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(1)

If and only if

(2)

In this presentation we will take a look at conditional statements in more detail. In particular we will look at statements such as

p, if q.

and

p, only if q.

we will also analyse truth value of such statements.

(3)

In this presentation we will take a look at conditional statements in more detail. In particular we will look at statements such as

p, if q.

and

p, only if q.

we will also analyse truth value of such statements.

(4)

Implication

Recall that the statement such p → q is false in only one scenario, namely if p is true and q is false.

Consider a statement:

If a number is divisible by 3, then it is divisible by 6.

This is a statement of the form p → q, where:

p a number is divisible by 3, q a number is divisible by 6.

(5)

Implication

Recall that the statement such p → q is false in only one scenario, namely if p is true and q is false.

Consider a statement:

If a number is divisible by 3, then it is divisible by 6.

This is a statement of the form p → q, where:

p a number is divisible by 3, q a number is divisible by 6.

(6)

Implication

Recall that the statement such p → q is false in only one scenario, namely if p is true and q is false.

Consider a statement:

If a number is divisible by 3, then it is divisible by 6.

This is a statement of the form p → q, where:

p a number is divisible by 3, q a number is divisible by 6.

(7)

Implication

Recall that the statement such p → q is false in only one scenario, namely if p is true and q is false.

Consider a statement:

If a number is divisible by 3, then it is divisible by 6.

This is a statement of the form p → q, where:

p a number is divisible by 3, q a number is divisible by 6.

(8)

Implication

Recall that the statement such p → q is false in only one scenario, namely if p is true and q is false.

Consider a statement:

If a number is divisible by 3, then it is divisible by 6.

This is a statement of the form p → q, where:

p a number is divisible by 3, q a number is divisible by 6.

(9)

Implication

If we were to show that the statement

If a number is divisible by 3, then it is divisible by 6.

is false, we would need to find a number, for which p is true and q is false.

9 is such a number, because 9 is a number divisible by 3, but 9 is number which is not divisible by 6.

We will call 9 a counterexample, because 9 shows that our statement was false.

(10)

Implication

If we were to show that the statement

If a number is divisible by 3, then it is divisible by 6.

is false, we would need to find a number, for which p is true and q is false.

9 is such a number, because 9 is a number divisible by 3, but 9 is number which is not divisible by 6.

We will call 9 a counterexample, because 9 shows that our statement was false.

(11)

Implication

If we were to show that the statement

If a number is divisible by 3, then it is divisible by 6.

is false, we would need to find a number, for which p is true and q is false.

9 is such a number, because 9 is a number divisible by 3, but 9 is number which is not divisible by 6.

We will call 9 a counterexample, because 9 shows that our statement was false.

(12)

Examples

Find counterexamples, which show that the following statements are false.

a) If a number is greater than 100, then it is greater than 200.

Number 101 is a counter example. There are of course many more counterexamples to this statement.

b) If x2 = 4, then x = 2.

Number −2 is a counter example, because (−2)2 = 4 so the first statement is true, but −2 6= 2, so the second statement is false.

c) If a number is divisible by 2, then it is divisible by 4.

Number 6 is a counter example, because 6 is divisible by 2, so the first statement is true, but 6 is not divisible by 4, so the second statement is false.

(13)

Examples

Find counterexamples, which show that the following statements are false.

a) If a number is greater than 100, then it is greater than 200.

Number 101 is a counter example. There are of course many more counterexamples to this statement.

b) If x2 = 4, then x = 2.

Number −2 is a counter example, because (−2)2 = 4 so the first statement is true, but −2 6= 2, so the second statement is false.

c) If a number is divisible by 2, then it is divisible by 4.

Number 6 is a counter example, because 6 is divisible by 2, so the first statement is true, but 6 is not divisible by 4, so the second statement is false.

(14)

Examples

Find counterexamples, which show that the following statements are false.

a) If a number is greater than 100, then it is greater than 200.

Number 101 is a counter example. There are of course many more counterexamples to this statement.

b) If x2 = 4, then x = 2.

Number −2 is a counter example, because (−2)2 = 4 so the first statement is true, but −2 6= 2, so the second statement is false.

c) If a number is divisible by 2, then it is divisible by 4.

Number 6 is a counter example, because 6 is divisible by 2, so the first statement is true, but 6 is not divisible by 4, so the second statement is false.

(15)

Examples

Find counterexamples, which show that the following statements are false.

a) If a number is greater than 100, then it is greater than 200.

Number 101 is a counter example. There are of course many more counterexamples to this statement.

b) If x2 = 4, then x = 2.

Number −2 is a counter example, because (−2)2 = 4 so the first statement is true, but −2 6= 2, so the second statement is false.

c) If a number is divisible by 2, then it is divisible by 4.

Number 6 is a counter example, because 6 is divisible by 2, so the first statement is true, but 6 is not divisible by 4, so the second statement is false.

(16)

Examples

Find counterexamples, which show that the following statements are false.

a) If a number is greater than 100, then it is greater than 200.

Number 101 is a counter example. There are of course many more counterexamples to this statement.

b) If x2 = 4, then x = 2.

Number −2 is a counter example, because (−2)2 = 4 so the first statement is true, but −2 6= 2, so the second statement is false.

c) If a number is divisible by 2, then it is divisible by 4.

Number 6 is a counter example, because 6 is divisible by 2, so the first statement is true, but 6 is not divisible by 4, so the second statement is false.

(17)

Examples

Find counterexamples, which show that the following statements are false.

a) If a number is greater than 100, then it is greater than 200.

Number 101 is a counter example. There are of course many more counterexamples to this statement.

b) If x2 = 4, then x = 2.

Number −2 is a counter example, because (−2)2 = 4 so the first statement is true, but −2 6= 2, so the second statement is false.

c) If a number is divisible by 2, then it is divisible by 4.

Number 6 is a counter example, because 6 is divisible by 2, so the first statement is true, but 6 is not divisible by 4, so the second statement is false.

(18)

Examples

Find counterexamples, which show that the following statements are false.

a) If a number is greater than 100, then it is greater than 200.

Number 101 is a counter example. There are of course many more counterexamples to this statement.

b) If x2 = 4, then x = 2.

Number −2 is a counter example, because (−2)2 = 4 so the first statement is true, but −2 6= 2, so the second statement is false.

c) If a number is divisible by 2, then it is divisible by 4.

Number 6 is a counter example, because 6 is divisible by 2, so the first statement is true, but 6 is not divisible by 4, so the second statement is false.

(19)

Examples

Find counterexamples, which show that the following statements are false.

a) If a number is greater than 100, then it is greater than 200.

Number 101 is a counter example. There are of course many more counterexamples to this statement.

b) If x2 = 4, then x = 2.

Number −2 is a counter example, because (−2)2 = 4 so the first statement is true, but −2 6= 2, so the second statement is false.

c) If a number is divisible by 2, then it is divisible by 4.

Number 6 is a counter example, because 6 is divisible by 2, so the first statement is true, but 6 is not divisible by 4, so the second statement is false.

(20)

Examples

d) If a number is a factor of 30, then it is a factor of 10.

Number 15 is a counter example. 15 is a factor of 30 so the first statement is true, but 15 is not a factor of 10, so the second statement is false.

e) If a quadrilateral has all right angles, then it is a square.

Number rectangle with unequal sides is a counter example, because it has all right angles, so the first statement is true, but it is not a square, so the second statement is false.

f) If a triangle is not a right triangle, then it is equilateral.

A triangle with sides 2,3 and 4 is a counter examples. It is not a right triangle (because 22+ 32 6= 42), so the first statement is true, but it is not an equilateral triangle (because its sides are not equal), so the second statement is false.

(21)

Examples

d) If a number is a factor of 30, then it is a factor of 10.

Number 15 is a counter example. 15 is a factor of 30 so the first statement is true, but 15 is not a factor of 10, so the second statement is false.

e) If a quadrilateral has all right angles, then it is a square.

Number rectangle with unequal sides is a counter example, because it has all right angles, so the first statement is true, but it is not a square, so the second statement is false.

f) If a triangle is not a right triangle, then it is equilateral.

A triangle with sides 2,3 and 4 is a counter examples. It is not a right triangle (because 22+ 32 6= 42), so the first statement is true, but it is not an equilateral triangle (because its sides are not equal), so the second statement is false.

(22)

Examples

d) If a number is a factor of 30, then it is a factor of 10.

Number 15 is a counter example. 15 is a factor of 30 so the first statement is true, but 15 is not a factor of 10, so the second statement is false.

e) If a quadrilateral has all right angles, then it is a square.

Number rectangle with unequal sides is a counter example, because it has all right angles, so the first statement is true, but it is not a square, so the second statement is false.

f) If a triangle is not a right triangle, then it is equilateral.

A triangle with sides 2,3 and 4 is a counter examples. It is not a right triangle (because 22+ 32 6= 42), so the first statement is true, but it is not an equilateral triangle (because its sides are not equal), so the second statement is false.

(23)

Examples

d) If a number is a factor of 30, then it is a factor of 10.

Number 15 is a counter example. 15 is a factor of 30 so the first statement is true, but 15 is not a factor of 10, so the second statement is false.

e) If a quadrilateral has all right angles, then it is a square.

Number rectangle with unequal sides is a counter example, because it has all right angles, so the first statement is true, but it is not a square, so the second statement is false.

f) If a triangle is not a right triangle, then it is equilateral.

A triangle with sides 2,3 and 4 is a counter examples. It is not a right triangle (because 22+ 32 6= 42), so the first statement is true, but it is not an equilateral triangle (because its sides are not equal), so the second statement is false.

(24)

Examples

d) If a number is a factor of 30, then it is a factor of 10.

Number 15 is a counter example. 15 is a factor of 30 so the first statement is true, but 15 is not a factor of 10, so the second statement is false.

e) If a quadrilateral has all right angles, then it is a square.

Number rectangle with unequal sides is a counter example, because it has all right angles, so the first statement is true, but it is not a square, so the second statement is false.

f) If a triangle is not a right triangle, then it is equilateral.

A triangle with sides 2,3 and 4 is a counter examples. It is not a right triangle (because 22+ 32 6= 42), so the first statement is true, but it is not an equilateral triangle (because its sides are not equal), so the second statement is false.

(25)

Examples

d) If a number is a factor of 30, then it is a factor of 10.

Number 15 is a counter example. 15 is a factor of 30 so the first statement is true, but 15 is not a factor of 10, so the second statement is false.

e) If a quadrilateral has all right angles, then it is a square.

Number rectangle with unequal sides is a counter example, because it has all right angles, so the first statement is true, but it is not a square, so the second statement is false.

f) If a triangle is not a right triangle, then it is equilateral.

A triangle with sides 2,3 and 4 is a counter examples. It is not a right triangle (because 22+ 32 6= 42), so the first statement is true, but it is not an equilateral triangle (because its sides are not equal), so the second statement is false.

(26)

Examples

d) If a number is a factor of 30, then it is a factor of 10.

Number 15 is a counter example. 15 is a factor of 30 so the first statement is true, but 15 is not a factor of 10, so the second statement is false.

e) If a quadrilateral has all right angles, then it is a square.

Number rectangle with unequal sides is a counter example, because it has all right angles, so the first statement is true, but it is not a square, so the second statement is false.

f) If a triangle is not a right triangle, then it is equilateral.

A triangle with sides 2,3 and 4 is a counter examples. It is not a right triangle (because 22+ 32 6= 42), so the first statement is true, but it is not an equilateral triangle (because its sides are not equal), so the second statement is false.

(27)

Examples

d) If a number is a factor of 30, then it is a factor of 10.

Number 15 is a counter example. 15 is a factor of 30 so the first statement is true, but 15 is not a factor of 10, so the second statement is false.

e) If a quadrilateral has all right angles, then it is a square.

Number rectangle with unequal sides is a counter example, because it has all right angles, so the first statement is true, but it is not a square, so the second statement is false.

f) If a triangle is not a right triangle, then it is equilateral.

A triangle with sides 2,3 and 4 is a counter examples. It is not a right triangle (because 22+ 32 6= 42), so the first statement is true, but it is not an equilateral triangle (because its sides are not equal), so the second statement is false.

(28)

IF

Sometimes a conditional statement may be written in different order.

Consider the following two simple statements:

p it rains q my dog barks

The statement:

My dog barks, if it rains.

has the logical form p → q, because it is the same as:

If it rains, then my dog barks.

(29)

IF

Sometimes a conditional statement may be written in different order.

Consider the following two simple statements:

p it rains q my dog barks

The statement:

My dog barks, if it rains.

has the logical form p → q, because it is the same as:

If it rains, then my dog barks.

(30)

ONLY IF

Now compare the previous statement to:

My dog barks, only if it rains.

This statement has the logical form q → p.

In other words it means the same as

If my dog barks, then it rains.

(31)

ONLY IF

Now compare the previous statement to:

My dog barks, only if it rains.

This statement has the logical form q → p.

In other words it means the same as

If my dog barks, then it rains.

(32)

IF

Let’s analyse this in more detail.

If you have a statement:

My dog barks, if it rains.

and you see that it rains, then you would expect your dog to be barking.

So the fact that it rains implies the fact that your dog barks.

(33)

IF

Let’s analyse this in more detail.

If you have a statement:

My dog barks, if it rains.

and you see that it rains, then you would expect your dog to be barking.

So the fact that it rains implies the fact that your dog barks.

(34)

IF

Let’s analyse this in more detail.

If you have a statement:

My dog barks, if it rains.

and you see that it rains, then you would expect your dog to be barking.

So the fact that it rains implies the fact that your dog barks.

(35)

ONLY IF

However, in case of the statement:

My dog barks, only if it rains.

if you hear your dog barking, you would expect to see that it rains. Why?

Because your dog barks only if it rains.

So the fact that the dog is barking implies that it rains.

(36)

ONLY IF

However, in case of the statement:

My dog barks, only if it rains.

if you hear your dog barking, you would expect to see that it rains. Why?

Because your dog barks only if it rains.

So the fact that the dog is barking implies that it rains.

(37)

ONLY IF

However, in case of the statement:

My dog barks, only if it rains.

if you hear your dog barking, you would expect to see that it rains. Why?

Because your dog barks only if it rains.

So the fact that the dog is barking implies that it rains.

Cytaty

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