A rational basis for the selection of ice strengthening criteria for ships Volume II: Appendices

SSC-31 O

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A RATIONAL BASIS FOR

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THE SELECTION OF ICE

STRENGTHENING CRITERIA

FOR SHIPS

VOLUME II-APPENDICES

1

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This document has been approved

for public release and sale; Its

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distribution is unlimited.

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The SHIP STRUCTIJRE COMMITTEE 18 constituted to prosecute a

research

program to improve the hull structures of ships

and other marine structures

by an extension of knowledge pertaining to design, materials and methods of

construction.

RAdn Clyde T. Lusk, Jr. (Chairman)

Chief, Office of Merchant Marine

Safety

U. S. Coast Guard Headquarters Mr. P. M. Palermo

Executive Director

Ship Design & Integration

Directorate

Naval Sea Systems Command Mr. W. N. Hannan

Vice President

American Bureau of Shipping

Mr. R. Chiu

Mr. J. B. O'Brien

Mr. '1. C. Sandberg Lcdr D. W. Whiddon

Mr. T. Nomura (Contracts Admin.) MARITIME ADMINISTRATION

Mr. N. O. Hammer

Dr. M. Maclean

Mr. F. Seibold

Mr. M. Tourna

NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES SHIP RESEARCH COMMITTEE

Mr. A. Dudley Haff - Liaison

Mr. R. W. Rumke - Liaison SOCIETY OF NAVAL ARCHITECTS &

MARINE ENGINEERS

Mr. A. B. Stavovy - Liaison

WELDING RESEARCH COUNCIL

SHIP STRUCTURE COMMITTEE

Mr. i. Gross

Deputy Assistant Administrator for

Cotmnercial Development Maritime Administration

Mr. J. B. Gregory

Chief, Research F. Development Staff

of Planning

F. Assessment

U.S. Geological Survey Mr. Thomas W. Allen

Chief Engineering Officer

Military Sealif t Command

LCdr D. B. Anderson, U.S. Coast Guard (Secretary)

SHIP STRUCTURE SUBCOMMITTEE

The SHIP STRUCTURE SUBCOMMITTEE acts for the Ship Structure

Committee on technical matters by providing technical

coordination for the

determination of goals and objectives of the program, and by evaluating and

interpreting the results in terms of structural design,

construction and

operation.

U. S. COAST GUARD MILTARY SEALIFT COMMAND

Capt. R. L. Brown Mr. Albert Attermeyer

Cdr. J. C. Card

Mr. T. W. Chapman

Mr. R. E. Williams

Mr. A. B. Stavovy

Cor. J. A. Sanial

Mr. D. Stein

NAVAL SEA SYSTEMS COMMAND AMERICAN BUREAU OF SHIPPING

Dr. D Liu

Mr. I. L. Stern

U. S. GEOLOGIC.AL SURVEY

Mr. R. Giangerelli

Mr. Charles Smith

INTERNATIONAL SHIP STRUCTURES CONGRESS

Mr. S. G. Stiansen - Lion

AMERICAN IRON F. STEEL INSTITUTE

Mr. R. H. Sterne - Lion

STATE UNIV. OF NEW YORK MARITIME COLLEGE

Dr. W. R. sorter - Liaison

U. S. COAST GLARD ACADEMY LCdr R. G. Vorthman - Liaison U. S. NAVAL ACADEMY

Dr. R. Battacharyye - Liaison

U. S. MERCHANT MARINE ACATEMY

Member Agencies: United States Coast Guard Naval Sea Systems Command Military Sea/ift Command Maritime Administration United States Geological Survey American Bureau of Siipping

Address Correspondence to:

Secretary, Ship Structure Committee

S h

W

U.S. Coast Guard Headquarters,(G-M/TP 13Washington, D.C. 20593

Structure

Committee

An Interagency Advisory Committee Dedicated to Improving the Structure of Ships

SR- 126 7

1981

As marine activity in ice covered waters is expected to increase in the foreseeable future, the design of ships to meet the varying conditions will have an

expanding role for the naval architect.

The Ship Structure Committee has undertaken a

program to acquire the necessary knowledge to permit a

rational design for vessels which will be operating in various ice conditions. This first effort in the program surveyed the various classification societies and government regulations in order to discern the similarities and

differences of their requirements, and further to recommend a procedure for selecting appropriate ice strengthening criteria. The results of this project are being published

in two volumes. Volume I (SSC-309) contains the analytical

portion of the work and Volume II (SSC-310) contains the appendices.

Clyd

T. L'Jr

Rear Admiral, U.S. Coast Guard Chairman, Ship Structure Committee

lechnicol Report Documentation Page No.

SSC- 310

2. Cover rent Accessron No. 3. Recperrrs Catalog No.

4. Trle and Subrrtle

A RATIONAL BASIS FOR THE SELECTION OF ICE STRENGTHENING CRITERIA FOR SHIPS

VOLUME II - APPENDICES

5. Report Dote

11 July 1980

ó. Perforrrtrng Organizaton Code

8. P erformng Organ, zo?on Repart No.

SR-1267

7. Arnar's(

J. L. Coburn, F. W. DeBord, J. B. Montgomery,

A. M. Nawwar, K. E. Dane

9. Per'amrrg Organi Zaren Ncrne and Address

ARCTEC, Incorporated 9104 Red Branch Road Columbia, Maryland 21045

10. Worlr Urrt N0. (TRAIS)

11. Contract or Grant No.

DOT-CG-904937-A

13. Type of Report and Period Covered

Fi nal Report

20 August 1979 -26 May 1980

U. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address

U.S. Coast Guard

Offi ce of Merchant Marine Safety

Washington, D.C. 20593

14. _{Sponsorng Agency Code} G-M 15. Supplementary Notes

SHIP STRUCTURE COMMITTEE PROJECT SR 1267

16. Abstract

This report, Volume II, contains the appendices, P, B, and C,to

Volume I of the same title. Volume I describes sources and differences

between the ice strengthening criteria in use by various classifica-tion societies, and government regulaclassifica-tions such as Canadian Arctic Pollution Prevention Regulations, and Swedish-Finnish Winter Naviga-tion Board RegulaNaviga-tions. A comparison of the different criteria is presented on the basis of a relative weight and relative cost.

Effectiveness of the criteria is evaluated on the basis of statistical ice damage data and on a sample of individual ice damage Cases.

In addition, a comparison of different materials and fabrication techniques used for ice strengthening is presented. Deficiencies

in current ice strengthening procedures are identified and a rational procedure for selecting appropriate ice strengthening criteria is

presented.

17. Key Words CI assi ti cation Soci ety Rules

Ice-Worthy Ships Ice Loads

Ice Strengthening Ice Damage

Hull Strength Icebreaker

Ice Classification

18. D,strbution Statement

Documentation is available to the U.S. public through the National Technical

Information Service, Springfield,

Virginia 22161

19. Security Clossi. (of ths report)

Unclassified

20. Security CI0ssif. (of thi s page)

Unclassified

21. N0. 0f Pages 176

LENGTH inches '2.5 centimoters cm yeet 30 centrereters cm yards 0.9 meters m miles 1.6 kilo'rreters km A R EA square inches 0.5 sqoarO Centimeters cm2 SUI5IC tuoI 0.09 square motors nr7 squalo yards 0.8 square nmters ni2 square arrIes 2,6 square kilometers brrr2 acres 0.4 hectares ira MASS (weight) ounces 28 yrams g ponods 0.45 kilorjrurrrs kg short tolls 0.9 torrees t (2000 lb) VOLUME teaspoons 5 milliliters ml tablespoons 15 mittrliters eri tlud ounces 30 ,.rrllrl,turi rai cups 0.24 titers t pints 0.47 titurs t quarts 0.91 titers I q,iIIoos 3.0 Irtars citric lept 0.03 cubic meters ni3 cutiS yardS 0./6 cubic meters TEMPERATURE (ecact) Fahrenheit 5/9 utter Celsius temperatura subtract ing temperature 32) 2 St ,llçlIyI. t

' olin esacr cu,rvorg,u',$ .ini nude Cela, Intl labio., unu luDO Iliac, P.1,1. ZOC.

METFI(C CONVERSION FACTORS

Approximate Conversions to Metric M usures

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Approximate Conversions from Metric Measures

-a m moters -km kitonretors AREA o, ..,.,.Z Cm square Centimeters ra2 square meters brrr7 square kilcrr,eters ha hectares (10,000 rit2) Cs Symbol

When You Know

Multiply by To Find Symbol -LENGTH millimeters cm centimeter, m meters e MASS (weight) O qrams 0.035 kg kilograms 2.2 t tonnes (1000 kg) 1.1 VOLUME ounces O: pounds ib

horl tans _{tluid cuetos}

il or pintS Pt quirri, qt yallons rjat cubic tant lt3

cubic yarda _Fah,enheit

or temper uture or ea 32 88.6 212 -40 0 40 80 ) 120 60 200

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C ONT E NT S

VOLUME II Page

APPENDIX A - MAXIMUM AND AVERAGE ICE CONDITIONS BY MONTH i

Maximum Ice Conditions 2

Average Ice Conditions 8

APPENDIX A.2 - CANADA - Maximum and Average Ice Conditions

by Month 14

Maximum Ice Conditions 15

Average Ice Conditions 27

APPENDIX A.3 - ANTARCTIC - Maximum and Average Ice

Condi-tions by Month 39

Maximum Ice Conditions 40

Average Ice Conditions 43

APPENDIX A.4 - GREAT LAKES - Maximum and Average Ice

Conditions by Month 46

December Through April 47

APPENDIX A.5 - GULF OF ST. LAWRENCE - Maximum and Average

Ice Conditions by

Month 52

Maximum Ice Conditions 53

Average Ice Conditions 60

APPENDIX A.6 - BALTIC SEA - Maximum and Average Ice

Condi-tions by Month 66

Maximum Ice Conditions 67

Average Ice Conditions 69

APPENDIX A.7 - WORLD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION SEA

ICE NOMENCLATURE 72

APPENDIX B - CALCULATED ICE STRENGTHENED SCANTLINGS FOR

THREE REPRESENTATIVE SHIPS 83

APPENDIX B-2 - CALCULATED LOAD-CARRYING CAPABILITIES OF

RESULTING SCANTLINGS FOR THREE

REPRESENTA-TIVE SHIPS 108

APPENDIX B-3 - TABULAR LISTING OF LOW-TEMPERATURE STEELS

AND THEIR PROPERTIES 116

APPENDIX B-4 - TABULAR WEIGHT AND COST DATA 149

CO NT E UTS 1-1 1-1 1-4 PROBLEM DEFINITION 2-1 2.1 Introduction 2-1 2.2 Definition of Load 2-2

2.3 Definition of Structural Response 2-12

2.4 Reliability 2-16

ENVIRONMENT 3-1

3.1 Introduction 3-i

3.2 Governing Ice Conditions 3-1

3.3 Sources of Data and Analysis Procedures 3-4

MATERIALS 4-1

4.1 Material Requirements for Ice Strengthened Ships 4-1

4.2 Currently Available Steels 4-9

4.3 Existing Criteria for Material Selection 4-12

4.4 Requirements for Additional Information 4-13

EXISTING ICE STRENGTHENING CRITERIA 5-1

5.1 General Description of Existing Criteria 5-1

5.2 Methods for Selecting the Level of Ice Strengthening 5-1

5.3 Load Criteria, Rationale, and Structural Design Methods 5-7

5.4 Resulting Scantlings for Three Representative Ships 5-25

5.5 Analysis of the Load-Carrying Capability of Resulting Scantlings 5-34

5.6 Analysis of Equivalence Between Certain Criteria 5-40

5.7 Comparison of Relative Steel Weights and Fabrication Costs . . . 5-43

EXPERIENCE OF ICE-CLASSED SHIPS 6-1

6.1 Specific Ice Damge 6-1

6.2 General and Fleet Experience with Ice-Classed Ships 6-1

CRITIQUE OF CURRENT CRITERIA 7-1

7.1 General Deficiencies 7-1

7.2 Assumed Distribution of Load for Frame Design 7-2

7.3 Factors and Method Used to Determine Design Load 7-6

7.4 Structural Analysis Methods and Response Criteria 7-6

VOLUME I Pa ge

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Objective

1.2 Background

8.

CONTENTS (Continued)

PROPOSED RATIONAL BASIS FOR SELECTING ICE STRENGTHENING CRITERIA . . . .

Page 8-1 8.1 Materials 8-1 8.2 Reliability 8-1 8.3 Loads 8-4 8.4 Response Criteria 8-5

8.5 Summary of Proposed Approach 8-8

9. RECOMMENDATIONS-NEEDED RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT 9-1

9.1 R&D Program Summary 9-1

9.2 Full-Scale Tests 9-1

9.3 Refine the Rational Approach 9-3

9.4 Incorporate Response Criteria into the Approach Proposed

in Section 8 9-3

9.5 Ice Interaction 9-4

9.6 Generalize the Analytic Model of Ship-Ice Interaction 9-5

APPENDIX A

MAXIMUM AND AVERAGE ICE CONDITIONS BY MONTH

A.l Alaska

A.2 Canada

A.3 Antarctic

A.4 Great Lakes

A.5 Gulf of St. Lawrence

A.6 Baltic Sea

A.7 WMO Sea-Ice Nomenclature

Abbreviations used in this Appendix are as follows: FY = first-year ice

MY = multi-year ice

IB = iceberg, bergy bits, growlers, and any other fragments

IS ice island or fragment therefrom

BI = broken ice

XX = level ice thickness. The corresponding pressure ridge

depth (water surface to keel depth) contained within level ice floes is ten times the level ice thickness.

The depth of consolidation within the first-year pressure

ridge is assumed 25% of the depth; for multi-year ice 50% of the depth is assumed to be consolidated.

e

tSXIqJM ICE CORSETIONS. MARCH

4AXIPRJPI ICE COIIDETIONS, APRIL

A

ICE AREA ICE C14ARACTERISTICS FT S.S; MV 10; 1$ 2 FA S IVY 10 3 FR 4.5; MV 0 4 Pl O S FT 3 6 FY2 7 Bl 2 ICE AREA TOE CHARACTERISTICS i FT 6.5; IVY 11; 10 2 FI 6; MY 10 3 FY5;MY10 4 FA 4 5 F5 3 6 EY2 7 Bl 2

MAXIMUM ICE COMOITIONS, JULT

MAXIMUM ICE CONDITIONS, AUGUST

¡CE AREA ICE CHARACTERISTICS i Y 15; MY X; S 2 91 4 ICE AREA ICE CHARACTERISTIcS I Y 5.5; MX 10; S 2 MX N; XI 1

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000RASE ICE

CONDITIONS.

SEPTEMBER

AVERAGE ICE CONDITIONS,

OCTOBER ICE AREA ICE CHARACTERISTICE i FY1;H6; IS 2 BI i ICE RREA ICE O-IARACTERISTIGS MY 6; BI 6; IS

AVERAGE ICE CONDITIONS

NOVEMBER

AVERAGE ICE CONDITIONS. DECEMBER

ICE AREA ICE CHARACTERISTICS I EV 2.5; 'RE 7; IS 2 EV 2.5; MV 7 3 FV2.A 4 EV 1.25 5 BI i ICE AREA ICE OVARACTERISTICS I EV 1.5; MV 7; IS 2 EV 1.5; MV 7 3 no.75 4 81 1

APPENDIX A.2

X1MUM ICE CONDITTONS. JANUARY

lOE AREA ICE 4ARAC'tRISTI

I F"! 5.1-40; MV 0-HO; Ice sIn4s. 'cDr

Z F0 S.l-SO; II'! 20-120; ce sIan4

3 F'! 5.-40; V!'! 20-go; c 1an4s 4 _{F'! 4.0-40; 9'! 12-40} F'! 5.2-40 6 _{F'! 4.&.40 i 1840} 514fl4S F'! 5.2-30; iVy 18-40; S14fl4S F'! 4.5-40; Cebeg5, ce '4ndS 9 _{F'! 5.3-40; VV 18-40} 10 _{q 5.5_;} gy 12-40 11 _{F'! 4.0-30; icer'!s} 12 '! 4.2-25; ceerys 13 Sl 3.9-4.0; ce4.ry

13 0E .X-&3; CIDIYS

ICE IREA ICE HARAC7ZRISTi

- 1.7-60. V CO-ill; 'ca cno3,

Z 1Y 6.5-60; 20-lOS; ca Ianc 3 FY 6.2-40; MI 20-80; Ic! oLand 4 FI 5.4.-40; MI 18-40 S FI 5.1-45 5 Fl 5.4-40; IV 18-40; ca,; 7 F1 5.4-r; 'FI 8-40; cm slanIs 8 Fl _5.4-40; cRegs. ce slanOs IO ' 5.7-40; MI 12.40 1 F15.0-30; cebers 12 F1 0.5-El; caces

SAXIMUN iCE CONDITIONS. MARCH

lOE 4REA tOE 4ACTZRrOTIOE

Ç! 5.7-60; ¡4! 22-HO; ce iari3. 'ceDer

2 _{F! 7.7-60; ¡4! 22-100; ¡cc}

t!i

3 Pf _5.2-40; ¡4!22-90; cc s1an 4 F! 6.0-40; ¡4! ¡5-40 S F! 5.5-40 FT 5.3-40;

4! :;-.;ce

7 F! 7.3-30; ¡4! 9-40; ce 1ana S Pf 5.2-40; ceb.r-, ce ;445 10 Pf5.5-40; 6! 3-40 11 F! 5.4.-30; cer 12 F! 5.1-25; iceer-s SE 3.9-55; eDeF

MAXfl4JM ICE CONDITIONS. APRIL

IcE RA IcE A5ACTEIST1cE

F'! .-ó0; iY Z2-ì10; ca s1ar,s. Z F'! 6.0-60; 22-100; ca s1aji5 3 F! 69-40; 4! 22-40; ci 4 F'! 7.2-40; 4Y 19-40 5 F'! 7.3-40 6 5.9-40; 9 '9-40; ce 7 ' .9-; 4F 19-4G; ca s1acU S F'! 6.7-40; cebir9S ce ,acd3 9 F'! 7.4-40; 44 19-40 10 C! 6.1-40; 4! 13-40 11 CV 53_; ceo.rç 12 ! 5525-13 31 0.9-5.4; cab.1 14 F'! 6.3-40; ceb.r

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(4) (3)

MAXIMISI ICE CONDITIONS, MAY

Q (4) (2) (1) HUDSON ₍₁₀₎ SAT (12)

(9)''

.w Ox SASIN A (12) SCALE GREENLAND 1 AREA 1ACZAIS11 1 F1' 5.3-60; 91' 32-110; sIan. ':aerg 2 F1' 3.3-60; 141' 32-100; 1. Ians 3 F1' 7.5-40; 1F 22-90; ci ilan0 4 F'F 7.1-40; MY 19-40 F5 7.1-40; Y 9-40 6 FT 5.6-40. cio.-. ce FT 5.5_30; MY 9-40; CC s1an4 8 FT 75-40; 41' 19-40 9 F! 8.2-40; MV 13-40 IO F1' 5.2-r; c60erg FT 5.5-ZR; Ca0er' 12 31 0.9-5.0; ceber 13 10605,05 14 1' 5.5-40; c.O.r

f-MAXIMUM ICE CONDITIONS, JUNE

tOE OREA 32E 1AEACÎZA1ST1

F9 7.7-50; MV 22-112; ce sIan. ceøe9 Z F9 8.2-50; MV 22-100; ci 1an40 3 F9 1.5-30; MV 22-9O ce ßl4fld3 i. 9E 9.9-6.5 5 F9 7.3-40; MV 9-40 6 F1 3.0-40; MV 19-49; ceber9. ce 1ar0S 7 F9 5.0-30; 9-40; cc .lndS 8 PV 7.2-40; 'C! land3 9 F9 5.2-40; MV 9-40 19 F9 7.5-40; MV 19-49 11 F9 5.3-r; 'cioerg 12 PP V.0-25; ceOes 03 93 3.5-5.0; cmceq

Il

CE AREA 102 CItARACTEROSTIO2

I FI' 5.2-60; MY 22-flU; ce lan4, cIøe5

2 FY 7.5-60; MY 22-IDO; IC. ISIUs

3 FY 6.3-40; Mr 22-60; ci aII4S

4 30 Q.8-4.8

5 FI' 3.3-30; WY 9-40

5 Fr 5.0-30; MI' 19-40; ceøe, ce Si4n

7 F1' 7.2-3D; MY 19-40; ici 11n3% S Y 3.3-30;ci _Ian 9 Fr AO-3D; MY 19-40 TO _{FI' 3.0-30; Ml' 19-40} 11 _{91 3.6-3.3; lcibtr5} 12 _{31 3.3-2.3; lceDer} 13 31 3.7-3.5; II 31 3.5-3.5; ceDer

w (3)

MAXIMUM ICE CONDITIONS, AUGUST

(2)

HUDCON (10)

lOE AREA tOE O4ARACTERIXT1

F 2.0-60; 20.110; ce Ian2s. 'cei,Z

Z Y 5.5-60; Y 20-100; Ici

3 5.5-40; Y 20-OX; ca

4 01 0.6-2.5; lCib.r

5 NI 3.0-5.3; cibrg. Ci 1nOZ

6 51 2.7-2.3; Icagù. 'ce 's1anc

7 Y 2.5-i; Y 17-40; Ic, I 5 F7 2.0-20; MV 7-40 O F7 2.5-00; MV 17-40 10 51 3.0-1.5; ceberS 11 51 3.7-1.5; IceOers 12 SI 0. 7-2.0; Ice.r 13

:cE ICZ CrEYISTtcs I _{F'S 1.0-60; MY 20-110; Icebergs, ce san40} 2 _{F'S 1.1-60; MY 20-100; iceIslanbs} 3 F'S 0.5-40; MY 20-80; ce slands 4 81 0.7-5,3; ce blancs 5 31 0.5-4.0; icebergS 6 31 0.4-2.0; icebergs 7 Fg 3.3-30; MY 17-40; ce 8 31 0,8-4.5; iceisands 9 F'S 1.3-30; MY 17-40 10 3! 0.7-1.5; cebergs II SI 0.4-1.0: icebergs 12 Icebergs

ç

I,

MAXINJM ICE CONDITIONS, OCTOBER

(2)

HU0ON (fl)

aAY

ICE AOEA ICE C14APC'TERISTI

I F'! 2.7-40; 4'! lB-MG; ICE 1.13405, CCDEM6S 2 F"! 36..53; .y 16-120; ICE 101)3403 3 F'!1.3-40; F 13-10; ICE 4 FY 1.3-30; 4V 16-40 F'! 1. l-30 6 F'! 1.3-30; 4V 16-40; ICE 131,13405 7 F! 2.3-30; 4! 16-40; ICE 131.13403 4 F'! 1.2.40: 4V 15-40 3 F! 1.2-30; MV 6-40 F1 3.3-3G; CZBE'!GS Il F'! 3.5-20; ICE3EROS 12 F'! 0.8-20; ICE8E'!GS 31 3.3-20; ICEBERGs 14 ICEBERGs

t1AXI6JN ICE CONDITIONS, NOVEMBER

lOE AREA _{: :AEAcTERISTI}

FY3.7-Ø; 18-flO; IC! ISLC5. ICEBERGS

2 FYG.3-60; MY 18-100; :cz ISLAGS FR2.7-40; R 13-40; ICE ISL.NOS 4 _FYZ.4-40;NY 6-40 S _FYS.2-40

5 _{FY2.7-; Y 16-40; ICE ISLANDS}

7 _{FF3_7-00; 1«}

6-40; ICE IOL0S

8 _{F'YZ.7-40; ICEBERGS, :c tOLMOS}

9 _FR2.6-40; MV 6-40

10 _{F'R5.3-40; MY 10-40}

II FRIS-30; CZBERDS

Liz

F'15-Z3; ICEBERGS

I0Z AREA 10E 48ACTERIST1

V L2-40; qy :0-113; C0 SL,A0S. COEERO3

Z 4.3-40; 4Y 0-iO0; ICE ISLAADS

3 FY 4. -40; ? 20-94; ICE iSLMI I. F LA-40; 1Y 18-40 S FYL3-40 FY 3.3-40; « 8-40; 0E :SLAA 7 s FY 4.3-30; MY 18-40; :co :si..os 8 FY 3.5-40; iCEBERGS. FR 3.5-40; CEBERGS, :c :SL&Nos 10 FR 4.0-40; 1ff 12-40 il 2.8-30; ICEBERGS Z V_{2.4-25; 9ERGS} 3 81 3.9-2.3; ICEBERGS

f-AVERAGE ICE CONDITIONS. JANUARY

3 AOEA t ARACTEIST3 Y 4.560; 14F 15.0-100; ce lajd1 F7 _.2-60; MY 15.0-110; Ic. I1Iar4 3 _{! 4.1-40; MY 15.3-60.3; Ic.} 6rd% F7 2.9-40;MY 12.0-60.0 5 F1 3.6-OLI; MY 12.0-40.0 6 _{F7 4.5-25.2; 14F 12.3-40.2} 7 _{7 3. 9-.3; 147 10.2-40.3} F1 4.3-40.0 9 F70.3-25.3 10 F7 3.3-30.0; MY II F7 3.5-20.0 12 F7 2.5-25.0; fc.9.r 13 F1 3.3-25.3; cao. 14 31 0.-3.3; c.*.r1

I 3.9-1.; caei

lOE ARBA tOE 4AaECTERISTIC

y . t-6O.O MY 15CO.O ce S14n4

2 FM S)-oO. MY S.-flOJ; 'ce s14fl43

J M .9-4C.J: MY 5.5O.3 ce 4 FR 4. 7-4O.3 MR 12.J-40.J 5 FM 4.4-25.0; MR 5 FM 5.3-25.0; MV 12.0-40.0

i

FR 4.6-.0; M! 9.0-40.0 3 FR 5.3-40. 9 v 'FT 11 FM i.5-2O.3 FM 4.3-25.0; 1ceOers 13 FR 0.4.-253; 1oer'J

1 J.-3.8; ceo,r cz 4E.A :cz ACZ0I0T if S.3-0.0; 4H 17.0-100.0; ce 1a,I4S 2 F4 6.1-60.0;4H 173-110.0; cc sIan4s 3 if 0.3-40.3; 4H 7.3-40.3; cc sI0z 4 Y 0.0-40.0; 4H 4.2-60.0; if 0.5-25.3; MO 14.0-40.2 5 53-25.0; '44 14.3-40.3 7 if S.2-.3; 44 12.3-40.3 F4 6.3-40.3; 0.7-25.3 0 if 0.3-00.0; 4& 7.J.0J. ,c 12 if4.5-25.0; 13 .3-25.0, ceDe'gc

AVERAGE [CE CONDITIONS. APRIL

A1 .3-4. ;

JOE VREA

FY 4-,Q.iJ; FFY 17.3-OO.; Ct 1ands

D FY 6V-600; MY 7.3-110.0; ci ,Iar,0s 3 VV 5.5-40.0; 1ff 17.0-60.3; 'ci 1anz 4 VV 5.4-40.2; MV 14.3-60.0 5 F7 6.0-25.0; MV '4.0-40.2 5 ,c 5.9-25.3; MV 14.3-40.3 7 FA 1.7-33.3 MV 3.3-40.3 3 P76.7-40.3 9 '' 6.2-25.3 10 PV 6.I-.; MV 11.3-40.2 11 FT 5.5-20.3 ID FYS.1-253;

AVERAGE ICE CONDITIONS, 116V 16 I 'V 0.3-05.3 t 56E4 : GIARACTERLSflCO F7 6.7-40; Y 8.0-lO0.00 c. sJancs 2 F6 7.0-60; MV 18.0-110.0; ce Isl.&hd3 3 F7 5.1-40.0; MV 3.0-60.3; 'S Iar,3z 4 31 4.44.0 S F6 6.7-05.0; MV 15.3-40.0 6V 5.5-40.0; MV15.3-60.0 7 F7 7.3-40.0; 4V 15.0-40.0 3 F6 6.3-30.0; MV 12.5-40.0 S F7 7.4-25.0; MV'6.3-40.0 10 F7 5.5-25.0 11 F7 7.3-40.0 12 7V 5.4-40.3 13 31 ].9.5.4 14 31 0.9-5.5 15 3! 0.9-4. ; ceoe 3_.;.5. coer5

f.

(4)

(3)

AVERSGE ¡CE CONDITIONs. JUNE

(2)

SCALE

GREENLAND

(17)

AaEA :cz csas.ac'roatsr:cs

I F_Y ¡.2-60; 7« 18-00; 'Ca iSar0s

Z F_Y 7.4.-60; 'IV B-11O; , islanes

3 7V 6.3-40; 7« S'-60; ce sla,s 4 31 3.3-4.5 5 F_Y 3.9-25.0; 5-40 7_Y 5.0-60; 7« 5-40 O F'Y 5.5-30; VV 2.5-4.0 9 F'V 73-25; MV 18-4G 10 7V 11 12 F_Y 6.3-40 13 31 3.0-5.3 31 3.'-5.J SI 3.7-4.2. 'cee-Is 16 31 3.0-5.3; øe' eOISS

1! 4W tOE 6MCTERI5TIOE rq 53_33; 18.100; lc islan0s 2 YY 5.7-60; ff 3-flO; c Ian4S 3 Y 3.3-40; Y 13-60; 1e 5la,4 4 31 3.8-3.3 5 FT 30-25; 5-40 FT 7-4O; 5V 15.40 7 FT 4.0-40; F 3 FT 4.5.33; 5! 13.5.40 -rn'Y 6.0-25; Fv 6-40 10 FT4.7-25 11 F" 0.2-40 12 31 3.3-4.0 13 31 3.5-3.0 14 SI 0.7-3.3 15 1 lct.r

i F! 0.3-60; .Y 5-100; ce aR 2 F5 6.2-60; 1! 16-110; ca slanos 3 F'! 5.5-40; 7!! 15-60; ice 514,103 4 51 0.5-2.5; lCater3l FT 2$-40; MY 15-60 6 31 2.9-2.6; casers 7 F'! 3.3-40 V F5 3.2-r; MV 11-40 9 F! 0.0-25; MV 6-40 10 F! 0.2-40 11 Vt 3.6-1.3 12

tOE AREA iCE lAaNCTERtSTIcz

/

4

3)

(2)

AVERG ¡CE CONDITIONS, SEPTEMBEI

HUDSON , AY (1) SCALE ¡0E pc _{0E AMCTER05TI} 1 _{Y U.5-40; .Y 16-100;} cl 1an Z F5 5.5-60; MS 16-110; c Inds 3 _{F5 1.2-40; MV 16-60; Ic. 'sis.cs} 4 _{F'! 2.3-40; MY 5-60} S _{31 3.3-1.2; ICab.5} 6 31 2.5-1.5; cb.rgS 7 F'! 2.5-OS;MV 140 3 _{31 2.3-1.7} 31 0.3-3.5 10 _{St 3.3-1.5} 11

t 40E.A ARACTER05Tt0S 1 I 1.5-60; MY -40; c IannUs 2 FM 1.9-60; MY 12-113; nc. slads 3 FM .5-40; if 13-60; ci lSl&nSZ 4 FM LI-40; MY 10-60 S FM0.8-r; MY 13-40 6 cv 1.4-23; MY 0-40 7 vY0.3_2O;Y 3.5-40 3 F1 0.9-20 9 FM 1.2-20 13 FM 0.5-13; MY 13-40 11 31 J. 7-0.3 12 3 J.0.9 13 3. 7-3; caoegs 16 53 J4J3 eCeYS Is n ceEsngs

CE AE.4 tCE IAMCTER5STIC0

I _{PV 2.7-60; PT 15-lQ; ica lIan4s}

Z PY 2.7-60; MV 15-liD; ice isjanc

3 PV 2.4-40; MP 15-60; ca lslind 4 FT 2.2-40;MV 12-60 S _{PV 1.0-r;} MP 12-40 6 VP 2.7-25;MP12-40 7 _{FT Z.1-; PT 10-40} 3 FVZ.2-40 9 FT 2.4-25 10 FT 1.7-20; MV 15-40 Il PV 1.2-IS 12 VP 1.4-13; iCebV1 13 FT _{10-12; ceb} 14 5

AVERAGE ICE CONDITIONS, DECEMBER

lOE 4REA tOE O4ARACTERISTIOE

i F! 25-60; 15-IDO; ci slanes Z F! 3.5-60; 'F 15-113; Ici 314545 3 F! 3.1-40; Mv S-60; ici 514545 FT 2.3-40; 5! 12.60; 5 FT 2.3-40 5! 12-40 6 FT 33-25; 5! 12-43) 7 FT 33..30; iv Io-so 8 'Y 3.3-43) F! _2.3-25 10 F! 2.5-X; q! 5-43) 11 FT 2.1-20 12 FT 2.5-25; ceoers V 2.3-25; çeer3 13 14 31 2.3-2.

APPENDIX A.3

ANTARCTIC - MAXIMUM AND AVERAGE

5o.th4,,,ep,ca

MAXIMUM ICECONDITIONS.JOHUARY

MARIMEMN ICECONDITIoNS. MARCH

pa/ta

YBAXINUM ICECONDITIONS.FEBRUARY

NAXIMUM ICE CONDITIONS. APRIL

4U5( G/,a

lOEAREA lOE CHRONCTTRIDTCD

i IB, OPEN WATER

Z IB4OFT

lOE AREA ICE OYARACTERISTICS

I IB. OPEN WATER

2 3.RPT

ICEAREA ICEORDROCTDRISTICO

IA. OPER WATER

2 Iß,i.5FT

lOE AREA ico 1ORACTDRIOTICS

1 6, OPEN WATER

RARI?NPI ICE CONDITIONS, RAR

RAXIMUM ICE CONDITIONS. JULY

MAXIIRAI ICE CONDITIONS. JUNE

MRXINON ICE CONDItIONS, AUGUST

LEE AREA 00E OEURAC'TERLSTOCO

1 03, OPEN WATER

2 OB, Fi

3 03, 4 FT

lOE UREA LOE CI4ARRCTERISTICS

1 3, OPEN WATER

2 08, 2 Fr

3 08, 4 FT

LOE AREA ICE 040RACTZRXOTICS

1 18 OPEN WATER

2 08, 2 P!

3 Ia,

r

4 08,6Fr

ICE AREA LOE CHARACTOTOET000

1 03, OPEN WATER

O 08,1Fr

3 08, 3FT

MAX!Mt)I CE CONDITIONS. SEPTEIIRER

MAXIMUM CE CONDITIONS. NOVEMBER

MAXIMUM ICE CONDITIONS, OCTONER

40

Jo tA .4 ,,,croo 'o.

MAXIRNJM ICE CONDITIONS. OECE*ER

ICE AREA ICE CHARACTERDSTICE

I IB. OPEN 441ER

2 IB. Z FT

O IB. 4 FT

4 B.RFT

ICE AREA ICE COARACTERESTICO

I IB. OPEN 441ER

2 IB4OFT

3 IB,4FT

LOE AREA DOE ORARACTERISTICS

I B, OPEN VATER

2 19, 3 FT

3 :a.GPT

IcE AREA ICESAORACTORISTICO

1 ON. OPEN WATER

2 10,3Fr

AVERAGE ICE CONDITIOYS. JVYIUVRY

AVERAGE CE CONOITILNS, MARCH

AVERAGE CE COREITIMAS. FEBRUARY

AVERAGE CE CONE!TIOIS. APRIL

rcA AREA LOE DVARACERISTLOE

1 18. open

2 8, 3 FÎ

LOE AREA LOE 1ARACTERLSTLCS

L 18, OPEN WATER

2 L8,AF

ICE AREA LOE CHARACTERISTICS

1 18. SPEN .ATER

2 18. 3.5 FT

ICE AREA ICE CHARACTERISTICS

1

18. OPES WATER

AVERAGE CE COEIDETIONS. RAY

AVERAGE ICE CONDITIONS, JULY

AVERAGE ICE CONDITIONS, JUNE

AVERAGE ICE CONOETIONS, AUGUST

lOE AREA ICE OLRP.RCTEROST100

I IS, OPEN WATER

2 IB.

3 :B,4F'T

10E ARES ICE CEARUCTERISTIOG

I IB, OPEN WATER

Z OD,ZFT

3 LB, 5F1'

ICE UREA ICE OVARACTEROSTECS

i IB, OPEN WATER

2 iB,O

3 OB, 1 F

4 _05,6Fr

ICE AREA ICE OUUACTERISTiCO

i IB, OPEN WATER

2 iB.

3 IB, O

AVERAGE ACE CSOATASIBS. SEPTEMBER

AVERAGE CE CONDITIONS. NOVEMBER

AVERAGE ICE COBOITIONS, OCTOBER

AVERAGE ICE CONDITIONS, DECEMBER

1ER AREA lOE CHARACTERISTICS

i B, OPEN VATER

2 IB.ORT

O B, 4 FT

4 IB.6FT

1ER AREA 1ER CHARACTERISTICS

i IB. OPEN WATER

Z SOFT

3 8,AFT

ICE AREA 1ER CHARACTERISTICS

i B, OPER WATER

2 A, 3 FT

3 IB,6FT

ICE AREA ICE CHARACTERISTICS

1 18, OPEN WATER

2 1B,3FT

APPENDIX A.4

Thunder Bay. Taconite Hbr. Silver Bay. Two Hbrsi Duluth

Superior

Presque Isle E sca n a b a '

Green Bay

Sag i new' River

Milwaukee Detroit _Toledo Chicago . . Burns Hbr. Indiana Hbr. Gary

THE GREAT LAKES - ST. LAWRENCE SEAWAY SYSTEM

Bu f fa lo Conneau t 'As ht a bu la Cleveland 'Oswego Baie Corn eau

Sept Isle ICE CONDITIONS, DECEMBER

Gulf of

St. Lawronco17

Typical Maximum Level Ice

and Broken Ice - 0.5 ft

(2 weeks)

Typical Averaqe Level Ice

and Broken Ice - 0.5 ft

Thunder Bay. Taconite Hbr

&

Presque Escanab Isle

'a

P. ag na w

Green Bey i

Torontoft o'

River ' Conneaut Detroit Chicago 1Burns

Toledo/Ill

iAshtabula Cleveland s Hbr. brain Indiana Hbr. Gary

THE GREAT LAKES - ST. LAWRENCE SEAWAY SYSTEM

Sept Isle

Gulf of

St Lawrence

ICE CONDITIONS. JANUARY

Typical Maximum Level Ice Typical Maximum Broken Ice Isolated Isolated

Maximum Broken Ice - 6.0 ft

1.0 ft

- 3.0 ft

Maximum Level Ice

Thunder Bay. Taconite Hbr. _{Silver Bay. Two Hbrs'} Duluth

Toi edo

Chicago

'". Burns Hbr.

i nd ¡ana Hbr,

Gary

THE GREAT LAKES - ST. LAWRENCE SEAWAY SYSTEM

ICE CONDITIONS, FEBRUARY

Typical Maximum Level Ice

-2 ft

Typical Maximum Broken Ice

-6 ft

Isolated

Maximum Level Ice

-3 ft

Isolated

Maximum Broken Ice

Thunder Taconite Hbr Silver Bay.q'

Sault Ste. Marie

Presque Esca naba

Is le Superior è. 5 P Saginaw Green Bay Toronto Riv er Detroit Milwaukee

Toledo»al

s Burns Hbr. Lora ¡n Chicago Indiana - Hbr. Gary

THE GREAT LAKES - ST. LAWRENCE SEAWAY SYSTEM

Bu f f a lo Montreal Oswego Quebec Baie Comeau Sept Isle, Gulf of St. L awroncoç17

ICE CONDITIONS, MARCH

Typical Maximum Level Ice

-2 ft

Typical Maximum Broken Ice

-6 ft

Isolated Maximum Level Ice

-3 ft

Isolated Maximum Broken Ice

- 15 ft

Conn eau t

Asht a bu la

Thunder Bay.

Taconite Hbr Silver Bay. Two Hbrs Duluth

Superior

Presque Isle Esca na b a

Green 8ay

Milwaukee

THE GREAT LAKES - ST. LAWRENCE SEAWAY SYSTEM

s

Sault Ste. Marie

Saginaw River Detroit _Toledo Chicago s Burns Hbr. Indiana Hbr. Gary G o s 10 ra in Toronto Cleveland Bu f f a Io Conneaut Asht a bu la Montreal Oswego Quebec Baie

i

Co mea u Sept Isle Gulf of St. Lawrerc

ICE CONDITIONS, APRIL

Typical Itaxirnum Level Ice

-1.5 ft

Typical Maxiium Broken Ice

-6.0 ft

Isolated Maximum Level Ice

-2.0 ft

APPENDIX A .5

1AXIIU ICE CONDITIONS. JASUANY

lOE ARE.; lOE CYARACTERISTICS

i FY 1.25 z rv 35 3 Ff0.4 FYO.2 5 Fi' 1.3 5 Fi' 1.25

GULF OF ST. LAWREI MAXIMUM ICE CONOI

MAXIMUM ICE CONDITIONS, FEBRUARY

tOE AREA lOE CHARACTERISTICZ

I _{BI 0.5-2.5} z F 3 F( 1.2 4 5 FY ,J 5 FY2.0 7 FY2.J

r

--IAXH4UM E C3IDITION5. ROI

IcE : 1ARACTZRISTI I 2EG3 Z SI J.O-3. 3 4 FYZ.5 5 FV 1.3 7 FV 2.0 a F2.Z 9 FY 3.0 Io 11 BI o.o-.: 12 BI 0.4-2.2

AXIA4UM CE Clr1ITtONS. APRIL

tOE AREA tOE QARACTERI5TI

:cOEs Z at la-3,3 3 F4.2 4 FA 1.3 S BI 3.7-1.1 5 31 3.7-1.5 7 FF1.5 8 FA 3.3 9 31 3.6-Ls

MAXIMUM CE CONDITIONS, MAY

ICE TREA lOE CHARACTERISTICS

ICEBERGS 2 II 0.4-2.0 F" 2.8, 11F 10.0 4 F'Y 33, 14V 13.0 5 81 0.3-1.3 6 BI 0.2-1.5

IAXiMUM ICE CONDITIONS, JUNE

ICE RE ICE CI1ARACTERISTICS

I ICEBERGS

Z SI 3.6- .2

3 EV 2.0. MV 10.0

4 EV 2.2, MV 12.0

GULF OF ST. LAw' MCE REGION, MAXIMUM ICE CONIITIONS, JULY

MAXIMUM ICE CONDITIONS, JULY

ICE AREA ICE CHARACTERISTICS

i ICEBERGS 2 II

CE REGION. IONS. JANUARY

AVERAGE CE CONOIflONS. JANUARY

ICE AAEA lOE CHARACTERISTICE

i FYO.S

2

AVERAGE 0Z CANCITIONG. E3RUAR?

lOE UREA lOE OARACTERISTI

I 3 O.S-.8 Z F!Z.5 FY .5 4 FA1.3 5 91 0.7-0.3 6 FA .4

i

FR1,2 s c-vi.3 9

SYEPAGE ICE CENErrIOFIS. RCH tcz ?EA

:

crzzs-rtcs 1 31 .5 2 4 FY15 5 F 20-IZ 5 22-IC 7 1.1 8 9 F3 :OEBE9Gs

GULP OF OT. LA14 MCE REGION,

AVERAGE ICE CONIITIONS. APRIL

AVER.A6E :0E CONDITIONS. APRIL

lOE ARDO 10E RACTZRISTICS

1 31 A-3- .3 2 PV 2.5 3 PV 2.3 4 P03.0 6 F0 1.3 7 31 3.3-2.3 8 BI 0.6-IS

AVERAGE ICE CONDITIONS, MAY

ICE AREA lOE CHARACTEAISTICS

i 33 0.5-1.0

2 31 0.3-0.7

3 FY 3.0, MY

GULF OF ST. LAW NCE REGION. AVERAGE ICE CONI TIONS. JUNE

AVERAGE CE CONOITIORS. JUNE

lOE ARE. lOE CHARACTERISTICS

I BI 0.3-1.0

2 FY 2.0, MV 6.0

APPENDIX A.6

MAXIMUM CE CONOITIOMS. JANUARY ICE ARE.A ICE CH4RUCERISTICS ry i -V q-MAXIMUM ICE CONDITONS FEBRUARX MAXIMUM ICE CONDITIONS. ßRuARY ICE MICA ICE CNARACTERISTIC.S 2 F'? 3 FE i

WAY

MAXIMUM ICE CONOIIONS. MARCO

I SDVEDAW

MAXIMUM

CE CONDITIONS, hARCA

(2)

MAXIMUM (CE CONDITtON, APRIL

MAXIMUM CE CONDITIONS, APRIL ICE AREA ICE CHARACTERISTICS i FA 3 2 FA 2 3 FA i ICE AREA ICE CHARACTERISTICS i FA 3 2 FA 2 3 FA l.A 4 FA

ICE AREA ICE CHARACTERISTICS i E 2 2 EV i

MAXIMUM ICE CONDITIONS.

HAY AVERAGE CE CONDITIONS. DECEMBER ICE AREA ICE CHARACTERISTICS EV i

AVERAGE ICE CONDITIONS. JANUARY

AVERAGE ftC :ONDITIONS. JANUARY

AVERAGE CE CONDITIONS, FEBRUARY RAERUGE CE CONDITIONS. FEBRUARY ICE AREA IE CHARACTERISTICS i Y 2 2 ICE AREA ICE CHARACTERISTICS i A 3 I

AVERARE

ICE COVOITIONV, 'ARCH

AVERAGE ICE CGNOTIONS.

'ARCH USSR AVERAGE ICE CONOTIONS, APRIL Ja-?SEEAGE CE CONDITIONS. APRIL USSR ICE AREA ICE CHARACTERISTICS i FR 3 2 F? 2 3 F? I ICE AREA ICE CHARACTERISTICS 1 ? 3 2 FYO 3 FR .5 4 FYi

APPEIWIX A.7

ICE TERMS ARRANGED IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER

Aged ridge: Ridge which has undergone considerable weathering. These ridges

are best described as undulations.

Anchor ice: Submerged ice attached or anchored to the bottom, irrespective of

the nature of its formation.

Bare ice: Ice without snow cover.

Belt: A large feature of pack ice arrangement; longer than it is wide; from

1 km to more than 100 km in width.

Bergy bit: A large piece of floating glacier ice, generally showing less than

5 m above sea-level but more than 1 n and normally about 100-300 sq. ni in area.

Beset: Situation of a vessel surrounded by ice and unable to move.

Big floe: (see Floe).

Bight: An extensive crescent-shaped indentation in the ice edge, formed by

either wind or current.

Brash ice: Accumulations of floatinc ice nade up of fragments not more than

2 m across, the wreckage of other forms of ice.

Bummock: From the point of view of the submariner, a downward projection from

the underside of the ice canopy; the counterpart of a hunnock.

Calving: _{The breaking away of a mass of ice from an ice walls ice front, or}

iceberg.

Close pack ice: Pack ice in which the concentration is 7/10 to 8/10 (6/8 to

less than 7/8, composed of floes mostly in contact.

Compacted ice edge: Close, clear-cut ice edge compacted by wind or current;

usually on the windward side of an area of pack ice.

Compacting: _{Pieces of floating ice are said to be compacting when they are}

subjected to a converging motion, which increases ice concentration and/or

produces stresses which may result in ice deformation.

Compact pack ice: Pack ice in which the concentration is lO/lO (8/8) and no

water is visible.

Concentration: The ratio in tenths of the sea surface actually covered by ice

to the total area of sea surface, both ice-covered and ice-free, at a

specific location or over a defined area.

Concentration boundary: A line approximating the transition between two areas

Consolidated pack ice:

Pack ice

in which the

concentration

is 10/10 (8/8) and

the

floes

are frozen together.

Consolidated ridge.

A ridge

in which the base has frozen together.

Crack:

Any fracture

which has not parted.

Dark nilas:

Nilas

which is under 5 cm in thickness and is very dark

in color.

Deformed ice:

A general term for ice which has been squeezed

together and

in places forced upwards (and

downwards).

Subdivisions are

rafted ice, ridged

ice, and hunocked ice.

Difficult area:

A general qualitative expression to

indicate, in a relative

manner, that the severity

of ice conditions prevailing in an area is

such

that navigation in it is difficult.

Diffuse ice edge:

Poorly defined

ice edge

limiting ari area of dispersed ice;

usually on the leeward side of an area of

pack ice.

Diverging:

Ice fields

or

floes

in an area are subjected to diverging or

dis-persive motion, thus reducing ice

concentration

and/or relieving stress in

the ice.

Dried ice:

Sea ice

from the surface of which melt-water has disappeared

after

the formation of

cracks and thaw holes.

During the period of drying, the

surface whitens.

Easy area:

A general qualitative expression to indicate, in a relative manner,

that ice conditions prevailing in an area are such that navigation in it

is not difficult.

Fast ice:

Sea ice

which forms and remains fast along the coast,

where it is

attached to the shore, to an

ice wall,

to an

ice front,

between shoals or

grounded

icebergs.

Vertical fluctuations may be observed during changes

of

sea-level.

Fast ice may be formed

in situ

from sea water or by freezing cf

pack ice

of any age to the shore, and it may

extend a few metres or several

hundred kilometres from the coast.

Fast ice may be more than one year old

and may then be prefixed with the appropriate age category(old,

second-year,

or

multi-year).

If it is thicker than about 2 ni

above sea-level it is called

an ice shelf.

Fast-ice boundary:

The ice boundary

at any given time between

fast ice and

pack ice.

Fast-ice edge:

The demarcation at any given time between

fast

ice and open

water.

Finger rafted ice:

Type of

rafted ice

in which

floes

thrust rifingersil

alternately over and under the other.

Finger rafting:

Type of rafting whereby interlocking thrusts are

formed, each

floe thrusting "fingers" alternately over

and under the other.

Common in

Firn: Old snow which has recrystallized into a dense material. Unlike snow,

the particles are to some extent joined together; but, unlike ice, the air

spaces in it still connect with each other.

First-year ice: Sea ice of not more than one winter's growth, developing from

young ice; thickness 30 cm - 2 m. May be subdivided into thin first-year

ice /white ice, medium first-year ice, and thick first-year ice.

Flaw: A narrow separation zone between pack ice and fast ice, where the pieces

of ice are in chaotic state; it forms when pack ice shears under the effect

of a strong wind or current along the fast ice boundary.

Flaw lead: A passage-way between pack ice and fast ice which is navigable

by surface vessels.

Flaw polynya: _{A polynya between pack ice and fast ice.}

Floating ice: Any form of ice found floating in water. The principal kinds of

floating ice are lake ice, river ice, and sea ice, which form by the freezing

of water at the surface, and glacier ice (ice of land origin) formed on land

or in an ice shelf. The concept includes ice that is stranded or grounded.

Floe: _{Any relatively flat piece of sea ice 20 m or more across. Floes are}

subdivided according to horizontal extent as follows:

GIANT: Over 10 km across.

VAST: 2-10 km across.

BIG: _{500-2,000 m across.}

MEDIUM: 100-500 m across.

SMALL: 20-100 m across.

Floeberg: A massive piece of sea ice composed of a hummock, or a group of

hwiniocks, frozen together and separated from any ice surroundings. It may

float up to 5 m above sea-level.

Flooded ice: Sea ice which has been flooded by melt-water or river water and

is heavily loaded by water and wet snow.

Fracture: _{Any break or rupture through very close pack ice, compact pack ice,}

consolidated pack ice, fast ice, or a single floe resulting from deformation

processes. _{Fractures may contain brash ice and/or be covered with n-Lias}

and/or young ice. Length may vary from a few meters to many kilometers.

Fracture zone: _{An area which has a great number of fractures.}

Fracturing: Pressure process whereby ice is permamently deformed, and rupture

occurs. Most commonly used to describe breaking across very close pack ice,

compact pack ice, and consolidated pack ice.

Frazil ice: _{Fine spicules or plates of ice, suspended in water.}

Friendly ice: _{From the point of view of the submariner, an ice canopy}

con-taining may large skylights or other features which permit a submarine to

surface. There must be more than ten such features _{per 30 nautical miles}

Frost smoke: Fog-like clouds due to contact of cold air with relatively warm water, which can appear over openings in the ice, or leeward of the ice edge, and which may persist while ice is forming.

Giant floe: (see Floe).

Glacier: A mass of snow and ice continuously moving from higher to lower

ground or, if afloat, continuously spreading. The principal forms of

glacier are: inland ice sheets, ice shelves, ice streams, ice caps, ice

piedmonts, cirque glaciers, and various types of mountain (valley) glaciers.

Glacier berg: An irregularly shaped iceberg.

Glacier ice: Ice in, or originating from, a glacier, whether on land or floating

on the sea as icebergs, bergy bits, or growlers.

Glacier tongue: Projecting seaward extenstion of a glacier, usually afloat.

In the Antarctic glacier tongues may extend over many tens of kilometers.

Grease ice: A later stage of freezing than frazil ice when the crystals have

coagulated to form a soupy layer on the surface. Grease ice reflects little

light, giving the sea a matt appearance.

Grey ice: Young ice 10-15 cm thick. Less elastic than nilas and breaks on

swell. Usually rafts under pressure.

Grey-white ice: Young ice 15-30 cm thick. Under pressure more likely to

ridge than to raft.

Grounded hummock: Hummocked grounded ice formation. There are single

grounded hummocks and lines (or chains) of grounded hummocks.

Grounded ice: Floating ice which is aground in shoal water.

Growler: Smaller piece of ice than bergy bit or floeberg, often transparent

but appearing green or almost black in color, extending less than i m above the sea surface and normally occupying an area of about 20 sq. m.

Hostile ice: From the point of view of the submariner, an ice canopy

con-taining no large skylights.

Hummock: A hillock of broken ice which has been forced upwards by pressure.

May be fresh or weathered. The submerged volume of broken ice under the

hummock, forced downwards by pressure, is termed a hummock.

Hummocked ice: Sea ice piled haphazardly one piece over another to form an

uneven surface. When weathered, has the appearance of smooth hillocks.

Hummocking: The pressure process by which sea ice is forced into hummocks.

When the floes rotate in the process it is termed screwing.

Iceberg: A massive piece of ice of greatly varying shape, more than 5 m above

sea-level, which has broken away from a glacier, and which may be afloat or

Iceberg tongue: _{A major accumulation of icebergs projecting from the coast,} held in place by grounding and joined together by fast ice.

Ice blink: _{A whitish glare on low clouds above an accumulation of distant}

ice.

Ice-bound: _{A harbor, inlet, etc., is said to be ice-bound when navigation by}

ships is prevented on account of ice, except possibly with _{the assistance of}

an icebreaker.

Ice boundary: _{The demarcation at any given time between fast ice and pack}

ice or between areas of sack ice of different concentrations.

Ice breccia: _{Ice pieces of different age frozen together.}

Ice cake: _{Any relatively flat piece of sea ice less than 20 in across.}

Ice canopy: _{Pack ice from the point of view of the submariner.}

Ice cover: _{The ratio of an area of ice of any concentration to the total}

area of sea surface within some large geographic local; this local may be global, hemispheric, or prescribed by a specific oceanographic entity such as Baffin Bay or the Barents Sea.

Ice edge: The demarcation at any given time between the _{open sea and sea}

ice of any kind, whether fast or drifting. _{It may be termed compacted}

or diffuse.

Ice field: _{Area of pack ice consisting of any size of floes, which is greater}

than lO km across.

Icefoot: _{A narrow fringe of ice attached to the coast, unmoved by tides and}

remaining after the fast ice has moved away.

Ice-free: No sea ice present. _{There may be some ice of land origin.}

Ice front: _{The vertical cliff forming the seaward face of an ice shelf or}

other floating glacier varying in height from 2-50 _{m or more above}

sea-level.

Ice island: _{A large piece of floating ice about 5 m above sea-level, which has}

broken away from an Arctic ice shelf, having _{a thickness of 30-50 m and an}

area of from a few thousand square meters to 500 _{sq. km or more, and usually} characterized by a regularly undulating surface which _{gives it a ribbed}

appearance from the air.

Ice jam: _{An accumulation of broken river ice or sea ice caught in a narrow}

channel

Ice keel: From the point of view of the submariner, _{a downward-projecting}

ridge on the underside of the ice canopy; the counterpart of a ridge. Ice

Ice limit: Cliniatological term referring to the extreme minimum or extreme

maximum extent of the ice edge in any given month or period based on observa

tions over a number of years. Term should be preceded by minimum or

maximum.

Ice massif: A concentration of sea ice covering hundreds of square kilometer

which is found in the same region every summer.

Ice of land origin: Ice formed on land or in an ice shelf, found floating in

water. The concept includes,ice that is stranded or grounded.

Ice patch: An area of pack ice less than lO km across.

Ice port: An embayment in an ice front, often of a temporary nature, where

ships can moor alongside and unload directly onto the ice shelf.

Ice rind: A brittle shiny crust of ice formed on a quiet surface by direct

freezing or from ïrease ice, usually in water of low salinity. Thickness

to about 5 cm. Easily broken by wind or swell, commonly breaking in

rectangular pieces.

Ice shelf: A floating ice sheet of considerable thickness showing 2-50 m or

more above sea-level, attached to the coast. Usually of great horizontal extent and with a level or gently undulating surface. Nourished by annual

snow accumulation and often also by the seaward extension of land glaciers.

Limited areas may be aground. The seaward edge is termed an ice front.

Ice stream: Part of an inland ice sheet in which the ice flows more rapidly

and not necessarily in the same direction as the surrounding ice. The

margins are sometimes clearly marked by a change in direction of the surface

slope but may be indistinct.

Ice under pressure: Ice in which deformation processes are actively occurring

and hence a potential inpediment or danger to shipping.

Ice wall: An ice cliff forming the seaward margin of a glacier which is not

afloat. An ice wall is aground, the rock basement being at or below

sea-level.

Lake ice: Ice formed on a lake, regardless of observed location.

Large fracture: More than 500 m wide.

Large ice field: An ice field over 20 km across.

Lead: Any fracture or passage-way through sea ice which is navigable

by surface vessels.

Level ice: Sea ice which is unaffected by deformation.

Light nilas: Nilczs which is more than 5 cm in thickness and rather lighter

in color than dark ni las.

Mean ice edge: _{Average position of the ice edge in any given month or period}

based on observations over a number of years. _{Other terms which may be used}

are mean maximum ice edge and mean minimum ice edge.

Medium first-year ice: First-year ice 70-120 cm thick.

Medium floe: (see Floe).

Medium fracture: 200 to 500 m wide.

Medium ice field: _{An ice field 15-20 km across.}

Multi-year ice: old ice up to 3 m or more thick which has survived _{at least}

two summers' melt. _{Hummocks even smoother than in second-year ice, and the}

ice is almost salt-free. _{Color, where bare, is usually blue. Melt pattern}

consists of large interconnecting irregular puddles and _{a well-developed}

drainage system.

New ice: _{A general term for recently formed ice which includes frasil ice,}

grease ice, slush, and shuga. _{These types of ice are composed of ice crystals}

which are only weakly frozen together (if at all) and _{have a definite form}

only while they are afloat.

New ridge: _{Ridge newly formed with sharp peaks and slope of sides usually}

400.

Fragments are visible from the air at low altitude.

Nilas: _{A thin elastic crust of ice, easily bending on waves and swell and}

under pressure, thrusting in a pattern of interlocking _{'fingers" (finger}

rafting). _{Has a matt surface and is up to 10 cm in thickness. May be}

subdivided into dark nilas and light ni las.

Nip: Ice is said to nip when it forcibly _{presses against a ship. A vessel}

so caught, though undamaged, is said to have been nipped.

Old ice: Sea ice which has survived at least _{one summer's melt. Most}

topographic features are smoother than on first-year ice. May be subdivided

into second-year ice and multi-year ice.

Open pack ice: _{Pack ice in which the ice concentration is 4/10}

to 6/10

(3/8 to less than 6/8) with many leads and polynyas, and the floes

are generally not in contact with one another.

Open water: _{A large area of freely navigable water in which sea ice is}

present in concentrations less than 1/10 (1/8). _{When there is no sea ice}

present, the area should be termed ice-free, _{even though icebergs are}

present.

Pack ice: _{Term used in a wide sense to include any area of sea ice, other}

than fast ice, no matter what from it takes _{or how it is disposed.}

Pancake ice: _{Predominantly circular pieces of ice from 30 cm - 3 m in diameter,}

and up to about 10 cm in thickness, with _{raised rims due to the pieces striking}

against one another. _{It may be formed on a slight swell from grease ice, shuga}

Polynya: Any non-linear shaped opening enclosed in ice. Polynyas may contain

brash ice and/or be covered with new ice, nilas or young ice; submariners

refer to these as skylights. Sometines the polynya is limited on one side by

the coast and is called a shore polynya or by fast ice and is called a

flaw polynya. If it recurs in the same position every year, it is called a

recurring polynya.

Puddle: An accumulation on ice of melt-water, mainly due to melting snow,

but in the more advanced stages also to the melting of ice. Initial stage

consists of patches of melted snow.

Rafted ice: Type of deformed ice formed by one piece of ice overriding

another.

Rafting: Pressure processes whereby one piece of ice overrides another. Most

common in new and young ice.

Ram: An underwater ice projection from an ice wall, ice front, iceberg, Or

floe. Its formation is usually due to a more intensive melting and erosiDn

of the unsubmerged part.

Recurring polynya: A polynya which recurs in the same position every year.

Ridge: A line or wall of broken ice forced up by pressure. May be fresh or

weathered. The submerged volume of broken ice under a ridge, forced

downwards by pressure, is termed an ice keel.

Ridged ice: Ice piled hapharzardly one piece over another in the form of ridges

or walls. Usually found in first-year ice.

Ridged-ice zone: An area in which much ridged ice with similar characteris:ics

has formed.

Ridging: The pressure process by which sea ice is forced into ridges.

River ice: Ice formed on a river, regardless of observed location.

Rotten ice: 5e2 ice which has become honeycombed and which is in an advanced

state of disintegration.

Sastrugi: Sharp, irregular ridges formed on a snow surface by wind erosion

and deposition. On mobile floating ice the ridges are parallel to the

direction of the prevailing wind at the time they were formed.

Sea ice: Any form of ice found at sea which has originated from the

freezing of sea water.

Second-year ice: ')ld ice which has survived only one summer's melt. Because

it is thicker and less dense than first-year ice, it stands higher out of

the water. In contrast to multi-year ice, summer melting produces a regular

pattern of numerous small puddles. Bare patches and puddles are usually

Shearing: An area of pack ice is subject to shear when the ice motion varies significantly in the direction normal to the motion, subjecting the ice to

rotational forces. _{These forces may result in phenomena similar to a flaw.}

Shore lead: _{A lead between pack ice and the shore or between pack ice and}

an ice front.

Shore polynya: A polynya between pack ice and the coast or between pack

ice and an ice front.

Shuga: An accumulation of spongy white ice lumps, a few centimeters across;

they are formed from grease ice or slush and sometimes from anchor ice rising to the surface.

Skylight: From the point of view of the submariner, thin places in the

ice canopy, usually less than 1 m thick and appearing from below _{as relatively}

light, translucent patches in dark surroundings. _{The under-surface of a}

sky-light is normally flat. Skylights are called large if big enough for a

submarine to attempt to surface through them (120 m), or small if not.

Slush: Snow which is saturated and mixed with water on land or ice surfaces,

or as a viscous floating mass in water after a heavy snowfall.

Small floe: (see Floe).

Small fracture: 50 to 200 m wide.

Small ice cake: An ice cake less than 2 m across.

Small ice field: An ice field 10-15 km across.

Snow-covered ice: Ice covered with snow.

Snowdrift: _{An accumulation of wind-blown snow deposited in the lee of}

obstructions or heaped by wind eddies. _{A crescent-shaped snowdrift, with}

ends pointing down-wind, is known as a snow barchan.

Standing floe: A separate floe standing vertically _{or inclined and enclosed}

by rather smooth ice.

Stranded ice: _{Ice which has been floating and has been deposited on the shore}

by retreating high water.

Strip: Long narrow area of pack ice, about 1 km or less in width, usually

composed of small fragments detached from the main _{mass of ice, and run}

together under the influence of wind, swell, or current.

Tabular berg: A flat-topped iceberg. _{Most tabular bergs form by calving}

from an ice shelf and show horizontal banding.

Thaw holes: _{Vertical holes in sea ice formed when surface puddles melt}

through to the underlying water.

Tide crack: Crack at the line of junction between an immovable ice foot or ice ,all and fast ice, the latter subject to rise and fall of the tide.

Tongue: A projection of the ice edge up to several kilometers in length,

caused by wind or current.

Vast floe: (see Floe).

Very close pack ice: Pack ice in which the concentration is 9/10 to less than

10/10 (7/8 to less than 8/8).

Very open pack ice: Pack ice in which the concentration is 1/10 to 3/10 (1/8

to less than 3/8) and water preponderates over ice.

Very small fracture: O to 50 m wide.

Very weathered ridge: Ridge with tops very rounded, slope of sides usually

20° 3Q0

Water sky: Dark streaks on the underside of low clouds, indicating the

presence of water features in the vicinity of sea ice.

Weathered ridge: Ridge with peaks slightly rounded and slope of sides

usually 30° to 40°. Individual fragments are not discernible.

Weathering: Processes of ablation and accumulation which gradually eliminate

irregularities in an ice surface.

White ice: See Thin first-year ice.

Young coastal ice: The initial stage of fast ice formation consisting of

nilas or young ice, its width varying from a few meters up to 100-200 m

from the shoreline.

Young ice: Ice in the transition stage between nilas and first-year ice,

APPENDIX B

CALCULATED ICE STRENGTHENED SCANTLINGS FOR THREE REPRESENTATIVE SHIPS

Abbreviations used in this Appendix are as follows:

MS = Mild steel

HIS = Higher strength steel

ASTM = American Society for Testing and Materials USCG = United States Coast Guard

ABS = American Bureau of Shipping

LP = Lloyd's Register of Shipping (British)

DNV = Det Norske Ventas (Norwegian) BV = Bureau Ventas (French)

NKK = Nippon Kaiji Kyokoi (Japanese)

Y

= 50,000 psi

* Minimuni should probably

be equal to rule value of 0.42.

Note:

Classes IAA, IA, IB, & IC are identical to the Finnish-Swedish

Regulations

for Navigation in Ice.

TABLE B-1.]

ABS STRENGTHENING FOR NAVIGATION IN ICE

POLAR STAR FORWARD M I D SH I P AFT Ice P (psi) Frame Spacing (in) Frame S.M. (ins)

Plating Thick. (in)

P

(psi)

Frame

Spacing (in)

Frame S.M. (in3)

Plating Thick. (in)

P

(psi) Frame Frame Spacing S.M. (in) (in3)

Plating Thick. (in)

A NA 12.9 5.8 0.60 NA 12.9 5.8 0.50 NA 12.9 5.8 0.50 B NA 12.9 5.8 0.60 NA 25.8 5.8 0.60-0.46 NA 25.8 5.8 0.46 C NA 12.9 5.8 w/ 0.50 NA 25.8 5.8 0.40 NA 25.8 5.8 0.40* 4.4 inter 234.5 25.8 51.4 1.26 122.5 25.8 26.9 0.96 89.5 25.8 19.6 0.83 IA 213.5 25.8 46.8 1.24 98.0 25.8 21.5 0.86 65.5 25.8 14.4 0.72 IB 192.0 25.8 42.1 1.18 65.5 25.8 14.4 0.72 41.0 25.8 9.0 0.59 IC 171.0 25.8 37.5 1.11 34.1 25.8 7.5 0.54 17.1 25.8 3.8 0.41*

TABLE B-1.l (Continued) LLOYD'S STRENGTHENING FOR NAVIGATION IN ICE POLAR STAR Ice Class FORWARD M I D S H I P AFT P (psi) Frame Spacing (in) Frame S.M. (in3)

Plating Thick. (in)

P

(psi)

Frame

Spacing (in)

Frame SJ1. (in3)

Plating Thick. (in)

P

(psi)

Frame

Spacing (in)

Frame S.M.

(in3)

Plating Thick. (in)

1* NA 12.9 5.8 1.25 NA 12.9 5.8 0.55 NA 12.9 5.8 0.55 NA 12.9 5.8 0.52 NA 12.9 5.8 0.50 NA 12.9 5.8 0.50 2 NA 12.9 5.8 0.52 NA 25.8 5.8 0.56 NA 25.8 5.8 0.56 3 NA 12.9 5.8 w! 0.50 NA 25.8 5.8 0.40 NA 25.8 5.8 0.42 2.9-4.6 inter

Same as ABS IAA

IA Same as ABS IA IB Sanie as ABS IB IC Same as ABS IC

TABLE B-1.1 (Continued)

CANADIAN ASPPR STRENGTHENING

FOR NAVIGATION IN ICE

POLAR STAR'

Yield stress assumed to be 50,000 psi.

F OR WARD M I D S HI P AFT P (psi) Frame Frame Spacing S.M. (in) (in3) Plating Thick. (in) P (psi) Frame Frame Spacing S.M. (in) (in3) Plating Thick. (in) P (psi) Frame Frame Spacing S.M. (in) (in3)

Plating Thick. (in)

250 25.8 54.8 1.22 100 25.8 21.9 0.77 100 25.8 21.9 0.77 (16.0)2 (340)2 (0.75)2 (16.0) (13.6) (0.48) (16.0) (13.6) (0.48) 400 87.7 1.54 260 57.0 1.24 325 71.2 1.39 (54.4) (0.95) (35.3) (0.77) (44.2) (0.86) 600 131.5 1.88 400 87.7 1.54 500 109.6 1.72 (81.6) (1.17) (54.4) (0.95) (68.0) (1.07) 800 175.4 2.18 530 116.2 1.77 660 144.7 1.98 (108.8) (1.35) (72.0) (1.10) (89.7) (1.23) 1000 219.2 2.43 660 144.7 1.98 820 179.7 2.20 (135.9) (1.51) (89.7) (1.23) (111.5) (1.37) 1200 263.0 2.66 750 164.4 2.11 940 206.0 2.36 (163.1) (1.65) (102.0) (1.31) (127.8) (1.46) 1400 306.9 2.88 850 186.3 2.24 1050 230.2 2.49 (190.3) (1.78) (115.5) (1.39) (142.7) (1.55) 1500 328.8 2.98 950 208.2 2.37 1200 263.0 2.66 (203.9) (1.85) (129.1) (1.47) (163.1) (1.65) 1500 328.8 2.98 950 208.2 2.37 1200 263.0 2.66 (203.9) (1.85) Y (129.1) (1.47) Y (163.1) (1.65)

Ice Class ICEC* I A* IA IB IC FORWARD Frame Frame Plating

P

Spacing S.M. Thick.

jpsiJ

(in) (in3) (in) N/A 12.0 13.5-0.69 1.3

Same as ABS IAA Same as ABS IA Same as ABS IB Same as ABS IC

should not exceed ABS IC.

TABLE B-l.1 (Continued)

DEI NORSKE VERITAS STRENGTHENING FOR

NAVIGATION IN ICE POLAR STAR MIDSHIP AFT Frame Frame P Spacing S.M. (psi) (in) (in3) N/A 25.8 5.8 0.40 N/A 25.8 5.8 0.42 N/A 16.3 27.5 1.38 N/A 16.3 27.5 1.11 N/A 16.3 27.5 1.38 16.3 34.4 1.79 N/A 16.3 34.4 1.44 N/A 16.3 34.4 1.79 Plating Frame Frame Plating Thick. P Spacing S.M. Thick. (in) (.si) (in) (in3) (in)

TABLE B-1 .1

(Continued)

* Rule scantlings

are from ABE.

BUREAU VERITAS STRENGTHENING FOR

Ice Class FORWARD NAVIGATION IN ICE POLAR STAR* AFT MIDSHIP P psi) Frame Spacing (in) Frame S.M. (jp3)

Plating Thick. (in)

P

psi)

Frame

Spacing (ini

Frame S.M. (in3)

Plating Thick. _(in)

P psi) Frame Spacing (InJ Frame S.M. (in3) Plating Thick. (in)_ N/A 12.9 11.6-1.26 N/A 12.9 5.8 1.26 N/A 12.9 11.6-1.26 5.8 5.8 N/A 12.9 11.6-0.60 N/A 12.9 5.8 0.48 N/A 12.9 11.6-0.48 5.8 5.8 N/A 12.9 11.6-0.60 N/A 25.8 5.8 0.46 N/A 25.8 5.8 0.46 5.8 III N/A 12.9 5.8-0.50 N/A 25.8 5.8 0.40 N/A 25.8 5.8 0.42 4.35 l.A Super

Sanie as ABS IAA

IA Saiìie as ABS IA IB Same as ABS IB IC Same as ABS IC

V = 18

knots

TABLE B-1.1 (Continued)

NIPPON KAIJI KYOKAI

STRENGTHENING FOR NAVIGATION IN ICE

POLAR STAR

Ice

Class

FORWARD MIDSHIP AFT P

_psi)

Frame

Spacing

(in)

Frame S.M.

(in)

Plating

Thick.

(jn)

P

kp..i.L

Frame

Spacing

(in)

Frame S.M.

(in3)

Plating

Thick.

(in)

P

(pj)

Frame

Spacing

(iJ

Frame

S.M.

(in3 )

Plating

Thick.

(in)

AA N/A

16.0

57.1

1.31-N/A

16.0

27.5

0.88

N/A

16.0

57.1

0.95-1.09

0.79

A N/A

16.0

38.1

1.10-N/A

16.0

18.7

0.79

N/A

16.0

38.1

0.95-0.92

0.79

B N/A

16.0

26.0

1.10-N/A

25.8

5.8

0.69

N/A

16.0

26.0

0.69-0.92

0.57

C N/A

16.0

12.1

0.95-N/A

25.8

5.8

0.67

N/A

16.0

12.1

0.42

0.79

rO,000

psi

Rule scantlings are from

ABS.

TABLE B-1.]

(Continued)

USSR REGISTER OF SHIPPING

STRENGTHENING FOR NAVIGATION IN ICE

POLAR STAR

YAA

Each Vessel Considered Separatel

YA 273 12.9 15.6 0.71 129 12.9 10.1 0.54 129 12.9 10.1 0.54 Al 162 12.9 7.2 0.60 99 12.9 6.3 0.50 99 12.9 6.3 0.50 A2 N/A 12.9 7.0-0.50 N/A 25.8 5.8 0.46 N/A 25.8 7.0-0.46 5.8 5.8 A3 N/A 12.9 5.8-0.50 N/A 25.8 5.8 0.40 N/A 25.8 5.8 0.42 4.4 A4 N/A 15.5 5.8 0.50 N/A 25.8 5.8 0.40 N/A 25.8 5.8 0.42 FO RWARD MIDSHIP Ice Frame Frame Plating Frame Frame Plating Class

P

Spacing S.M. Thick.

P

Spacing S.M. Thick. (psi) (J,)

jfln

(psj) (in) (ij ) in AFT Frame Frame Plating

P

Spacing S.M. Thick. (.si) (in)

(in)

(in)

TABLL B-1.1 (Continued)

REGISTER OF THE PEOPLES REPUBLIC

OF CHINA POLAR STAR* Ice FORWARD MIDSHIP AFT (psi) Frame Spacing (in) Frame S.M. (in3)

Plating Thick. (in

p

(psi)

Frame

Spacing (in)

Frame S.M. (in3)

Plating Thick. (in)

p (psi) Frame Spacing (in) Frame S.M. (ins) Plating Thick. (in) BI* NA 12.9 11.6 0.72 NA 12.9 5.8 0.56 NA 12.9 11.6 0.50 BI NA 12.9 11.6 0.60 NA 12.9 5.8 0.50 NA 12.9 11.6 0.48 BIT NA 12.9 11.6 0.56 NA 25.8 5.8 0.46 NA 25.8 5.8

0.44

Bill NA 12.9 5.8 0.50 ['4/\ 25.8 5.8

0.40

NA 25.8 5.8 0.42 B NA 12.9 5.8-1.7 0.55 NA 25.8 5.8 0.40 NA 25.8 5.8 0.42

TABLE B-1.2

ABS STRENGTHENING FOR

NAVIGATION TN ICE

M..\/. ARCTIC

should probably be equal to rule value of 0.60

*Minituurll S.M. should probably be equal to rule value of 116.9.

FO R WARD M I D SH I P A FT P

(psi)

Frame Frame Plating Spacing S.M. Thick.

(in)

(in3)

(in)

P

(psi) Frame Spacing (in) Frame S.M. (in3)

Plating

Thick. (in)

P (psi) Frame Frame Spacing S.M. (in) (in3)

Plating Thick. (in)

A NA 16.5 116.9 1.00 NA 16.5 116.9 0.84 NA 16.5 116.9 0.84 B NA 16.5 116.9 1.00 NA 32.9 116.9 1.00-0.77 NA 32.9 116.9 0.77 C NA 16.5 116.9 w! 0.84 NA 32.9 116.9 0.67 NA 32.9 116.9 0.67 87.7 inter. IAA 234.5 32.9

234.

1.57 122.5 32.9 122.3 1.16 89.5 32.9 89.4 1.00 IA 213.5 32.9 213.2 1.50 98.0 32.9

979*

1.04 65.5 32.9 65.4* 0.87 IB 192.0 32.9 141.8 1.43 65.5 32.9 65.9* 0.87 41.0 32.9 41.0* 0.70 IC 171.0 32.9 170.8 1.35 34.1 32.9 32.9* 0.65*** 17.1 32.9 17.1* 0.48**