Differences in selected medical care parameters in rheumatic disease ward patients of different ages of life
Piotr Pobrotyn1, Robert Susło2, Izabela Witczak3, Piotr Milczanowski4, Jarosław Drobnik5
1University Clinical Hospital, General Management, Wroclaw, Poland
2Department of Public Health, University Clinical Hospital, Wroclaw, Poland
3Department of Economics and Quality in Health Care, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
4Voivodship Disability Evaluation Board, LoverSilesia Voivodship Office, Wroclaw, Poland
5Department of Gerontology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
Abstract
Introduction: Rheumatic diseases are becoming more and more common in Poland with the ageing of the population. Nearly 18% of the total hospital admissions in Poland result from rheumatic dis- eases, which was equivalent to 350 thousand cases in the year 2008. These diseases tend to last for many decades, decreasing both the quality of life and income of the patients as well as increasing the medical institutions’ workload and society’s financial burden.
The aim of the study was to determine whether the medical care parameters in a rheumatic dis- ease hospital ward show any significant differences among different patient age groups – especially such that would support taking them into account as a basis for adjusting the financial coverage level of medical services.
Material and methods: Data on hospitalizations at the Rheumatic Diseases Ward of Wroclaw Uni- versity Hospital in Wroclaw in the years 2009–2015 were analyzed, taking into account the age groups, number of hospital admissions, their duration and causes. Relevant statistical data analysis was performed.
Discussion: The study revealed that the number of old patients hospitalized at the rheumatic dis- eases ward increased over the last 6 years and that such statistically significant differences do exist:
on average the old patients not only tend to stay much longer at the hospital, but also suffer from a different and more diverse spectrum of diseases in comparison to their younger counterparts.
Conclusions: The detected differences in medical care parameters support the need for more indi- vidualized medical care and increased cost of the hospital stay in the case of older patients. Conse- quently, those factors justify the necessity to increase the value of medical services in the case of old patients, possibly also taking into account the variation between age subgroups.
Key words: rheumatic diseases, pharmacoeconomics, public health.
Address for correspondence:
Izabela Witczak, Department of Economics and Quality in Health Care, Wroclaw Medical University, Bartla 5, 51-618 Wrocław, Poland, e-mail: izaeuro@wp.pl
Submitted: 25.04.2016; Accepted: 28.04.2016
Introduction
A significant proportion of the Polish population suf- fers from rheumatic diseases, with a morbidity rate of 4–5% [1]. Rheumatoid arthritis alone is treated in 150 000 Polish patients yearly, with the total estimated popula- tion of 400 000 people suffering in Poland from inflam-
matory joint diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis [2].
Moreover, according to the data on hospital admissions in Poland that were due to diseases of the musculoskel- etal system and connective tissue (M00-M99 ICD-10), their number in total increased from 267 083 in 2004 to 405 801 in 2013, and 396 977 in 2014. At the same time,
the number of patients in the age group of 65 years and more increased in the respective years from 199 385 to 292 621 and 280 222. Consecutively, among the patients admitted to Polish hospitals because of diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue, the pro- portion of patients in the age group of 65 years and more increased from 25.35% in 2004 to 29.41% in 2014 [3].
Rheumatic diseases decrease life quality in many as- pects: medical, psychological [4] and social – and only to a limited degree can it be modified by therapy [5]. Be- cause of the specific clinical course of rheumatic diseas- es, it is very difficult to set realistic long-term therapeutic goals [6]. More and more often the cost resulting from rheumatic diseases becomes the object of interest for epidemiologists and medical economists [7]. Long-term analysis is biased because of classification criteria chang- es that were introduced for many rheumatic diseases; it becomes even more difficult as some of those diseases are not diagnostically defined clearly enough [1].
As with the progress of rheumatic diseases the de- gree of patients’ functional disability increases [1], such diseases are associated with significant costs that can be divided into direct, indirect and immeasurable costs [2]. Rheumatic diseases result in: progressive loss of pro- ductivity [8], increasing difficulties in performing every- day activities [9], often ending finally in total depen- dency on others [10]. The above-mentioned dynamics results in limited ability of patients with rheumatic dis- eases to gain income and, at the same time, in doubling of health-related expenses [11]. In old age, apart from rheumatoid arthritis, typically mentioned in this con- text, the most common rheumatic diseases sensu lato include: systemic involvement of connective tissue and gout [12]. The prevalence of rheumatic diseases tends to increase with age and – combined with the aging of the population – it means increasing the burden on the med- ical services; it is significant even now as the rheumatic diseases are ranked in the 8th place among the most bur- densome diseases. In 2009 the Social Insurance Fund (Fundusz Ubezpieczeń Społecznych) in Poland paid to rheumatic disease patients around PLN 3 500 000 000 because of absence from work alone – which represents 12.6% of the total amount of work absence-related ex- penses [1]. In 2014 the respective payments increased to around PLN 4 250 000 and the percentage of expenses increased to 13.1% [13]. An average insured person in Po- land had to pay PLN 155 because of this – which makes the rheumatic diseases 3rd among the most expensive health conditions, just behind circulatory system dis- eases and psychiatric diseases (PLN 193 and PLN 191, respectively) [1]. In 2014 the ranking stayed unchanged, but the amounts of money increased significantly to:
PLN 181, PLN 240 and PLN 194, respectively [13]. Nearly
18% of hospitalizations in Poland result from rheumatic diseases – in 2008 there were about 350 000 hospital admissions of this kind. The hospitalizations resulted mainly from: systemic connective tissue diseases (3.8%) other than rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus er- ythematosus (SLE) and systemic scleroderma (SSc) and RA alone (1.71%), SLE (1.18%), SSc (0.45%) [1]. In the case of rheumatic disease patients the average hospitaliza- tion duration in Poland decreased significantly over the last several years – however, the typical analysis based on number of hospitalizations and duration does not adequately mirror the large scale of burden on the hos- pitals; the statistics reflect neither multiple admissions of the same patients over a short time nor their cumu- lative duration in the case of individual patients [14]. In the case of rheumatic diseases significant numbers of diagnoses are established at quite a young age, and over many subsequent decades of life such patients require complex and individualized medical care [15]. It is the es- tablished truth that the ageing processes involve human tissues at different paces [16] and even currently rheu- matic diseases related expenses consume a significant part of resources reserved for old people care [17]. The burden associated with crippling rheumatic diseases is even more important in Poland, where for many decades there has been a deficit of places observed in both med- ical and care institutions – which is especially drastic in the case of places for old and dependant patients [18].
The importance of rheumatic diseases development and the resulting challenges for Polish society call for shaping of health and social policies based on in-depth analysis of the needs of patients with rheumatic diseas- es – aiming at limiting both economic and social costs [19]. Unfortunately, rheumatic disease patients are ad- mitted not only to the respective specialized hospital wards but also to wards of other profiles, among them mainly rehabilitation, surgery, neurology, pediatric and internal disease wards [14]. This means that medical care parameters retrieved from analysis of a rheumatic disease ward – however valuable – do not mirror fully the characteristics and dynamics of processes in the field of the whole rheumatic disease patient group.
Aim of the study
The aim of the study was to evaluate the differences in selected parameters of care over rheumatic disease ward patients and to compare them between different age groups – so that any significant differences of such parameters can be interpreted in terms of differences in the need for financial coverage of medical services, that exist between old age patients and patients of other age groups.
Material and methods
Aiming at finding differences between parameters describing the care in the case of old patients and others, an analysis of hospitalization data in the years 2009–
2015 in the Rheumatic Diseases Ward of the University Clinical Hospital, Wroclaw, Poland was performed. The differences in hospital admission numbers in different years, numbers of patients belonging to different age groups, duration of hospitalizations as well as causes of hospital admissions were analyzed first using the age groups of 64 years and less, and 65 years and more; and then subdividing the old patient group into subgroups:
65–74 years, 75–84 years, and 85 years and more. Sta- tistics were calculated using the χ2 of highest credibility.
In the case of hospitalization duration statistical signifi- cance (p = 0.000) of differences was calculated, because of pronounced data distribution asymmetry, using the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA test and multiple post hoc comparisons test.
Table I. Percentage of age group 65 years and more hospital admissions to Rheumatic Diseases Ward in the years 2009–2015, divided into age subgroups
Year Age group (%)
65–74 years 75–84 years 85 years and more
2009 69.3 28.5 2.2 100.0
2010 69.5 28.2 2.3 100.0
2011 67.7 28.5 3.9 100.0
2012 66.7 30.4 2.8 100.0
2013 72.8 23.9 3.3 100.0
2014 69.4 26.3 4.3 100.0
2015 70.2 22.5 7.3 100.0
Source: authors’ study
Results
Figures 1 and 2 show the changes in the number of patients admitted to the Rheumatic Diseases Ward – divided into age groups and subgroups. Table I shows patients’ age subgroups – 65–74 years, 75–84 years, and 85 years and more – representations within the age group 65 years and more.
Table II lists hospitalization times of Rheumatic Diseases Ward patients generally and divided into age groups.
Tables III and IV show data on the most common hospital admission causes in the Rheumatic Diseases Ward, divided into age groups and subgroups.
Discussion
Hospitalization analyses in the Lower Silesia region – including location [20], causes and patient age groups – have been carried out systematically by some authors
Fig. 1. Hospital admissions to Rheumatic Dis- eases Ward in the years 2009–2015 divided into main age groups and years.
Fig. 2. Numbers of hospital admissions to Rheu- matic Diseases Ward in the years 2009–2015, divided into age subgroups and years.
4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0
500 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 0 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
2413
534 606 492 457 489 578 641
2919 3013 3095
3291 3514 3463
64 and less 65 and more
65–74 75–84 85 and more linear trend (64 and less)
linear trend (65 and more)
linear trend (65–74) linear trend (75–84) linear trend (85 and more) 370
152
12 14 19 13 16 25
171 140 139 117 152 144
421 333
305
356 401
450
47
for many years now [21]. Data acquired from different sources are inconsistent to a level that significantly im- pairs any attempt to analyze not only the local popula- tion’s illness burden level but also the dynamics, or even directions, of changes [22]. Data gathered by a large regional hospital that has for many years been contin- uously active in the same sector of the medical services market, even though substantial changes to the other structures of the hospital were made – as the Univer- sity Clinical Hospital in Wroclaw is – provide precious but obviously incomplete information on local popula- tion epidemiological phenomena and directions of their changes.
The number of patients belonging to the age group of 65 years and more, admitted to the Rheumatic Dis- eases Ward, increased lightly, but their proportion out of the total number of the Ward’s patients dropped insig- nificantly – which resulted from the systematic and con- stant increase of admissions in younger patient groups.
The analysis of the hospital admissions of patients belonging to the age group of 65 years and more, when divided into age subgroups, revealed that the number of admissions to the Rheumatic Diseases Ward systemat- ically increased over the years in the age subgroups of 85 years and more and 65–74 years. Because of this, within the analyzed time period there was observed a 5% shift from the age subgroup 75–84 years to the age subgroup 85 years and more; while the proportion of the age subgroup 65–74 years remained practically unchanged.
With the only exception of the year 2009, the hos- pitalization time in the Rheumatic Diseases Ward ex- pressed in person-days showed statistically significant differences between the age groups of 64 years and less and 65 years and more. It means proven existence of significant differences of hospitalization costs among patients belonging to different age groups – even with- out taking into account the differences in their hospital admission causes.
Also the analysis performed on the complete data set – from the whole time period – divided into the age subgroups – 64 years and less, 65–74 years, 75–84 years and 85 years and more – confirmed the statistically sig-
nificant differences in the hospitalization durations in the Rheumatic Diseases Ward between all these sub- groups of patients. However, the analysis performed on the data divided into particular years revealed that those differences between age subgroups were not al- ways present – for example in 2009 they were absent, while they were significant in all the later years. Those results support the demand to introduce different hos- pitalization cost tariffs according to patient age groups – which may not have been needed even several years ago. The smallest differences in hospitalization dura- tion were between the age subgroups 75–84 years and 85 years and more – which could preliminarily suggest putting those subgroups into a common hospitalization cost tariff; however, such an approach is not proven ade- quate according to the further results of the study.
The analysis performed on the complete data set re- vealed much more diverse hospitalization causes in the Rheumatic Diseases Ward in the age group of 65 years and more than in the age group of 64 years and less: 90%
of hospital admissions in the latter group were caused Table II. Hospitalization duration in Rheumatic Dis-
eases Ward calculated as cumulative values for years 2009–2015
Person-days
Total – no age groups 40 255
Age group 64 years and less 36 528 Age group 65 years and more 61 567 Source: authors’ study
Table III. Percentage of hospital admissions to Rheu- matic Diseases Ward in the years 2009–2015, divided into age groups and main causes according to ICD-10
Disease (ICD-10)
Age group (%)
64 years and less 65 years and more
M05 33.90 43.01
M45 15.06 3.77
M35 10.70 13.27
L40 8.18 1.79
M32 4.99 1.98
M06 4.23 3.71
M34 3.88 3.74
M15 2.85 8.06
M13 3.48 3.27
M31 3.01 3.40
M33 1.71 1.55
M02 1.61 0.42
M48 0.76 0.58
M46 0.81 0.24
M30 0.73 0.32
M10 0.44 0.87
M08 0.55 0.00
M80 0.13 1.84
M81 0.22 1.29
other 2.75 6.90
100.00 100.00
by only 10 main disease groups, and in the former group by 13 disease groups. Nineteen main disease groups did not cover only 2.75% of cases in the former group, compared to 6.90% of cases in the latter group. In both age groups 80% of hospital admissions were caused by 7 main disease groups – but the rate of occurrence of par- ticular diseases was different in each age group: instead of psoriasis and systemic lupus erythematosus in the age group 64 years and less (L40 and M32 ICD-10, respective- ly) there were systemic connective tissue diseases, mainly Sjögren’s syndrome, polymyalgia rheumatica, mixed con-
Table IV. Percentage of hospital admissions to Rheumatic Diseases Ward in the years 2009–2015, divided into age subgroups and main causes according to ICD-10
Disease
(ICD-10) Age group (%)
64 years and less 65–74 years 75–84 years 85 years and more
M05 33.90 45.86 40.39 9.59
M45 15.06 5.24 0.49 0.00
M35 10.70 12.52 15.57 10.96
L40 8.18 2.24 0.89 0.00
M32 4.99 2.24 1.58 0.00
M06 4.23 3.53 4.73 0.00
M34 3.88 4.17 3.15 0.00
M13 3.48 3.53 2.86 1.37
M31 3.01 3.49 3.55 0.68
M15 2.85 7.06 9.56 15.75
M33 1.71 1.75 1.18 0.68
M02 1.61 0.53 0.10 0.68
M46 0.81 0.30 0.10 0.00
M48 0.76 0.53 0.49 2.05
M30 0.73 0.46 0.00 0.00
M08 0.55 0.00 0.00 0.00
other 3.53 6.56 15.37
M80* 14.38
J18* 6.16
I63* 3.42
I64* 2.74
M47* 2.05
I50* 2.05
I48* 2.05
G45* 1.37
I69* 1.37
I67* 1.37
other 21.23
100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
*The detailed data are shown only for the age group 85 years and more as in case of other age groups the *marked diseases did not belong to main hospital admissions causes
nective tissue disease described by the ICD-10 code M35 and systemic sclerosis (M34 ICD-10).
Taking into account the common coexistence of many coexisting diseases in old age patients, the data concerning the main causes of hospital admissions may not depict fully the health problems of those patients.
However, as the result of the study, it was possible to list all main diagnoses established in Rheumatology Ward patients in the years 2009–2015, which were the cause of 90% of the total number of hospital admissions. Their analysis in the age subgroups – 64 years and less, 65–74
years, 75–84 years and 85 years and more – revealed significant differences in the most common admission causes among those subgroups. Seropositive rheuma- toid arthritis (M05 ICD-10) was the most common cause of hospital admission in all subgroups except the sub- group 85 years and more. The age subgroups 65–74 years and 75–84 years also shared the 2nd and 3rd most common hospitalization causes, which were, respective- ly: systemic involvement of connective tissue diseases and osteoarthritis (M35 and M15 ICD-10, respectively), while other causative diseases were different among different age groups. It is striking that the hospital ad- mission causes were totally different in the age group of 85 years and more compared to other age subgroups – in this age subgroup the most common were, in descend- ing order: osteoarthritis, osteoporosis with pathological fracture, systemic involvement of connective tissue dis- eases, seropositive rheumatoid arthritis and pneumonia (M15, M80, M35, M05 and J18 ICD-10, respectively); in the case of the age group 85 years and more 26 main disease groups are responsible for only 80% of hospi- talizations, while in the general population of patients the same percentage of cases is covered by merely 7 dis- ease groups. Conclusively, although the age subgroup 85 years and more is not numerous, it constitutes a significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenge as the diseases are highly differentiated and non-standard – which supports the demand to put it into a separate hospitalization cost tariff group. It is worth mentioning that putting individuals into different age groups for the purpose of payment adjustments, so the payments as- sociated with older individuals are higher than those re- lated to younger individuals (called age banding), is not uncommon in insurance practices, including medical insurance in other countries [23].
Conclusions
The data analysis on hospitalizations in the Rheu- matic Diseases Ward of the University Clinical Hospital in Wroclaw, in the years 2009–2015, revealed:
In the analyzed time period there was a significant increase in the number of admissions of patients be- longing to older age groups to the Rheumatic Diseases Ward. It was consistent with the general 10-year long trend in Poland of a gradually increasing number of hospital admissions because of diseases of the muscu- loskeletal system including connective tissue diseases.
There are significant differences in medical care pa- rameters provided in the Rheumatic Diseases Ward to patients belonging to older age groups compared to the rest of the patients, which is especially true in the case of the oldest patients; those differences rely particularly
on longer average hospitalization duration and a more differentiated set of their causes.
The proven differences in medical care parameters necessitate more individualized and intensive hospital care in the Rheumatic Diseases Ward in the case of pa- tients belonging to older age groups; the different patient age groups – 65–74 years, 75–84 years and 85 years and more – have separate and specific special needs that have to be met by adjusted hospitalization duration, di- agnostics, therapy and general care.
To make payments for medical services provided by the Rheumatic Diseases Ward realistic, it is necessary to create other assumptions for the cost of hospitalization in the case of patients belonging to older age groups, as the analysis showed that there is enough evidence to state that those costs are on average much higher in comparison to patients in other age groups.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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