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Some improvements on the particle beam generator

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J. Aeroso~ Sci., Vol. 21, Suppl. I, pp. S685-$688, 1 9 9 0 . 0021-8502/90 $3.00 + 0.00 P r i n t e d i n G r e a t B r i t a i n . P e r g a m o n P r e s s p l c S O M E I M P R O V E M E N T S O N T H E P A R T I C L E B E A M G E N E R A T O R O. K i e v i t , J . C . M . M a r i j n i s s e n , P.J.T. V e r h e i j e n , B. S c a r l e t t . D e l f t U n i v e r s i t y of T e c h n o l o g y , F a c u l t y of C h e m i c a l E n g i n e e r i n g a n d M a t e r i a l s S c i e n c e , P a r t i c l e T e c h n o l o g y G r o u p , P.O. B o x 5054, 2 6 0 0 G A Delft, T h e N e t h e r l a n d s . A B S T R A C T T h e d e v e l o p m e n t of a n o n - l i n e a e r o s o l a n a l y s i s i n s t r u m e n t , m a k i n g u s e of l a s e r p y r o l y s i s a n d T . O . F . m a s s s p e c t r o s c o p y , r e q u i r e s a p a r t i c l e b e a m g e n e r a t o r to i n t r o d u c e t h e p a r t i c l e s in t h e i o n i z a t i o n c h a m b e r . T h e r e s u l t s of p r e v i o u s i n v e s t i g a t o r s a n d t h e o r e t i c a l m o d e l s h a v e b e e n u s e d to i m p r o v e t h e d e s i g n of t h e b e a m s y s t e m . T h e a p p a r a t u s c o n s i s t s of a 0.5 m m n o z z l e a n d t h r e e v a c u u m c h a m b e r s in s e r i e s (0.8 m b a r , 10 .4 m b a r a n d 4 x 1 0 "6 m b a r r e s p . ) , s e p a r a t e d b y s k i m m e r s . To m i n i m i z e t h e s o l i d a n g l e a n d to l i m i t t h e i n f l u e n c e of p a r t i c l e s i z e a c a p i l l a r y n o z z l e w a s s e l e c t e d . T h e d i s t a n c e s b e t w e e n n o z z l e a n d s k i m m e r a n d b e t w e e n b o t h s k i m m e r s w e r e o p t i m i z e d t a k i n g t h e f o r m a t i o n of s h o c k w a v e s i n t o a c c o u n t . T h e b e a m d i a m e t e r a n d p a r t i c l e t r a n s m i s s i o n e f f i c i e n c y w e r e m e a s u r e d b y e x a m i n i n g d e p o s i t i o n s o f 2.82 ~ m P S L s p h e r e s w i t h an o p t i c a l m i c r o s c o p e . A s l i g h t c o n t r a c t i o n of t h e b e a m j u s t b e h i n d t h e n o z z l e w a s o b s e r v e d , w h i l e a b o u t 4 % of t h e p a r t i c l e s b e h i n d t h e n o z z l e r e a c h e d t h e t h i r d v a c u u m c h a m b e r . T o r e d u c e t h e s o l i d a n g l e t h e u s e o f s h e a t h a i r is r e c o m m e n d e d . K E Y W O R D S P a r t i c l e b e a m g e n e r a t o r ; a e r o s o l a n a l y s i s I N T R O D U C T I O N M o s t t e c h n i q u e s t o a n a l y z e a e r o s o l p a r t i c l e s i n c l u d e s o m e k i n d of s a m p l i n g step, w h i c h i m p l i e s t h a t o n - l i n e a n a l y s i s is i m p o s s i b l e . T h e P a r t i c l e T e c h n o l o g y G r o u p of t h e D e l f t U n i v e r s i t y of T e c h n o l o g y is d e v e l o p i n g an a p p a r a t u s in w h i c h b o t h s i z e a n d c h e m i c a l c o m p o s i t i o n of i n d i v i d u a l a e r o s o l p a r t i c l e s a r e d e t e r m i n e d on- line, in r e a l - t i m e ( M a r i j n i s s e n e t al., 1988). T h e f i r s t p a r t of t h e i n s t r u m e n t is t h e p a r t i c l e b e a m g e n e r a t o r , a l s o c a l l e d a e r o s o l b e a m g e n e r a t o r . A r e v i e w on p a r t i c l e b e a m s w a s p u b l i s h e d b y D a h n e k e (1978). A p a r t i c l e b e a m is p r o d u c e d w h e n an a e r o s o l is e x p a n d e d t h r o u g h a n o z z l e i n t o a v a c u u m , on l e a v i n g t h e n o z z l e m o s t of t h e g a s m o l e c u l e s a r e s c a t t e r e d b y i n t e r m o l e c u l a r c o l l i s i o n s a n d r e m o v e d b y v a c u u m p u m p s . T h e p a r t i c l e s c o n t i n u e t o t r a v e l at s t r a i g h t l i n e s d u e t o t h e i r h i g h e r i n e r t i a . T h i s r e s u l t s in a n a r r o w b e a m of p a r t i c l e s , v i r t u a l l y s e p a r a t e d f r o m t h e s u s p e n d i n g gas. T h e d e s i g n a n d t e s t i n g of a p r o t o t y p e of t h e p a r t i c l e b e a m g e n e r a t o r a r e r e p o r t e d in t h i s p a p e r . T h e a i m of f u t u r e w o r k is t o p a s s t h e p a r t i c l e b e a m t h r o u g h a l o w e n e r g y l a s e r beam. T h e l i g h t s c a t t e r e d b y t h e i n d i v i d u a l p a r t i c l e s w i l l p r o v i d e i n f o r m a t i o n on t h e s i z e of t h e p a r t i c l e a n d a l s o t r i g g e r s a h i g h e n e r g y Y A G laser. T h e p u l s e f r o m t h i s l a s e r v a p o r i z e s a n d p a r t i a l l y i o n i z e s t h e f r a g m e n t s of t h e i n c i d e n t p a r t i c l e , w h i l e a t h i r d , U V l a s e r s h o u l d c o m p l e t e t h e i o n i z a t i o n . A t i m e - o f - f l i g h t m a s s s p e c t r o m e t e r w i l l b e u s e d to a n a l y z e t h e r e s u l t i n g ions. D E S I G N W h e n d e s i g n i n g a p a r t i c l e b e a m g e n e r a t o r f o r t h e d e s c r i b e d i n s t r u m e n t s e v e r a l r e q u i r e m e n t s h a v e t o b e met: - A p R l i c a t i o n of a m a s s s p e c t r o m e t e r i m p l i e s t h a t e n d p r e s s u r e s l o w e r t h a n 10 .5 m b a r n e e d t o b e a c h i e v e d . - A s m a l l s o l i d a n g l e of t h e b e a m is d e s i r a b l e as it e n a b l e s a n a r r o w e r l a s e r $ 6 8 5

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$ 6 8 6 O. K I E V I T Q t al. beam. F o c u s i n g t h e l a s e r b e a m to a s m a l l s p o t s i z e i m p l i e s a h i g h i n t e n s i t y w h i c h is u s e f u l w h e n a n a l y z i n g r e l a t i v e l y i n v o l a t i l e s u b s t a n c e s . - A c c u r a t e a l i g n m e n t m u s t b e p o s s i b l e in o r d e r to g e t h i g h p a r t i c l e t r a n s m i s s i o n e f f i c i e n c i e s . F o l l o w i n g t h e s e r e q u i r e m e n t s a n a p p a r a t u s c o n s i s t i n g of a c a p i l l a r y n o z z l e and t h r e e s e p a r a t e l y p u m p e d v a c u u m c h a m b e r s in s e r i e s w a s c o n s t r u c t e d . A c a p i l l a r y n o z z l e w a s s e l e c t e d b e c a u s e it p r o d u c e s a l e s s d i v e r g e n t b e a m as c o m p a r e d w i t h a c o n v e r g e n t n o z z l e , a n d t h e s o l i d a n g l e of t h e p a r t i c l e b e a m is l e s s d e p e n d e n t on p a r t i c l e size. In t h e f i r s t c h a m b e r a t w o s t a g e r o t a t i n g v a c u u m p u m p was e m p l o y e d (end p r e s s u r e 0.8 mbar), a n d in t h e s e c o n d a n d t h i r d v a c u u m c h a m b e r d i f f u s i o n t y p e p u m p s w e r e u s e d (end p r e s s u r e s 10 `4 a n d 4 × 1 0 `6 m b a r r e s p e c t i v e l y ) . T h e d e v i c e w a s m a d e of g l a s s in o r d e r to s a v e t i m e a n d t o m a k e d i r e c t o b s e r v a t i o n p o s s i b l e . T h e n o z z l e fits in t h e a p p a r a t u s by a b a l l - a n d - c u p j o i n t m a k i n g a l i g n i n g r a t h e r d i f f i c u l t . T h e r e f o r e a n o z z l e d i a m e t e r of 0.5 m m was s e l e c t e d , i n s t e a d of 0.i m m w h i c h w a s o r i g i n a l l y c h o s e n . T h e n o z z l e was f a b r i c a t e d b y d r a w i n g a 1 cm i.d. g l a s s t u b e c a p i l l a r y a n d g r i n d i n g t h e t i p b a c k to t h e d e s i r e d d i a m e t e r . T h e v a c u u m c h a m b e r s are s e p a r a t e d by t w o m e t a l w a l l s in w h i c h c y l i n d r i c a l h o l e s w e r e d r i l l e d . T h e d i a m e t e r of t h e s k i m m e r w a s 0.3 mm, b a s e d on w o r k b y E s t e s et al. (1983). T h e d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n n o z z l e a n d first skimmer, as w e l l as b e t w e e n t h e f i r s t a n d s e c o n d s k i m m e r w e r e o p t i m i s e d t a k i n g t w o e f f e c t s i n t o a c c o u n t . A l a r g e d i s t a n c e c r e a t e s a r e l a t i v e l y w i d e c h a n n e l , thus e n s u r i n g a m a x i m u m p u m p i n g c a p a c i t y . H o w e v e r , w h e n t h e d i s t a n c e e x c e e d s a c e r t a i n t h r e s h o l d v a l u e , w h i c h is d e t e r m i n e d by the p r e s s u r e r a t i o o v e r the a p e r t u r e , s h o c k w a v e s w i l l be f o r m e d (Bier and S c h m i d t , 1961). A l t h o u g h the m o t i o n of t h e p a r t i c l e s w i l l h a r d l y be i n f l u e n c e d b y t h e s e s h o c k w a v e s it is still a d v i s a b l e to a v o i d t h e i r o c c u r r e n c e b e c a u s e of p o s s i b l e d e l e t e r i o u s effects. T h e s e c o n s i d e r a t i o n s led to a n o z z l e to s k i m m e r d i s t a n c e of 4 mm; the d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n t h e f i r s t a n d s e c o n d s k i m m e r w a s c h o s e n to b e 6 mm. F i g u r e I s h o w s t h e b u i l t b e a m g e n e r a t o r . Fig. i. P h o t o g r a p h of t h e b u i l t b e a m g e n e r a t o r . E X P E R I M E N T S A N D R E S U L T S T o i n v e s t i g a t e w h e t h e r t h e d e s i g n e d b e a m g e n e r a t o r is s u i t a b l e to i n t r o d u c e a e r o s o l p a r t i c l e s i n t o t h e i o n i z a t i o n c h a m b e r of a m a s s s p e c t r o m e t e r s e v e r a l e x p e r i m e n t s h a v e b e e n p e r f o r m e d . P o l y s t y r e n e l a t e x (PSL) s p h e r e s of 2.82 ~m d i a m e t e r w e r e d i s p e r s e d w i t h a D a u t r a b a n d e t y p e n e b u l i z e r . T h e w a t e r w a s r e m o v e d f r o m t h e d r o p l e t s b y p a s s i n g t h e f l o w t h r o u g h a s i l i c a g e l d i f f u s i o n d r y e r and a h e a t e d e x p a n s i o n c h a m b e r . T h e r e s u l t i n g a e r o s o l w a s led d i r e c t l y to t h e n o z z l e tube. In t h e e x p e r i m e n t s to d e t e r m i n e t h e b e a m d i a m e t e r 3 ml of a 0.i v o l u m e

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S o m e i m p r o v e m e n t s o n t h e p a r t i c l e b e a m g e n e r a t o r $687 p e r c e n t P S L s u s p e n s i o n w a s n e b u l i z e d . T h e b e a m w a s s a m p l e d b y p l a c i n g a g l a s s s l i d e in t h e b e a m p a t h p e r p e n d i c u l a r t o t h e m a i n axis, j u s t b e h i n d t h e n o z z l e . To e n s u r e a d e q u a t e c a p t u r e of t h e p a r t i c l e s t h e s l i d e s w e r e c o a t e d w i t h a t h i n l a y e r of v a c u u m g r e a s e , a b o u t 0.6 B m thick. T h e r e s u l t i n g d e p o s i t i o n s (of w h i c h Fig. 2 is a n e x a m p l e ) w e r e s t u d i e d w i t h an o p t i c a l m i c r o s c o p e . A s c a n b e s e e n f r o m Fig. 3, m o s t p a r t i c l e s (i.e. 98 %) a r e c o n f i n e d t o t h e c o r e of t h e d e p o s i t i o n . R e e n t r a i n m e n t p r o b a b l y c a u s e d s o m e p a r t i c l e s to d e p o s i t o u t s i d e t h i s area. T h e d i a m e t e r of t h e d e p o s i t i o n is d e f i n e d as t h e w i d t h of t h e core, m e a s u r e d p e r p e n d i c u l a r t o its m a x i m u m l e n g t h . S o l i d a n g l e s w e r e c a l c u l a t e d u s i n g t h i s d i a m e t e r a n d u n d e r t h e a s s u m p t i o n of r a d i a l s y m m e t r y . T h e r e s u l t s of t h e e x p e r i m e n t s a r e s u m m a r i z e d in t a b l e I. F i g u r e 2. E x a m p l e of a p a r t i c l e d e p o s i t i o n , p r o d u c e d a t a d i s t a n c e of 1.8 m m f r o m t h e n o z z l e . F i g u r e 3. D e t a i l of t h e d e p o s i t i o n s h o w n on t h e l e f t h a n d side. T a b l e i. D e p o s i t i o n d i a m e t e r s m e a s u r e d at v a r i o u s d i s t a n c e s f r o m t h e n o z z l e ; s o l i d a n g l e s a r e c a l c u l a t e d a s s u m i n g a b e a m s o u r c e l o c a t e d 2.8 m m b e h i n d t h e n o z z l e exit. d i s t a n c e f r o m n o z z l e (mm) d e p o s i t i o n d i a m e t e r (mm) s o l i d a n g l e (sr) 1.0 0.43 1 . 0 x l 0 "2 1.8 0.48 8 . 6 x i 0 3 2.0 0.53 9 . 6 x i 0 3 3.0 0.62 9 . 0 x 1 0 3 In o r d e r t o c a l c u l a t e t h e e f f i c i e n c y at w h i c h p a r t i c l e s a r e t r a n s m i t t e d to the final v a c u u m c h a m b e r s a m p l e s w e r e t a k e n d i r e c t l y b e h i n d t h e n o z z l e , in b e t w e e n t h e t w o s k i m m e r s a n d b e h i n d t h e s e c o n d s k i m m e r . T h e e x p e r i m e n t s h a v e b e e n c a r r i e d o u t w i t h t h e s a m e s e t u p as d e s c r i b e d above, a l t h o u g h a m u c h l o w e r p a r t i c l e c o n c e n t r a t i o n w a s u s e d (0.001 v o l u m e %). A n i m a g e p r o c e s s o r c o n n e c t e d t o an o p t i c a l m i c r o s c o p e w a s u s e d t o c o u n t t h e d e p o s i t e d p a r t i c l e s . T o g e t an i n d i c a t i o n of t h e r e p r o d u c i b i l i t y all t h r e e e x p e r i m e n t s w e r e d u p l i c a t e d . T r a n s m i s s i o n e f f i c i e n c i e s w e r e a l s o c a l c u l a t e d b a s e d o n a s o l i d a n g l e of 9 . 2 x i 0 -3 s t e r a d i a n s ( f o u n d b y e x t r a p o l a t i n g t h e m e a s u r e m e n t s ) a n d on t h e a s s u m p t i o n of an e v e n d i s t r i b u t i o n of p a r t i c l e s a c r o s s t h e b e a m c r o s s s e c t i o n . T h e r e s u l t s are l i s t e d in t a b l e 2.

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$ 6 8 8 O. K I E V I T e t a l .

T a b l e 2. A b s o l u t e and r e l a t i v e n u m b e r s of p a r t i c l e s as a f u n c t i o n of the s a m p l i n g location. T h e c a l c u l a t e d v a l u e s are b a s e d on g e o m e t r i c a l grounds, a s s u m i n g a s o l i d a n g l e of 9 . 2 x i 0 "3 sr. S a m p l i n g l o c a t i o n n u m b e r of p a r t i c l e s r e l a t i v e n u m b e r of p a r t i c l e s (%) (-) m e a s u r e d c a l c u l a t e d b e h i n d n o z z l e 951 } } , I, 912 i00 ~ i00 between,, skimmers,, 105 102 } ii } 17 behind,, 2nd,, skimmer,, 3396 1 4.0 } 4.7

The a v e r a g e n u m b e r of p a r t i c l e s from the first t w o e x p e r i m e n t s (i.e. 932) was d e s i g n a t e d the v a l u e of i00 %

D I S C U S S I O N A N D C O N C L U S I O N S

The d i a m e t e r s l i s t e d in t a b l e 1 s e e m to i n d i c a t e a light c o n s t r i c t i o n of the p a r t i c l e f l o w j u s t b e h i n d the nozzle. S i m i l a r e f f e c t s w e r e found by Israel and W h a n g (1971) and are, p r o b a b l y , p a r t l y c a u s e d by the s h a p e of t h e n o z z l e and p a r t l y by f r i c t i o n w i t h t h e n o z z l e walls. The m e a s u r e d s o l i d a n g l e (9.2xi0 3 sr) is r e l a t i v e l y small as c o m p a r e d to v a l u e s r e p o r t e d by E s t e s et el. (1983), who found 4x10 "2 sr u s i n g 2.77 ~m P S L spheres. A d i f f e r e n t n o z z l e g e o m e t r y m i g h t be the c a u s e of t h i s s m a l l e r s o l i d angle. T h e n o z z l e w h i c h w a s u s e d in t h e p r e s e n t s t u d i e s has a c o n v e r g i n g s e c t i o n due to t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n method. D a h n e k e and C h e n g (1979) s h o w e d t h a t s u r r o u n d i n g the a e r o s o l f l o w by a s h e a t h of f i l t e r e d air has a f a v o u r a b l e e f f e c t on the s o l i d a n g l e of the p a r t i c l e beam. R e d u c i n g the a e r o s o l f l o w to a c o r e of 1 % of the total flow r e s u l t s in a s m a l l e r solid a n g l e by a f a c t o r i00. B e c a u s e of t h e s m a l l e r s o l i d a n g l e a h i g h e r p a r t i c l e t r a n s m i s s i o n w i l l be feasible. T h e m e a s u r e d e f f i c i e n c y of 4 % c o r r e s p o n d s well w i t h the c a l c u l a t e d value, but it is t o o low to e n a b l e the a n a l y s i s of d i l u t e aerosols.

The e x p e r i m e n t a l r e s u l t s s h o w t h a t the b e a m g e n e r a t o r c o m e s up to the r e q u i r e m e n t s . F u t u r e w o r k will focus on the d e s i g n of a s t a i n l e s s steel v e r s i o n of the b e a m g e n e r a t o r , w i t h an i m p r o v e d a l i g n m e n t m e c h a n i s m . T h e p o s s i b i l i t y to a p p l y s h e a t h a i r will be i m p l e m e n t e d .

A C K N O W L E D G E M E N T S

The a u t h o r s w o u l d like to t h a n k the D u t c h f o u n d a t i o n for c h e m i c a l r e s e a r c h (SON) for s p o n s o r i n g t h i s p r o j e c t . F i n a n c i a l s u p p o r t w a s a l s o p r o v i d e d by the f o u n d a t i o n of t e c h n i c a l s c i e n c e s (STW).

R E F E R E N C E S

Bier,K. a n d B. S c h m i d t (1961). Zur F o r m d e r V e r d i c h t u n g s s t o s s e in frei e x p a n d i e r e n d e n G a s s t r a h l e n . Z. Anqew. Phys., 1_/3(11),493-500.

Dahneke, B.E. (1978). In: R e c e n t d @ v e l o p m e D t s in a e r o s o l s c i e n c e (D.T. S h a w ed.), Ch. 9. J o h n W i l e y & Sons, N e w York.

Dahneke, B.E. a n d Y.S. C h e n g (1979). P r o p e r t i e s of c o n t i n u u m s o u r c e p a r t i c l e beams. I. C a l c u l a t i o n m e t h o d s a n d results. J. A @ r o s o l Sci., i0, 257-274. Estes, T.J., V.L. V i l k e r a n d S.K. F r i e d l a n d e r (1983). C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of a

c a p i l l a r y - g e n e r a t e d p a r t i c l e beam. J. ~ O 1 1 o i 4 I n t e r f a c e Sci., 93(1), 84-94. Israel, G.W. a n d J.S. W h a n g (1971). In: P r o c e e d i n a s of the S e C Q n d

i n t e r D a t i o n a l c l e a n a i r c o n g r e s s (H.M. E n g l u n d a n d W.T. B e e r y eds.), pp. 565-570. A c a d e m i c , N e w York.

M a r i j n i s s e n , J., B. S c a r l e t t and P. V e r h e i j e n (1988). P r o p o s e d o n - l i n e a e r o s o l a n a l y s i s c o m b i n i n g s i z e d e t e r m i n a t i o n a n d t i m e - o f - f l i g h t m a s s s p e c t r o s c o p y . J. A e r o s o l Sci., i_99(7), 1 3 0 7 - 1 3 1 0 .

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