Ɉɛɪɚɡ ɥɟɫɚ ɜ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɨɣ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɟ ɦɢɪɚ (ɧɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɟ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ) 45
UWM Olsztyn Acta Neophilologica, XVII (1), 2015
ISSN 1509-1619
Ɉɥɶɝɚ Ʉɚɫɵɦɨɜɚ
Ʉɚɮɟɞɪɚ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɢ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ-ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ Ȼɚɲɤɢɪɫɤɢɣ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ
ɈȻɊȺɁ ɅȿɋȺ ȼ əɁɕɄɈȼɈɃ ɄȺɊɌɂɇȿ ɆɂɊȺ ( ɇȺ ɆȺɌȿɊɂȺɅȿ ɊɍɋɋɄɈȽɈ ɂ ɉɈɅɖɋɄɈȽɈ əɁɕɄɈȼ)
Key words: lexical meaning, language picture of the world
ɋɬɚɬɶɹ ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɚ ɜɚɠɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɟ: ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚɦ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɵ ɦɢɪɚ ɜ ɹɡɵɤɟ.
ȼ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɜ «ɨɛɪɚɡɚ ɦɢɪɚ» ɢ «ɤɚɪɬɢɧɚ ɦɢɪɚ» ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɢ ɡɥɨɛɨɞɧɟɜɧɵɦ. əɡɵɤ ɬɟɫɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧ ɫ ɦɵɲɥɟ- ɧɢɟɦ, ɯɨɬɹ ɢ ɧɟ ɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɟɧɟɧ ɟɦɭ. Ʉɚɠɞɵɣ ɹɡɵɤ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɜɨɣ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ-ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɜɡɝɥɹɞɨɜ, ɨɛɳɢɯ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɟɝɨ ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɟɣ.
ɗɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɨɣ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɵ ɦɢɪɚ, ɨɛɳɟɣ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ.
ɋɥɨɜɨ «ɥɟɫ» ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɜɚɠɧɨɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɜ ɧɚɲɟɦ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɢ, ɨɧɨ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɟɬ ɭɧɢɜɟɪ- ɫɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ ɢ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɛɥɢɡɤɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɵɯ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɚɯ ɦɢɪɚ. ɗɬɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ – «ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹ, ɡɚɪɨɫɲɚɹ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɹɦɢ», «ɧɟɤɨɟ ɠɢɜɨɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨ», «ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ». ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɫɥɨɜɨ «ɥɟɫ» ɢɦɟɟɬ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɛɥɢɡɤɭɸ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɪɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ.
ɋɪɟɞɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɭɚɥɶɧɨ ɜɚɠɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɥɸɛɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɨɫɨɛɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɬɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɦɢɪɨɦ.
ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɫɥɨɠɢɜɲɟɦɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɢ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɦɢɪɟ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ, ɫɨɩɭɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɜɲɟɦ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɬɜɭ ɧɚ ɜɫɟɦ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɟɝɨ ɷɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ, ɢɡɞɚɜɧɚ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɚɥɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ. ɇɟɨɞɧɨɤɪɚɬɧɨ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɥɨɫɶ, ɱɬɨ ɭ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɫ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɨɫɨɛɵɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɬɪɚɡɢɥɢɫɶ ɢ ɡɚɤɪɟɩɢɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɮɨɥɶɤɥɨɪɟ, ɹɡɵɤɟ ɢ ɚɪɬɟɮɚɤɬɚɯ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ. ɂɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɩɟɱɚɬɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɦɢɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɟɞ- ɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɥɭɠɢɥɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɥɟɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɫɥɨɜ, ɫɢɧ- ɬɚɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɫɥɨɜ ɢ – ɜ ɢɬɨɝɟ – ɞɥɹ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɵɯ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɨɜ, ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɳɢɯ ɦɢɪ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ. Ʌɟɫ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɟ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɡɞɚɜɧɚ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɟɬ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɜɫɸ ɠɢɡɧɶ, ɹɜɥɹɹɫɶ ɫɪɟɞɨɣ ɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɡɚɧɹɬɢɣ: ɦɥɚɞɟɧɰɚ ɭɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɥɢ ɜ ɞɟɪɟɜɹɧɧɭɸ ɤɨɥɵɛɟɥɶ, ɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɦ
Ɉɥɶɝɚ Ʉɚɫɵɦɨɜɚ
46
ɩɪɢɸɬɨɦ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɞɟɪɟɜɹɧɧɚɹ ɞɨɦɨɜɢɧɚ (ɝɪɨɛ). ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɷɬɨ ɫɥɨɜɨ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɟɱɢ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɧɨɝɨɡɧɚɱɧɵɦ ɢ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɛɨɝɚɬɵɦ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɢ ɤɨɧɧɨɬɚɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɮɨɧɨɦ. Ɉɧɨ ɜɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɫɥɨɜ, ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɹɪɤɢɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɵ [ɉɨɩɨɜɚ, ɋɬɟɪɧɢɧ 2001, 58].
Ʌɟɫ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɢɝɪɚɥ ɜɚɠɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɪɨɞɨɜ. Ⱦɟɪɟɜɨ (ɤɚɤ «ɩɪɟɞ- ɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɶ» ɥɟɫɚ) ɜ ɹɡɵɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɦɢɮɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɹɜɥɹɥɨɫɶ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɨɦ ɠɢɡɧɢ. ɍ Ⱥ.ɇ. Ⱥɮɚ- ɧɚɫɶɟɜɚ ɦɵ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɨ «ɞɟɪɟɜɟ-ɜɟɥɢɤɚɧɟ»: «Ⱦɨɠɞɟɜɵɟ ɬɭɱɢ, ɩɨɬɟɦɧɹɸɳɢɟ ɧɟɛɟɫɧɵɣ ɫɜɨɞ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɪɚɫɤɢɧɭɬɨɸ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɥɢɫɬɜɢɫɬɨɸ ɫɟɧɶɸ, ɜ ɝɥɭɛɨɱɚɣɲɟɣ, ɧɟɡɚɩɚɦɹɬɧɨɣ ɞɪɟɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɭɩɨɞɨɛɥɟɧɵ ɞɟɪɟɜɭ-ɜɟɥɢɤɚɧɭ, ɜɟɬ- ɜɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɵ ɜɧɢɡ – ɤ ɡɟɦɥɟ, ɚ ɤɨɪɧɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɢɪɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɨ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɧɟɛɚ» [Ⱥɮɚɧɚɫɶɟɜ 2006, 304]. Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɞɟɪɟɜɟ ɡɚɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɢɧɞɨɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɯ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ. Ⱦɟɪɟɜɨ ɜ ɞɪɟɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɱɢɬɚɥɨɫɶ ɜɦɟɫɬɢɥɢɳɟɦ ɞɭɲ ɢɥɢ ɞɭɯɨɜ (ɤɚɤ ɝɨɪɚ ɢɥɢ ɜɨɞɚ), ɫɨɨɬɧɨɫɢɥɨɫɶ ɫ ɬɚɤɢɦɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɤɚɤ «ɦɭɡɵ- ɤɚ, ɝɚɪɦɨɧɢɹ, ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ», «ɱɭɞɨ, ɜɨɥɲɟɛɫɬɜɨ», «ɜɪɟɦɹ», «ɠɢɡɧɶ», «ɫɦɟɪɬɶ», «ɨɝɨɧɶ»
[Ɇɚɤɨɜɫɤɢɣ 1996, 135–141].
ȼ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɥɢɧɝɜɢɫɬɢɤɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɜɟɞɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɨɩɨɪɨɣ ɧɚ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬ. ɗɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɥɧɨ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɤɨɦɩɨ- ɧɟɧɬɧɵɦ ɢ ɫɟɦɧɵɦ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɨɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɨɫɦɵɫɥɢɬɶ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɨɬɬɟɧɤɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɥɨɜɚ. ɍɱɢɬɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɢɦɟɧɚɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɚɠɧɵɦ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɫɭɞɢɬɶ ɨ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɛɥɢɡɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɜ ɧɚɲɟɦ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ. Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɥɟɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɢ ɥɟɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɭɬɨɱɧɢɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɟ ɢ ɥɟɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɫɥɨɜɚ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɬɶ ɧɟ ɨɬɦɟɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɹɯ ɨɬɬɟɧɤɢ ɫɦɵɫɥɚ. ɇɟɨɰɟɧɢɦɭɸ ɩɨɦɨɳɶ ɜ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɥɟɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɚ.
Ȼɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɨɜ (ɜ ɇɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɟ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɥɟɤɫɟɦɚ ɥɟɫ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɚ 16936 ɪɚɡ), ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɸ ɛɨɝɚɬɵɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɥɨɜɚ. ɉɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɫɬɚɬɶɢ ɜɡɹɬɵ ɢ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ (ɇɄɊə) ɢ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ (ɇɄɉə) ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɨɜ.
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɟ ɢ ɩɪɹɦɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɥɟɫ ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɟɣ – ’ɞɟɪɟɜɶɹ, ɫɬɨ- ɹɳɢɟ ɧɚ ɤɨɪɧɸ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ, ɨɛɢɥɶɧɨ ɡɚɪɨɫɲɟɟ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɹɦɢ’. ȼ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɟ ɧɟ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɞɜɚ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɫɦɵɫɥɚ: 1) ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɢ 2) ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɪɨɢɡɪɚɫɬɚɸɬ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɹ, ɬ.ɤ. ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɦɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɷɬɢɯ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɣ (ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ – ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɧɚ ɧɟɦ) ɜ ɧɚɲɟɦ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɢ ɨɧɢ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɛɥɢɡɤɢ.
ȼɬɨɪɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɜ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɟ, – ’ɫɪɭɛɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɹ ɤɚɤ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶ- ɧɵɣ, ɩɨɞɟɥɨɱɧɵɣ ɢ ɬ.ɩ. ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ’. ɗɬɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɵɦ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɧɵɦ, ɬɢɩ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɚ – ɦɟɬɨɧɢɦɢɹ [ɆȺɋ, III, 176].
ɐɟɧɬɪɨɦ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɚ ɥɟɫ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɡɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɢ ɫɥɭɯɨɜɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɞɟ- ɧɨɬɚɬɟ – ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ. ɗɬɢ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵ ɹɞɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɨ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɚɯ. ɉɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɵɣ (ɞɟɧɨɬɚɬɢɜɧɵɣ) ɨɛɪɚɡ ɥɟɫɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɜ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɦ ɢ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɨɦ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɢ ɤɚɤ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ – ɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɯɜɨɣɧɵɯ, ɱɬɨ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɵ:
PlaĪa nad Baátykiem to iglasty las parawanów [Szlendak 2005, online];
Ɉɛɪɚɡ ɥɟɫɚ ɜ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɨɣ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɟ ɦɢɪɚ (ɧɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɟ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ) 47 Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɞɨɫɬɚɥɨɫɶ ɫɨɫɧɨɜɵɦ ɢ ɞɭɛɨɜɵɦ ɥɟɫɚɦ ɧɚ ɡɚɩɚɞɟ ɉɨɞɦɨɫɤɨɜɶɹ [Ɉɪɟ- ɯɢɧ 2003, online].
Ɇɟɪɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɥɟɫɚ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɱɥɟɧɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ – ɞɟɪɟɜɶɹ, ɚ ɫɚɦɨ ɨɧɨ ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɜɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɩɨ- ɧɹɬɢɟ «ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɦɢɪ, ɮɥɨɪɚ»; ɥɸɛɨɣ ɥɟɫ ɞɟɥɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɧɟɲɧɸɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ (ɨɩɭɲɤɚ) ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɸɸ (ɱɚɳɚ, ɞɟɛɪɢ), ɜ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɨɦ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɢ ɨɬɦɟɱɟɧɵ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɭɫɬɵɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɢ – ɩɨɥɹɧɵ. ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ «ɩɨ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɢ»: ɩɨɱɜɚ – ɫɬɜɨɥɵ – ɤɪɨɧɚ.
Ɍɚɤɫɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ (ɪɨɞɨ-ɜɢɞɨɜɚɹ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɹ) ɜɵɝɥɹɞɢɬ ɬɚɤ: ɥɟɫ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɨɛ- ɳɟɧɧɵɦ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɦɟɫɬɭ ɧɚɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ (ɭɪɟɦɚ), ɪɚɡɦɟɪɭ (ɪɨɳɚ), ɩɨ ɦɟɫɬɭ ɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɭ (ɤɨɥɨɤ), ɩɨ ɬɢɩɭ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ (ɞɭɛɪɚɜɚ, ɛɨɪ). Ɍɢɩɢɱɧɨɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɦɟɧɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɫɭ- ɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ: ɥɟɫ ɪɚɫɬɟɬ, ɥɟɫ ɝɨɪɢɬ, ɥɟɫ ɜɵɪɭɛɚɸɬ, ɥɟɫɚ ɫɚɠɚɸɬ, ɢɡɭɱɚɸɬ ɢ ɩɪ. Ʌɟɫ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ (ɝɭɫɬɨɣ, ɪɟɞɤɢɣ):
Sáoneczne plamy taĔczyáy na pniach. A potem las rzedniaá [Mandalian 2009];
ɇɚɫ ɜɟɡɥɢ ɤɭɞɚ-ɬɨ ɧɚ ɬɟɥɟɝɟ, ɚ ɜɨɤɪɭɝ ɞɨɪɨɝɢ ɫɬɨɹɥ ɝɭɫɬɨɣ ɥɟɫ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɤɚ- ɡɚɥɫɹ ɧɚɦ ɡɚɝɚɞɨɱɧɵɦ [Ⱥɪɯɢɩɨɜɚ 1996].
ȼ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɧɨɣ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɰɢɢ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɦɟɤ ɧɚ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɢ («ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨ- ɪɢɹ, ɩɨɪɨɫɲɚɹ ɥɟɫɨɦ»), ɬ.ɟ. ɥɟɫ ɜ ɧɚɲɟɦ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɤɚɤ ɧɟɱɬɨ ɟɞɢɧɨɟ.
Ɍɢɩɢɱɧɵɦ ɞɥɹ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟ- ɧɢɟ ɨ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɦɢɪɟ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ ɢ ɨ ɥɟɫɟ ɤɚɤ ɨ ɟɞɢɧɨɦ ɠɢɜɨɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɟ, ɜ ɱɟɦ-ɬɨ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨɦ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɭ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ:
Tutaj las schodziá aĪ do brzegu... [ĩandarska-Ochnik 2008];
Ʌɟɫ, ɩɹɬɹɫɶ ɨɬ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɫɬɚɥ ɨɬɫɬɭɩɚɬɶ, ɚ ɛɨɛɪɵ, ɭɯɨɞɹ ɜɫɟ ɞɚɥɶɲɟ ɢ ɞɚɥɶ- ɲɟ, ɨɤɚɡɚɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɝɥɭɯɢɯ ɱɚɳɨɛɚɯ [ɂɜɚɧɨɜ 2004].
ɗɬɨ ɠɟ ɦɢɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɢɰɚɯ, ɩɨɝɨ- ɜɨɪɤɚɯ, ɡɚɝɚɞɤɚɯ: Ʌɟɫ ɩɨ ɬɨɩɨɪɢɳɭ ɧɟ ɩɥɚɱɟɬ.
Ʌɟɫ ɜ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɢ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɩɨɥɹɤɨɜ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɚɪɚ- ɦɟɬɪɵ (ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ, ɦɚɥɟɧɶɤɢɣ):
Natomiast tuĪ za gáówną ulicą znajduje siĊ maáy las [Wolnik 2007, online].
Ʌɟɫ ɢɫɱɢɫɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɝɟɤɬɚɪɚɦɢ: ȼ ɧɵɧɟɲɧɟɦ ɝɨɞɭ ɜ ɪɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɟ ɧɚɦɟɱɟɧɨ ɩɨɫɚɞɢɬɶ ɬɪɢ ɫ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɨɣ ɬɵɫɹɱɢ ɝɟɤɬɚɪɨɜ ɥɟɫɚ [Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɟɜ 1953, 4].
ɍ ɨɛɨɢɯ ɧɚɪɨɞɨɜ ɥɟɫ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ ɷɫɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ, ɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɢɥɢ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ:
Widząc podwáadnego dopytuje: „Lubicie las sierĪancie?” [Solska 2000, 61];
ə ɥɸɛɥɸ ɥɟɫ, ɥɟɫ – ɷɬɨ ɦɨɹ ɫɬɢɯɢɹ [ɋɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ 2003];
ȼ ɥɟɫɭ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɨ [Ɍɢɯɨɦɢɪɨɜ 2002].
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɬɬɟɧɤɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ, ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɫɥɨɜɨɫɨɱɟ- ɬɚɧɢɹɯ, ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɚ «Ɋɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɦɢɪ», ɨɧɢ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɬ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜ- ɥɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɥɟɫɟ ɢ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɦ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɵ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɢ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɦ ɮɨɧɨɦ ɤɨɥɥɟɤ- ɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ. əɡɵɤɨɜɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ – ɷɬɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɨɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɢɪɨɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɦ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɟɦ, ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɨɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɦɢɪɚ ɢ ɢɯ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨ-ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ. ɒɢɪɨɤɢɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɪɚɫɲɢ- ɪɢɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɦɟɫɬɟ ɬɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɝɨ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɟ ɦɢɪɚ.
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Summary
THE IMAGE OF THE FOREST IN THE LINGUISTIC PICTURE OF THE WORLD (ON THE BASIS OF POLISH AND RUSSIAN)
This article is devoted to the basic theme „The ways of expressing the picture of the world in language”. In modern research, the usage of the expressions “the world image” and “picture of the world” is very urgent and topical. Language is closely connected with thinking, though is not identical with it. Each language has its own way of the expression of surrounding reality which is expressed in general national and specific systems of views for all its speakers. This leads to the formation of the unique national linguistic picture of the world, common for the whole community.
The word “forest” occupies an important place in our consciousness; it implements a generic meaning of “nature” and has similar meanings in Russian and Polish linguistic pictures of the world.
There exist some meanings of this word in Russian and Polish: a terrain overgrown with trees, a certain living creature, and construction material. Thus the word “forest” has an identical combi- nability in the related languages.
