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(2) ʹͷͶͶǦͲͺ. BEZPIECZNY. .
(3) No 2(71) 2018. ISSN 2544-7068. BEZPIECZNY. SAFE BANK.
(4) SAFE BANK ͳͻͻǤ
(5) ϐ ǡ Ǥ. EDITORIAL OFFICE Ǥ Ñ Ȃ ǤÏ
(6) Ǧ Ǥ Ñ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ ÑǦÏ ĂÑȂ SCIENTIFIC AND PROGRAMME COUNCIL Ȃ ¦ Ǥ ǤǦ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ ǤÏ Ï ǤÏ Dz dzǤ ϐ . EDITOR PUBLISHER ǤǤ
(7) Ͷ ͲͲǦͷͶ SECRETARY ĂÑ ǣʹʹͷͺ͵Ͳͺͺ ǦǣǤ̷Ǥ.
(8) ʹȋͳȌʹͲͳͺ
(9) ǣͳͲǤʹ͵ͷͶȀǤͳǤʹǤͳǤʹͲͳͺ. . Stefan Gärtner* Jorge Fernandez-Mototo**. ǡ ͳ. Abstract ϐ ǡȂ Ȃ Ǣǡϐ ǤǦ ϐ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǦǤ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡǦ Ǥ ȗ. ¡ ȋǤ Ȍǡ ǼǦ ǽ
(10) ǡ Ǧ Ȁ ǡ ϐ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ȗȗ Ǧ ǦǦ ¡ Ǥ ͳ ǦÚ ǡ ǡ ȋǡ Ǧ ǡȌ Ǥ Ú Ǥ. .
(11) ʹȋͳȌʹͲͳͺ. . Key wordsǣ Ǣ ǡ Ǣϐ Ǣǡǡ ϐ ǡǢ Ǣ . 1. Introduction ǡͳǡͶͲͲ ǡ ǯ ʹͲͲȂʹͲͲͺȏ ¡ʹͲͳͳǢ ʹͲͳ͵Ǣ ʹͲͳȐǤ
(12) ǡ ʹͲͲͺȀʹͲͲͻ ǡ ǦǦȋȌȏ ¡ ÚʹͲͳȐǤ ǡϐ Ǥ ǡ ϐ ǡ ϐ ȏ ʹͲͲͶȐǤ ǡ ǯϐ ǡ Ǧ Ǧ ǡ ȏ ʹͲͲͳǢ ʹͲͲͳȐǤ Ǥ ǡ ǡ ȏ ʹͲͲͻȐǡ
(13) Ǧ
(14) ϐ ȏ ʹͲͲȐǤ ϐ ȏͳͻͻͷǢ ʹͲͲʹǢ ¡ʹͲͳ͵Ǣ ¡ ÚʹͲͳͶȐǡ ϐ ǡ ϐ ȏ ¡ ÚʹͲͳͶȐǤǡ ǡ ǡǤǤǡ ǡ Ǥǡ ȏ ͳͻͻǢ ʹͲͲʹǢ ͳͻͻͺȐǡ ϐǤ ǡ ǦÚ ǡ ϐ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ. ϐ ȏ ʹͲͲȐǤ ǡ ǡ ϐ ǡ . ͺ.
(15) ʹȋͳȌʹͲͳͺ. . ϐ Ǥ ǯ Ǥ
(16) ǡ ǡ ǯ ͳͻͺͺǡ Ǥ ǡ ϐ ϐ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ ǡ Ǥϐ Ǥ ϐ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ǧ ϐ ǡǤ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ǡ ͵ʹ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡ ȋ Ǧ Ȍ Ǥ
(17) ǡǡ Ǥǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ. 2. Decentralised and centralised banking ͳͻͻͷǡ ϐ ȏ ͳͻͻͷȐǤ ǡ ǡ ϐ ȏǤǤǡ Ǥ ʹͲͲͷȐǤ ǡ Ǥ
(18) Ǧ ǡȏʹͲͲʹȐϐ ϐ Ǥ ϐ ǡ ϐ ͳͺͷͲ ǡ ǡ . ͻ.
(19) ʹȋͳȌʹͲͳͺ. . Ǥǡǡ ϐ Ǧ ȋǤǤǡ ǡȌǡ ǡ ȋ Ȍ ȏʹͲͲʹȐǤȏʹͲͲʹȐ ϐ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡ ȏʹͲͲʹȐ Ǥ ǡ ǡ ȏ ¡ ÚʹͲͳͶȐǣ ϐ ǯ ǣ ǡ ǤǤǡ ǡ ǡ Ȁ ȋǤȌǫ Ǧ ϐ ȏ ͳͻͺͺǢ ÀǦ ͳͻͻǢ ʹͲͲͷǢ ¡ ʹͲͲͺȐǤ
(20) ǡ Ǧ ϐ ȏ ¡ʹͲͲͺȐǤ Ǧǣ ȋǤǤǡȌ ǡ Ǣ ǡ ǫ Ǥ ǡ ǡ ȏʹͲͲʹǢ ʹͲͲ͵ǢǤ ʹͲͲͷǢ ¡ʹͲͲͻǢǤʹͲͲͻǢ ÚʹͲͳȐǤ ϐ Ǧ ǦǡǦ Ǧ ǯϐ Ǥ
(21) ǡ ϐ ϐ Ǥ . ͳͲ.
(22) ʹȋͳȌʹͲͳͺ. . Ǧǡ ȋȌ ȋ
(23) ȌǦ ȏ ʹͲͲͺǢ ¡ Ú ʹͲͳȐǤ ǡ ϐ ǡ ǡǡǡ ϐǡ Ǥǡ ϐ ȏ ͳͻͺǢʹͲͲͳǢǤ ʹͲͲ͵ǢʹͲͲ͵Ǣ ʹͲͲͶǢÚǤʹͲͲǢ ʹͲͲͻǢ ʹͲͲͻǢʹͲͳͳǢ ¡ʹͲͳ͵ǢÚʹͲͳͷȐǤ
(24) Ǧ ǡ ȏ Ǥ ʹͲͲͻȐǣ ǡ ȋ ȌǢ ǡ ǡ ǤǤǡ ϐ ȋ ȌǤ ÚȏʹͲͳȐǡ ǯȏʹͲͲʹȐ ǡ ǣ ǡ Ǧǡ ȏ ÚʹͲͳȐǤ
(25) ǡ ϐ ǡ ϐ ȏ ʹͲͲͷǢʹͲͲͷǢ ʹͲͲͺǢ ʹͲͳͶȐǤǡ ǡ ϐǡ ȏ ʹͲͲ͵Ǣ ʹͲͲͷǢǤʹͲͲͻȐǤǡ ǦǦ Ǥ ϐ ǡ Ǧ ȋ Ȍ ȏ Ǥ ʹͲͲͻǢ ʹͲͳͶǢ ¡ Ú ʹͲͳͶȐǤ ǡ ǯ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǧ ȏ Ú ʹͲͳȐǤ ǡ ǡ Ǥ
(26) ǡ
(27) ȏǤʹͲͳȐǡ Ǥ. ͳͳ.
(28) ʹȋͳȌʹͲͳͺ. . 3. The structure of the spanish banking system Ǥ ͳͶ ͳͻͺͺǡ ͷͺͷ ȏ ͳͻͻͲȐǤ ǡͳͻͻʹǡ ͵ͷΨǡͶͺǤϐ ǡǮǯ ʹͲͳǤ ǡͳͻͺͺǡ ǡ ǡǡ ȏ
(29) ǤʹͲͲͷȐǤǡ Ǥ Ʈ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ͳͻͺͺǡǦ Ǥͳͻͺͺǡͳͳʹ Ǣͳͻͻͷǡǡ ͻǡ ȏͳͻͻȐǤ ͳͻͻͲ ȏ ͳͻͻȐǤ . ǡ ͵ǡ͵ͺͷ ͳͻͺͺ ȏ ͳͻͻͲȐ ͻͷ ʹͲͳ ȏ ʹͲͳȐǡ Ǥ ǡ ǡǤ. ǡ ǡ ǣ
(30) ǡ ʹͲͳͷǡ ͳǡͶ͵Ǥ ǡǡǣ ʹͲͳͷǤ ϐǡǡ ȋ ȌǤ ʹͷǡ ǡ ͳͲΨ ͳͻͺ͵͵ͶΨʹͲͲͶǤǡʹͲͳͲǤ ϐ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ. ͳʹ.
(31) . ʹȋͳȌʹͲͳͺ Figure 1. Number of institutions within the Spanish banking sector 120 100 80 60 40. Banks. Savings Banks. 2016. 2014. 2012. 2010. 2008. 2006. 2004. 2002. 2000. 1998. 1996. 1994. 1992. 1990. 1988. 1986. 1984. 1982. 1980. 1978. 0. 1976. 20. Cooperatives. ǣ Óǡ Ǥ. Figure 2. Market shares of loans to industrial enterprises (construction excluded) % 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30. 0. 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010. 20 10. Savings Banks. Commercial Banks. Cooperatives. ǣ Óǡ Ǥ. ǡ ǣ ǡ ͷΨ ǡ ͶΨ Ǥ
(32) ǡ Ǥ
(33) ʹͲͳͷǡ ͶΨ ȋǦ ȌǤ ǡȋȌȂ . ͳ͵.
(34) . ʹȋͳȌʹͲͳͺ. Ȃ ͵ͷǤͶΨ ȋ ʹȌǤ
(35) ͳͻͻͻǡ ǡ ͶͶǤʹΨǡ ͵ͷǤͷΨǤǡ ȏ ǡ ȐǤ Figure 3. Market shares of loans to service enterprises (real estate excluded) % 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30. 0. 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010. 20 10. Savings Banks. Commercial Banks. Cooperatives. ǣ Óǡ Ǥ. Ǧ ǡ ȋ ʹȌǤ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǯǤ ϐ ȏϐ ǡ ¡ʹͲͳ͵Ǣ× ǦʹͲͳͷȐǤ ǡ Ǣǡ ȋǦ͵Ȍǡ ͶͲʹ Ǯ ¡ǯ ͷʹ Ǯ ǯǤ ϐ Ȁ Ǥ ǡǦ Ǥ ǡ ϐ Ǥ ǣ. ͳͶ.
(36) . ʹȋͳȌʹͲͳͺ. RKI j = / j. b ij b .j ) 0.5 B i. B ... bijαǡ ǡ Bi.αǡ b.jαǡ B..α ͲδͳǤͳ ȋϐȌǤ Figure 4. Spatial concentration of the employees in ϐinance for Spain and Germany (Nuts-3) 0.20 0.18 0.16 0.14 0.12 0.10. NUTS3-DE. 2013. 2012. 2011. 2010. 2009. 2008. 2007. 2006. 2005. 2004. 2003. 2002. 2001. 2000. 0. NUTS3-ES. ϐǢ ǣòȋȀ ȌǦ ȋȀ ȌǤ. ϐ ǡ Ǥ ʹͲͲͺ ϐ Ǥ Ǧ͵ ǣ Ǥ ǡ Ǣǡ Ǥ Ǧ ǡ ȋϐͷȌǤ ȋȌ ̀Ǧ ʹͲͳͶǤ. ͳͷ.
(37) ʹȋͳȌʹͲͳͺ. . Figure 5. Bank headquarters locations in Spain and Germany, 2014. ϐǢ ǣǤ. ϐǣ ǡ Ǥ
(38) ʹͲͳͶ Ȃ Ȃ Ǥ ǡ ǡ ϐ . ǡ Ǥǡǡ ǡǤ ϐ ϐ ȋϐ ȌǤǦǦ Ǥ ǡ ȋϐȌǤ ǡ ǡ ȋ Ȍ ȋ Ȍ Ǥ ȋ ǡ ȌǤ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡ . ͳ.
(39) Problems and Opinions. Safe Bank 2 (71) 2018. Ǥ ȋϐȌǡ ǡ ϐ regard to operational and functional distance. Figure 6. Operational and functional distance in Germany. Functional Distance. G: Commercial Banks. G: Savings and Cooperative Banks. Operational Distance Source: author’s own work.. Figure 7. Operational and functional distance in Spain Loans officer as very limited influence. Functional Distance. IV Centralised Banks with a huge branch network. 2 Savings Banks and some Cooperative Banks. II Centralised Banks with regional ties I Local/regional orientated Banks. Commercial and former Savings Banks with high market sharesis some regions. III Urban Banks with ties in the agglomeration Commercial banks specialized in SME in urban agglomerations. In some regions very small functional and operational distance. Operational Distance Source: author’s own work.. 17.
(40) ʹȋͳȌʹͲͳͺ. . Bank type I: Local- and regional-orientated banks ϐ Ǧ Ǧ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ Ǣ Ǣ Ǧ Ǥ Ǧ Ǧ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ
(41) Ǥ Bank type II: Centralised banks with regional ties
(42) ǡ Ǥ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǧ Ǥ Ǣ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ Bank type III: Urban banks with ties in the agglomerations ǡ Ȃ Ǥ Ǧ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Bank type IV: Centralised banks with a huge branch network but less decision power Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǯǯ Ǥ Ǧ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ ϐ Ǥ
(43) ϐ ǡ ȋ Ȍϐ Ǥ . ͳͺ.
(44) ʹȋͳȌʹͲͳͺ. . Ǥ ǡ ǤǤǡ ȋ ǡ Ȍǡ ϐ Ǥ
(45) ǡ ǡǦ ǡ Ǥ. 4. Governance, cohesion and banks ǡ ϐ Ǧ Ǧ Ǥ
(46) ǡ ϐ ǡǡǡ ȏ Ǥ ʹͲͲͳǢ ʹͲͲͷǢ ʹͲͳʹȐǤ ϐ ȏ ʹͲͲͳȐǡ Ǥ ϐ ǡ ȏǡ ͳͻͻǢ ϐ ǡ ͳͻͻͺȐǤ
(47) ǡȏʹͲͲʹȐ Ǥǡ Ǥ. ͶǤͳǤ ǡ Ǥ ǡ ϐ Ǥ ǡϐ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ϐ ȋϐ Ȍ ǡ Ǥ Ǧ ǡ ȂǤǤǡ ϐ Ȃ ȏòò Ǥ ʹͲͳ͵Ǣ ¡ Ú ʹͲͳǢ ʹͲͳͷȐǤ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǧ ȋ Ȍǡ . ͳͻ.
(48) ʹȋͳȌʹͲͳͺ. . ϐ Ǥ ǯ ϐ Ǥ ȋȌ Ǥ ǡ ȋȌ Ǥ
(49) ǡ Ǥ Ǥ ǡ ͵ǡʹͳͳʹ ʹͲͳͷǢ ǡ ǡ ʹͲͳͷȏǡʹͲͳͷȐǤ ǡ ȋ
(50)
(51)
(52) Ȍ ǡ ϐ ȏǤʹͲͳȐǤ ǡ ǡ Ǧϐ Ǥ. ͶǤʹǤ ǡ Ǥ
(53) ǡ Ǧ ȋ ȏ¡ȐȌǤ ǡ ϐǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǧ ǡ ȋȌȏ ʹͲͲͶǢ ʹͲͲȐǤ ͳͻͲǡ ȋǤǤǡ
(54) ǡ Ȍ ǡ ϐ Ȃ Ȃ ϐ ȏ ¡ʹͲͳ͵ȐǤ ǡ ϐ ǡ ȋ Ȍ ȏǡʹͲͲͻȐ ȏǤʹͲͲʹȐǤ ͳͷͺʹͳͻͺͺǡͳͳ Ǥͳͻͺͺ ǡ ƬǤ. ʹͲ.
(55) ʹȋͳȌʹͲͳͺ. .
(56) ǡ Ǥ ȋ Ȍ ȏ ÀǦ ͳͻͻǢ ¡ʹͲͲͻȐǤͳͻͷͲǡ Ǯ ϐ ǯȏͳͻͷͻǣʹȐǤ Ȃ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ȃ ϐ Ǥ Ǥ
(57) ϐ ȏͳͻͻͻȐǤ ǡ Ǯ ǣ ϐ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǯȏ ͳͻͺͺǣ ʹͶͲȐǤ ǡǤ ǡ ȏ ¡ʹͲͲͺǢʹͲͳͲǢʹͲͳͲǢ ¡ʹͲͳͶȐǤ Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǧ Ǧ ȏ ʹͲͲͶȐǤ ǡ ǯ ǡ ȏͳͻͻͷȐǤ Ȁ Ǥ Ǥ
(58) Ǥ
(59) ǡ Ǥ Ψ ǯȋ ʹͲͲͻȌ ǣ
(60) ǡ ͷͷǤͷ ȋͶͺǤΨȌ ȏǡ ʹͲͳ͵ȐǤ . ʹͳ.
(61) ʹȋͳȌʹͲͳͺ. . Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ϐ ǡ ǡ ȋȌǤ
(62) ȋ ͲͳȌǡ ǡ ȋͲǤͲͻ͵Ȍǡ ȋͲǤͲͻʹȌ ȏǡ ʹͲͳ͵ȐǤ ϐ Ǥ ǡ ϐ ʹ ȏéǡ ʹͲͲͷȐ Ψ Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ϐ ͲǤͲͶ͵Ͷͻͷǡ ȋͲǤͲͻ͵ͻȌǡ Ǥ
(63) ǡ Ǥ ϐ Ǥǡ ǡ ǡ ǡ ϐ Ǥ ȏ ʹͲͲͺǢ ×Ǧ Ǥ ʹͲͳͳǢ Ǧ
(64) ʹͲͳ͵ǢʹͲͳ͵ȐǤǦ
(65) ȏʹͲͳ͵Ȑ Ǥ. ͶǤ͵Ǥȋ Ȍ
(66) ǡ ͳͻ ϐ Ǯǯ ȏ¡ǤʹͲͳͲǢ
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