Age re vi sion of Car bon if er ous rocks in the north ern part of the Intra-Sudetic Ba sin (SW Po land) based on miospore data
Anna GÓRECKA-NOWAK1, *, Adrianna JANKOWSKA1 and Jolanta MUSZER1
1 Uni ver sity of Wroc³aw, In sti tute of Geo log i cal Sci ences, Cybulskiego 30, 50-205 Wroc³aw, Po land
Górecka-Nowak, A., Jankowska, A., Muszer, J., 2021. Age re vi sion of Car bon if er ous rocks in the north ern part of the Intra-Sudetic Ba sin (SW Po land) based on miospore data. Geo log i cal Quar terly, 2021, 65: 8, doi: 10.7306/gq.1581 As so ci ate Ed i tor: Micha³ Zatoñ
Palynostratigraphic stud ies of the Car bon if er ous strata of the Szczawno and Wa³brzych for ma tions, out crop ping in the vi cin - ity of Wa³brzych in the north ern part of the Intra-Sudetic Ba sin, are re ported. Rocks of the Szczawno For ma tion in a sec tion near Konradów had ear lier been as signed to the Up per Visean, while rocks of the Wa³brzych For ma tion in the Bia³y Kamieñ sec tion were in cluded to the Lower Namurian [the Stenozonotriletes triangulus–Rotaspora knoxi (TK) Miospore Zone]. This study de scribes abun dant palynological ma te rial with many tax o nom i cally di verse miospore as sem blages from these rocks, al low ing pre cise palynostratigraphic con clu sions. These showed that the rocks of the Szczawno For ma tion stud ied should be re ferred to the lower part of the Serpukhovian [Verrucosisporites morulatus (Vm) Subzone], cor re lated with the low est Namurian, while rocks of the Wa³brzych For ma tion from Bia³y Kamieñ be long to the Lower Bashkirian [Lycospora subtriquetra–Cirratriradites rarus (SR) Subzone], cor re lated with the Up per Namurian A. These re sults in di cate that the rocks from both sec tions stud ied are youn ger than they were ear lier be lieved. This re vises the age of the Szczawno and Wa³brzych for ma tions in the north ern part of the Intra-Sudetic Ba sin which be long to four miospore zones, from Vm to SR, cor re spond ing to the Serpukhovian and low er most Bashkirian (Namurian A cor re spond ing to the Pendleian to Alportian of Brit ish chronostratigraphy).
Key words: miospores, palynostratigraphy, age re vi sion, Serpukhovian, Bashkirian, Namurian, Intra-Sudetic Ba sin.
INTRODUCTION
The study area is lo cated in the north ern part of the Intra- Sudetic Ba sin, called also the Intra-Sudetic Synclinorium (¯ela - Ÿnie wicz et al., 2011), which is a large Variscan intramontane ba sin lo cated in the Cen tral Sudetes (Fig. 1A). It is infilled with Car bon if er ous–Perm ian vol cano-sed i men tary rocks, which are over lain by Lower Tri as sic and Up per Cre ta ceous strata (e.g., Awdankiewicz et al., 2003). The geo log i cal ev i dence of the Car - bon if er ous age of rocks is good and the fossiliferous ma rine strata of the Szczawno For ma tion and the coal-bear ing Wa³brzych For ma tion are widely rec og nized lithostratigraphical units in this ba sin.
Geo log i cal stud ies of the Intra-Sudetic Ba sin started at the be gin ning of the 19th cen tury. The first ex plor atory works were con ducted by von Buch (1802) and Raumer (1819). This great geo log i cal re con nais sance of the Car bon if er ous rocks was as -
so ci ated with ex ploi ta tion of bi tu mi nous coal in mines of the Lower Silesian Coal Ba sin. At the be gin ning of the 20th cen tury some geo log i cal maps of this re gion were pub lished and ex pla - na tions to part of them con tained pre cise de scrip tions of Car - bon if er ous rocks and their di vi sion into lithostratigraphic units (Berg, 1921; Dathe and Finckh, 1924). Many geo log i cal stud ies on the Szczawno and Wa³brzych for ma tions were pub lished af - ter World War II. The ear li est of these were by Radwañski (1952), Teisseyre (1952, 1958) and ¯ak (1958). Sub se quently, the stud ies of Dziedzic (1960, 1968, 1971), Grocholski (1960, 1963, 1974), Grocholski and Augustyniak (1971), Teisseyre (1968, 1975), Nemec et al. (1982), Nemec (1984), Mastalerz and Porêbski (1987), Mastalerz (1987, 1995), Dziedzic and Teisseyre (1990), Bossowski et al. (1995) and Mastalerz and Prouza (1995) al lowed better geo log i cal rec og ni tion of these units, in clud ing in fer ences of sed i men tary en vi ron ment. Coal seams in the Wa³brzych For ma tion have also been stud ied pet - ro log i cally (Mastalerz, 1992; Nowak, 2000; Uglik and Nowak, 2015). The Wa³brzych area re mains of geo log i cal in ter est and our pres ent stud ies show that use ful new in for ma tion may be ob tained, to change the in ter pre ta tion of var i ous as pects of the rocks stud ied.
This pa per de scribes palynostratigraphic data from the Szczawno and Wa³brzych for ma tions, this method af ford ing an ac cu rate dat ing of Car bon if er ous rocks of both con ti nen tal and ma rine or i gin. Miospores are com mon in these rocks and de -
* Corresponding author, e-mail: anna.gorecka-nowak@uwr.edu.pl Received: August 31, 2020; accepted: November 24, 2020; first published online: March 10, 2021
tailed miospore zonations of the Car bon if er ous are avail able (Clay ton et al., 1977; Owens et al., 2004). In this study, new miospore data has al lowed re vi sion of the age of the rocks stud - ied.
Pre vi ous dat ing of the Szczawno For ma tion as Up per Visean has been based on ma rine macrofossils (¯akowa, 1958, 1960a, b, 1963). Palynostratigraphic anal y sis of these rocks has only re cently been made. Abun dant and tax o nom i - cally di verse miospore as sem blages, show ing that the rocks stud ied are youn ger than pre vi ously be lieved. These new re - sults from the Konradów sec tion (Fig. 1B) were noted by Muszer et al. (2016a) and in this pa per they are de scribed in de - tail. For the Wa³brzych For ma tion, new palynostratigraphic stu - d ies are lim ited to these parts of the Bia³y Kamieñ sec tion (Fig.
1B) not pre vi ously stud ied by Górecka-Nowak and Majewska (2002, 2003). The miospore as sem blages de ter mined here have al lowed slight ad just ment of the ear lier strati graphi cal con - clu sions.
GEOLOGICAL SETTING
The Car bon if er ous sed i men tary rocks of the Intra-Sudetic Ba sin are mainly clastic and ~8.5 km thick (Nemec et al., 1982;
Dziedzic and Teisseyre, 1990). The on set of sed i men ta tion in this intramontane ba sin was in the Mis sis sip pian, not ear lier than in the Mid dle Visean (Turnau et al., 2002). Sed i men ta tion con tin ued un til the end of the Car bon if er ous and into the Perm - ian. The suc ces sion, di vided into sev eral in for mal litho - stratigraphical units (for ma tions, for merly called “beds” (e.g., Nemec et al., 1982; Bossowski et al., 1995; Fig. 2) is the most com plete re cord of geo log i cal events dur ing the Car bon if er ous in the Sudetes.
The study area is lo cated in the north ern part of the Intra-Sudetic Ba sin, termed the Wa³brzych Sub-Ba sin (WSB;
Fig. 1A). This is small ba sin ~12 km long and 8 km wide and, ex - cept for its SW bound ary, is fault-bounded. The Wa³brzych Fig. 1A – geo log i cal map of the Intra-Sudetic Ba sin (based on Sawicki, 1966, mod i fied) with lo ca tion
of the study area marked (WSB – Wa³brzych Sub-Ba sin); B – geo log i cal sketch of study area (based on Sawicki, 1995, mod i fied) show ing lo ca tion of the pro files stud ied
Sub-Ba sin is infilled with Car bon if er ous sed i men tary rocks, their out crop form ing an arch open to the south. Vol ca nic rocks oc cur among the sed i men tary rocks, mainly in the mar ginal part of this sub-ba sin (Awdankiewicz et al., 2003). The sed i men tary strata dip to wards the cen tre of the WSB and are tec toni cally dis turbed in the vi cin ity of vol ca nic bod ies.
Three for ma tions oc cur in the study area in the vi cin ity of Wa³brzych: Szczawno For ma tion, Wa³brzych For ma tion and Bia³y Kamieñ For ma tion (Fig. 1B). Their strata are mostly of con ti nen tal or i gin, ex cept for the Szczawno For ma tion, which con sists of flu vial-deltaic and ma rine de pos its (Mastalerz and Prouza, 1995; Bossowski et al., 1995).
The Szczawno For ma tion (for merly named the “Up per Culm” or “Youn ger Culm” – see Radwañski, 1952) out crop forms a belt in the north ern part of the Intra-Sudetic Ba sin (Fig.
1A). Its thick ness var ies from 400 to 600 m in the east ern part of the ba sin to ~3000 m in its west ern part (Nemec et al., 1982;
Bossowski et al.,1995). This for ma tion con sists of sand stones and mudstones in ter ca lated with con glom er ates. Within it, Mastalerz (1995) dis tin guished six fa cies: al lu vial-delta plain, fan-delta front, prodelta, sub aque ous fan, ba sin plain and slope, and shal low-ma rine shelf. In the Wa³brzych Sub-Ba sin (WSB) the Szczawno For ma tion passes up wards into non-ma - rine strata of the Wa³brzych For ma tion (e.g., Grocholski, 1960;
Teisseyre, 1961; Nemec et al., 1982), which is the older coal-bear ing unit of this re gion. In the east ern part of the WSB the con tact be tween these two lithostratigraphic units is partly tec tonic (Berg, 1925; Nemec, 1984). In the west ern part of the Intra-Sudetic Ba sin, the Szczawno For ma tion is un con form ably over lain by Westphalian de pos its (Nemec et al., 1982).
There have been sev eral stud ies of the con tact be tween the Szczawno and Wa³brzych for ma tions, which was once con si d - ered as the Lower/Up per Car bon if er ous bound ary (e.g., Teisseyre, 1961; Dziedzic, 1960, 1968, 1971; Grocholski and Augustyniak, 1971; Nemec, 1984; Bossowski et al., 1995;
Mastalerz, 1995; Mastalerz and Prouza, 1995). This con tact is still not fully re solved. Ger man ge ol o gists (e.g., Dathe, 1891;
Dathe and Petrascheck, 1913; Berg, 1925, 1938; Bederke, 1929) in ferred an un con formity be tween the Up per Culm (Up - per Visean) and the Wa³brzych beds (Lower Namurian) or the Lower and Up per Car bon if er ous. How ever, Teisseyre (1961)
de scribed “pas sage beds” with out ma rine fauna be tween the Culm of Szczawno and the Wa³brzych beds on the north ern mar gin of the Wa³brzych Coal Ba sin. He stated, that “there is no sharp bound ary be tween both se quences”. Ac cord ing to Dziedzic (1971) at the pas sage from the Szczawno For ma tion into the Wa³brzych For ma tion in the Wa³brzych re gion ”…no es - sen tial dif fer ences have been ob served con cern ing ei ther the out ward ap pear ance of sed i ments and their ar range ment pat - tern of symp toms sug gest ing changes in the con di tions of de - po si tion…”. Dziedzic (1971) stated also that the sit u a tion is dif - fer ent in the Nowa Ruda re gion, where an un con formity be - tween the Lower and the Up per Car bon if er ous is clear and ac - cord ing to Dathe (1901, 1904), Bederke (1929) and Oberc (1957) in di cates the in flu ence of the Sudetic phase. Tec tonic up lift of the east ern and south ern Intra-Sudetic Ba sin bor ders around the Visean/Namurian bound ary led to re ar range ment of the ba sin and its depositional sys tems (Mastalerz, 1987;
Mastalerz and Prouza, 1995; Awdankiewicz et al., 2003).
These au thors sug gested that ma rine re gres sion oc curred in the lat est Visean, and the suc ceed ing Up per Car bon if er ous suc ces sion ac cu mu lated in con ti nen tal en vi ron ments from the Namurian on wards. There has also been wide rec og ni tion that the siliciclastic de pos its of the Szczawno For ma tion are compositionally of low ma tu rity, in con trast to the more ma ture clastic ma te rial of the Wa³brzych For ma tion. The bound ary be - tween these for ma tions is marked by the dis ap pear ance of greywackes and the ap pear ance of quartz con glom er ates or of a sig nif i cant num ber of coal lay ers and seams (Nemec et al., 1982).
The Wa³brzych For ma tion con sists mainly of sand stones with vari able large and small scale strat i fi ca tion, with con glo m - er ates, mudstones and claystones and nu mer ous plant fos sils.
This for ma tion is coal-bear ing, with 30 coal seams ex ploited in the past in mines of the Lower Silesian Coal Ba sin. The thick - ness of this for ma tion reaches up to 300 metres in the WSB.
These rocks were de scribed in de tail in terms of sedimentology by Nemec (1984), who dis tin guished seven lithofacies in them.
The lithological di ver sity of the rocks in the Wa³brzych For ma - tion is a re sult of var ied con di tions within the al lu vial en vi ron - ment where sed i men ta tion took place. The pres ence of sand - stones and con glom er ates usu ally in di cates flu vial chan nel sed i men ta tion. The coal seams in di cate long-term phytogenic ac cu mu la tion in the flood ba sin. In turn, mudstones in di cate the de po si tion of sus pended mat ter in stand ing wa ter, in ex tra- chan nel zones in the flood ba sin (Nemec, 1984).
Con glom er ates and sand stones of the Bia³y Kamieñ For - ma tion oc cur above the Wa³brzych For ma tion in the WSB. This lithostratigraphic unit con sists mainly of coarse con glom er ates and sand stones, while in its up per part mudstones and thin coal seams also ap pear. Above the Bia³y Kamieñ For ma tion, though out of the stud ied area (and not shown in Fig. 1B) is the coal-bear ing ¯acler For ma tion. The Bia³y Kamieñ and ¯acler for ma tions oc cupy the cen tral part of the WSB (Fig. 1A).
The study area is lo cated in the vi cin ity of Wa³brzych, be - tween Konradów and Bia³y Kamieñ, ex po sures be ing con - nected to the old rail way line (Fig. 1B). The Szczawno For ma - tion out crops close to Konradów and this part in cludes sec tion 1 of this study, which is one of the best ex po sures of this for ma - tion in the Intra-Sudetic Ba sin (Fig. 3). There are ex po sures of the Wa³brzych For ma tion in the vi cin ity of the old Bia³y Kamieñ rail way sta tion, called here sec tion 2 (Fig. 4).
Sec tion 1 near Konradów is ~400 m long and is lo cated along the rail way cut ting. The Szczawno For ma tion in this sec - tion (Fig. 3) may be di vided into three parts. The lower part is dom i nated by fine-grained clastic rocks – dark grey and green - ish grey mudstones with rare in ter ca la tions of lime stone and a Fig. 2. Lithostratigraphy of the Car bon if er ous in the
Intra-Sudetic Ba sin (based on Bossowski et al., 1995) Grey col our marks stud ied for ma tions
ben ton ite bed. Rare fau nal macrofossils oc cur in these rocks.
The mid dle part of the Konradów sec tion has a tran si tional char ac ter. It is dom i nated by sand stones with in ter ca la tions of grey mudstone, con glom er atic sand stone and con glom er ate. In this part, rare fos sils, mainly of plants, oc cur. The up per part of the pro file is dom i nated by con glom er ates and con glom er atic sand stones with in ter ca la tions of sand stone.
Walk ing along the old rail way line to wards the dis used sta - tion Bia³y Kamieñ there is an ex po sure gap of ~500 m. It likely con ceals the bound ary be tween the Szczawno and Wa³brzych for ma tions be neath Qua ter nary de pos its.
Rocks of the Wa³brzych For ma tion were stud ied and sam - pled in sec tion 2 (Fig. 1B), which con sists of sev eral iso lated ex - po sures, marked A–F (Fig. 4). Sand stones pre dom i nate in the lower and mid dle parts of this 150 metre-long sec tion and only in its up per most part are mudstones more com mon. The lower and mid dle parts of the pro file are rep re sented by light grey sand stones, rang ing from very fine to coarse-grained. Ad di tion - ally, in the lower part of the pro file, spe cif i cally in the up per most part of ex po sure B, one thin coal bed oc curs (up to 20 cm thick).
The up per part of the pro file is dom i nated by brown-grey mud - stones. The coal seam, cor re lated with the seam num ber 678, oc curs in this part of sec tion 2.
PREVIOUS BIOSTRATIGRAPHICAL RESULTS
Palaeontological and biostratigraphical stud ies of the Car - bon if er ous rocks in the Intra-Sudetic Ba sin be gan from nine - teenth-cen tury stud ies of macrofauna at in di vid ual sites within the Szczawno For ma tion of the Wa³brzych vi cin ity (see
¯akowa, 1958 and ref er ences therein), with sub se quent mono - graphs de scrib ing these ma rine fos sils (gas tro pods, brachi o - pods, goniatites) (Kühne, 1930; Paeckelmann, 1930, 1931;
Schmidt, 1930; Nekhoroshev, 1932).
The first re gional strati graphic di vi sion of the Car bon if er ous based on macroflora was pro posed by Gothan and Gropp (1933), with a later strati graphic syn the sis by Bederke and Fricke (1943). Af ter World War II, fur ther strati graphic stud ies Fig. 3. Li thol ogy of sec tion 1 (Konradów pro file, Szczawno For ma tion) with ver ti cal dis tri bu tion
of some im por tant miospore taxa found in the rocks stud ied
were car ried out. Plant fos sils were stud ied by Zimmerman (1956), while ¯akowa (1958, 1960a, b, 1963) and Jerzykiewicz (1965) con tin ued stud ies of the Szczawno For ma tion rocks, based on macrofaunal fos sils.
New strati graphic data on the Car bon if er ous rocks in the Intra-Sudetic Ba sin were ob tained in the 1960s, when palyno - logical stud ies be gan, al low ing more pre cise dat ing and re fine - ments of their strati graphic in ter pre ta tion. Górecka (1962) stud - ied the coal-bear ing Wa³brzych For ma tion in the Wa³brzych Sub-Ba sin (WSB) while Krawczyñska-Grocholska (1966) stud - ied rocks of the same for ma tion from the Nowa Ruda Sub-Bas - ins (NRSB). Later Górecka-Nowak and Majewska (2002, 2003) made fur ther stud ies of this for ma tion in the WSB, ap ply ing the
miospore zonation of Clay ton et al. (1977). The Bia³y Kamieñ For ma tion from the NW part of the Intra-Sudetic Ba sin was paly no logi cal ly stud ied by Górecka (1968, 1969), and Górecka - -Nowak (1987, 1988, 1995) stud ied the Westphalian de pos its fo cus ing on the ¯acler For ma tion. Rocks of the up per most Car - bon if er ous and low er most Perm ian were paly no logi cal ly stud - ied by Górecka (1981) and Jerzykiewicz (1987). Their strati - graphic in ter pre ta tions dif fer and the C/P bound ary in the Sude - tes re mains un re solved.
Palynological anal y sis of the Car bon if er ous of the Intra- Sudetic Ba sin did not en com pass Mis sis sip pian rocks, with the ex cep tion of the old est lev els, pre vi ously in ter preted as Tourna - isian (Teisseyre, 1968, 1975; Mastalerz and Prouza, 1995).
Fig. 4. Li thol ogy of sec tion 2 (Bia³y Kamieñ pro file, Wa³brzych For ma tion) with ver ti cal dis tri bu tion of some im por tant miospore taxa found in the rocks stud ied
The palynological stud ies of Turnau et al. (2002) showed that the on set of sed i men ta tion in the Intra-Sudetic Ba sin was not ear lier than the Mid dle Visean.
This pa per pro vides new palynostratigraphical data from the Szczawno and Wa³brzych for ma tions. The palaeonto lo gical doc u men ta tion of the Szczawno For ma tion is ex ten sive (e.g., goniatites, bi valves, brachi o pods, trilobites) and re cords a ma - rine trans gres sion. Ac cord ing to ¯akowa (1958, 1960a, b, 1963) it con tains goniatites, which are in dex taxa to the cre - nistria (Goa) (Prolecanites serpentinus, Beyrichioceras trun - catum and Goniatites crenistria) and striatus (Gob) zones (Gonia tites striatus spirifer, Goniatites striatus striatus and Goniatites striatus falcatus). These re sults sug gest as sign ment to the Up per Visean.
Microfaunal stud ies of the Szczawno For ma tion have been car ried out at only one site, Ptasia Góra near Wa³brzych (Woszczyñska, 1967). The foraminifers re cov ered are geo - graph i cally wide spread taxa, some con sid ered to be char ac ter - is tic of the Lower Car bon if er ous (Pseudoendothyra struvei, Ammodiscus volgensis, Valvulinella youngi, Plectogyra excen - tra lis). One taxon is known from the Up per Mis sis sip pian (Plectogyra excentralis) and some spe cies (Endothyranopsis crassus, Stacheia pupoides, Tetrataxis conica) range into the Penn syl va nian (see Woszczyñska, 1967).
The pres ence of the Up per Visean fos sils in ma rine de pos - its near Konradów (sec tion 1 in this pa per) were pre vi ously re - ported by Ger man ge ol o gists (e.g., Dathe, 1892a, b; Dathe and Berg, 1926; Paeckelmann, 1930, 1931). They listed some bi - valves, trilobites, brachi o pods and plants (see ¯akowa, 1960a):
e.g. Aviculopecten nobilis de Kon., Aviculopecten orbiculatus Mc Coy, Phillipsia sp., Gigatoproductus gigantoides (Paec - kelm.), G. latissimus (Sow.), Chonetipustula carringtoniana (David son), Asterocalamites (pres ently Archaeocalamites) radiatus, Cardiopteris frondosa. ¯akowa (1960a) on the ba sis of these and Zim mer mann’s col lec tions listed ad di tional Up per Visean taxa: e.g. Goniatites striatus striatus (Sow.), Goniatites striatus falcatus Roem., Nomismoceras germanicum Schmidt, Posidonia becheri Bronn., Plicochonetes waldschmidti (Paec - kelm.), Eomarginifera sim plex (Paeckelm.) and Dictyoclostus zimmermanni (Paeckelm.), and as signed the strata at Konra - dów to the Goniatites striatus striatus (Gob2) and Goniatites striatus falcatus (Gob3) zones. Ad di tion ally, Jerzykiewicz (1965) gave brief de scrip tion of other Lower Car bon if er ous fos - sils (brachi o pods, gas tro pods and bi valves) from this lo cal ity:
e.g. Rhipidomella michelini (Léveillé), Schuchertella portlo - ckiana (v. Sem.), Platyschizma glabrata Phill., Parallelodon lacordaireanus (de Kon.). Osmólska (1968) also de scribed the tri lo bite Archeogonus (Phillibole) aprathensis richteri from Konradów and as signed this taxon to the Up per Visean on the ba sis of the biostratigraphic re sults of ¯akowa (1960a).
Miospore as sem blages of the Szczawno For ma tion, ini tially out lined by Muszer et al. (2016a), are de scribed in de tail in this pa per. Palynostratigraphic re sults sug gest that the rocks stud - ied of the Szczawno For ma tion are youn ger than ear lier thought.
Rocks of the Wa³brzych For ma tion were orig i nally in cluded to the Namurian A on the ba sis of paleaobotanical stud ies (Gothan, 1932; Zim mer mann, 1956), with ~50 spe cies be ing rec og nized, in clud ing many spe cies char ac ter is tic of the Namurian A such as Lyginopteris stangeri Štur, Lyginopteris larischi Štur and Diplotemema adiantoides (Schlotheim) Gothan. How ever, rocks of the Wa³brzych For ma tion in the WSB did not yield macroflora from the Up per Namurian A, which was found only in rocks of this for ma tion in the Nowa Ruda area (Kotasowa and Migier, 1995). This sug gests that the strata in the Nowa Ruda Sub-Ba sin (NRSB) are slightly youn -
ger than in the WSB, al though data from both bas ins in di cate the Namurian A.
Palynological stud ies of the Wa³brzych For ma tion were ini - tially ap plied only to rocks from the NRSB and their age was de - fined as Late Namurian A (Krawczyñska-Grocholska, 1966), a gen eral as sess ment made be fore the miospore zonation of the Car bon if er ous was es tab lished. In the Wa³brzych area, rocks of this for ma tion were sys tem at i cally paly no logi cal ly stud ied many years later. Two Early Namurian miospore zones of the zona - tion of Clay ton et al. (1977), were dis tin guished: Stenozono - triletes triangulus–Rotaspora knoxi (TK) and Lycospora sub - triquetra–Kraeuselisporites (SO) (Górecka-Nowak and Maje - wska, 2002, 2003). These biozones cor re spond to the mid dle and up per parts of the Namurian A, cor re lated with the Arnsbergian, Chokerian and lower part of the Alportian of Brit ish chronostratigraphy (Owens et al., 2004). Rocks from near the old rail way sta tion at Bia³y Kamieñ (sec tion 2 here) were than in - cluded to the first of these zones, though the pres ent palyno - stratigraphic re sults sug gest a slight age re vi sion, as dis cussed be low.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The biostratigraphical stud ies were made to place age con - straints on the Szczawno and Wa³brzych for ma tions in the WSB (Fig. 1A). Dur ing the field work some macrofossils were found.
Those from the Szczawno For ma tion near Konradów (sec - tion 1; Fig. 3) are poorly pre served and rep re sent mainly goniatites, bi valves, brachi o pods and trilobites; some are frag - men tary, or in peb bles, and so prob a bly re worked (Muszer et al., 2016b). Some plant fos sils of the Calamitaceae – Archaeo - calamites radiatus (Bron.) Stur and Cala mites (Mesocalamites) cf. renieri Stockmans et Williere – were found (Fig. 5A, B). A.
radiatus oc curs in the Lower Car bon if er ous, while the strati - graphic range of Cala mites (Mesocalamites) renieri is much shorter and in cludes the Namurian A (Serpukhovian) (Boureau, 1964). Trace fos sil as sem blages were also found in this sec - tion, and will be sep a rately de scribed.
Some macroplant fos sils were also found in the Wa³brzych For ma tion at sec tion 2 (ex po sures B, C2, E2, E3 and F; Fig. 4).
Most are partly coalified, frag men tary im pres sions of in de ter - min able stalks, mostly from ex po sure F. Among them, stem frag ments of Lepidodendron veltheimi Stern berg (Fig. 5C–D) and Stigmaria sp. (Fig. 5E) were de ter mined. Ad di tion ally, the C2 ex po sure yielded an other im pres sion of Stigmaria sp. and poorly pre served Calamitaceae shoot frag ment. These poorly pre served plant macrofossils have lit tle strati graphi cal im por - tance. Stigmaria has a long strati graphic range, in clud ing the Car bon if er ous and Perm ian (Kotasowa and Migier, 2001).
Lepidodendron veltheimi has a range, in clud ing the Late Visean and Namurian A (Kotasowa and Migier, 2001).
Rhizoliths were found for the first time in the lower part of the sec tion 2 (ex po sures A and B). They are 2–4 cm long and ori - ented per pen dic u lar to the strata. They will be sep a rately de - scribed, but their pres ence and pres ence of Stigmaria in di cate the oc cur rence of fos sil soils. Ear lier, Nemec (1984) men tioned stigmaria ho ri zons in the sec tion Bia³y Kamieñ only in coaly shale (up per part of the sec tion), which is now un avail able.
Sev en teen palynological sam ples of grey mudstone and dark grey siltstone from the Szczawno For ma tion were taken from sec tion 1 (Fig. 3). The Wa³brzych For ma tion of sec tion 2, mainly sand stones, of fer lim ited pos si bil i ties and only two sam ples were taken: sam ple P1 is from a 20 cm-thick coal layer low in the pro file (ex po sure B), while sam ple P2 was
taken from mudstones of ex po sure F in the high est part of this sec tion (Fig. 4).
Rock sam ples were pro cessed for the palynological stud ies in the stan dard way. Af ter grind ing, the mudstone sam ples were pro cessed in hy dro chlo ric acid and then with 40% hy dro flu oric acid for ~24 hours. The next step was the ox i da tion of or ganic mat ter by Schulze’s method us ing 65% ni tric acid and po tas - sium chlo rate (KClO3). A sam ple of bi tu mi nous coal was pro - cessed only by Schulze’s method. Af ter each pro cess ing step, all sam ples were care fully rinsed. Next, the res i due was passed through a 16 µm microsieve. Fi nally mi cro scopic slides in gel a - tine-glyc erin paste were made. A Nikon Optiphot mi cro scope was used and mi cro pho to graphs were taken us ing a Canon PowerShot G dig i tal cam era. De pend ing miospore fre quency, two to six mi cro scopic slides from each sam ple were stud ied.
All slides are stored in the Stra tig ra phy De part ment, In sti tute of Geo log i cal Sci ences, Uni ver sity of Wroc³aw.
Abun dant palynological ma te rial was found, in clud ing nu - mer ous miospores in all sam ples stud ied. The pres er va tion of miospores from rocks of the Szczawno For ma tion is vari able, but gen er ally rather poor. Most miospores are me chan i cally dam aged and some show traces of pyritization. Spe cies de ter - mi na tion was pos si ble only for some spec i mens, as the pres er - va tion com monly al lowed only ge neric de ter mi na tion. How ever, some mod er ately well-pre served miospores were found (Figs.
6 and 7). The miospores from the Wa³brzych For ma tion are better pre served al though some are me chan i cally dam aged, though with out traces of pyritization. Miospore col our var ies among the sam ples, from yel low to dark brown. Colours of miospores con sid ered as re worked mostly do not dif fer from Fig. 5. Macrofloral fos sils from the Konradów and Bia³y Kamieñ sec tions
A – Archaeocalamites radiatus (Bron.) Stur, sec tion 1 (Konradów) (photo by Aleksandra Strzoda);
B – Cala mites (Mesocalamites) cf. renieri Stockmans et Williere, sec tion 1 (Konradów) (photo by Aleksandra Strzoda); C – Lepidodendron veltheimi Stern berg, sec tion 2 (Bia³y Kamieñ, ex po sure F-1) (photo by Adrianna Jankowska); D – Lepidodendron veltheimi Stern berg, ex po sure F-2) (photo by Adrianna Jankowska); E – Stigmaria sp., sec tion 2 (Bia³y Kamieñ, ex po sure F-3) (photo by Adrianna Jankowska)
colours of the rest of miospores, though usu ally the dark est spec i mens are re worked. The miospore as sem blages are tax o - nom i cally di verse with over 170 taxa be long ing to 71 miospore gen era (see Ap pen dix*).
STRATIGRAPHIC INTERPRETATION
The miospore as sem blages de ter mined pro vide valu able data for strati graphic in ter pre ta tion (Figs. 3 and 4). They sig nif i - cantly in clude taxa that ap peared in the Visean and oc cur also later in the Car bon if er ous, most im por tantly Lycospora, found in all sam ples stud ied, and Savitrisporites nux found in both the Szczawno and Wa³brzych for ma tions. These com mon fea tures of the miospore as sem blages in di cate that the rocks stud ied are not older than Visean. How ever, the miospore as sem - blages also con tain other stratigraphically im por tant com po - nents, as de scribed be low.
The miospore as sem blage from the sec tion 1 of the Szczawno For ma tion con tains many taxa char ac ter is tic of the Late Visean and Serpukhovian (Early Namurian), such as Discernisporites micromanifestus, Grandispora echinata, Hymeno spora palliolata, Knoxisporites triradiatus, Leiotriletes tumidus, Orbisporis orbiculus, Punctatisporites sinuatus and Waltzispora planiangulata. The rel a tively sta ble oc cur rence of Microreticulatisporites concavus, Raistrickia nigra, Reticula - tispo rites carnosus, Rotaspora knoxi and Schulzospora is stra - ti graphically im por tant. The taxa Bellispores nitidus, Cingulizo - nates cf. capistratus, Kraeuselisporites echinatus, Spinozono - triletes uncatus and Triquitrites marginatus, also strati gra - phically sig nif i cant, were de ter mined from some sam ples. Most im por tantly, two spe cies, Crassispora kosankei and Verruco - sisporites morulatus, both mark the be gin ning of the Namurian, and the lower bound ary of the Serpukhovian (Fig. 8). This in di -
cates that the rocks of the Szczawno For ma tion stud ied should be as signed to the Verrucosisporites morulatus (Vm) Subzone (Fig. 8), be ing the up per, Serpukhovian (Namurian), part of the Cingulizonates cf. capistratus–Reticulatisporites carnosus Mio - spore Zone (Owens et al., 2004). Verrucosisporites morulatus, which reg u larly oc curs in rocks of the Szczawno For ma tion, has an un usu ally short strati graphic range, lim ited to the Vm miospore subzone, which is cor re lated with the Lower Serpu - kho vian (Lower Namurian A in Cen tral Eu rope and Pendleian on the Brit ish Isles).
In this Early Serpukhovian miospore as sem blage, older miospores, which usu ally do not oc cur in rocks of this age, were also found. Auroraspora asperella and Auroraspora macra, Convo luti spora vermiformis, Cyclogranisporites commodus, Muro spora complicata, Potoniesporites delicatus, Punctatispo - rites irrasus, Rugospora minuta and the gen era Gorgonispora, Labia densites, Cribrosporites and Monilospora be long among them. All these miospores are con sid ered as re worked.
The miospore as sem blage de ter mined from the Wa³brzych For ma tion of sec tion 2 con sists also of taxa char ac ter is tic of the Late Visean and Early Namurian but this as so ci a tion dif fers from that de scribed above. It in cludes the taxa Leiotriletes tumidus, Cingulizonates bialatus and Cirratriradites saturni.
Other stratigraphically im por tant taxa, which Clay ton et al.
(1977) and Owens et al. (2004) used to es tab lish a miospore zonation of the Visean and the Namurian, were also found, in - clud ing Kraeuselisporites ornatus and Cirratriradites rarus, Steno zonotriletes cf. triangulus, Rotaspora knoxi and Tri - partites vetustus (Fig. 6). It is not easy to in ter pret this miospore as sem blage: the co-oc cur rence of these taxa is quite re mark - able, as their strati graphic ranges are dif fer ent and usu ally they do not oc cur to gether. The pres ence of Rotaspora knoxi and Tripartites vetustus, which dis ap pear at the top of the Mooreisporites trigallerus-Rotaspora knoxi (TK) Zone (Owens et al., 2004) seems to in di cate that the rocks stud ied are not
Fig. 6. Miospores from the Szczawno and Wa³brzych for ma tions
A – Punctatisporites sinuatus, Szczawno For ma tion, Konradów sec tion, sam ple K-A 1, slide 2, F26/2-F27/1; B – Leiotriletes tumidus, Wa³brzych For ma tion, Bia³y Kamieñ sec tion, sam ple P2, slide 5, U20/2; C – Leiotriletes tumidus, Wa³brzych For ma tion, Bia³y Kamieñ sec - tion, sam ple P1, slide 5, Z41/2; D – Waltzispora planiangulata, Szczawno For ma tion, Konradów sec tion, sam ple K-A 6, slide 1, M 32; E – Walzispora polita, Szczawno For ma tion, Konradów sec tion, sam ple Kon 17, slide 1, R 26/2; F – Verrucosisporites morulatus, Szczawno For ma tion, Konradów sec tion, sam ple K-A 5, slide 1, Z 31; G – Verrucosisporites morulatus, Szczawno For ma tion, Konradów sec tion, sam - ple K-A 5, slide 2, O32/4; H – Apiculatisporis irregularis, Szczawno For ma tion, Konradów sec tion, sam ple K-A 6, slide 3, V42/3; I – Raistrickia nigra, Szczawno For ma tion, Konradów sec tion, sam ple K-A 5, slide 2, M 11/1; J – Microreticulatisporites concavus, Szczawno For ma tion, Konradów sec tion, sam ple K-A 1, slide 1, T 9/2; K – Dictyotriletes vitilis, Wa³brzych For ma tion, Bia³y Kamieñ sec tion, sam ple P2, slide 5, L60; L – Ahrensisporites guerickei, Szczawno For ma tion, Konradów sec tion, sam ple K-A 4, slide 3, T 9/2; M – Tripartites vetustus, Szczawno For ma tion, Konradów sec tion, sam ple K-A 5, slide 1; N4 – Tripartites vetustus, Wa³brzych For ma tion, Bia³y Kamieñ sec tion, sam - ple P 2, slide 4, O60/3; O – Bellispores nitidus, Szczawno For ma tion, Konradów sec tion, sam ple Kon 1, slide 2; P – Cingulizonates bialatus, Szczawno For ma tion, Konradów sec tion, sam ple K-A 1, slide 1, K 10/3; R – Cingulizonates bialatus, Wa³brzych For ma tion, Bia³y Kamieñ sec tion, sam ple P2, slide 3, Q35/4; S – Densosporites spinifer, Szczawno For ma tion, Konradów sec tion, sam ple K-A 3, A37/4; T – Knoxisporites stephanophorus, Szczawno For ma tion, Konradów sec tion, sam ple Kon 36, N23/3; U – Knoxisporites cinctus, Szczawno For - ma tion, Konradów sec tion, sam ple K-A 6, S 50/1; W – Knoxsporitesi triradiatus, Szczawno For ma tion, Konradów sec tion, sam ple K-A 1, I 19/4; X – Reticulatisporites carnosus, Szczawno For ma tion, Konradów sec tion, sam ple K-A 3, slide 3, G51/4; Y – Reticulatisporites carnosus, Szczawno For ma tion, Konradów sec tion, sam ple K-A 5, slide 1, K 5/1; Z – Orbisporis orbiculus, Szczawno For ma tion, Konradów sec tion, sam ple K-A 6, slide 1, N6/2; A’ – Orbisporis orbiculus, Szczawno For ma tion, Konradów sec tion, sam ple Kon 28, slide 1, S 45; B’ – Camptozonotriletes cyrenaicus, Szczawno For ma tion, Konradów sec tion, sam ple Kon 8, slide 3, Z 52/3; C’ – Savitrisporites nux, Wa³brzych For ma tion, Bia³y Kamieñ sec tion, sam ple P2, slide 1, U57; D’ – Stenezotriletes cf. triangulus, Wa³brzych For ma tion, Bia³y Kamieñ sec tion, sam ple P2, slide 4, G27/2
* Supplementary data associated with this article can be found, in the online version, at doi: 10.7306/gq.1581
youn ger than this zone. How ever, Kraeuselisporites ornatus and Cirratriradites rarus ap pear just af ter the dis ap pear ance of those two spe cies. Kraeuselisporites ornatus and Cirratriradites rarus to gether with Steno zonotriletes cf. triangulus sug gest that the rocks stud ied be long to the Lycospora subtrique - tra–Krauselis porites ornatus (SO) Zone. The pres ence of C.
rarus in both stud ied sam ples in di cates that these rocks should be in cluded within the up per part of this miospore zone, termed the L. subtriquetra–C. rarus (SR) Subzone, where C. rarus oc - curs fre quently (Owens et al., 2004; Fig. 8). Ac cord ing to this in - ter pre ta tion, Rotaspora knoxi and Tripartites vetustus would be con sid ered as re worked in this as sem blage. Other prob a bly re - worked taxa, with im pre cisely de fined strati graphic ranges are Dictyo triletes vitilis, Lophozono triletes variaverrucatus and cf.
Monilo spora.
DISCUSSION
The new palynological data from the Szczawno and Wa³brzych for ma tions ex posed in the rail way sec tion in the WSB has re vised the strati graphic age of these rocks.
The Szczawno For ma tion in sec tion 1 near Konradów in the north ern part of the Intra-Sudetic Ba sin yielded sur pris ing mio spore data, which in di cate that the rocks stud ied are youn - ger than ear lier thought. A di verse miospore as sem blage with Crassis pora kosankei and Verrucosisporites morulatus in the rocks stud ied un doubt edly in di cates a Serpukhovian (Early Namurian) age, be long ing to the old est Namurian V. morula - tus (Vm) Miospore Zone. This con clu sion con tra dicts pre vi ous dat ing based on ma rine macrofauna (¯akowa, 1960a, 1963),
con sid ered un til now as the most re li able strati graphi cal bench mark in the Car bon if er ous of the Intra-Sudetic Ba sin.
The fos sil ma te rial from the Konradów sec tion de scribed by
¯akowa (1960a) is rather poorly pre served, es pe cially the bio - stratigraphically im por tant goniatites. These are rep re sented only by in com plete ex ter nal im pres sions and moulds, with out the su ture lines. Their iden ti fi ca tion is dif fi cult and their de ter mi na tion by ¯akowa (1960a) on the ba sis of spec i men shape and or na - men ta tion seems to be overinterpreted. ¯akowa (1960a) did not take into ac count that some of the goniatites were found in peb - bles and might be re worked (Muszer et al., 2016b). Ad di tion ally, the strati graphic ranges of some Up per Visean taxa were later re vised and now ex tend into the Serpukhovian (ge nus Nomismo ceras – see Kullmann, 2009; Globosochonetes wald - schmidti for merly Plicochonetes waldschmidti – see Bojko wski, 1967; Gigantoproductus giganteus, Latiproductus latissi mus for - merly Gigantoproductus latissimus – see Qiao and Shen, 2015).
The strati graphic range of the bi valve Posidonia becheri now in -
cludes the Tournaisian–Namurian (Hoºgör et al., 2012). Find ing Cala mites (Mesocalamites) cf. renieri, which ranges into the Namurian A, in the Konradów sec tion, is compa tibile with the new miospore data. The new age contraints on these rocks ends dis - cus sion on the ques tion of the Visean/Namu rian bound ary lo - cated be tween the Szczawno and Wa³brzych for ma tions, and of the strati graphic gap as so ci ated with this bound ary and linked with the Sudetic tec tonic phase.
The age in ter pre ta tion of the Wa³brzych For ma tion rocks in sec tion 2 at Bia³y Kamieñ, given in this pa per, in di cates that the ear lier in ter pre ta tion of Górecka-Nowak and Majewska (2002, 2003) needs cor rec tion. At that time, sam pling cov ered three sec tions through the Wa³brzych For ma tion – there are ex po - sures in the for est near Konradów, in Szczawno Zdrój and by the dis used rail way sta tion in Bia³y Kamieñ, now called sec tion 2. In this last sec tion Górecka-Nowak and Majewska (2002, 2003) found Microreticulatisporites concavus, Stenozono - triletes triangulus, Tripartites vetustus, Rotaspora knoxi and
Crassispora maculosa. This, and a sim i lar miospore as sem - blage these au thors de ter mined from the for est ex po sure near Konradów, were as signed to the S. triangulus–R. knoxi (TK) Miospore Zone of Clay ton et al. (1977). This zone cor re sponds to the Mooreisporites trigallerus–Rotaspora knoxi (TK) Zone in the re vised miospore zonation of Owens et al. (2004). Rocks from Szczawno Zdrój con tained miospore as sem blage with many spec i mens of Kraeuselisporites ornatus and were in - cluded into the L. subtriquetra–K. ornatus (SO) Miospore Zone (Clay ton et al, 1977; Górecka-Nowak and Majewska, 2002, 2003). The lack of C. rarus in this as sem blage sug gests that these rocks should be as signed to the L. subtriquetra–Apiculat -
isporis vario corneus (SV) Subzone in the miospore zonation re - vised by Owens et al. (2004).
The Wa³brzych For ma tion seen in sec tion 2 at Bia³y Kamieñ yielded K. ornatus and also C. rarus. On this ba sis these rocks are in cluded into the L. subtriquetra–C. rarus (SR) Subzone and so were formed later than thought be fore. These rocks are youn ger than rocks of the Wa³brzych For ma tion in the for est ex - po sure near Konradów, but also com par ing to rocks from Szczawno Zdrój (Górecka-Nowak and Majewska, 2002, 2003).
The dif fer ence, in the miospore as sem blage from sec tion 2 at Bia³y Kamieñ, ob tained dur ing the pres ent and pre vi ous palynostratigraphic stud ies needs com ment. In the pre vi ous Fig. 7. Miospores from the Szczawno and Wa³brzych for ma tions
A – Rotaspora knoxi, Szczawno For ma tion, Konradów sec tion, sam ple K-A 4, slide 3, W 62/4; B – Rotaspora knoxi, Wa³brzych For ma tion, Bia³y Kamieñ sec tion, sam ple P1, slide 1’, K44; C – Crassispora kosankei, Szczawno For ma tion, Konradów sec tion, sam ple K-A 4, slide 1, Q 22/1; D – Lycospora pusilla, Wa³brzych For ma tion, Bia³y Kamieñ sec tion, sam ple P2, slide 4, H28/2; E – Tholisporites scoticus, Wa³brzych For ma tion, Bia³y Kamieñ sec tion, sam ple P2, slide 5, H60; F – Cirratriradites saturni, Szczawno For ma tion, Konradów sec tion, sam ple K-A 6, slide 3, H 46/4; G – Cirratriradites saturni, Wa³brzych For ma tion, Bia³y Kamieñ sec tion, sam ple P2, slide 3, U40/4; H – Cirratriradites rarus, Wa³brzych For ma tion, Bia³y Kamieñ sec tion, sam ple P1, slide 3, U56; I – Cirratriradites rarus, Wa³brzych For ma tion, Bia³y Kamieñ sec tion, sam ple P1, slide 3’, U58/1; J – Cirratriradites rarus, Wa³brzych For ma tion, Bia³y Kamieñ sec tion, sam ple P1, slide 1’, G8/1; K – Hymenospora palliolata, Szczawno For ma tion, Konradów sec tion, sam ple K-A 2, slide 2, T 45/2; L – Grandispora echinata, Wa³brzych For - ma tion, Bia³y Kamieñ sec tion, sam ple, sam ple P1, slide 3’, B51; M – Grandispora echinata, Szczawno For ma tion, Konradów sec tion, sam ple K-A 1, slide 1, T 36/2; N – Retispora staplinii, Szczawno For ma tion, Konradów sec tion, sam ple Kon 17, slide 4, Q 41/1; O – Kraeuselisporites ornatus, Wa³brzych For ma tion, sam ple P2, slide 6, B17/2; P – Spelaeotriletes arenaceous, Wa³brzych For ma tion, sam ple P2, slide 1, W12/2;
R – Spelaeotriletes triangulus, Wa³brzych For ma tion, sam ple P2, slide 1, P53/2; S – Vallatisporites ciliaris, Szczawno For ma tion, Konradów sec tion, sam ple K-A 1, slide 2, Y14; T – Schulzospora ocellata, Szczawno For ma tion, Konradów sec tion, sam ple K-A 3, slide 2, Z 9/2; U – Schulzospora ocellata, Szczawno For ma tion, Konradów sec tion, sam ple K-A 3, slide 1, X 31; W – Remysporites magnificus, Wa³brzych For - ma tion, Bia³y Kamieñ sec tion, sam ple P1, slide 1, G10
Fig. 8. Chronostratigraphy and miospore zonation of the Car bon if er ous with strati graphic ranges of se lected miospore taxa (based on Owens et al., 2004) and palynostratigraphy of the Szczawno and Wa³brzych for ma tions in the north ern part
of the Intra-Sudetic Ba sin (grey col our shows the part of the pro file stud ied)
A – pro file of the Szczawno For ma tion from sec tion 1 near Konradów (this pa per); B – pro file of the Wa³brzych For ma tion from for est ex po sure near Konradów (Górecka-Nowak and Majewska, 2002, 2003); C – pro file of the Wa³brzych For ma tion from Szczawno Zdrój (Górecka-Nowak and Majewska, 2002, 2003); D – pro file of the Wa³brzych For ma tion from sec tion 2 near Bia³y Kamieñ (this pa per)
study only the coal and the coaly shales oc cur ring di rectly be low and above the coal were stud ied (Górecka-Nowak and Majewska, 2002, 2003). The youn gest spe cies de ter mined then was Stenozonotiletes triangulus, while the taxa Kraeuselisporites ornatus and Cirratriradites rarus were not found. These miospore data sug gested in clu sion to the TK Zone (Górecka-Nowak and Majewska, 2002, 2003). In mio - spore as sem blages of the pres ent study, C. rarus was found in both sam ples stud ied, with K. ornatus pres ent only in mud - stones from the up per part of the pro file (sam ple P2; Fig. 4).
This taxon in rocks from Szczawno Zdrój is also con nected to a mudstone li thol ogy, sug gest ing that the dis tri bu tion of this taxon may be palaeoecologically con trolled. This may ex plain why K.
ornatus was found nei ther in coal nor in coaly shales as so ci ated with phytogenic sed i men ta tion.
The new palynostratigraphic data from the Szczawno and Wa³brzych for ma tions (sec tions 1 and 2) in the north ern part of the Intra-Sudetic Ba sin com ple mented the ear lier con clu sions and show that the rocks stud ied be long to four Namurian miospore zones or subzones, from Verrucosisporites morul - atus (Vm) to L. subtriquetra–C. rarus (SR) (Owens et al., 2004).
The old est subzone, V. morulatus (Vm), was re corded in rocks of the Szczawno For ma tion in sec tion 1 near Konradów. The next two zones were re corded by Górecka-Nowak and Maje - wska (2002, 2003). The for est ex po sure of the Wa³brzych For - ma tion near Konradów was as signed to the M. trigallerus–R.
knoxi (TK) Zone and that at Szczawno Zdrój to the L.
subtriquetra–A. variocorneus (SV) Subzone. The Wa³brzych For ma tion strata in sec tion 2 near Bia³y Kamieñ are as signed to the youn gest L. subtriquetra–C. rarus (SR) Miospore Zone.
This strati graphic in ter val cor re sponds the Lower Namurian, termed the Namu rian A in Cen tral Eu rope and to the Pendleian, Arnsber gian, Chokerian stages as well as to the lower and mid - dle parts of the Alportian in Brit ish chronostratigraphy. An im - por tant strati graphic sur face, the bound ary be tween the Mis sis - sip pian and Penn syl va nian, is lo cated in the pro file of the Wa³brzych For ma tion stud ied. This bound ary, which is also the bound ary be tween the L. subtriquetra–A. variocorneus (SV) and L. sub triquetra–C. rarus (SR) zones is not re corded within the Wa³brzych For ma tion. This means that, in this for ma tion, this bound ary must be lo cated some where be tween the mo not - o nous clastic rocks ex posed at Szczawno Zdrój and the rocks of sec tion 2 at Bia³y Kamieñ.
Re worked miospores, mainly only slightly older than the strata stud ied rocks, usu ally Visean, though some times also Tournaisian, were found in rocks of both for ma tions stud ied.
They were also re ported from the Wa³brzych For ma tion by Górecka-Nowak and Majewska (2002, 2003). Their com mon oc - cur rence in Serpukhovian and Lower Bashkhirian rocks in di - cates ero sion of Visean and Tournaisian rocks took place dur ing sed i men ta tion of the Szczawno and Wa³brzych For ma tion de - pos its.
CONCLUSIONS
Palynostratigraphic stud ies of the Szczawno For ma tion from the Konradów sec tion and the Wa³brzych For ma tion from Bia³y Kamieñ near Wa³brzych have pro vided new data on their age, which re vises pre vi ous dat ing. The rocks stud ied from the Szczawno For ma tion, once thought to be long to the Up per Visean, are of the Verrucosisporites morulatus (Vm) Miospore Subzone (Owens et al., 2002), rep re sent ing the low er most Serpukhovian (Namurian A). Rocks of the Wa³brzych For ma - tion from the Bia³y Kamieñ sec tion are in cluded in the L.
subtriquetra–C. rarus (SR) Miospore Subzone, cor re lated with the lower Bashkirian (Up per Namurian A). This means that rocks stud ied from both sec tions are slightly youn ger than ear - lier thought.
These new data com ple ment pre vi ous dat ing of the Wa³brzych For ma tion (Górecka-Nowak and Majewska, 2002, 2003) and in di cate that in the north ern part of the Intra-Sudetic Ba sin, the Szczawno and Wa³brzych for ma tions in clude four miospore zones and subzones from V. morulatus (Vm) to L.
subtriquetra–C. rarus (Namurian A). The Szczawno For ma tion in cludes the old est subzone cor re spond ing to the low er most Serpukhovian (Lower Namurian A). The three fol low ing zones were re corded in the Wa³brzych For ma tion which rep re sents the Serpukhovian and Lower Bashkirian (Namurian A).
The bound ary be tween the Szczawno and Wa³brzych for ma - tions was once con sid ered as the Lower/Up per Car bon if er ous bound ary (Visean/Namurian bound ary), but the new palyno - stratigraphic dat ing dis proves this in fer ence, as up per part of the Szczawno For ma tion and the Wa³brzych For ma tion be long to the Serpukhovian (Namurian A).
The bound ary be tween the Mis sis sip pian and Penn syl va - nian, cor re lated to the Serpukhovian/Bashkirian bound ary and the bound ary be tween the L. subtriquetra–A. variocorneus (SV) and L. subtriquetra–C. rarus (SR) zones, is lo cated in the Wa³brzych For ma tion. This bound ary is not re corded, be ing lo - cated be tween the sec tions ex posed at Szczawno Zdrój and those of sec tion 2 of this study near Bia³y Kamieñ.
Aknowledgements. Sec tion 1 of the Szczawno For ma tion near Konradów was stud ied in 2012–2015 as part of a grant of the Na tional Sci ence Cen tre (UMO-2011/01/B/ST10/05112).
Some ma te ri als and re sults from the sec tion 2 near Bia³y Kamieñ, pre sented in this pa per, were ob tained in 2019 as a part of the Mas ter’s the sis of A. Jankowska, the sec ond co-au - thor, un der the su per vi sion of J. Muszer and A. Górecka-Nowak and fi nanced by re search sub sidy UWr 2019/501. Ms.
A. Strzoda is thanked for the pho to graphs of Cala mites from the Konradów sec tion. The au thors ex press their grat i tude to the re - view ers, P. Filipiak and J. Bek, for their in sight ful re views which im proved the qual ity of this pa per.
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