–970 mm.
precipitation totals for the six-month period (April-September) ranged from 671–970 mm.
Mean annual air temperatures in the years of the research ranged between 5.6 and Mean annual air temperatures in the years of the research ranged between 5.6 and 6.8 °C, and between 12 and 13
6.8 °C, and between 12 and 13 °C during the growing season.°C during the growing season.
The value of standard deviation (Sd) and the variability coeffi cient (V) were calcu- The value of standard deviation (Sd) and the variability coeffi cient (V) were calcu- lated for the element concentrations in the pasture sward.
lated for the element concentrations in the pasture sward.
The paper gives mean results for the three-year period of utilization.
The paper gives mean results for the three-year period of utilization.
Results and discussion Results and discussion
Mean weighed contents of four analysed elements in meadow and pasture vegetation Mean weighed contents of four analysed elements in meadow and pasture vegetation were diversifi ed and depended on the land use, amount of nitrogen fertilization and the were diversifi ed and depended on the land use, amount of nitrogen fertilization and the year in which the assessment was made (Table 1–2). Vegetation used for hay (twice dur- year in which the assessment was made (Table 1–2). Vegetation used for hay (twice dur- ing the vegetation season) revealed the lowest mean weighed amount of the analysed el- ing the vegetation season) revealed the lowest mean weighed amount of the analysed el- ements in the second year of the research: from 0.52 (P
ements in the second year of the research: from 0.52 (P1818K6666) to 0.76 mg Cr · kg) to 0.76 mg Cr · kg−1−1 d.m.d.m.
(N
(N120120P1818K6666); from 0.27 (control) to 0.81 mg Pb · kg); from 0.27 (control) to 0.81 mg Pb · kg−1−1 d.m. (Nd.m. (N120120P1818K6666); between 0.29 ); between 0.29 (control) and 0.49 mg Cd · kg
(control) and 0.49 mg Cd · kg−1−1 d.m. (Nd.m. (N120120P1818K6666); from 1.49 (N); from 1.49 (N120120P1818K6666) to 1.79 mg ) to 1.79 mg Ni · kg
Ni · kg−1−1 d.m (control).d.m (control).
Table 1 Table 1 Average weigh content of Cr, Pb, Cd and Ni in meadow sward [mg · kg
Average weigh content of Cr, Pb, Cd and Ni in meadow sward [mg · kg−1−1 dry mass] dry mass]
Variant
Variant CrCr PbPb CdCd NiNi
1999
1999 20002000 20012001 19991999 20002000 20012001 19991999 20002000 20012001 19991999 20002000 20012001 Control
Control P1818K6666 N8080P1818K6666 N120120P1818K6666 Sd Sd V [%]
V [%]
0.71 0.71 0.69 0.69 0.80 0.80 0.84 0.84 0.07 0.07 9.4 9.4
0.70 0.70 0.52 0.52 0.73 0.73 0.76 0.76 0.11 0.11 15.9 15.9
0.85 0.85 0.75 0.75 1.20 1.20 1.30 1.30 0.27 0.27 26.0 26.0
0.59 0.59 0.72 0.72 0.83 0.83 0.92 0.92 0.14 0.14 18.6 18.6
0.27 0.27 0.41 0.41 0.79 0.79 0.81 0.81 0.27 0.27 47.7 47.7
1.25 1.25 1.36 1.36 1.43 1.43 1.59 1.59 0.14 0.14 10.1 10.1
0.32 0.32 0.43 0.43 0.51 0.51 0.67 0.67 0.15 0.15 30.5 30.5
0.29 0.29 0.32 0.32 0.40 0.40 0.49 0.49 0.09 0.09 23.9 23.9
0.43 0.43 0.49 0.49 0.60 0.60 0.71 0.71 0.12 0.12 22.2 22.2
1.91 1.91 1.72 1.72 1.63 1.63 1.56 1.56 0.15 0.15 8.9 8.9
1.79 1.79 1.64 1.64 1.60 1.60 1.49 1.49 0.12 0.12 7.6 7.6
2.32 2.32 1.95 1.95 1.83 1.83 1.67 1.67 0.28 0.28 14.2 14.2
Table 2 Table 2 Average weigh content of Cr, Pb, Cd and Ni in pasture sward [mg · kg
Average weigh content of Cr, Pb, Cd and Ni in pasture sward [mg · kg−1−1 dry mass] dry mass]
Variant
Variant CrCr PbPb CdCd NiNi
1999
1999 20002000 20012001 19991999 20002000 20012001 19991999 20002000 20012001 19991999 20002000 20012001 Control
Control P1818K6666 N8080P1818K6666 N120120P1818K6666 Sd Sd V [%]
V [%]
0.21 0.21 0.26 0.26 0.32 0.32 0.41 0.41 0.09 0.09 28.7 28.7
0.25 0.25 0.30 0.30 0.31 0.31 0.36 0.36 0.05 0.05 14.8 14.8
0.45 0.45 0.52 0.52 0.74 0.74 0.88 0.88 0.19 0.19 30.6 30.6
0.79 0.79 0.89 0.89 0.93 0.93 1.05 1.05 0.11 0.11 11.8 11.8
1.25 1.25 1.47 1.47 1.52 1.52 1.61 1.61 0.15 0.15 10.5 10.5
1.37 1.37 1.79 1.79 1.86 1.86 1.98 1.98 0.27 0.27 15.2 15.2
0.33 0.33 0.39 0.39 0.43 0.43 0.51 0.51 0.08 0.08 18.2 18.2
0.35 0.35 0.41 0.41 0.44 0.44 0.58 0.58 0.09 0.09 21.9 21.9
0.35 0.35 0.46 0.46 0.53 0.53 0.67 0.67 0.13 0.13 26.7 26.7
0.91 0.91 0.87 0.87 1.21 1.21 1.35 1.35 0.23 0.23 21.5 21.5
0.93 0.93 1.02 1.02 1.37 1.37 1.46 1.46 0.26 0.26 21.7 21.7
1.47 1.47 1.38 1.38 1.53 1.53 1.68 1.68 0.13 0.13 8.3 8.3 Sd – standard deviation; V [%] – coeffi ecient of variation
Sd – standard deviation; V [%] – coeffi ecient of variation
The use and fertilization caused an increase in the content of each element, so that The use and fertilization caused an increase in the content of each element, so that their highest amounts were registered in the third (fi nal) year of the research: from 0.75 their highest amounts were registered in the third (fi nal) year of the research: from 0.75 (P
(P1818K6666) to 1.30 mg Cr · kg) to 1.30 mg Cr · kg−1 −1 d.m.d.m.(N(N120120P1818K6666); between 1.25 (control) and 1.59 mg ); between 1.25 (control) and 1.59 mg Pb · kg
Pb · kg−1 −1 d.m. (Nd.m. (N120120P1818K6666); from 0.43 (control) to 0.71 mg Cd · kg); from 0.43 (control) to 0.71 mg Cd · kg−1 −1 d.m. (Nd.m. (N120120P1818K6666); );
from 1.67 (N
from 1.67 (N120120P1818K6666) to 2.32 mg Ni · kg) to 2.32 mg Ni · kg−1 −1 d.m. On the other hand, pasture vegetation d.m. On the other hand, pasture vegetation (used four times during the vegetation season) revealed the lowest amount of all analysed (used four times during the vegetation season) revealed the lowest amount of all analysed elements in the fi rst year of the research: between 0.21 (control) and 0.41 mg Cr · kg elements in the fi rst year of the research: between 0.21 (control) and 0.41 mg Cr · kg−1 −1 d.m.d.m.
(N
(N120120P1818K6666); from 0.79 (control) to 1.05 mg Pb · kg); from 0.79 (control) to 1.05 mg Pb · kg−1 −1 d.m. (Nd.m. (N120120P1818K6666); between 0.33 ); between 0.33 (control) and 0.51 mg Cd · kg
(control) and 0.51 mg Cd · kg−1 −1 d.m. (Nd.m. (N120120P1818K6666); from 0.91 (control) to 1.35 mg ); from 0.91 (control) to 1.35 mg
Ni · kg
Ni · kg−1−1 d.m. (N d.m. (N120120P1818K6666). Similarly to meadow vegetation, also pasture plants were the ). Similarly to meadow vegetation, also pasture plants were the most abundant in the above-mentioned elements and their contents were as follows: from most abundant in the above-mentioned elements and their contents were as follows: from 0.45 (control) to 0.88 mg Cr · kg
0.45 (control) to 0.88 mg Cr · kg−1 −1 d.m. (Nd.m. (N120120P1818K6666); between 1.37 (control) to 1.98 mg ); between 1.37 (control) to 1.98 mg Pb · kg
Pb · kg−1 −1 d.m. (Nd.m. (N120120P1818K6666); from 0.35 (control) to 0.67 mg Cd · kg); from 0.35 (control) to 0.67 mg Cd · kg−1 −1 d.m. (Nd.m. (N120120P1818K6666) and) and between 1.38 (P
between 1.38 (P1818K6666) to 1.68 mg Ni · kg) to 1.68 mg Ni · kg−1 −1 d.m. (Nd.m. (N120120P1818K6666).).
The results of chromium, lead and cadmium assessments in mountain meadow and The results of chromium, lead and cadmium assessments in mountain meadow and pasture vegetation obtained in the fi nal year of the experiments (2001) were similar to pasture vegetation obtained in the fi nal year of the experiments (2001) were similar to those registered by Baran et al [7] who investigated the contents of the above-mentioned those registered by Baran et al [7] who investigated the contents of the above-mentioned elements in plants growing on the grounds of the adjoining fuel station in Krakow.
elements in plants growing on the grounds of the adjoining fuel station in Krakow.
Therefore, the use and particularly systematic fertilization with nitrogen caused a result Therefore, the use and particularly systematic fertilization with nitrogen caused a result similar to fume pollution by traffi c and city transport.
similar to fume pollution by traffi c and city transport.
It is assumed that grassland forage should contain: < 20 mg Cr; ≤ 10 mg Pb; ≤ 0.5 mg It is assumed that grassland forage should contain: < 20 mg Cr; ≤ 10 mg Pb; ≤ 0.5 mg Cd · kg
Cd · kg−1 −1 d.m. [8–10]. In the presented experiments only the cadmium content was ex-d.m. [8–10]. In the presented experiments only the cadmium content was ex- ceeded in meadow plants under the N
ceeded in meadow plants under the N8080P1818K6666 and N and N120120P1818K6666 treatments in the fi rst and treatments in the fi rst and third year of the research, and also in pasture plants under the N
third year of the research, and also in pasture plants under the N8080P1818K6666 treatment in treatment in the third year and under the N
the third year and under the N120120P1818K6666 treatment in all years of the research. Kaba- treatment in all years of the research. Kaba- ta-Pendias [11] reports that the cadmium content in fodder plants is a sensitive indicator ta-Pendias [11] reports that the cadmium content in fodder plants is a sensitive indicator of the metal level in the environment, particularly in the atmospheric air, which is an of the metal level in the environment, particularly in the atmospheric air, which is an important source of this element. According to Bielińska [12] cadmium belongs to ele- important source of this element. According to Bielińska [12] cadmium belongs to ele- ments easily accumulating in plant tissues, therefore entering the food chain, but also its ments easily accumulating in plant tissues, therefore entering the food chain, but also its excessive quantities in the environment may cause disturbances in growth and develop- excessive quantities in the environment may cause disturbances in growth and develop- ment of plants.
ment of plants.
Conclusions Conclusions
1. Higher quantities of lead and cadmium but lower amounts of chromium and nickel 1. Higher quantities of lead and cadmium but lower amounts of chromium and nickel were assessed in the meadow sward under the P
were assessed in the meadow sward under the P1818K6666 treatment in comparison with the treatment in comparison with the control.
control.
2. Nitrogen fertilization against the background of the phosphorus–potassium treat- 2. Nitrogen fertilization against the background of the phosphorus–potassium treat- ment increased the contents of chromium, lead and cadmium in the meadow vegetation.
ment increased the contents of chromium, lead and cadmium in the meadow vegetation.
On the other hand nickel was the only element whose amount in the meadow sward was On the other hand nickel was the only element whose amount in the meadow sward was diminishing under the infl uence of greater doses of nitrogen fertilizers.
diminishing under the infl uence of greater doses of nitrogen fertilizers.
3. Pasture use and mineral fertilization caused systematic increase in the contents of 3. Pasture use and mineral fertilization caused systematic increase in the contents of the analyzed trace elements.
the analyzed trace elements.
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WPŁYW ZABIEGÓW PRATOTECHNICZNYCH NA ZAWARTOŚCI CR, PB, CD WPŁYW ZABIEGÓW PRATOTECHNICZNYCH NA ZAWARTOŚCI CR, PB, CD
ORAZ NI W RUNI TRWAŁYCH UŻYTKÓW ZIELONYCH ORAZ NI W RUNI TRWAŁYCH UŻYTKÓW ZIELONYCH
S t r e s z c z e n i e S t r e s z c z e n i e
Badania obejmowały dwa doświadczenia, które prowadzono w latach 1999–2002 na trwałym użytku Badania obejmowały dwa doświadczenia, które prowadzono w latach 1999–2002 na trwałym użytku zielonym w Czarnym Potoku koło Krynicy (650 m n.p.m.). Doświadczenie pierwsze użytkowano kośnie, zielonym w Czarnym Potoku koło Krynicy (650 m n.p.m.). Doświadczenie pierwsze użytkowano kośnie, a doświadczenie drugie – pastwiskowo. W doświadczeniach stosowano cztery warianty: kontrolę, P a doświadczenie drugie – pastwiskowo. W doświadczeniach stosowano cztery warianty: kontrolę, P1818K6666, N8080P1818K6666, N, N120120P1818K6666.
Celem przeprowadzonych badań było określenie zmian zawartości chromu, ołowiu, kadmu oraz niklu Celem przeprowadzonych badań było określenie zmian zawartości chromu, ołowiu, kadmu oraz niklu w runi trwałych użytków zielonych pod wpływem użytkowania i nawożenia.
w runi trwałych użytków zielonych pod wpływem użytkowania i nawożenia.
W runi łąkowej obiektu P
W runi łąkowej obiektu P1818K6666 w stosunku do runi łąkowej obiektu kontrolnego stwierdzono większą za- w stosunku do runi łąkowej obiektu kontrolnego stwierdzono większą za- wartość ołowiu oraz kadmu oraz mniejszą ilość chromu i niklu. Nawożenie azotem na tle nawożenia fosforo- wartość ołowiu oraz kadmu oraz mniejszą ilość chromu i niklu. Nawożenie azotem na tle nawożenia fosforo- wo-potasowego zwiększało w roślinności łąkowej zawartość chromu, ołowiu i kadmu. Nikiel natomiast, był wo-potasowego zwiększało w roślinności łąkowej zawartość chromu, ołowiu i kadmu. Nikiel natomiast, był jedynym pierwiastkiem, którego ilość w runi łąkowej malała pod wpływem zwiększonych dawek nawożenia jedynym pierwiastkiem, którego ilość w runi łąkowej malała pod wpływem zwiększonych dawek nawożenia azotowego. Użytkowanie pastwiskowe oraz nawożenie mineralne powodowało systematyczny wzrost zawar- azotowego. Użytkowanie pastwiskowe oraz nawożenie mineralne powodowało systematyczny wzrost zawar- tości analizowanych pierwiastków śladowych.
tości analizowanych pierwiastków śladowych.
Słowa kluczowe:
Słowa kluczowe: użytkowanie, nawożenie, zawartość, Cr, Pb, Cd, Niużytkowanie, nawożenie, zawartość, Cr, Pb, Cd, Ni
