Distribution of harvestmen of the genus Paranemastoma Redikorzev, 1936 (Opiliones: Nemastomatidae) in Poland

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A N N A L E S

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L U B L I N – P O L O N I A

VOL. LXVII, 2 SECTIO C 2012

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The genus Paranemastoma is represented in Polish fauna by two vicariant species: P. quadri- punctatum and P. kochi. The present paper gives new information on distribution of both species in Poland. Literature data together with new localities allowed a compilation into map clearly sho- wing their vicariance.

Keywords: Paranemastoma quadripunctatum, Paranemastoma kochi, distribution, Poland

STRESZCZENIE

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6áRZDNOXF]RZH: Paranemastoma quadripunctatum, Paranemastoma kochi, rozmieszczenie, Polska

INTRODUCTION

The genus Paranemastoma REDIKORZEV, 1936 is represented in the Polish fauna by two spe- cies [35]: P. quadripunctatum (Perty, 1833) and P. kochi (Nowicki, 1870). P. quadripunctatum is a West-European-alpine species known in Poland from some localities scattered from the Karkonosze

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20-033 Lublin, Poland; e-mail: arachnologia@wp.pl

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08-110 Siedlce, Poland; e-mail: wojstar@vp.pl

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Rozmieszczenie kosarzy z rodzaju Paranemastoma Redikorzev, 1936 (Opiliones: Nemastomatidae) w Polsce

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0WV5LHVHQJHELUJHLQWKH6XGHWHQWRWKH.UDNyZ&]ĊVWRFKRZD8SODQG>27, 29, 31, 35]. P. kochi is a North-Carpathian species [15, 35], known in Poland from several localities scattered from the Ba- UDQLD*yUD0WLQWKH%HVNLG0WVWKURXJK%DELD*yUD0WV7DWUD0WV3LHQLQHQ0WVWRWKH%LHV]F]D- dy Mts [30, 35, 37]. Although the general distribution and habitat preferences of both species are relatively well known [15, 33, 35], their localities in Poland are scarce [21, 22, 35]. Moreover, a great part of the information is several decades old or even older [6, 11, 19, 20, 22, 23, 40], and often not precise enough [e.g. 6, 8, 21, 23, 24, 25, 26, 40].

The material in the present paper enlarges the information on the Paranemastoma species in Poland as well as on habitat preferences and vertical distribution. The specimens were collected by different methods: pitfall traps, entomological sieve and looking for individual specimens under stones, logs of fallen trees etc. The majority of it is stored in the collection of the senior author in Lu- blin, only several series are in the reference collection of the second author (RCWS – marked in the text).

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'LDJQRVLVBody oval, relatively high arched, in both sexes with scutum ma- gnum (in juveniles scutum parvum). Abdominal tergites with pairs of spines, tu- bercles or humps. Coloration very dark brown or even black, usually with golden points or patches. Chelicerae small, in males with a dorsal-apical apophysis or a crevice opening of glandular organs on basal segment. Pedipalps gracile, elon- gate. Legs moderately long to very long, femora with several basal or medial pseudoarticulations. Penis with long and slender shaft and strongly incrassate ba- sis. Glans bipartite, the thinner branch working as stylus. Ovipositor not segmen- ted, short, apical furca with some setae. Receptacula seminis: two pairs of small, thin-walled bubbles [15, 35].

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Back angles of prosoma with pairs (sometimes melted) of golden (or golden- -whitish) patches, strikingly larger than points on the tergite V and next tergites.

%DVDOFKHOLFHUDOVHJPHQWZLWK¿QJHUVKDSHGWKLFNO\VHWRVHGRUVDODSRSK\VLVƃ RU ZLWKRXW LW Ƃ« P. quadripunctatum – only abdominal tergite II with a pair of sharp spines, the others unarmed. Golden patches in frontal margins of prosoma, much smaller than those on the tergite V and next abdominal tergites.

Basal cheliceral segment in both sexes with large subapical hump, setose in males or bald in females...P. kochi.

The copulative apparatus and the other morphological characters are exactly described and depicted in papers of Šilhavý [33], 6WDUĊJD>@DQG0DUWHQV>@

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Paranemastoma quadripunctatum

General distribution: from eastern France over Belgium, Netherlands, Lu- xemburg, Germany (mainly western, southern and central parts but reaching even to the North Sea), Switzerland, northern Italy, Austria, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia, ZHVWHUQ+XQJDU\&]HFK5HSXEOLFZHVWHUQ6ORYDNLDWRVRXWKZHVWHUQ3RODQG7, 9, 13, 15, 16, 17, 33, 35, 41]. It was recorded also from Rumania [1, 26] but these data are doubtful.

Polish distribution: the Sudeten (with the Karkonosze = Riesengebirge), WKH6WRáRZH0WV+HXVFKHXHUJHELUJH/RZHU6LOHVLDWKH.UDNyZ&]ĊVWRFKRZD

Upland [5, 6, 12, 21–27, 29, 31, 32, 35].

Paranemastoma kochi

General distribution: from the Moravian Gate over the Carpathians up to Ru- manian Eastern and Southern Carpathians: eastern Moravia, Slovakia, southern and south-eastern Poland, south-western Ukraine, Rumania [1, 3, 4, 15, 35, 36].

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Paranemastoma quadripunctatum is an eurychronic species living in litter, under stones, wet tree logs etc. in forests of the mountain and submountain zone.

Apart from forests it is known from sod of open biotopes, from peat-bogs, over meadows and pastures up to alps [15]. Noted also from rocky niches and entrance parts of caves [32]. The hitherto known Polish localities comprised altitudes from 250 to 620 m a.s.l [35] but in the Alps this species reaches about 2000 m a.s.l. [15].

Paranemastoma kochi is also eurychronic, living mainly in subalpine forests of the mountain and submountain zone, from about 300 to 1600 m a.s.l., reaching along the streams to layers of dwarf mountain pine and alps [15, 35, 39]. Most often it occurs under stones, tree logs and on walls of hollows in the next vicinity of streams. It also lives in forest litter, particularly in beech forests, and sod of clearings [15, 35]. Sporadically it occurs in caves (trogloxene) [10, 35]. The juveniles often form small aggregations (several to a dozen or so specimens), adults live rather solitarily or in smaller groups.

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NEW DATA

The localities are arranged in accordance with the UTM grid.

Paranemastoma quaripunctatum

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mountain spruce forest with 5–15 years old understorey, ca 1060 m a.s.l., pit- IDOOWUDSVOHJ$0D]XU±±ƃƃƂƂ±±

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old upper mountain spruce forest with 6 years old understorey, ca 1080 m a.s.l., SLWIDOOWUDSVOHJ$0D]XU±±ƃƃƂƂ±

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Karkonosze Nat. Park, forest sec. 157d [WS 32], 180 years old upper mountain spruce forest, ca 1180 m a.s.l., pitfall traps, leg. A. Mazur 04.08.–15.10.2007

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Karkonosze Nat. Park, Protection area Szrenica, forest sec. 193g [WS 32], 200 years old declining upper mountain spruce forest, ca 1100 m a.s.l., pitfall WUDSVOHJ$0D]XU±±ƃƂMXY±±

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Karkonosze Nat. Park, Protection area Szrenica, forest sec. 193g [WS 32], 200 years old declining upper mountain spruce forest with ferns in the undergrowth, FDPDVOSLWIDOOWUDSVOHJ$0D]XU±±ƃƃƂƂ

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Karkonosze Nat. Park, Protection area Szrenica, forest sec. 201c [WS 32], 180 years old declining wetland upper mountain spruce forest with Sphagnum, FD P DVO SLWIDOO WUDSV OHJ$ 0D]XU ± ± ƃ ƂƂ

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Karkonosze Nat. Park, Protection area Szrenica, forest sec. 201d [WS 32], 180 years old upper mountain spruce forest, waterlogged forest clearing with Sphagnum, ca 1100 m a.s.l., pitfall traps, leg. A. Mazur: 25.07.–15.08.2005 –

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Karkonosze Nat. Park, Protection area Szrenica, forest sec. 201d [WS 32], 180 years old upper mountain spruce forest in transition zone to peat bog spruce forests with Sphagnum, ca 1200 m a.s.l., pitfall traps, leg. A. Mazur: 08.06.–

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years old upper mountain dense spruce forest, ca 1110 m a.s.l., pitfall traps, leg.

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Karkonosze Nat. Park, forest sec. 160a [WS 42], dying 190 years old upper mountain spruce forest with ferns in undergrowth, ca 1120 m a.s.l., pitfall traps, OHJ$0D]XU±±ƂƂ±±ƃƃƂƂ

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ĝQLHĪQLN0DVVLI)RUHVW,QVS0LĊG]\OHVLHIRUHVWVHFE>;5@FD

years old upper montane spruce forest, ca 1260 m a.s.l., pitfall traps, leg. A. Ma- ]XU±±ƃƃ

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years old upper mountain conspicuous spruce forest, ca 1230 m a.s.l., pitfall traps, OHJ$0D]XU±±ƃƃƂƂ±±ƃƃƂƂ

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years old upper montane spruce forest, ca 1260 m a.s.l., pitfall traps, leg. A. Ma- ]XU±±ƃƃƂƂ±±ƃƃƂƂ±

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years old dense upper mountain spruce forest; ca 1230 m a.s.l., pitfall traps, leg.

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years old incompact upper mountain spruce forest; ca 1230 m a.s.l., pitfall traps, OHJ$0D]XU±±ƃƃƂƂ±±ƃƃƂ

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55 years old spruce forest of anthropogenic origin, ca 1112 m a.s.l., pitfall traps, OHJ$ 0D]XU ± ± ƃƃ ƂƂ ± ± ƃƃ

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7 years old culture of spruce, ca 1112 m a.s.l., pitfall traps, leg. A. Mazur: 30.06.–

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sec. 361b [XR 46], ca 160 years old incompact mixed forest (beech, sycamore, spruce) in transition zone between mixed lower mountain forests and upper mountain spruce forests, ca 950 m a.s.l., pitfall traps, leg. A. Mazur: 30.07.–01.09.2005

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sec. 367b [XR 46], ca 120 years old incompact mixed forest (beech, sycamore, spruce) in transition zone between mixed lower mountain forests and upper moun-

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tain spruce forests, ca 980 m a.s.l., pitfall traps, leg. A. Mazur, 30.08.–08.11.2005

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sec. 368a [XR 46], ca 170 years old incompact mixed forest (beech, sycamore, spruce) in transition zone between mixed lower mountain forests and upper mountain spruce forests, ca 1007 m a.s.l., pitfall traps, leg. A. Mazur: 30.06.–30.07.2005

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mixed beech spruce forest, ca 950 m a.s.l., pitfall traps, leg. A. Mazur: 15.08.–

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years old young spruce forest on plateau at the top of Wielka Sowa, ca 1010 PDVOSLWIDOOWUDSVOHJ$0D]XU±±ƃƃƂƂ±

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years old declining upper montane spruce forest, ca 1000 m a.s.l., pitfall traps, OHJ$0D]XU±±ƃ±±ƃƃƂ±

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years old young spruce forest on plateau at the top of Wielka Sowa, ca 1010 m DVOSLWIDOOWUDSVOHJ$0D]XU±±Ƃ

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Paranemastoma kochi

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Tatra Nat. Park, stone-pit „Pod Capkami” [DV 25], sieved from mosses, ca

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Tatra Nat. Park, Polana Olczysko [DV 25], under stone, ca 1060 m a.s.l., leg.

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Tatra Nat. Park, Dolina Roztoki [DV 35], under stones near stream valley, ca

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Pieniny Nat. Park, Zamczysko Mt [DV 57], humid rock debris in forest, ca

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Bieszczady Nat. Park, north slopes of Kamienna [FV 13], “Krumm- holz” beech-sycamore-rowan forest, in litter and mosses, ca 1180 m a.s.l., leg.

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Fig. 1. Distribution of the genus Paranemastoma in Poland. P. quadripunctatum: black dots – literature data, red dots – new data. P. kochi: black triangles – literature data, green triangles – new data

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Bieszczady Nat. Park, Suche Rzeki [FV 15], by a small unnamed stream, XQGHUVWRQHFDPDVOOHJ55R]ZDáND±ƃ

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The up-to-date Polish publications on P. quadripunctatum [22, 31, 32] gave only information on single or small numbers of specimens and localities, which

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could suggest the species is very rare in Poland. The presented material from different parts of the Sudeten Mts proves that it can be quite frequent and numerous. Moreover, its common occurrence in spruce forests near to the timberline add GDWDRQKDELWDWVDQGYHUWLFDOGLVWULEXWLRQ6WDUĊJD>@KDGYHU\VFDUFHLQIRUPD- tion on P. quadripunctatum and believed it lives mainly in litter of deciduous fo- rests in narrow vertical diapazone from about 250 to 620 m a.s.l. The new material allows to widen the habitat requirements on litter of different coniferous forests, wet forest clearings and even peat-bogs. The upper distribution limit is now about 1250 m a.s.l. instead of 620 m. Our observations are in full accordance with data of Martens [15]. So, the requirements of the species do not change and are the same in the centre of its distribution area (e.g. south Germany) as well as near the border (south-western Poland).

The present data show that P. kochi is a common species in the Polish Carpathians, although it is not known from some areas (e.g. the Middle Beskid Mts; Fig. 1) – it does not mean, however, its absence in those regions but is simply due to lack of faunistic research. Moreover it has been proved that P. kochi lives not only in forest habitats but is quite numerous on mountain pastures in the Bieszczady Mts, reaching there to about 1200 m a.s.l. In spite of intensive H[SORUDWLRQLWZDVLPSRVVLEOHWR¿QGWKHVSHFLHVLQWKHDOS]RQHLQWKH7DWUDV±LW

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probably about 1600 m a.s.l. [35, 39].

The juveniles of P. kochi occur very often in aggregations of several speci- mens under one stone. They used to be accompanied by the juveniles of Gyas cf.

titanus Simon. The adults live solitary or in groups counting several specimens.

It is impossible to appoint the precise border of the distribution areas of these both vicariant species. The occurrence of P. quadripunctatumLQWKH2MFyZ

1DWLRQDO 3DUN KDV EHHQ UHFHQWO\ FRQ¿UPHG >2 – without details, present data].

+LVWRULFGDWD>11] suggest that P. quadripunctatum was a “not uncommon” species LQWKHYLFLQLW\RI:LHOLF]NDVRXWKRI.UDNyZ7KHQHDUHVWORFDOLWLHVRIP. kochi ZHUHQHDU0\ĞOHQLFHDQG'REF]\FH>35:H[FROO:.XOF]\ĔVNL], that is, merely 10–15 km apart.

It is also impossible to say if the localities of P. quadripunctatum in the Kra- NyZ&]ĊVWRFKRZD8SODQG>32]DQGLQWKHYLFLQLW\RI.UDNyZ>@KDYHDQ\FRQ- nection with those in the Sudeten Mts or are disjunctive – there are no data from the Western Beskides, Upper Silesia and the Eastern Sudeten Mts. The whole area

“in between” is either heavy industrialized or intensively used agriculturally with SDWFKHVRIIRUHVWRIDUWL¿FLDORULJLQ,WLVMXVWWKHVDPHVLWXDWLRQDVLQWKHFDVHRI

Ischyropsalis hellwigi (Panzer) [28].

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2XU¿HOGREVHUYDWLRQVVKRZFOHDUO\WKDWP. kochi is a species more closely connected with valleys of mountain streams, occurring very often under stones hard by water. It has never been found on peat-bogs. P. quadripunctatum is also hygrophilous but not so strongly connected with stream valleys. Instead of this it occurs on mountain (and submountain) peat-bogs.

The main result of our investigation was an essential supplementing of dis- tribution of P. quadripunctatum and P. kochi with numerous new localities. Both species are not as rare as it was shown by previous authors and the scarcity of information was simply due to the lack of investigations.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

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distribution data used in the present paper. Special thanks are due to Theo Blick (Senckenberg Mu- seum, Frankfurt a. M.), whose criticism allowed corrections of many faults done by us.

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