Delft University of Technology
Meaningful Human Control over Automated Driving Systems
Heikoop, Daniël; Hagenzieker, Marjan; Mecacci, Giulio; Santoni De Sio, Filippo; Calvert, Simeon; van Arem, Bart
Publication date 2018
Document Version Final published version Published in
Proceedings of
Citation (APA)
Heikoop, D., Hagenzieker, M., Mecacci, G., Santoni De Sio, F., Calvert, S., & van Arem, B. (2018). Meaningful Human Control over Automated Driving Systems. In N. Van Nes , & C. Voegelé (Eds.), Proceedings of: The 6th HUMMANIST Conference, June 13 and 14, 2018, The Hague, NL Lyon: HUMANIST publications .
Important note
To cite this publication, please use the final published version (if applicable). Please check the document version above.
Copyright
Other than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download, forward or distribute the text or part of it, without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license such as Creative Commons. Takedown policy
Please contact us and provide details if you believe this document breaches copyrights. We will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim.
This work is downloaded from Delft University of Technology.
01
234
5
789
05
7
0
84
3
5
73554
0
7
8925
3255!1
9
3"
5
#
0
39"
55925
$%95
&'
89!
&(
)*&+
5
8%5
0
1234556789 ! "#$"% & '(")
*+ +
,-./0
/12
34
5
637./5
89/:
;94
5
9<-;5
=3:97.:
->5
?;0
<0
/15
@AB:-7B5
+?./0C45?D56-0E99FG5HIJKL+MNOPIQROLS+TK+UIVWNTJTXSY+UWI+ZILWIQJ[N\RY+!]!]^_`! ] Y+,.;a./5 6.1-/b0-E-;G5c034095,-d.dd0Y+e040FF95@./:9/05>-5@09G5@07-9/58.4<-;:G5f5g.;:5<./5=;-7G5HIJKLY+UWI+ZILWIQJ[N\R+
=g@hi=8h5
jkl[N+m[VLTQR+ORRkIR+nOLW+[kLTl[LI\+\QOPONX+RSRLIlR+opHqr+[QI+sIVTlONX+lTQI+[tt[QINL+nOLW+LWI+ONVQI[RONX+ tQIP[JINVI+TK+[kLTl[LI\+PIWOVJIR+TN+LWI+tksJOV+QT[\Ru+pR+[kLTl[LI\+\QOPONX+\Il[N\R+ONVQI[RI\+tIQKTQl[NVI+ TK+RktIQPORTQS+RvOJJR+TK+LWI+\QOPIQY+Q[LWIQ+LW[N+PIWOVJI+W[N\JONX+RvOJJRY+[+lORl[LVW+TVVkQR+sILnIIN+LWI+\Il[N\+ [N\+RkttJS+TK+LWI+\QOPIQRw+RvOJJRILu+UWIQIKTQIY+OL+W[R+sIIN+RkXXIRLI\+LW[L+\QOPIQR+RWTkJ\+[L+[JJ+LOlIR+W[PI+ +oxjyr+TPIQ+pHqu+UWI+s[ROV+O\I[+sIWON\+xjy+OR+\IQOPI\+KQTl+LWI+\Is[LI+TN+ [kLTNTlTkR+nI[tTN+RSRLIlRY+[N\+INL[OJR+LWQII+IRRINLO[J+VTltTNINLRz+Wkl[N+TtIQ[LTQR+[QI+o*r+l[vONX+ ONKTQlI\Y+VTNRVOTkR+\IVOROTNRY+o{r+RkKKOVOINLJS+ONKTQlI\+[sTkL+J[nKkJNIRR+TK+[N+[VLOTN+[N\+OLR+VTNLI|LY+[N\+o}r+ tQTtIQJS+LQ[ONI\Y+LT+INRkQI+IKKIVLOPI+VTNLQTJ+TPIQ+LWI+kRI+TK+pHqu+UWOR+t[tIQ+tQIRINLR+\IKONOLOTNRY+VTltTNINLR+ [N\+tTLINLO[J+Wkl[N+QTJIR+nOLWON+pHqY+KQTl+[N+ONLIQ\ORVOtJON[QS+[N\+[+xjy+tIQRtIVLOPIu+UWI+O\I[R+tQIRINLI\+ON+ LWOR+t[tIQ+[QI+P[Jk[sJI+LT+sTLW+\IROXNIQRY+l[NkK[VLkQIQRY+[N\+QT[\+TtIQ[LTQRY+[R+nIJJ+[R+tTJOVS+l[vIQRY+\QOPONX+ JOVINRONX+sT\OIRY+[N\+J[nSIQR+[N\+ONRkQIQRY+[N\+TkQ+KkLkQI+QIRI[QVW+ONLT+LWIRI+LTtOVR+nOJJ+\IJOPIQ+kR[sJI+QIRkJLR+ KTQ+[JJ+RL[vIWTJ\IQRu++
~-A9;>B+,-./0/12345637./589/:;94G5=3:97.:->5?;0<0/15@AB:-7BG5FBAd9491AG5F049B9FAG5:;.220d5B.2-:A
D
+
hi?8h
5
D
g.dE1;
93/>5
UWI+V[JJ+LT+[\\QIRR+jkl[N+m[VLTQR+ORRkIR+nOLW+[kLTl[LI\+\QOPONX+RSRLIlR+opHqr+OR+sIVTlONX+ONVQI[RONXJS+ OltTQL[NLY+[R+l[QvIL+tINILQ[LOTN+TK+ot[QLO[JJSr+[kLTl[LI\+PIWOVJIR+oqp+JIPIJ+*+TQ+{+qpY+{*r+[JRT+ONVQI[RIRu+ pR+[+\QOPIQ+QIJONkORWIR+L[RvR+LT+[N+pHqY+LWI+\QOPIQ+OR+sIONX+kRWIQI\+ONLT+[+NIn+QTJIz+LW[L+TK+[+RktIQPORTQu+HkQONX+ JIPIJ+*+[N\+{+[kLTl[LOTNY+JTNXOLk\ON[J+[N\TQ+J[LIQ[J+VTNLQTJ+OR+sIONX+L[vIN+TPIQ+sS+[\P[NVI\+\QOPIQ+[RRORL[NVI+ RSRLIlR+opHpqrY+nWOVW+INL[OJR+RSRLIlR+RkVW+[R+[\[tLOPI+VQkORI+VTNLQTJ+opyyrY+J[NI+vIItONX+[RRORL+oprY+TQ+t[Qv+ [RRORLY+skL+[JRT+LQ[VLOTN+VTNLQTJ+[N\+[NLOJTVv+sQ[vONX+RSRLIl+opqru+jOXWIQ+JIPIJR+TK+[kLTl[LOTN+oqp+JIPIJ+}rY+ nOJJ+sI+[sJI+LT+L[vI+TPIQ+LWI+VTltJILI+\SN[lOV+\QOPONX+L[RvY+JI[PONX+LWI+\QOPIQ+LT+lIQIJS+n[LVW+LWI+V[Q+\QOPI+ OLRIJKu+OLW+LWOR+QTJI+VW[NXIY+LWI+\QOPIQ+OR+RksIVLI\+LT+TkLTKLWIJTTt+\OKKOVkJLOIR+oTJ\+IL+[JuY+{*}+TknY+xIQ[LY+ +[lRTNY+{*ru+jTnIPIQY+lIQIJS+vIItONX+LWI+\QOPIQ+ON+LWI+JTTt+\TIR+NTL+RIIl+LT+sI+[+RkKKOVOINL+RTJkLOTNY+ IRtIVO[JJS+KTQ+tQTJTNXI\+tIQOT\R+TK+LOlI+oVKu+x[VvnTQLWY+*+q[Jl[+IL+[JuY+{ru+p+lTQI+tQTlORONX+RTJkLOTN+ nTkJ\+sI+[+V[RI+ON+nWOVW+LWI+Wkl[N+\QOPIQ+OR+[RvI\+LT+tIQKTQl+nOLWON+LWIOQ+V[t[sOJOLOIRu+UWOR+Q[ORIR+\Il[N\R+KTQ+ Wkl[N+VTNLQTJ+oxjy+TQOXON[LI\+KQTl+LWI+KOIJ\+TK+[kLTNTlTkR+nI[tTNQS+mkLkQI+TK+OKI+NRLOLkLIY+ {*r+TPIQ+[kLTl[LI\+\QOPONX+RSRLIlRu+UWI+VTNVItL+TK+xjy+I|tQIRRIR+LWI+I|LINL+LT+nWOVW+[+Wkl[N+V[N+ l[ONL[ON+VTNLQTJ+TPIQ+[N+[kLTl[LI\+RSRLIlY+IPIN+nWIN+NTL+ON+oKkJJr+TtIQ[LOTN[J+VTNLQTJ+oIuXuY+nWIN+[N+pHq+ Q[LWIQ+LW[N+[+\QOPIQ+tIQKTQlR+TtIQ[LOTN[J+[VLOTNR+q[NLTNO+\I+qOTY+{*+q[NLTNO+\I+qOT++[N+\IN+jTPINY+{*ru+ xjy+OR+kJLOl[LIJS+lTQI+\Il[N\ONX+[R+nIJJ+[R+lTQI+ONVJkROPI+LW[N+LWI+VJ[RROV+NTLOTN+TK+ \OQIVL¡+TtIQ[LOTN[J+
1234546789834 4 9 28 3255462
!""#$!%&'#'('&&#%")*'"+," ""!*-#"#+"+&%&"-./'&-" +"-#+'0#&'$"1"&"#'&%&"-&2&*!#&1"!'"&3,"+""-"+*+"!*-#&'-$%,"#*&" &-",+%'&4'5!"5$6./'&-"'*&'1"#&'##&'*+"&*$"1'&% !'!"#'& -''0#'"'0"&%&"-!#'&'27*$#'#3$"#'##+0'1"&!"*&"!"#,''% *+"#("#''7")*'"+.8"1"89:#$$'"&'$''$"#&#*-#"+&%&"-& '!*+'" &*$"1'&'.
;<
=>?@A
BCD
E
FBGH
I!'&$#$" '#++"&&!"'-$#"7'$#'089:'!"+"&'0'-$"-"#'#+*&"7JKL. M'& " '$1'+"#+"7'''789:#7" !'! " ''+*"!""-$"&7#JKL!# '$#"&89:.:&")*"%,#&"+!"&""-$"&!"!#'7 '!'#JKL '," +'&*&&"+.N#&%!"'-$'#'&#JKL '!89:!#&!"!*-#+'1" ',"'1"&'0#"+.I!" '-$'#'&#+'-$#&789:1"JKL1#'*&%$"&7&#("!+"& ',"+'&*&&"+#+&*00"&'& ',"-#+"''0!!""7.
=>O
PQ?RS?RTUO
PVH
WXTPO
PVYZ[H
\ZWTPH
Q?PUR?[H
O
PH
TZU?WTUX]H
]RO
^O
PVH
_`_UXW_H
=<
;>]Ba
E
bE
bcH
WBdbE
bca
ef
H
\egdbH
QhbD
i
hf
H
j"#$$#!!"+"7'''78"#'07*9*-#:289:31"#*-#"++'1'0&%&"-&2JKL3,% +'&'0*'&!'0 +''&#-"%3kl546#+3k5462L#'+"L'mn#+"91"opq3r/!"' #'"L#'+"L'#+n#+"91"2opq3'+"'7'"+#('0#&!"7'&""&&#%+''789: #++"7'"+'#&!"#,''%7#+"'&'5-#('0&%&"-2&*!#&JKL3##'-"&,""&$&'1"2'.".4 #(63!"!*-##0"6&2".0.+'1"3""1#"#&&#.I!'&#,"#!""1"7#$#"++"&'#' 1"'#&'#-#"#&'0.
I!"%'+"'7'"+#'0#&!"&"+""&&#%+''789:#++"7'"'#&!"$&&',''%#"# #*-#"+&%&"-6&,"!#1'*,#(&-"2"&$&',"3!*-##0"2".0.$"#&*$"1'&+"&'0" ".3./+"7!#+'',"&#'&7'"+!""!#&,"#"#&"!*-##0"'!"&%&"-6&+"&'05 #+*&"!'&% !'&#,"*+"&#+,!!"#$#,'''"&7!"&%&"-#&*77''""s"#+!"' "#�"&7$"'#-#&")*""&7!"&%&"-6&,"!#1'*.
j'!!"&" +"7'''&'-'+ "#'-'+"'7%"-$"&'11"+'89:1"JKL#+!" "&!*-#&*+&!*+-#'#''+"#!'"1"89:1"JKL.
=<
=>Qhi
BH
ChgthbBbD
GH
ha
H
deD
hgdD
BuH
uiE
FE
bcH
GvGD
BgGH
wE
D
xH
WBdbE
bca
ef
H
\egdbH
QhbD
i
hf
H
52yz2{5k92y|4738k82#+}45 424!#1",""'+"'7'"+#&#"0'"& !""'"-$"& !##"""1#JKL!#1",""'+"'7'"+2:#1"9"'($mn#J"-&*,-'"+3.~#&"+#"s"&'1" '"#*"&"#!!"*+"%'0-$"&"#,"89:,"##%&"+#+'"0#"+'!"JKL'#1"% $#'#7#&!'.I!"&""-$"&$#%#'-$#"'!"!#'7 '!'#+'"#' ," ""!"+'1"#+!"JKL.
1234546789834 4 9 28 3255462
!" # $!%&'( )*)+$&'+&!,+-!#!' #%"- -!$.+-#%"- -!$-' -!/ #*-! - #$-%0-*"# $$+$&#/$-! " !!--!#!#$)1/ $ (,-%#.#%"- -!$ #%%-',#''! $ 2 /&+$- 3" $$- 4$$!! ($""$ !!/ &$&'',$!!# !!+'0 !/ " $-'!,.)1/ (5&'!,." %-# !/ $ 2 /&$ " --6/ !/ !/ , &!%!7 () )+$0''82$ .+' - () )+&' 82$ .+9-8!/ 8$"!4() )+0-6' * 82$ .(#) :$%&$$ -+;<=.+-6''2 $#&$$ &!/ !$ #!->))
?% !/ # @2A5B92#%"- -!$ -$!-# $ -$$+$&#/$!/ $" -#!-& '*&* +- #!&!$$&#/$!/ -*- -#'&!#/)C! !/!-&!%! /#' + 3%"' !$$ -$$!0 - -!' +%$!2&!-*-%!-!!/ /&%- &-*%-&'-*+!&$-*!/$ -%!-!$ '6/ --*&!%!#'',+' -*!#%"' ! ', -!#%"- -!$!/ $% "&"$ )
DE4738B82-F45 424#%"- -!$+!/ &!/$ -! "/,$#'-*!'#%"- -!$+$&#/ $$&# %! '$-$!&#!& +-GH?-I>I#%%&-#!-+$6 ''$6 !/ #%"- -!$+$&#/ $--$-6+-* *"/##%"- -!$+$&#/$&2-&'$&&--*$)
D&!/ % +-!/ "" +J' !+K 0"-I-L %($&2%!! .$/6/6-6/,#-!'$ #! &-*!/ !-$!-%%-&'!&!%! -*)1/ , -! !/!-"!#&'!/*/ ' '$ &!%!-() )+?LM' 'N8O.+&-# !-!,-# $ $ /6!/$#/-#-!'$(% --*&'',. %-!- +$" !-'#-!'"%',' $6!/!/ LP?)J-!'- $"-$2'!, $/6-!2 - % &-#' -!/ -! % ! ' '$&!%!-(?LM' '>8.+6/ !/ #/-#-!'$! - $/ 2 !6 -!/ -!/ LP?)
Q/ -%-*!/ !!/ !6- # $$,#-!-$RKJ!/ $*-LP?+''6-*!/ #/- #-!'+ -! 6!/-!/ # #%"- -!$LP?+''6$ 3"'#!!# 2'!,RKJ!2 " % )
ST
UVWXYZ
[\]
^_`
abcd^`
e[^f
\
[Z
`
[gh\`
dbf
[cdf
hi`
i\
]
g]
^_`
jkjf
hcj`
1/ " &$!6$ #!-$ 3"'- !60 ,#-!-$RKJ+- %"/$7 !/!''6-*!/ #/- #-!'6!/--LP?$%"!-!!""',RKJ!/ -)1/$$ #!- 3"' $!/ /&%-' 6!/-LP?+- !$ '!-!6$RKJ)
D%/&%-" $" #! +#-!''-*-(&!%! . /#' 5& $$0''82$ +&' 82$ +$6 ''$ 0-6' * 82$ 2 /&(:$%&$$ -+;<=.)l$ ', - +$0''$ ' % -!$- $#%"' ! ',%' 6!/-#- 3 #&! '%$! !' $$',('0 $! -*6!/!/ 6/ '+- *!!-*#& +20-* #%!2',!#'*/!m2$#'',-,!/-*- 6''2 !&*/!!* !!-*,& 4$'# -$ +- -6#-&!%!#'',.):&' 82$ 2 /& -!'$2 /&!/!$" % 2, % %2 -*/6! #!* -$" ##$!&!-($&#/$-*On0"/!On0"/+$!""-*! '*/!+2&!'$-! -*!/&*/%'!,#-,.)o-6' * 82$ 2 /&$ $$ 6/ - 3" -# $- 6+ &-%'$!&!-+- -!'$6-*#-#'&$-$%"$! 3" -# -* - '0-6' * +!2 2' ! '6!/!/$&-%'$!&!-('0 -*-$-6,6 !/ +# #!-*6/' $0-*.)L'!!/ $ $!&!-$#-2 !- +$&#/$&-*-# !--*#&$ $)
1234546789834 4 9 28 3255462 !""#$%&' %()*%++,*!-!.!$#-/++.!0!%$!#.(!123' !%%&!#! /++.!++!)*%(%&,+!**#!"#$!#4!#*# /%!5%!6*4!#%+5%#+78%! !#%"'"#$!#-*-5$!5+!-/++%!!"+!#%%!/-0++-'-5-"#$%&)%!#5%&,/123'%" 0%&%-4!#$-#(#+!79/!$!#'--*(!%5+!#/!6!%!"!5#!-!%":#%5#!-!% .!$#-55#-"#%& !""#$%&7
;--5##!%+(.!%&%$!-&!".(+0%&/!**!5-!+!$!+-* %'-"!*%!".(!31<' $!% %.!$#'=%*(%&!% .!#*-0-""!"#0!%$!#.(!123'"!4!%"%&%- +!$!+* %)7!7'+!$!+>'?'@'A'#B,7
CDE
FGHE
IJKE
LMNO
JMPO
E
FGJIKNO
LQO
FRJME
MSQTHO
UTFJMO
ILMKVLHO
QLVO
JTKLFJKRPO
PVE
WE
MSO
NXNKRFNO
CY
ZO
K[
\]^_
`aO
\`bO
c
[
\]_
`aO
;-44!#.#!*+(-#!--!-! 4#%5!*$%2.+(%"#5!.+(%5#4#!"%123%#"!# 5!$! !%%&*+*# * %5%#+$!#-5-(-! -79$%&%123#50%& %d-%!%%- %" #+-%"#"-$"-/0/#"-%-%/5!$!5+!"!-- !%&! %"!-%/%' +0! --%&%!6'#4!%++(%!6#! !5-!-'#%%%&$!#- !%!7
8!%&.+!#5!!--%"5%-*%123+-!+4-! %%"!#-%"!*%5%%&*! 123'%"!%.+!-! 544#4#!'%!#5%&-/!#!/!123'++/%&*#-*!"#$%&/ $!5+!!=44!"/-5-(-! 7
;-'/!%"!-&%%&%123'"!#%&!#50%&%"#5%&4#%54+!-/++++/ %$! $!5+!++ !-%"!# !%%&*+5%#+)7!7'%4+% %#%&%+- !%&&!-/#%&'%!$.+( !%"%&e*e!e+4,7f#4+5( 0!#-'-(4!* %5%#++-++/-*# #++(%"+!&++(-%" 123'-#!-4%-.+(5%+/(-.!#50!"%"#5!".507g!#4- - 4#%'!!%"-!#)7!7' "#$!#:4!##,*$!5+!!=44!"/123/++*5!%55!4.+!%"#-/#(*# *5%#+$!# !#$!5+!'%"/%d!$!#*!!+)%#5++(.!,5 4+!!+(e*e!e+47
CY
hO
Qij
j
ik_
`aO
c
lmO
]l\_
`O
in
O
]i`c
[
ij
O
1%/#!%!--*! 4#%5!**++/%&!5%*5%#+4!%-!&!/(*#-*!%"-!5#!"!-&% %" 4+! !%%*123'--/-!5#!5 4%!%-%$+$!"/%%123'%"!5 4%!%- **!5!".(#%-%*5%#+"!#%-%%!+!$!+* %7;-++/-123"!-&%!#-%" +!&-+#-#5%&.50#!-4%-.+!5 4%!%- 5!-!#'-!-(-! -#%-4#!%7o#!$!#'123 "!-&%!#-5%%"!#-%"! 45!#-(-! -$!%! %"#$!#-/!++-"!-&%%&123-5 %"#$!#5%5 *#.+(%"-*!+()7!7' !%%&*++(,-!-(-! 7;!!6!%/5!5%* 5%#+-.!'%"-4--.+!.!*++/!"'/++$!.!*#!##!-!#5!"7f#!6 4+!'*# 52 4!#-4!5$!'/+"-**5!*++/4.!$#++!$!+'#-+"/!&-"!!4-%!#+&5+ +!$!+pf# q2r5s924!#-4!5$!'"/!%!!"0%/++!%-%".+-*&$!%$!5+!pf# %
1234546789834 4 9 28 3255462
473882 !"#$"%&$%'()*+$"*&$'%$*+ +,%-..&$"+*$/0(%$ *$)"*'12 $(( '()&"/%,$"#%$"*# '($*+$".%.$"/""$(!(% *"/!"*$)"/,)$()3 4(&5,&$"*&#%0.-%)$!,%)0*$)&$*'/")%0)&%*+*&,))&$".%*&)+%*+/")+))!*& *' ."+ &$",+."/*$)&$$"6*"(%$/,$,)+))&*+$"6*"%*+.%.$"+"*%)",&,&!%&&3
78
79
:;<=
>
;?
9
@AB?
?
C<DCE9
B<F9
G
HIB@=
E9
J
;>9
B9
AKHB<9
F>G
LC>9
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
YZ[\\]\\^
_`9
[_a9
^
bcd]b]_e^
_`9
b][_^
_`fgd9
hgb[_9
:i_ejid9
^
_9
[geib[e]a9
aj^
k^
_`9
\l\e]b\9
Y8
m9
eAC9
@AB?
?
C<DCE9
G
<9
G
HI?
CHC<=
G
<D9
bCB<G
<DJ
K?
9
hKHB<9
:;<=
>
;?
99
n% *'Xno")%*NOP#-&/,%%)*&&V")$)%!%. $0W"/$(&0&$#&S&$%$,&%*+%!$"*&%*+%&"$( -)&*!"/%*NOP$(%$6*"&(%$0",%*$V33$)%!6%. $0W3P)%/*"$%!")!"#-"**$& $( * &,!(%*NOP%)*"+(*% # *'$"#% *$% *Xno%*+$)0 *'$"%++)&&%$(&!"#-"**$&*")+)$" %!( $(%. $0/")%(,#%*+))$"#% *$% *Xno")%*NOP&*"%&0$%&63p)"#%(,#%*-)&-!$ $()"$)%*&/)!"#& $(%*,*%" +%.%*+"/$*,*+& )+$)%*&/) *)5, )+&6 T%*+),T.%&+ .(% ",)3N$)%*&/)"/!"*$)"")%) ",&&"/%,$"#%$"*$(%$ *!")-")%$&."$(+/*+!"*+ $"*& #-&%&#""$($)%*& $"*/")$((,#%*+))$"$(R$*$$(%$$(0 *"$.%&6+$"-)/")#%$%&6 $(0%)*"$5,%/+")!%-%."/+" *'3
Y8
q9
fK=
K>
C9
>
CECB>
@A99
4( &-%-)*$)"+,!&$(*"$"*"/Xno")NOP.0#%*&"/$(")$!%)%&"* *'3r#- )!%%&&&&#*$"/ $(60#*$&+ &!,&&+*$( &-%-))'%)+ *'Xno%)$()/")0$$".%&&&&+3M*")+)$".%.$" *!")-")%$$(*"$"*"/Xno*NOP"*!",+$( *6"/%(,#%*T#%!( **$)/%!$(%$-)" +&$((,#%* +)) $(,-T$"T+%$&$%$,&%*+%!$"*)-")$&%*+%"&$(+))$"%!$0*$)%!$ $($(NOP3p,$,) )&%)!(!",+*&$'%$($()%*NOP$(%$")$0s+! +&S%" *'/")%$)%!6%.&0&$#V*!"*$)%&$$" %s.%!6."RSW*!)%&&$(6(""+"/Xno")&,!(%*NOP3p,)$()#")/"))&%)!()&R-")*'$( &
1234546789834 4 9 28 3255462 !!"##$! $%$&'$(!)* (+)('",$(!,$* %$( '$(')($*'*+ ,$(!,$* %$-+.$'$/01+$%$+!)" 234%#05/*($$ ++6.$%$(!.!)((%$( !"*'$7 $ ' '$(%$(!*,8+$),$()(# '$($&(+$*"+!$ '$(! $,*+!$( $#)"+'"* (+%$(" $(%#!6! $30!)+'$($ ($+ $!"##$! )" "($ ($!$(*'*"+%$! # $&'*'!.!+$'$!$+%$!8$! )(05/.$9%$(&'" '$(!.)+!#(%$( !.++!3
:;<;:;=>;?@
A+%$(/3A34$.,5353BC0($D3-!"8$23A($*,$ !)($&(.)" $ (%#!6! $!&'$#)"+'"* (+3EFFFG343H5 4 4834I13HJ5422K
L" "($)M)$N! " $3-OPQR23S0" "!T$,!U0,$+$ $()(0NBV8 *!V$!$(*'$(!S3 )(' ,!UWW)" "($)+)$3(#W,$9+$ $(9" "!9&$,!W3
X+A358Y*.53M($ZM3BD$#+$([3-OPQ\23S].$%$(^S4&+#$!.$#$ '$(%$( 8*. '$+,_` H22546 7J2834a3H 34F6 4 5HH524H2bcJ4483922546d Qe\f9QegO3/5$#A0h/03
M"&]3i$( j3Bk!43-OPQR231###&'4#'+60" $5(%#U]8$( 8$'$ +,3` H22546 7J2lJE42435 4395546m 58 4834a3H 5452224dG354546 34n2J5H922564dQeP9Qe3/&8(h]h/03
i*.&('j343-Qegf23]'$8($.&)%#+*$"(#,(+#$%!"+!$(*'3o8329p 8439 7 Fqm252439`HJ 9 6dr9OQ3UQP3QPfPWQsgsPOQgfPfgQs\fV!"!!$k3-Qef\23/.++!("+$! .&+$#$t!#+!!#!!68+! '$(! * !'",$()(*$$+!3EFFFG343H5 4 42d134d34u2425HdrvORs9O3
V!"!!$k3-Qef\23/.++!("+$!.&+$#$t/#+!!#!!68+! '$(! * ! '",$()(*$$+!3EFFFG343H5 4 42d3434Hu2425HdrvORs9O3
/01N $( +3-OPQ23]76$)!)( $(!($+ $ (%#" !6! $!)( 9( (%$'*+$!3T!'# 5AU/01N $( +3
/ $/L3-OPQ231 '*!/$+)95(%#A(!U0T'$w,$(V$!,!8+$N% 0" $5(%#/6! $!35" *'i! (6)N)(! ("* "($1%($ Vx.!& $(! 3
/ $/L3BC$4%$k3-OPQf23i$#)"+4"A (+%$(" "!!6! $!U0 ,'+!,'*+**" 3a 45254y u 5H34EbQ9Qg3UQP3\\feW)(8 3OPQf3PPPQR
/Z+k3M3T(k3/3i '$&!X3/35$8$(T3j3T$+$(13i3Bi$$(03-OPPg231))$* !) !$!(6+6 !."( ,$()(*$&(.+! ($!!!"! $ $ 3834 a3H z GJ2 p 8439 7 J2 834 a3H 34 F6 4 5H H52d {| OQe9O\\3 U QP3QRQfW')$!3g3O3OQe3\s\\g
1234556789 ! "#$"% & '(")
*+ +
,-./0123/4
5
67897:;
<
=>?@
;
=AB8C?@
DE;
=>=F=E?@
B>C@
G=>>79;
7C@
H7I<
9J
7?K
@
B@
L=9E?M
N8=E:@
OE8P7Q@
=>@
R><
P78
?<
;
Q@
6=:EJ
B;
<
=>@
SJ<B?@6B>BT<=;=:=EJ=?U@VWXYWZ[\+]^_^[ZX`^Za+b[ZWcWdeW+fgeh^Z_eYi+Wj+kY`^g_a+lZ^^X^a+mno+++ N7=8T7+p<F<;8Bq=:=EJ=?U@k__e_Y[gY+rZWj^__WZa+b[ZWcWdeW+fgeh^Z_eYi+Wj+kY`^g_a+lZ^^X^+
DsOtuDGt@
kvYWgWwWv_+[gx+XWgg^XY^x+h^`eX\^_+[Z^+[g+^w^Zyegy+Y^X`gW\Wyi+z`eX`+w[i+dZWh^+YW+{^+Y`^+g^|Y+{ey+^hW\vYeWg+ eg+YZ[g_dWZY[YeWg}+k_+Wj+gWza+w[~WZ+h^`eX\^+w[gvj[XYvZegy+egxv_YZe^_+[Z^+x^h^\Wdegy+Y`^eZ+Wzg+dZWYWYid^+ [vYWgWwWv_+X[Z_+zeY`+d\[g_+YW+^h^gYv[\\i+Z^\^[_^+Y`e_+Y^X`gW\Wyi+YW+w[Zc^Ya+eg+jv\\+_X[\^a+vd+YW+}+V^_deY^+ ^gY`v_e[_YeX+_d^Xv\[YeWg+[{WvY+Y`^+dWY^gYe[\+{^g^jeY_+Wj+[vYWgWwWv_+[gx+XWgg^XY^x+h^`eX\^_a+YW+x[Y^+\eYY\^+e_+ l[egegy+[XX^dY[gX^+jZWw+^gx+v_^Z_+[gx+XWg_vw^Z_+ze\\+{^+XZeYeX[\+YW+Y`^+zex^_dZ^[x+x^d\Wiw^gY+Wj+ [vYWgWwWv_XWgg^XY^x+X[Z_}+g+Y`e_+XWgY^|Y+Y`^+dZ^_^gY+d[d^Z+x^_XZe{^_+[+_vZh^i+XWgxvXY^x+{i+w^[g_+Wj+[+ v^_YeWgg[eZ^+w^Y`WxW\Wyi+xe_YZe{vY^x+YW+vgx^ZyZ[xv[Y^+[gx+dW_YyZ[xv[Y^+vgeh^Z_eYi+_Yvx^gY_+eg+lZ^^X^}+`^+ Z^_dWg_^_+jZWw+Y`^+d^Wd\^+d[ZYeXed[Y^x+eg+Y`e_+_vZh^i+_`Wz+Y`[Y+d^ZjWZw[gX^+^|d^XY[gXi+[gx+YZv_Y+eg+ [vYWw[YeWg+XWv\x+{^+_Ww^+Wj+Y`^+c^i+j[XYWZ_+egj\v^gXegy+dv{\eX+[YYeYvx^_+YWz[Zx_+Y`^+ewd\^w^gY[YeWg+Wj+ [vYWgWwWv_+[gx+XWgg^XY^x+h^`eX\^_+eg+jvYvZ^+YZ[g_dWZY[YeWg+_X`^w^}++
7QA=8C?K+[vYWgWwWv_XWgg^XY^x+¡¡vZh^i+[ddZW[X`a+vgeh^Z_eYi+ dWdv\[YeWg}+
¢£S
¤tu¥pRGtS
¥¤@
]^X^gY+x^h^\Wdw^gY_+eg+h^`eX\^+[vYWw[YeWg+Y^X`gW\Wyi+¦^}y}+[vYWw[YeX+{Z[cegya+[vYWw[YeX+XZve_^+XWgYZW\a+ egY^\\ey^gY+_d^^x+[__e_Y[gX^a+\eg^+c^^degy+[__e_Y[gX^a+^YX§+[Z^+wWhegy+v_+X\W_^Z+YW+egXZ^[_egy\i+kvYWgWwWv_+[gx+ ¨Wgg^XY^x+©^`eX\^_+¦k¨©_§}+g+Y`e_+{[_e_+Y`^+ewd[XY+Wj+k¨©_+XWv\x+{^+^gWZwWv_}+Y+XWv\x+`^\d+YW+xZ[_YeX[\\i+ Z^xvX^+ZW[x+j[Y[\eYe^_+[_+Wh^Z+ª«+Wj+Y`^+ZW[x+[XXex^gY_+`[h^+{^^g+Z^dWZY^x+XWwegy+jZWw+`vw[g+^ZZWZ_}+ ¬WZ^Wh^Za+g^z+YZ[g_dWZY+_^ZheX^_+XWv\x+[\_W+{^+x^h^\Wd^x+^_d^Xe[\\i+z`^g+h^`eX\^_+[Z^+dZWhex^x+zeY`+ XWgg^XYeheYi+eg+[xxeYeWg+YW+[vYWw[YeWga+^}y}+YZ[jjeX+_[j^Yi+Z^\[Y^x+z[Zgegy_a+YZ[jjeX+w[g[y^w^gYa+g^z+ dW__e{e\eYe^_+jWZ+^\x^Z\i+d^Wd\^+WZ+ewd[eZ^x+d^Wd\^a+[xh[gX^x+egxehexv[\+XWwjWZY+[gx+XWgh^ge^gX^+jWZ+ xZeh^Z_v_^Z_}+Y+XWv\x+[\_W+Z^_v\Y+eg+g^z+{v_eg^__+wWx^\_a+_vX`+[_+X[Z+_`[Zegy+_^ZheX^_+[gx+_`[Z^x+wW{e\eYi+ z`eX`+XWv\x+\^[x+YW+[+_YZWgy+x^XZ^[_^+Wj+h^`eX\^_+Wg+WvZ+ZW[x_+®*¯}+
k\\+Y`^_^+dWY^gYe[\+_WXe^Y[\+{^g^jeY_+ze\\+gWY+{^+[X`e^h^x+vg\^__+Y`^_^+h^`eX\^_+[Z^+[XX^dY^x+[gx+v_^x+{i+[+ ° k¨©_+Wg+egY^Zg[YeWg[\+w[Zc^Y}+g+Y`e_+XWgY^|Y+eY+e_+gWY+i^Y+X\^[Z+YW+z`[Y+^|Y^gY+v_^Z_+[XX^dY+[vYWw[YeWg+ Y^X`gW\Wye^_+eg+h^`eX\^_+[gx+z`[Y+Y`^+j[XYWZ_+[gx+x^Y^Zweg[gY_+Wj+v_^Z+[XX^dY[gX^+Wj+[vYWw[YeWg+[Z^+®¯}+ ©[ZeWv_+Z^_^[ZX`^Z_+`[h^+dZ^heWv_\i+XWgxvXY^x+_vZh^i_+Wg+dv{\eX+WdegeWg+[{WvY+Y`^+d^ZX^dYeWg+[gx+[xWdYeWg+Wj+ h^`eX\^_+zeY`+[vYWgWwWv_XWgg^XY^x+xZehegy+Y^X`gW\Wyi}+g+*±a+²X`W^YY\^+[gx+²eh[c+®¯+egh^_Yey[Y^x+dv{\eX+ WdegeWg+[{WvY+[vYWgWwWv_+[gx+_^\jxZehegy+h^`eX\^_+[wWgy+*³+Z^_dWgx^gY_+eg+Y`^+fgeY^x+²Y[Y^_+Wj+kw^ZeX[a+