5l3blK coepeMeHHOU pyccKOU npeCCbl:
COijUORUH26UCmUl[eCKUU acneKm
I1PI1HA Il.
JibICAKOBA
( CaHKm-ll emep6yp2)1a3eTHo-ny611111v1cT11ąecirni1 CTl1Jib o6JiaAaeT B mo6oM 513b!Ke l1H!p OpM11py10l.I..(eH 11 B03Aei1crny10l.I..(ei1 cpyttKQ1151Ml1, TaK KaK npecca oTpa)l(aeT 11 cpopM11pyeT 06l.I..(eCTBeHHOe MHett11e. 5l3b!K ra3eTbl Cl1JibHO IlOABep)l(eH BJil1-51Hl1l0 3KCTpaJil1HrBl1CTl1lfeCKl1X cpaKTOpOB, cpeA11 KOTOpbIX Ha nepBOM MeCTe H8XOA51TC51 nOJil1Tl1lfeCKl1e ycJIOBM51 cpyHKQ110H11pOBaHM51 npeCCbl.
MettTaJibHOCTb COBeTCKOro qeJIOBeKa cpopM11pOBaJiaCb IlOA JI03yttraMM KJiaCCOBOH 6opb6bI C nOMOl.I..(blO nOJI51pHbIX CTMJIHCTl1lfeCKMX cpeACTB 11 3MOQMOH8JibHbIX ou;eHOK . BocTOp)l(eHHa51 r11nep60Jil138Q1151 COBeTCKoro o6l.I..(ecrna COCeACTBOBaJia C YHWłH)l(MTeJibHbIM 11306pa)l(eHl1eM KJiaCCOBoro Bpara, nOCT051HHOH aHTMTe30H OHU-Mbl. I1MnepaTMBHOCTb 11 AeKnapH p o B a H M e JI 0 3 yttrOB , M eXaHMlfeCKOe n oBTOp ett11 e o 6 l.I..( 11X 11 CTHH B CTepeOTl1IlHblX cpopMynax (3KOHOMUKQ 0011:JICHQ 6blmb 3KOHOMHOU, napmWl -HQUI, pyneeou) nporpaMM11pOB8Jil1 OAHOBap11aHTHOe Bocnp1151THe AeJ1CTBM TeJibHOCTM. )I(ecTK851 u;ett3ypa 3 anpel.I..(aJia OTCTynneHMe OT nJIOCKl1X CT8HA8pTOB IlOA BMAOM 6opb6bI C HHaKOMbICJIMeM, M B ra3eTax pa3BMB8JIC51 Kattu;en51p11T (qyKOBCKl1H
1963: 1 1 9-1 52),
HOB0513 COBeTCKOro 06pa3u;a, )1(8prOH ocp11u;11aJibHOrO ynoTpe6neHl151, HaCbil.I..(eHHbIH a66peBMaTypaM11, ou;eHOlfHblM11 KJIMl.l.Ie, 3BcpeMM3MaMl1.IlonMTMąecKa51 )l(J13Hb o6l.I..(ecrna oTpa)l(aJiach B ocpMu;1103HhIX )l(attpoBbIX cpop Max: nepeAOBbIX CTaTb51X, OTlfeTax C napT11HHblX KOHcpepeHQ11H M Cbe3AOB. I1AeOJIOrMą ecKoe BJIM51HMe npOBOAMJIOCb ąepe3 C03AaHMe cneu;11aJibHOro ceMaHTl1lfeCKOro KOAa , cpopMHpOBaBwero ABOHHbie CTaH AapTbl COQMaJibHOH )l(M3HM. Yn0Tpe6nett11e 3TOro KOAa 1rn60 nopO)l(AaJIO
JI,BOeMbICm1e, m160 C03,n:aBaJio 11JIJil030pHyIO KapT11HY M11pa B C03HaHl111 1rnTaTene11. TaK BMecTo eop ra3eTbI n11can11 1-1ecy1-1, BMecTo Kpaoe1-1oe - neeoe, BMeCTO 1-1eoocmamKU -pe3ep8bl. HoBbie CMbICJibl TTOSIBl1Jil1Cb y rnaroJIOB 8bl6Umb (,n:o 611TbCSI pewemr n Bonpoca), npo 6umb (38CTaBl1Tb , ,n:aTb pa3peweH11e), omrjJym6onumb (orncnaTb K ,n:pyroMy Ha11aJibH11Ky), 3aKonamb (He pewaTb BOnpoc ,n:onroe BpeMSI), cKoppeKmupoeamb (yMeHbW11Tb nJiaHOBOe 3a,n:aH11e). TaKaSI no,n:MeHa TTOHSITl1H o6'hSICHS!eTCSI COQ11aJibHbIMl1 n p 11 11 11 H a M 11 , HO B 0 3 M O )KHOCTb M H 0 f 0 3 H a '1HOCTl1 CJIOB CBSl 3 a H a C TTCl1XOQ)113110JIOfl1'1eCKl1M MexaHl13MOM nopO)K,n:eHl1SI 11 BOCTTp11SITl1SI pe1111, C cyI.U,eCTB0Batt11eM Jll1'1HOCTHbIX, cy6'beKTl1BHblX CMblCJI0B y Ka)K,n:Oro CJIOBa (JleOHTbeB
1 975: 1 44- 155).
3a fO.ll:bl CoBeTCKOH BJiaCTl1 KaHQeJIS!p11T 11 CTepeOTl1TTbl HaCTOJibKO YTBep,n:11Jil1Cb B COBeTCKOH npecce, '1TO OTCTynneH11e OT KaHL_\eJIS!p11Ta l._\eH30paMl1 pacl._\eH11BaJIOCb KaK 11HaKOMbJCJIHe.Ee3onacttee 6bIJIO n11caTb CTaH,n:apTHbJe co11eTaHl1SI C JieKCH'1eCKl1 onycTOWeHHbIMH npmrnraTeJibHbIMH (oocmu21-1ymb1e ycnexu, 'łeM npocTo ycnexu; 1-1acmoRU(.ee Macmepcmeo, 11eM Macmepcmeo), a .ll:Jll1HHbJe 6JIOKl1 J,13 a6cTpaKTHbIX cyI.U,eCTBl1TeJibHbIX B Qe TT0'1Kax po,n:HTeJibHbIX na,n:e)Kett T..Jmo Mbl UMeeM 1-1a ce200Hflw1-1uu oe1-1b e CMbzcne Oanb1-1euwe20 pa3eumUR moeap1-1ou nu1-1uu npou3eoocmea Mono'-11-10t1 npooyKL{UU U flUKBUOUpOBQHUfl ee omcmaeaHUfl no nna1-1y HQOOe8 MOflOKa? 6bIJIH npe,n:no11T11TeJibttee KOHKpeTHoro Bonpoca KaK oenamb 6onbwe cMema1-1b1 u meopoza? .n:a)Ke B pa3rOBOpe C ,n:eTbMH MO)KHO 6bJJIO ycJib!WaTb OQ)11QHaJibHOe Tbl no KQKOMY eonpocy nna'-leUlb? A B Kacj)e-nHpO)KKOBbIX BMeCTO TTO)KeJiaHHH IlpuRm1-1020 annemuma! B HCeJIH cyp 0 B bie nnaK aTbI IIpeonpuRmufl 06uwcmee1-11-1020 numa1-1UR npeo1-1a31-1a'-le1-1b1 onfl nompe6ne1-1UR npooyKL{UU 1-1a Mecme.
TaKoii ,n:epeBSIHHbIH napT11HHbIH KaHQenSipHT B ra3eTe c1111TaJicS1 HOpMOH ,n:o
1 986 ro,n:a. He,n:apoM nonynHpHbIH caTHpHK MHxaHJI 3a,n:opHOB B o,n:HOM
H3 qierrbeTOHOB e)J,Ko ttan11carr: «EcnH 6 A.Il. ąexoB pa6oTaJI B coBpeMeHHOH ra3eTe, eMy 6bJ He ,n:arrH Han11caTb TaK HeCOBpeMeHH0: B '-lenoeeKe OOfl:>łCHO 6bzmb ece npeKpac1-10: u nut{o. u ooe:>1Coa, u oywa. u MbLcnu . . . Ott 6b1 HaBepHSIKa IlOCTaparrcSI 6rreCHYTb )KypHaJIHCTCKHM Kpacttope11HeM:B
'-lenoee'-/ecKOM UHOU8UOyyMe BCe OOfl:>łCHO Omee'-/amb 3Cmem u'-leCKUM HOpMaM : U Mopanb1-10-1tpaecmee1-11-1b1u rjJaKmop, u e1-1ympe1-11-1ue pe3epeb1, u u3oenuflmeKcmunbHou np0Mb1Utne1t1-1ocmu, u nut{eeou rjJacao» (3a,n:opttoB
1988: 16).
C npOB03rrraweHHeM TTOJIHTHKl1 rrracHOCTH 11 nepecTpOHKl1 COBeTCKaSI npecca, HMeHHO 6rraro,n:apS! CBOeH opraHl13aTOpCKOH Q)YHKQl1H, CTarraJl3blK coepeMe1u-wu pyccKou npeccb1 . . . l1Pl1HA n . JlblCAKOBA 061.QeCTBeHHOH TpM6yHOH nOJIMTM'-IeCKMX nepeMeH. HatfaJIOCb BCe C HOBblX Allil COBeTCKMX ra3eT TeM: peJIMfM03Hbie npa3,ll;HHKM, rYJIAr, 3MMrp8QMSI, poK-MY3bIKa, npoCTMTYQHH, noJIO)KeHMe B apMMH. CTaTbM Ha 3TH TeMbl 6bIJIM ceHCaQHeH, a ra3eTa «MOCKOBCKHe HOBOCTH», ny6rrHKOBaBlllaH l1X, CTarra B 1 988- 1 990 ro,n:hr 6ecTcerrrrepoM.
Ho He TOJibKO «6eJibie nHTHa» MCTOpMM npMBJieKaJIH ITOJIMTH311pOBaHHOe COBeTCKOe 061.QeCTBO. l13MeHHJICH CTl1Jlb npeCCbI: Ha MeCTO KaHQeJIHp11Ta npMlllJIO MHOfOQBeTbe pa3rOBOpHOH petrn. ra3eTbl CJIOBHO CTp5IXHYJIH C ce6H OQeneHeHMe M HalfaJI11 copeBHOB8TbCH B ,n:ep30CTM HOMMH8Q11H. OTMeHa QeH3ypb! l aBrycTa 1 990 ro,n:a y3aKOHHJia HaMeTHBllll1eC5ł CTHXl1HHbie BOJibHOCTM B H3b!Ke npeCCbl.
qTO }Ke np01130lllJIO C H3b!KOM pyccKOH npeCCbi? «PeBOJIIOQ11H B H3bIKe» 11JIH «5ł3b!K peBOJIIOQ11H»? 3TH BOITpOCbl 6bIJIH aKTyanbHbl B PoCCHH
XX
BeKa ,ll;B8)K,ll;bl: B 20-e fO,ll;bl M B 90-e. l1 Tor,n:a, 11 cero,n:HH JIMHrBHCTbl npOCHT BCTpeBO}KeHHYIO ny6rr11Ky He 6ecnOKOl1TbCH: B nepMO,ll;bl COQM8JlbHblX noTpHCeHl1H He npo11cxo,n:11T peBOJIIOQHl1 B H3b!Ke, 113MeHHeTCH CTl1JIMCTl1-qecKaH CHCTeMa, Ha116orree TeCHO CBH38HHaH C 061.QeCTBeHHblM CTpoeM CBOeH 3TTOXM (MeI.QepCKMH 1 98 1 : 246).)].eMOKpaTl13aQ11H 061.QeCTBa pacKpenoCTMJia C03H8HMe 11 noBe,n:eH11e mo,n:eił, paclllaTana CTMJIMCTl1tfeCKl1e HOpMbl. BOT np11Mepbl 113 ra3eTbl C H83B8HMeM 113 COBeTCKOro npournoro «KOMCOMOJibCKaH npaB.n;a»(ra3eTa ocHoBaHa B 1 925 ro,n:y 11 6brna caMOH nonyrrHpHOH Morro,n:e}KHOH raJeTOH COBeTCK0ro BpeMeHM. l1MeHHO n OTO MY, lfT0 ee mo611rr11 lfMTaTeJIM, pe,n:aKQ11H He M3MeHMJia H83B8Hl1H, X0TH no CB0eMy co,n:ep}KaH11IO ra3eTa 38 [0,ll;bl nepeCTpoiłKM crnrra aHTl1KOMMYHMCT11ąecKoił).
«3mo Kpymo - zopoumbcJl Poouuoii. cezoouRI» -3arorroB0K 11HTepBbIO Ha nepB0H norroce H0Mepa OT 1 3 OKTH6pH 1 998 ro,n:a. C TQąKM 3peHMH H0pM11p0BaHHoro H3bIKa COBeTCKOH npeCCbl, CJI0B0 Kpymo 3,n:ecb HeyMeCTH0, n0T0My ąTo BblC0KaH naTeT11Ka co,n:ep}KaHMH MCKJIIOtfaeT no CTMJIMCTMlfeCKMM K8H0H8M MCTT0Jib30B8HMe npocTopelłHOH JieKCMKM. KaKaH 0QeHKa 38KJIIO lfeHa B CJI0Be Kpymo? KaK nepeBeCTl1 3TOT Jarorr0B0K Ha HeHTpaJibHblH JIMTepaTypHblH H3bIK? B M0JI0,ll;e}KH0M crreHre 3T0 CJIOB0 MMeeT HeCK0JibK0 3HaąeHMH(HMKMTl1Ha 1998: 2 1 2). ToJibKO npoąMTaB MHTepBbIO .n:o K0HQa, Mbl noiłMeM CMblCJI :noro 3M0Ql10HaJibH0ro Kpymo B ,n:aHH0M K0HTeKCTe: «oąeHb He06bilfHO», «Heop.n;MHapH0».
Ha noił >ke norroce 'IMTaeM ,n:pyroił 3arorroBoK: J(acm Ilu Co6em
HA TO
Om.MlllllKy? TipocTope'IHOe omMQUlKQ (113 npoq>eCCl10HaJibHOro H3bIKa:433
«MaXHYTh pyKoH mrn q>Jia)l(1(0M B 3HaK pa3pewemui: npoe3,ua») ynoTpe6rretto p.s!,UOM C Oq>HQHaJibHbJM H a3BaHHeM Me)K,UyHapo,n:HOH opraHH3a�HH.
B
HeHTpaJibHOM BapHaHTe COBpeMeHHOro pyccKoro .sI3bJKa 3TOT 3arOJIOBOK 6hrn 6h1 TaKHM : Pa3pewum 11u CoeemHA TO
ceouM eoucKaM 1-ta'-lamb onepaLf-WO e Kocoeo?YnoTpe6rreHHe pa3HOCTHJihHOH rreKCHKH, no)Karryii, caMa.si xapaKTepHa.si oco6eHHOCTb .sI3bJKa COBpeMeHHOH poCCHHCKOH npeCCbl. 3TO pa3HOCTHJibe OTpa)KaeT 3KCnpeccmo ncHXOJIOrH'-IeCKoro COCTO.s!HH.s! 061..IJ.eCTBa.
Oco6eHHO HHTepeceH, C Harneii TO'-IKH 3peHH.sI, TaKOH BeCbMa nonyrr.sipHblH H B bl C O K O '-l a CTOTHblH n p H e M B n o cT n ep ecTp Oe'ł H O H npecce, K a K HCn0Jih30BaHHe npeLf-eOeHmHblX (TepMHH IO. H . KapayrroBa) TeKCT0B B py-6pHKax H 38rOJIOBKax. HanpHMep 3arOJIOBOK CKa3a1tue o u,uplOllbllUKe
cu6upcKOM
(«CaHKT-IleTep6yprCKHe Be,n:OMOCTH», 1 999, 5 MapTa). 3TO pe�eH3H.sI Ha KHHOq>HJihM pe)KHCcepa H. MHxaJIKOBa Cu6upCKuu Lf-UPIOIIbHUK. PocCHHCKHH 1-IHTaTeJib y)Ke no CTHJIHCTHKe 3aroJIOBKa, He 1-IHTa.si peQeH3HH, nOHMeT, 1-ITO aBTOpy He HpaBHTC.sI q)HJibM, nOTOMY 'łTO B 3aroJIOBKe HCnOJib30BaHa MO,UeJib Ha3BaHH.sI (npeQe,UeHTHblH TeKCT) ,upyroro q>HJibMa , K O TOpbl H B COBeTCKOe B p e M .sI 6bJJI C H M B O JIOM ceHTHM eHTaJi b H bl X HepeaJIHCTH'-leCKHX npOH3Be,n:eHHH, rraKHP YIOJ.QHX ,n:eHCTBHTeJihHOCTb . AccOQHaTHBHOe coe,UHHeHHe B C03HaHHH 1-IHTaTeJieH ABYX pa3HblX TeKCTOB nepe,uaeT ,UHcrapMOHH'-lHOe (c OTTeHKOM HpOHHH) BOCnpH.s!THe HOBOH ,ueHCTBHTeJibHOCTH.3KcnpeCCH.sI BpeMeHH C03,Uarra YHHKaJibHble CBH,UeTeJihCTBa TBOp'-leCTBa )KypHaJIHCTOB, norry'-lHBlllHX HaKOHeQ CB06o,n:y CJIOBa. Kor.na 6 brna OTMeHeHa QeH3ypa, Ha CTpaHHQax rreHHHrpa,UCKOH «CMeHbl» no.sIBHJiaCb HOBa.sI py6pHKa <PaKC ynOIIHOMO'-leH 3aReUmb ( l aBrycTa 1 990" r.). CaMO Ha3BaHHe pa3,uerra acco�HHpOBaJIOCb y 1-IHTaTerreH C npHBbl'-lHOH q>OpMyrroii oq>H�HaJibHhIX coo61..IJ.eHHH «T ACC ynorrHOMO'łeH 3a.siBHTh», KoTopoii Ha'-lHHanacb Ka)K.D:a.sI npaBHTeJibCTBeHHa.sI HHq>OpMaQH.sI B CoBeTCKOM COI03e. YnoTpe6rreHHe <l>AKC BMecTO TACC BocnpHHHMarroch KaK HeCJibJXaHHa.si ,uep30CTb, Bbl30B Oq)H�H03Y npowrroro. 70 rreT COBeTCKa.si npecca H Merra O,UHH B apHaHT Oqllif�HaJibHbJX C0061..IJ.eHHH - HHq>OpMa�HIO TACC . 3TOT CTHJIHCTH'-leCKHH CTaH,uapT He TOJibKO BXO,UHJI B C03HaHHe B3pO CJiblX 1-IHTaTerreH napTHHHOH npeCCbl, ero 3HaJIH C ,n:eTCTBa: H3 ,ueTCKHX CTHXOB, ra3eT, )KypHarroB, pa,n:11onepe,n:aą, o6cy)K,n:eHHH Ha n110HepcK11x c6opax. Il03TOMY pa3pyweHHe CTaH,n:apTa B py6pHKe O,UHOH ra3eThl KaK QenHa.sI peaKQH.sI npoKaTwBaJIOCb no yMaM MHJIJIHOHOB 'łHTaTeJieH . Kor.na B
Jl3blK coepeMellHOU pycCKOU npeCCbl . . . 11Pl1HA
n .
.nbICAKOBAYITOMHHYTOM 1rnq>opMaI.J,HOHHOM pa3,n:ene ITOHBHJI3Cb nOCTOHHHaH no.n:6opKa 3aMeTOK C H33B3HHeM Jl opy20u maKOU cmpaHbl He 31-iQlO, MO)!(HO 6bmO 6e3 JJ:OITOJIHHTeJibHhIX KOMMeHTapHeB ITOHHTb HpOHHIO 33rOJIOBKa, TaK KaK :ny crpoąKy H3 nonynHpHOH coBeTCKOH necHH 3Harru Bee )!(HTen11 CCCP.
BeceJiblM Bhl30BOM Oq)HI.J,H3JibHOMY 3a py6e:HCOM BOcnpHHHManacb py6pHKa
A
(J 3mo epeM.Jl. 3Q 2paHu14eu, MenaHXOJIHąHOH HHTOHaI.J,HeH BeHJIO OT HOMHH3I.J,HH B 2y6epHCKOM 20pooe Cll6, KOTOpaH o6be,n:HHHJia 33MeTKH o HOBOCTHX B ropo,n:e. A CTHJIHCTl1K3 TeKCTa B npOTHBOBeC pa3roBOpHOMY 3arorroBKY Hepe,n:Ko B npecce 1990-199 1 ro,n:oB napo.n:11p0Barra KJIHIIIe 11 KOMIT0311I.l,HIO T3CCOBCKOH 33MeTKH. HanpHMep, no,n: 3aroJIOBKOM I'pa:HCOaHe :HCeJla,om nuea B ra3eTe «CMeHa» ny6JIHKOB3JICH TaKOH TeKCT: «4 OKTH6pH B JleHHHrpa.n:e COCTOHJICH nep BblH Cbe3,n: napTHH JII06HTeJieH nHBa. EoJibllIHHCTBO ee I.JJieHOB - CTy,n:eHTbl JieHHHrpa,n:CKHX BY30B. nocne MH TeJibHbIX .n:e6aTOB 6bm np11HHT ycTaB napTHH, nepBblH nyHKT KOTOporo rnac11T: "'llneHOM napTHH MO)!(eT 6bITb JII060H I.JeJIOBeK, JII06HW:HH ITHBO"» («CMeHa», 6 OKrn6p5! 1990 r.).HpOHHH H capK33M CTaJIH JJ:OMHH3HTOH npeCCbl, a Hepa360p411BOCTb B cpe,n:cTBax HaCMeIIIKH npHBOJJ:HJia K «epHHąeCTBy» H CMeUieHHIO CTHJieH. Oco6eHHo xopowo ce6H 1.JYBCTBYIOT B coBpeMeHHOH npecce pa3roBopHhie 11 npocTope4Hhre cnoBa. TycoeKu, rjJaHambl, 6ecnpeoefl, KaurjJ 3anonoHHJIH ra3eTHbie ITOJIOCbl. 3aroJIOBKH 11 py6p11KH pa3HhlX ra3eT copeBHYIOTCH B .n:ep30CTH HOMl1H3I.J,HH : Bee Mbl HeMHO:JICKO C npu6a6axoM - n11wyT «ApryMeHTbl H q>aKTbl», Ha1460Jlbl cnpaBJIRlOm nOMUHKU no 60JlbUleBUKQM -KOHCTaTHpyeT «CMeHa», a ra3ern neTep6yprcKoro Coro3a )!(ypHanHCTOB «'llac nHK» B HHBape 1 991 r. OTKpbrna ,n:a)!(e cneI.J,HaJibHYIO py6p11Ky Ee3 6aJlObl. <l>aHameume C HaMU! TaK OT HMeHH no.n:poCTKOB ra3eTa o6paw:anacb K POJJ:HTeJIHM, 11 lfT06bI IT03H3KOMHTb CTapwee noKOJieHHe co 3H31.JeHHHMH cnoB mycoeKa, KaurjJ, rjJaHamemb, neąarnna 6an,n:e)!(HhIH pa3r0Boptt11K no.n: 3arOJIOBKOM lliHypKU (J cmaKaHe, '-ITO Ha )!(3proHe no.n:poCTKOB o603HaąaeT «pO,n:HTeJIH JJ:OMa».
KaK H B 20-e rOJJ:bl, cero,n:H5! peBHHTeJIH pyccKoro 5!3bIKa rpOMKO rOBOpHT o nopąe POJJ:HOH pe'-IH, o Heo6XOJJ:11MOCTH 33W:HTHTb ee B 3q>Hpe H Ha ra3eTHOH nonoce OT )!(3prOHH3MOB 11 aHrJIHI.J,H3MOB. Ho B peBOJIIOI.J,HOHHhie 3ITOXl1 BCer.n:a npOHCXOJJ:HT cyw:eCTBeHHbJe H3MeHeHHH B pe4eBblX CTl1JIHCTHI.JeCKHX CHCTeMax. Jl3blK pOCCHHCKOH npeCCbl KOHI.J,a
XX
BeKa - 3epKano nonHTHlfeCKOH 11 pelfeBoH KYJihTYPhI o6w:ecrna, ocB060,n:HBUierocH OT TOTa JIHTapHOH BJiaCTH. JlpMapoąHaH pe1.JeBaH nan11rpa c Tpy,n:oM o603pHMoropbrnKa H3.ll.8HHH OTpa)l(aeT nmopaJI.H3M MHeHHH, .ll.H<pcpepeH- u,11au,1110 mo,[(eH H napTHH. )KypttanHCTJ,[Ka, CMe.llCb, paccTaBaeTC.11 co CBOHM npOlllflbIM, OTTopra.11 ocp11u,nanbHbie 6nOKH .113bIKOBbIX Knmne, cpop- MHpOB8BWHe C03H8HHe HeCKOITbKHX noKoneHHH.
KpoMe npoCTope'-IH.11 ),[ epHH'-leCTBa, B COBpeMeHHOH npecce HMeeTC.11 ),[ JI.pyra.11 cnmncTn'-lecKa.11 nanHTpa: Jfl/II oe11Rm no 3ltal/UMOcmu - no,[( TaKHM 3aronoBKOM ra3eTa «,[(enoBOH TieTep6ypr» (22.03.2000) coo6iuaeT: "MHC P<I> pa3pewnno Mara3HHaM
n
npeJI.np11.11TH.sIM 06iuen11Ta, pa60Ta.11 c HH,[(HBHJI.YanbHbIMH '-laCTHblMH npe.[(npH.IITH.IIMH - nOCT8B1.UHK8MH nniue BOH npOJI.YKU.HH, nnaTHTb H,[(C «no-cTapoMy» - c ToproBOH Hal\eHKH" .J,f9TI,
MHC P<I>, H,[(C, o6iuenHT - 3HaKOMbie np11MeTbI KaHu,en.11p11Ta. 3aronoBoK pacw11peHHOH HHcpopMau,1111 Ha Ty )l(e TeMy Hano2oeuKu Jib2omupy10m COttUQJibHO 3HQl/UMblX nopa)l(aeT HenO,[(rOTOBneHHOro '-IHTaTen.11 OTKpOBeHHblM 6H3HeC-)l(aprOHOM, nOH.IITb KOTOpb!H MO)l(HO TOITbKO nocne CITOBO
o6pa3oBaTenbHOro aHan113a (HQJI02 -HQJI02oeuK; Jib2oma -Jib20mupoeamb). Tio.[(p06HO H3MeHeHH.II B ra3eTHo-ny6nHU,HCTH'-leCKOM CTHne KOHU,a XX BeKa aHan11311py10Tc.11 B KHHre PyccKuu mbtK KOHLJa
XX
cmonemUJL/1985-1 995 (M., 1996). Cpe.[(H aKTHBHbIX ceMaHTH'-leCKHX npou,eccoB aBTOpbl on11cann TaKHe, KaK ,nen,1I.eonoru3aunH (6u3Hec, KOMMepcaHm, co6cmeeHHUK), ,nenOJIHTH3aUHH nonHTH'-leCKHX TepMHHOB (OuKmamypa, KOHqJpOHmQLJUfl), nOBbIWeHHa.11 MeTacl>opH'łHOCTb (eupyc UMnul/MeHma, napao cyeepeHumemoe), IlIHpOKOe HCnOnb30B8HHe 3aHMCTBOBaHHU (MapKemuH2, MeHeO:J/CMeHm, oucnJieu, uHeecmop).M0Horpacp11.11 PyccKuu fl3blK KOHLJa
XX
cmonemUJL ( 1 985-1 995), Ma HH<pecT11py.11 COU,HOITHHrBHCTH'-leCKHH nO,ll.XO,ll. K aHan113y H3MeHeHHH B .113b)Ke, npO.[(Ofl)l(Hfla Tpa,[(HU,HH '-leTbipeXTOMHOro C0U,HOnoro-nHHrBH- CTH'-leCKoro 11ccne,1I.0Batt11.11 PyccKuu J/.3blK u coeemcKoe o6utecmeo(M.,
1 968). OTMe'-la.11 6onbllIYIO nonyn.11pHOCTb ra3eT B KOHU,e 80-x - Ha'-lane 90-x roJJ,OB, aBTOpbl He 6e3 OCHOBaHH.11 yTBep)l()];aIOT, '-ITO HMeHHO cpe,ll.CTBa MaCCOBOH HH<pOpMau,1111 OKa3anH cyiuecTBeHHOe BITH.IIHHe Ha COCTO.IIHHe H pa3BHTHe pyccKoro .113bJKa B KoHu,eXX
BeKa.l13MeHeHH.II B COBpeMeHHOM pycCKOM .113b!Ke, Bbl3B8HHbie COU,HaITbH0-no nHTH'-leCKJ,[MH npH'-1HH8MH, npe,ll.CTaBneHbl B o6naCTH neKCHKH (O.IT . EpMaKoBa, E.B. KaKop11Ha,
Jl.Il.
KpbICHH,M.B.
K11Tai1ropo,ncKa.11), cnoBoo6pa3oBaHH.II(E.A.
3eMCKa.sI), rpaMMaTHKH(M.51.
rnoBHHCKa.11, H.E. l1nbHHa), cpoHeTHKH(B.JI.
BopOHU,OBa).Jl3blK coepeMemwu pyccKou npeccbz . . .
HPHHA n. Jlb!CAK0BA
O6J.rn11e 0KKa3M0HaITbHbIX 3KCnpeCCMBHbIX o6pa30BaHMH B COBpeMeHHOH npecce, no MHeHMIO
E.A.
3eMCKOH, He SIBJUieTC.s! CBM,n:eTenbCTB0M nopą11 513bIK a , noTO MY ąT0 «pyccKMH 513blK B H al lr n AHM )l(MBeT TaKOH )l(e HHTeHCHBHOH )l(J,f3Hbl0 , KaK ),f pyccKoe o6rn.ecTBO. Bee MexaHH3Mbl ero ,n:eHCTBYIOT cBepxaKTHBHO. KaKMe H3 HOBoo6pa3oBaHHH Hamero BpeMeHH YHAYT B He6bITMe, a KaKMe coxpaH.sITC.sI, Han0MMHa.sI nocne.uyIOW.HM no K0JieHJ1S!M 06 3noxe nepeCTpOHKH ),f rnacH0CTH, o co6bITH.s!X1 9-2 1
aBrycTa1 9 9 1
r. H OKrn6p.si1 993
r., o BpeMeHM n0CTTOTanHTapM3Ma, noKa)l(eT ITMlllb 6y.uyw.ee» (3eMcKa.si1 996: 1 39).
MHTeHcmtmKaQH.s! K0HTaKT0B HOCHTeJieH pyccKoro 513bIKa C H0CHTen.sIMJ,f M H bIX 513bIKOB n p M B en a K n p O H H K H 0 B e HM IO B cp e,n:CTBa M a C C O B O H M H q> O p M a QHM npo<peCCMOHaITb H blX M HTep H a QH0H anb HblX «.sI3bl K 0 B » cneQMaJIHCT0B no BbJq),fCJIHTenhHOH TeXHHKe, cnopTCMeHOB, MY3b!K3HT0B, nonMTHK0B, )l(ypHanHCT0B, K0M MepcaHT0B M T.,n:. (KOMnblOmep, oucn.neu, uHeecmop, MapKemuH2, caM.Mum, 3/leKmopam). B rn11poKOM pacnpocTpa HeHHH H0BblX 3aMMCTB0BaHHblX CJIOB Ba)l(eH, KaK cąHTaeT Jl. Il. Kpb!CMH, H COQHanbHO-nc11xonor11ąecKHH <paKTOp: p.si.n: cnoB npH06peTaeT K0MMYHM KaTMB HYIO aKTy anbH 0CTb no COQH anh H 0 - nonMTMąecKMM npH ą M H a M (npueamU3QtjWl, n.n,opQJIU3M). OTMeąa.si Bb!C0KYIO CTeneHb HaCbIW.eHHOCTH C0BpeMeHHblX ra3eTHblX TeKCT0B MH0.s!3bląHblMH CJI0BaMM, HCCne,n:oBaTenh o6parn.aeT BHMMaHMe Ha TO, ąTo 0TH0IIIeHMe K HHO.s!3blqHOH neKCHKe pa3nHąHo y HOC!1TeJieH pyccKoro Sl3bIKa pa3H0rO B03pacTa H ypoBH.s! o6pa30-BaHM.s! {Kpb!CMH
1 996: 1 59).
B 3TOH CB.sI3M np11Be,n:eM no3HQMIO B.B. KonecoBa KOTOpb!H cąHTaeT, ąTo BHe,n:peHHe 3aHMCTBOBaHHH B pyCCKH H 513b!K - 3TO noKyllleHHe Ha pyccKyIO MeHTaITbH0CTb:
KmK,AblH pa3, K0r,Aa pacKpbIBaewb y-rpeHHl-01-0 ra3eTy, CTp3WHWbCSI ell(e O,AHOH BCTpetm C B0JlbHblM HCT0JIK0B3HHeM K0peHH0ro pyccKoro CJI0Ba, coxpaHSll-01.1.(ero B CB0eM 3Ha 'leHHH 0nbIT pyccKoro Hapo,Aa, ero HpaBCTBeHHYl-0 Il03HL(HI-O, ero -K3K npHHl!TO ce114ac roB0pHTb - MeHT3JlHTeT. IIonbITKH H3BpaTHTb CMblCJl CJl0Ba, HCK33HTb ero BHyTpeHmle CBll3H C Hap0.D.HblM caM0C03H3HHeM H TeM caMblM YHI-1'-IT0)l(HTb caMyIO MblCJlb o CBOeo6pa3HH pyccKoro C03H3HH.!I .D.OCTHrJlłl HbIHe npe,AeJlbHblX rpaHHL(, K0T0pblMH 0TKpbIBaeTC.H Mope cy6'beKTHBHblX TOJlKOBaHHH, "nepeHMeHOBaHHH" H nonpoCTy qianbcmt>HK31..(HH B Te'leHHe BeK0B CJl0)l(J,fB werocl! Hal..(H0HaJibH0ro cnoco6a Mb1wneH11.11 (KonecoB
1999: 1 1 2).
3To MHeHMe B.B. KonecoBa pa3,n:en.siIOT cero,n:tt.si M Hor11e q>MnonorH .
El.I.l,e 0,D,Ha CTHJIHCTH'-łeCK851 H0B8U,1151 B pyccK0M ra3eTHo-ny6nHU,H CTH'ieCK0M CTHJie K0HU,a
XX
CT0JieTl151 - CTHJil1CTHKa onn0311U,H OHHOH npeccbI. CaMo no.srnneHHe B Pocc11H K0HU,a 80-x ro.n.OB onno3HU,HOHHOH npeCCbl Ha pyCCK0M 513bIKe o6ycnOBHJIO CTHJIHCTH'ieCKYIO .n.mpcpepeHU,H8U,HlO BHYTpH ra3eTHo-ny6nHU,HCTH'łeCKOro CTHJI51, lffQ HeB03MO)KH0 6hrnO C 1 9 1 7 n o 1 989 r0,ll,bl .B
CTHJIHCTHKe onn03HU,HOHHOH npeCCbl npeo6na.n.aIOT peąeBbie 8KTbl-3KCnpeccHBbl C H36bJTO'łHOH OTpl1U,aTeJibHOH ou,eHKOH H capKa3M0M. Knro'ieBbIMH CJIOBaMH 3,ll,eCb .sIBJI51IOTC51 y3yanbHbie ou,eHO'iHbie H0MHHaU,HH B MeCT0 HeHTpanbHbIX 3THKeTHbIX npe3UOeHm 3aMeH51eTC51 C0'ieTaHHeM 2naeapb OKKyna1-1moe; npaeumellbCmBO - Ha KOlllleKmUBHbZU Pacnymu1-1 (KaKOpHHa 1 996: 4 1 9).HoBaH CTHJIHCTH'łeCKa51 pa3H0BH,ll,H0CTb B ra3eTHO-ny6nHU,HCTH'łeCKO M CTHne pyccKoro 513b!Ka KOHU,a
XX
BeKa o6ycnOBJieHa H,D,eonorH'łeCKHMH n p H lł H H a M H . 11 o .n.o 6 tt o e .sI B Ji e H H e y )Ke H M e n o M e CTO B p y c c K O M ny6nHu,11cTHąecKoM CTHne ttaąanaXX
BeKa, Kor.n.a B pyccKoH npecce 6hrn11 TTOJIHTH'ieCKH ,ll,HcpcpepeHU,HpOB 8HHbie Tl1 Ilbl 113,ll,aHl1H (JlbIC8KOBa 1 989: 27 - 3 5 ) . Cp a B H e tt 11 e 513bIKOBbIX npou,eccoB B 8HTarOHl1 CTl1lł e C K l1X n o 11.n.eonor1111 H3,ll,aHl1.sIX Haąana 11 KOHU,aXX
BeKa M0)KeT ,ll,8Tb 11HTepeCHbie TeopeTH'łeCKH e B b!BO,ll,bl KaK B nnaHe pa3 Bl1TH51 pyccKoro r a 3 eTHO ny6n11U,11CTH'łeCKOro CTl1Jl51, TaK H B nnaHe cou,11onc11XOJIHHrBl1- CTl1lłeCKl1X 11CCJie,ll,OB8Hl1H CB51311 .sI3bIKa 11 o6l.I.l,eCTBeHHOro C03H8Hl151.3BOJIIOU,H51 ra3eTHO-ny6nHU,HCTl1lłeCKoro CTHTT51 B pycCKOM .sI3bIKe
XX
CTOJieTH51 .n.eMOHCTpHpyeT 'ieTKYIO 3aBl1Cl1M0CTb CTl1JIHCTH'ieCKHX Cl1CTeM 513b!Ka OT COU,HaJibHbIX cpaKTOpOB, 11 B 3TOM OTHOUJeHl111 cpeHOMeH pyccKoro ra3eTHo-ny6nHU,11CTH'łeCKOro CTl1TT51 npe.n.cTaBJIHeT YHHK8TTbHbIH MaTepHan MH 11ccne.n.0BaTenei1.B
coBpeMeHHOH Pocc11H 513bIK npeccb1 OTpa)KaeT nonHT11'iecKyIO H pe'ieByIO K ynhTYPY o 6 l.I.l,ecT B a , o c B 0 6 0.n.HBU1e r o c51 OT 7 3 -neTH er o n e p 11 0.n.a T0Tan11Tapttoro pe)K11Ma. CerO,ll,H51 y)l(e HeT napTHHHOro K OHTponH H 11epapx1111 ra3eT C H83BaHl1eM «11paB.n.a» (OT u,eHTpanbHOH .n.o paHOHHOH, OT napT11HHOH Jl.O n110HepCKOH). l1051Bl1Jl11Cb COTHl1 HOBbIX 113,ll,8Hl1H, H HX p a 3 tt o o 6 p a 3 H a 51 p e ą eB aH n a n 11Tpa 0Tpa)KaeT nn10p an11 3 M M H e tt 11 ił , .n.11cpcpepettu,11au,11IO ma.n.ew 11 naprnti:. KaK n11U1eTM.B.
11attoB, « B 30-60-e r0,ll,bI rocnO,ll,CTB0Bano T8KOe OTHOU1eH11e K Jll1TepaTypHOMy 513bIKy: H0pMa -3T0 3anpeT. Hop Ma KaTerop11'iecK11 0TJI.eJI.sieT np11ro.n.ttoe OT tte.n.onycT11Moro. Tenepb OTH0llleH11e 113MeHl1JIOCb: HOpMa - 3TO BbI6op. Otta COBeTyeT B351Tb 113 513bIKa HaH6onee npHrO,ll,HOe B ,ll,8HH0M K0HTeKCTe» (11attoB 1 988: 23).Jl3blK coepeMeHl-tOU pyccKOU npeCCbl ...
HPHHA n . Jlb!CAKOBAKaK onpe,!l;eJII.-!Tb Kp11TepHH «npHrOAHOCTH B AaHHOM KOHTeKCTe»? Ha Halli B3rmłA, 3TO MO)KHO C,!l;eJiaTb Ha OCHOBe C0UH0JIHHfBHCTH'leCK0ro IlOAXOAa K 51.3bIKOBbIM 51.BJieHHHM.
Pa3BHTHe npoQeCCOB AeMOKpaTH3aQHH H BHHMaHHe K nrrropaJIH3MY MHeHHH Tpe6yIOT yqern COQHaJibHOH AHq>q>epeHQHaQHH 51.3bJKa H o6ll(eCTBa. ,n:ocTynHOCTb ra3eTHbIX ny6JIHKaQHH, Ha Halli B3rJIHA, MO)KeT H3yąaTbC51. JIHllib npH HCTTOJlb3OBaHHH COQHOJIHHrBHCTH'leCKHX MeTOAHK attaJIH3a CMl1. CoBpeMeHHaH CO QHOJIHHrBH CTHKa pa3BHBaeTCH KaK Me)K,!l;H CQHilJIHHapHoe HanpaBJieHHe, onHpaHCb Ha AOCTH)KeHHH COQHOJIOrHH H nc HXOJIOrHH, JIHHrBHCTHKH H Q)HJIOCOQ)HH. Ilo3TOMY 51.3blKOBble q>aKTbl B co QHOJIHHrBHCTHąecKHX HCCJie,!l;OBaHHHX BCer,!l;a paccMaTpHBaIOTCH BO B3-aHMOCB51.3H C 3KCTparrHHrBHCTHąecKHMH.
qT06bi B blHB HTb o c o 6 e H H OCTH 51. 3 blKOBOH MO,!l;eJIH H3,!l;a H H 51. o n pe,!l;eJieHHoro npoq>HJIH, HY)KHO HaHTH COQHOJIHHrBHCTH'leCKHe nepeMeHHbJe, TO eCTb Te CTpYKTYPHble 3JieMeHTbl, KOTOpble H3MeHHIOTC51. IlOA B03,!l;eHCTBHeM 3KCTpaJIHHrBHCTH'leCKHX cpaKTOpOB, cpopMHpyIOI.l.(HX THn H3AaHH51.. TaKHMH q>aKTOpaMH 51.BJIHIOTCH THnorrorH'leCKHe npH3HaKH 113,!l;aHHH: nOJIHTH'leCKaH nporpaMMa, COQHaJibHbIH COCTaB 'IHTaTeJibCKOH ayAHTOpHH, TeMaTH'leCKaH xapaKTepHCTHKa, BpeMH, MeCTO, nepHOAH'IHOCTb BblXOAa, cpopMaT. T11nOBbJe npH3HaK11 51. 3 b!KOBOH MO ,!l;eJIH ra3eTbl CO,!l;ep)KaTCH B KO MilOHeHTax BHyTpeHHei1: CTPYKTYPhI H3AaHHH: py6pHKax, 3arorroBKax, TeKcrnx. IlpH aHaJIH3e HX CTHJIH ycrnHaBJIHBaIOTCH npH'IHHHble KOppeJIHQHH 51.3bIKOBblX oco6eHHOCTeH C Tl1IlOB b!M l1 npH3HaKaMH paccMaTpHBaeMb!X 113,!l;aHHH, Y'IHTb!B aIOTCH KOHKpeTHb!e COQHaJibHO -HCTOp11 qecKHe ycrrOBHH HX <pyHKQHOHHpOBaHHH.
THnorrorHąeCKHe oco6eHHOCTl1 ra3eT C pa3HOH CTeneHbIO rrry6HHbl OTpa)KaIOTCH B py6pHKax, 3aroJIOBKax 11 TeKCTax HHQ)OpMaQHOHHb!X 3aMeTOK Ha ypoBHHx:
• npe,!l;MeTHO-TeMaTH'leCKOM, • KOMilO3HQHOHHO-TeKCTOBOM,
• rreKCHKO-CeMaHTH'leCKOM,
• CHHTaKCH'leCKOM
K C0U.H0JIHHfBHCTH'leCKH 3Ha'IHMhlM IlO3HQHHM, no KOTOpb!M npocrre )KHBaIOTCH THnorrorH'leCKHe 51.3b!KOBbie OTJIH'IHH H3,!l;aHHH, OTHOCHTCH:
• 06beM H CeMaHTH ąecKaH CTpyKTypa 3aroJIOBQqHb!X K O MnJieKCOB (pOJJ:0-BHJJ:OBb!e, npH'IHHHO-CJie,!l;CTBeHHbie, OQeHO'IHbie, acCOQHaTHBHb!e H Apyrne OTHOllieHHH Me)KAY 3JieMeHTaMH);
• ceMaHTl1KO-CTl1J111CTl1'-łeCKaH CTPYKTypa Ha11MeHOBaHHH TeMaT111.feCKl1X norroc, 6rroKOB, py6p11K, 3 arorroBKOB (cneu.11arrbHaH, 06�eynoTpe-611TeJ1bHaH; KOHKpeTHaH, a6cTpaKTHaH; pa3fOBOpHaH, KH11)KHaH; 3MOU.110-HaJ1bHaH, HeHTpanbHaH rreKCl1Ka; COOTHOWeH11e CJ10BOCO'-łeTaHl1H 11 pa3Hb!X Tl1nOB npe,LVIO)KeH11H);
• pe'-łeBaH CTPYKTypa TeKCTa (COOTHOWeH11e on11caH1151, noBeCTBOBaHl1H, paccy)K,AeH11H; ,n:ecKp11nTl1BHbIX 11 ou.eHO'-łHbIX :rneMeHTOB);
• rreKCl1'-łeCKl1e oco6eHHOCTl1 TeKCTOB (COOTHOWeH11e cneu.11aJ1bHOH 11 06�eynoTpe611TeJ1bHOH, a6cTpaKTHOH 11 KOHKpeTHOH, pa3fOBOpHOH 11 KHl1)K HOH, HeHTparrbHOH 11 3Mou.110HaJ1bHOH rreKc11K11);
• Cl1HTaKCH'-łeCKHe oco6eHHOCTl1 TeKCTOB (KHl1)I<Hble 11 pa3fOBOpHbie CTpYKTYPbl, KOMnpeCCl1H 11 pac'-łrreHeHHOCTb BbICKa3bIBaH11H).
3TH no3HU.HH cpopM11py10T COU.110J111HrBl1CTl1'-łeCKl1e rrepeMeHHbie B MO,Aerr11 J1106oro 113,AaHHH, 11 co6CTBeHHO T11norror11'-łeCKl1e npo6rreMbl onpe,n:errHIOTCH 11X H3bIKOBbIM HarrorrHeH11eM. KpoMe 3Tl1X n0311U.11H Ba)KHOe Tl1I10J10fl1'-łeCKOe 3Ha 1.feH11e rrp11 cpopM11pOBaHl111 CTl1J111CTl1'-łeCKOfO CBOeo6pa311H T11rra H3,AaHl1H 11MeIOT TaK11e 3JleMeHTbl pe.n.aKU.110HHOH CTpaTer1111:
1 .
Bb16op C00TH0llieHHH 06�e3uaqnMOH H cneu.n aJIH3HpOBaHHOHnuct>opMaU.HH, KOTOpb!H orrpe,n:errHeTCH KaK cou.11aJ1bHO-,AeMorpacp11'-łeCKl1MH rrpH3HaKaMl1 ay,n:11Top1111 (B03pacT, rrpocpeCCl1H, o6pa30BaH11e, MeCTO )Kl1TeJ1bCTBa), BJlHHIO�HMH Ha ceMl10Tl1'-łeCKl1H ypoBeHb C03,AaBaeMOfO TeKCTa , TaK 11 rrc11xorror11'-łeCKl1M l1 , CBH3aHHbIMl1 C oco6eHHOCTH Ml1 BOCI1pHHTHH ,AHeBHbIX, Be'-łepH11X, BOCKpeCHbIX 113,AaHl1H. 3,n:ecb oco6oe 3Ha'-łeH11e 11MeeT COOTHOWeH11e KOHKpeTHblX 11 o6o6�eHHbIX, 3MOU.110-HaJ1bHbIX 11 HeHTparrbHbIX, paC'łJleHeHHbIX 11 KOMI1pecc11poBaHHbIX H3blKOBbIX 3JleMeHTOB (Ha ypOBHHX OT)J.eJlbHOro CJlOBa 11 CTPYKTYPbl u.errora TeKCTa).
2. Ha6op TeMaTnqecKHX D0JI0C H TeMaTnqecKHX 6JIOKOB, Hal1MeHOBaHl151 KOTOpbIX, KaK 11 Ha11MeH0BaHl1H BHyTpeHHl1X py6p11K 11 3arorrOBKOB, ,AOJl)KHbl OTpa)l(aTb crreu.11cp11Ky 113,AaHl1H He TOJlbKO B rrpe,n:MeTHO-,AeHoTaTl1BHOM rrrratte, HO 11 B MO,AyCHO-CTl1J111CTl1'-łeCKOM. 3,n:ecb rrepcneKTl1BHbl 11ccrre,n:o BaHl151 pe'-łeBbIX TaKTHK 11 pe'łeBbIX CTpaTer11H B pa3HbIX T11nax 113,AaHHH.
Heo6xo,n:11MO o6pa�aTb BHl1MaH11e Ha CTl1J1HCTl1'łeCKOe e,n:11HCTBO BHYTPH TeMaTH'-łeCKOro BhmycKa, COOTBeTCTBl1e py6p11K 11 3arorrOBKOB TeMe BbII1YCKa, B03 M0)KHYIO CTl1J111CTH'łeCKYIO TpattccpopMau.1110 )KaHpa B TeMaT11'łeCKl1X BhmycKax pa3Hb!X no T11ny H3,AaHl1H, 11,n:eHTl1q>l1Kau.1110 Tl1I1a ra3eTbl no orrpe,n:erreHHOMY Ha6opy KJllO'łeBbIX CJlOB B 3arorroBO'łHbIX KOM nrreKcax TeMaT11YecK11x rrorroc 11 rro,n:6opoK.
Jl3blK coepeMefłllOU pyccKOU npecCbl
. . .
HPHHA n . Jlb!CAKOBA THnOM 113)1.aHHH MOTHBHpOBaHbl He TOJibKO TeMaTHKa, HO H CTpYKTYPbl 3aroJIOB O ą H bl X K O M nrreKCOB (JlbrcaKOBa1 9 89:
6 6 - 7 5 ) . KOJIH'leCTBO 3JieMeHTOB 3THX KOMnrreKCOB, ceMaHn1:ąecKHe OTHOllleHHH Me)l()J.y HHMH (po.n:.o-BH)J.OBbie, npH'IJilHHO-CJie)J.CTBeHHble, .n:.ecKpHnTJilB HO-Ol(eHO'IHble, acCOQJ.łaTHBHbie H .n:.p.) nc11xorrorn:ąecKH 3Hal{HMbl npH BOCnpHHTJilH TeKCTa pa3HblMH rpynnaMH 'IJi!TaTerreił.B
nonyrrHpHblX H .n:.eTCKHX Jil3)J.aHHHX Ha.u.o HCnOJib30BaTb ·noBTOp KJTIO 'leBbIX CJIOB, BOnpoco-OTBeTHbie CTPYKTYPbl, 3MOQHOHaJibHO-OQeHOąHyIO rreKCHKY C KOHKpeTHOH ceMaHTHKOH. ,[(rrH 6orree TOąHblX peKOMeH)J.aQJilH Heo6XO)J.HMO npOBO)J.Ji!Tb COQHOnCHXOJIHHrBHCTJil qecKHe 3KCnepHMeHTbl (J1bICaKOBa199 1 :
60-62).3. I--13 <PYH.U.aMeHTaJibHOH cpH3HorrornqecKoił <PYHKQHH MbilllJieHHH «one pe)l(aIOll\ero OTpa)l(eHHH .n:.eiłCTBHTeJibHOCTH» (l1.I1. I1aBJIOB, IT.K. AHOXHH), BbITeKaeT .n:.eikTBHe 3aKoHa «ynpe)l()J.eHHH», «nrram1pyroll\ero CHHTe3a» pe qeaoił .n:.eHTeJibHOCTH (H. 11. }KHHKHH, 11.A. 3HMHHH). CTHJIHCTH'lec1we e,n:HHCTBO py6pHKH, 3arOJIOBKa, TeKcTa - crre)J.CTBHe .n:.eiłCTBJilH 3TOro ncHxocpH3JilOJIOrHąecKoro 3aKOHa B ycrrOBJilHX onTHMaJibHO opraHH30BaHHOH p e ą e B O H .n:.eHTeJibHOC TH (TO'I H O CTb QerreBOH ycTa H OBKJil Jil3)J.a H H H , TeMaTH'leCKOe H 3MOQHOHaJibHO-CTHJIJilCTJil'leCKOe e)J.Ji!HCTBO TeKCTOB, H X Jil .n:.eiłHoe COOTBeT CTBHe l(eJieBOH ycTaHOBKe H3,n:aHHH).
CTHJIJilCTJilqecKoe e)J.HHCTBO py6pHKH, JarOJIOBKa, TeKCTa - npH3HaK BblCOKOro npocpecCHOHaJIJil3Ma pe.n:.aKQHOHHOro KOJIJieKTJi!Ba. CooTBeTCTBJile rreKCH'leCKJilX 11 CHHTaK CJil'leCKHX oco6eHHOCTeił TeKCTOB ceMaHTHKO-CTJil JIJilCTH'leCKHM xapaKTepHCTHKaM 3arOJIOBKOB Jil py6pHK - He06XO)J.HMOe
ycrrOBHe e)J.HHCTBa cpopMbl H co.n;ep)l(aHHH MaTepHaJIOB ra3eTbl. IT03TOMY B nporpaMMbl n o COQH OJIOrH'leCKHM HCCJie,n:oBaHHHM 3cpcpeKTHBHO CTH B03)1.eHCTBHH npeCCbl (KOTOpbie, KaK noKa3aJI OnbIT 20-x ro.n:.oB , Heo6xo,n:HMO npOBO)J.HTb COBMeCTHO C JIHHrBHCTaMH) crre.n:.yeT BKJTIO'laTb JIJi!HrBO-CTHJIH CTHąecKJile n03HQHJil. 0HH Jl:OJI)l(Hbl o6Hapy)l(HTb CeMaHTHKO-CTHJIHCTH qecKoe c o o TB eTCTBHe 3JieMe HTOB B H yTpeHHeił CTP YKTYPhl ra3 eThl THnorrorHąecKHM npH3HaKaM H3Jl:aHHH H COQJilaJibHO-nCHXOJIOrH'leCKHM oco6eHHOCrnM ero ay.n;HTOpHH.
K CO)l(aJieHHIO , 60JiblllJilHCTBO COBpeMeHHblX ra3eT He OTJIJil'laeTCH opHrHHaJibHO CTbIO H3b!KOBOH MO)J.eJIH. HanpHMep , ra3eTa «,[(errOBOH I1eTep6ypr» (HHBapb 2004 ro.n:.a) HM eeT HeHTpaJibHbie no CTJilJIIO H TpHBHaJibHhie no HOMJi!HaQHH py6pHKH: Hoeocmu, MHeHUR u KOMMeHmapuu, OmOblX. l1 TOJibKO KoHbJOHKmypa u pblHKU, <PuHaHCbl u pblHKU ceMaHTHąeCKH CBH3aHbl co cneQH<PHKOH 113)1.aHHH. 0.n:.HaKO oco6eHHOCTb H3,n:aHHH, ero
op11eHTaQl1IO Ha onpe,neneHHYIO ay,nHTOpHIO Tpy,nHO no.n,nep)l(aTb TOJlbKO TeMaTHKOH. CoQHOJIHHfBHCTH'-IeCKHH aHaJIH3 npeCCbl noKa3bIBaeT, 1-ITO HMeHHO CTHJIHCTH1-IeCKOe e,nHHCTBO py6pHKH, 3aroJIOBKa, TeKCTa, 3cpcpe KTHBHO B03,neHCTBYSI Ha ncHXHKY 1-IHTaTeJISI, SIBJISleTCSI 11,neHTHcpm.�11py10inHM MapKepOM THnOBOH MO,neJIH ra3eTbl.
Pe3epBbl noBb!llleHHSI pe1-1eBow KYJibTYPhl B npecce CBSl3aHhl c pa6oTow Ha.n CTHJIHCTH1-IeCKHM CBOeo6pa3HeM ra3eTHblX ny6rr11KaQl1H. )];rrsi 3TOrO Heo6xo,nHMO BBeCTH B BY3OBCKHe nporpaMMbl 06y1-1eH11e CTHJIHCTH1-IeCKHM Bap11aHTaM TeKCTa Ha O.D:HY TeMy ,nJISI pa3Hb!X 113,naHHH. IlpH 3TOM Ha.no Y1-IHTbIBaTb KaK COQHaJibHO-,neMorpacp111-1ecKHe npH3HaKl1, TaK 11 nc11-xonorn1-1ecK11e. ,LI.n.si Bb1pa60TKH y1-1e6HbIX nporpaMM no TaKOMY pa3,neny CTHJIHCTHKH H Y )l( H a o p r a H H 3 a Q H SI cep1111 n cHXOJIHHrB HCTH1-I e CKHX 3Kcnep11MeHTOB, 1-IT06bl BblSICHHTb 3cpcpeKTHBHOCTb BocnpHSITl1SI TeKCTOB pa3-HOH ay,nHTOpHeH.
KoHe'IHO, .D:JISI C03,namrn 6a3bl COQI1OJII1HfBI1CTI11-IeCKI1X HCCJie,noBaHHH npeCCbl Heo6xo,nHMbl COQI1OJIHHfBI1CTH1-IeCKHe HCCJie,noBaHHSI pa3rOBOpHOH p e 1-1 11 pa3JI H 1-1 H h! X r p y n n H acene H H SI . TaK11 e p a 6oThl n o K a O 1-1 e H h MaJIO1-IHCJieHHbl I1 He HMeIOT npSIMOH CBSl3I1 C ,n11cpcpepeHQI1pOBaHHblM COQHOJior111-1eCKI1M 113y1-1eH11eM ay,nHTOpHH cpe,ncrn MaCCOBOH HHQ)OpMaQHH. 3,necb HY)l(Hbl 0 6 b e,nI1HeHH bl e ycHJIHSI COQHOJIOrOB, ncHXOJIOrOB I1 JIH Hr B H C T O B .D:JI.SI B b! p a 6 oTKI1 n p o rp a M M H 3 y 1-1 e H I1SI « Sl 3 bI K O B Or o
cyinecTBOBaHHSI» 1-111TaTerrew pa3Hb!X T11nOB ra3eT 11 crrywaTerrew pa3Hb!X BH.D:OB nporpaMM BeinaHHSI. B TaKHX HCCJie,noBaHHSIX .D:OJI)l(Hbl npHHHMaTbCSI BO BHHMaHHe .Sl3bIKOBb!e ,neTepMHHaHTbl Ka)l(,noro COQHaJibHOrO CJIOSI, npocpecc110HaJibHOH, TeppHTOpHaJibHOH I1 3THI11-IeCKOH rpynnhI, a TaK)l(e Y1-II1Tb!BaTbC.SI IlOJIOBble 11 BO3paCTHble npH3HaKH peQHnHeHTOB. Heo6xo,nHMO paccMaTpHBaTb BJIHSIHHe Ha Sl3blK COQHaJibHblX HOpM, ycTaHOBOK, CTHMYJIOB, MOTHBaQHH. Pe3yJibTaTbl TaKHX HCCJie,noBaHHH IlO3BOJISIT Bbipa6oTaTb 6onee TO1-1Hble peK O Mett,naQHH no CTPYKType Sl3b!KOBOH M o,neJIH 113,naH H SI , OpHeHTHpOBaHHOro H a onpe,neneHHYIO ay,nHTOpHIO.
3a.o.opttoB M.H., 1988, A ccopmitMeHm OJIJI KOHmuH2eHma, "OrotteK", NQ 1 5.
3eMCKall E.A., 1 996, AKmUBHble npo4eCCbl COBpeMeHHOZO CR08011pOU3800 cmBa.
-PyccKui1 .R3blK Kom1a XX cmonemil.R (1985-1 995), MocKBa.
..
JlJblK COBpeMe1mou pyccKOU npeCCbl . . . HPHHA n. Jlb!CAKOBA
