• Nie Znaleziono Wyników

Same and Other: from Plato to Kierkegaard. A reading of a metaphysical thesis in an existencial key

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2021

Share "Same and Other: from Plato to Kierkegaard. A reading of a metaphysical thesis in an existencial key"

Copied!
17
0
0

Pełen tekst

(1)

-RXUQDORI(GXFDWLRQ&XOWXUHDQG6RFLHW\1RB

15

Same and other: from Plato

to Kierkegaard. A reading of

a metaphysical thesis

in an existential key

María J. Binetti

,QWHUGLVFLSOLQDU\,QVWLWXWHIRU*HQGHU6WXGLHV

)DFXOW\RI3KLORVRSK\DQG/LWHUDWXUH8QLYHUVLW\RI%XHQRV$LUHV

1DWLRQDO&RXQFLOIRU6FLHQWLÀFDQG7HFKQLFDO5HVHDUFK

3XDQ%XHQRV$LUHV$UJHQWLQD E-mail adress: mjbinetti@gmail.com ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1850-6408

Roman Králik

5XVVLDQ/DQJXDJH'HSDUWPHQW

0HGLFDO,QVWLWXWH3HRSOHV·)ULHQGVKLS8QLYHUVLW\RI5XVVLD

58'18QLYHUVLW\ 0LNOXNKR0DNOD\D6WUHHW0RVFRZ5XVVLD

(PDLODGUHVVURPDQNUDOLN#JPDLOFRPNLHUNHJDDDUG#FHQWUXPF]

ORCID ID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1929-1894

Hedviga Tkáčová

'HSDUWPHQWRI3KLORVRSK\DQG5HOLJLRXV6WXGLHV )DFXOW\RI+XPDQLWLHV8QLYHUVLW\LQ=LOLQD 8QLYHU]LWQi=LOLQD6ORYDN5HSXEOLF E-mail adress: hedwiga.tkacova@gmail.com 25&,','KWWSRUFLGRUJ

Marie Roubalová

+XVVLWH7KHRORJLFDO)DFXOW\&KDUOHV8QLYHUVLW\LQ3UDJXH

3DFRYVND3UDJXH&]HFK5HSXEOLF E-mail adress: marie.roubalovahtf@cuni.cz ORCID ID: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1484-1524

Abstract

Aim. ,QKLV.LHUNHJDDUGLDQVWXGLHV-HDQ:DKOVWDWHVWKDWWKHUHLVDIXQGDPHQWDO

FRQYHUJHQFHEHWZHHQ3ODWRDQG6¡UHQ.LHUNHJDDUGIRFXVHGRQWKHQRWLRQVRILGHQWLW\

doi: 10.15503/jecs2021.1.15.31

(2)

DQGGLIIHUHQFH:DKOVXJJHVWVDVRUWRIWUDQVSRVLWLRQRISODWRQLFPHWDSK\VLFVLQWRWKH

VSKHUH RI SHUVRQDO VXEMHFWLYLW\ 7KLV SDSHU LQWHQGV WR H[SODLQ WKLV SDVVDJH IURP WKH

VDPHWRWKHRWKHUIURP3ODWRWR.LHUNHJDDUG

Concept7KHDUWLFOHH[SODLQVWKHSDVVDJHIURPWKHVDPHWRWKHRWKHUIURP3ODWRWR

.LHUNHJDDUG,QERWKDXWKRUVWKHFDWHJRULHVRIEHLQJRUQRWEHLQJLGHQWLW\DQGGLIIH

UHQFHXQLW\DQGPXOWLSOLFLW\EHFRPLQJDQGUHVWH[SODLQWKHG\QDPLFQDWXUHRIWKHUHDO

Results and conclusion. ,QERWKDXWKRUVWKHFDWHJRULHVPHQVLRQHGDERYHH[SODLQ

WKHG\QDPLFQDWXUHRIWKHUHDO%XWZKLOH3ODWRDSSOLHVWKHVHFDWHJRULHVWRWKHLQWHOLJL

ELOHZRUG.LHUNHJDDUGDSSOLHVWKHPWRLQGLYLGXDOIUHHGRPZKLFKVXSSRUWVUHDOLW\DV

DZKROH

Cognitive value. %RWKVHDUFKHVOHDGWRDVLQJOHVSHFXODWLYHDQVZHUDQGFXOPLQDWH

LQWKHVDPHPHWDSK\VLFDOFDWHJRULVDWLRQZKLFKDSSOLHVDQDORJRXVO\WRHYHU\WKLQJUHDO

,QGHHGEHLQJDQGQRQEHLQJLGHQWLW\DQGGLIIHUHQFHRQHQHVVDQGRWKHUQHVVUHVWDQG

EHFRPLQJH[SODLQWKHGLDOHFWLFLQWHQVLYHDQGUHODWLRQDOG\QDPLVPRIHQWLD$WWKHVDPH

WLPHWKH\HVVHQWLDOO\GHWHUPLQHWKHSRZHURIKXPDQH[LVWHQFHLQÀQLWHO\SRVVLEOHDQG

IRUHYHUGHSHQGLQJRQWKHDEVROXWH

Key words: .LHUNHJDDUG3ODWRFDWHJRULHVIUHHGRPPHWDSK\VLFVKXPDQH[LVWHQFH

Introduction

T

KH VXEVWDQWLDO FRQYHUJHQFH RI .LHUNHJDDUGLDQ DQG 3ODWRQLF WKRXJKW KDV

EHHQSRLQWHGRXWLQ-HDQ:DKO·VKierkegaardian Studies7KH)UHQFKLQWHUSUH

WHUDUJXHVWKDWVLQLVDSRVLWLYHSRVLWLRQQRWDPHUHQHJDWLRQDQGWKLVFDQQRW

HYHQEHFRQFHLYHGLWLVWKHDIÀUPDWLRQRIWKHEHLQJRIQRQEHLQJVRQRWDQ

LPPHGLDWHEXWDPHGLDWHLQVWDQFH7KHH[LVWHQFHRIRWKHUQHVVRIQRQEHLQJ

DEVWUDFWO\VWDWHGE\3ODWRLQSophistLVKHUHFRQFUHWHO\DVVHUWHGDQGLQThe Sick- ness unto Death.LHUNHJDDUGZLOOVWDWHWKLVLGHDVWLOOPRUHDFFXUDWHO\E\VKRZLQJ

WKDWVLQWDNHVSODFHDQGLVDZDUHRILWVWDNLQJSODFHEHIRUH*RG´7KLVEHIRUH

*RGDZDUHQHVVLVDQHVVHQWLDOSRVLWLYHFRPSRQHQWRIWKHLGHDRIVLQµ :DKO

 S   ,Q PHQWLRQLQJ WKH FRQQHFWLRQ EHWZHHQ 3ODWR DQG .LHUNHJDDUG

IRUDVHFRQGWLPH-:DKODVVHUWWKDWWKH$EVROXWHGLIIHUHQFHFDQQRWEHFRQ

FHLYHGE\XQGHUVWDQGLQJ,QWKLVUHDOPDERYHXQGHUVWDQGLQJWKHRSSRVLWLRQ

EHWZHHQVLPLODULW\DQGGLIIHUHQFHGLVDSSHDUVDVGRHVDQ\RWKHURSSRVLWLRQ

DQG.LHUNHJDDUGIROORZVRQWKLVVXEMHFWWKHWUDGLWLRQRULJLQDWHGLQWKHGLDOHF

WLFRIParmenides DQGFRQWLQXHGE\WKHQHJDWLYHWKHRORJ\XSKHOGE\P\VWLFV

7KHUHLVDFRQIXVLRQRIXQGHUVWDQGLQJKHUHDQDORJRXVWRWKDWZHH[SHULHQFHLQ

UHDGLQJ3ODWR·VGLDORJXHZKLFKVKRZVTXLWHZHOOWKHLURQ\RIXQGHUVWDQGLQJ

WRLWVHOI´:LWKLQXVWKHUHLVDQXQKDSS\ORYHRIWKHXQNQRZQµ :DKO

S   7KLV XQNQRZQ ZKLFK LV WKH DEVROXWHO\ GLIIHUHQW ´WKLV RWKHUµ WKH

)UHQFKLQWHUSUHWHUH[SODLQV´LVORYHµ :DKOS -:DKO·V3ODWRQLVLQJ

LQWHUSUHWDWLRQRI.LHUNHJDDUGFXOPLQDWHVLQWKHIROORZLQJWH[W

6XFKLV.LHUNHJDDUG·VSDUDGR[)RUKLPWKHUHLVDUHODWLRQWRDEHLQJWKDWLVQRW

IRUXVH[FHSWLQWKLVUHODWLRQDQGWRZKRPZHFDQQRWEHUHODWHG1HYHUKDVWKH

DQWLQRP\ DW WKH ERWWRP RI Parmenides EHHQ VR GHHSO\ H[SHULHQFHG 1RU KDV WKH

DQWLQRP\DWWKHERWWRPRIIDLWKGHÀQHGDVWKHLQQHUPRVWUHODWLRQDQGDVDUHODWLRQ

WRVRPHWKLQJH[WHUQDODWWKHVDPHWLPHHYHUEHHQEHWWHULOOXPLQDWHG S 

(3)

+\SRWKHWLFDOO\DVVXPLQJWKH:DKOLDQLQWHUSUHWDWLRQWKHIROORZLQJSDUD

JUDSKVZLOOWU\WRHOXFLGDWH3ODWRDQG.LHUNHJDDUG·VIXQGDPHQWDOFRQYHUJHQFH

LQWKHOLJKWRIWKHLGHDRIRWKHUQHVV7KHSDUDGR[LFDOUHDOLW\RI.LHUNHJDDUGLDQ

VLQZRXOGEHWKHH[LVWHQWLDOHTXLYDOHQWRIGLIIHUHQFHDVUHTXLUHGLQParmenides, VXJJHVWHGLQSophistDQGH[SODLQHGE\WKH'\DGLQ3ODWR·VXQZULWWHQGRFWUL

QHV6XFKDQDVVXPSWLRQLQYROYHVWKHWUDQVSRVLWLRQRI3ODWRQLFPHWDSK\VLFV

WRWKHUHDOPRIÀQLWHVXEMHFWLYLW\1RWRQO\ZLOOWKLVFODULI\WKHGHHSHVWVSH

FXODWLYHURRWVRI.LHUNHJDDUGLDQWKRXJKWEXWZLOODOVRHQDEOHDUHIRXQGDWLRQ

RIVXSUHPHJHQHUDRQWKHHLGHWLFH[SHULHQFHRIRQH·VRZQIUHHGRPWKURXJK

LQWHQVLYHDQGUHODWLRQDOGLDOHFWLF

7KHSUHVHQWSDSHUDWWHPSWVWRYHULI\WKHSDVVDJHIURPVDPHWRRWKHUIURP

WKHVWDQGSRLQWRIWKH3ODWRQLFSURSRVDODVUHDGLQDQH[LVWHQWLDONH\,QRWKHU

ZRUGVWKHSUHVHQWWH[WVHWVRXWWRXQYHLOWKHH[LVWHQWLDOPHDQLQJRIDFHQWUDO

LQWXLWLRQRIDQLGHDFRQFHLYHGDEVROXWHO\DQGLQDOOLWVSXULW\WKHLGHDRIRWKHU

QHVVZKRVHFRQFHSWXDOLVDWLRQZLOOHQDEOHHLWKHUWKHFRQÀUPDWLRQRUUHMHFWLRQ

RI-:DKO·VYLHZ7RWKDWHQG,ZLOOEULHÁ\GLVFXVVVRPHIXQGDPHQWDOQRWLRQV

RI3ODWR·VPHWDSK\VLFVLQRUGHUWRDSSURDFK.LHUNHJDDUG·VWKRXJKW

Some principles of platonic metaphysics

3ODWR·VPHWDSK\VLFVDVRSSRVHGWR3DUPHQLGHDQPRQLVPPRGHUQLGHQWLW\

SKLORVRSKLHVDQGWKHVXSHULRULW\RIGLIIHUHQFHRYHURQHQHVVDQGLGHQWLW\DSSH

DUVDVDS\UDPLGDOSOXUDOLVPZKRVHDSH[LVWKHSUHHPLQHQFHRIWKH2QH7KXV

WKHRXWFRPHRI3ODWR·VHQGHDYRXULVDFRQFHSWLRQRIWKHDEVROXWHWKDWGRHVQRW

OHDYHRXWPXOWLSOLFLW\RURQHQHVVEHLQJRUQRQEHLQJLGHQWLW\RUGLIIHUHQFH

PRWLRQRUUHVWEXWLQFRUSRUDWHVDOORIWKHPDQDORJRXVO\LQWRWKHHLGHWLFIRXQ

GDWLRQRIWKHUHDO

,QRWKHUZRUGVWKH3ODWRQLFDEVROXWHKDVORVWWKHLQHUWULJLGLW\RI(OHDWLF

UHDOLW\WRDFKLHYHDGLDOHFWLFYLWDOLW\WKDWWDNHVDSSHDUDQFHVLQWRDFFRXQW7R

3ODWRWKHUHLVDGLDOHFWLFRIthe contingentDQGDGLDOHFWLFRIthe absolute7KH3OD

WRQLFGLDOHFWLFRIWKHFRQWLQJHQWH[SUHVVHVWKHSURJUHVVLYHPXWDEOHWHPSRUDO

DQGVXFFHVVLYHPXOWLSOLFLW\SURSHUWRWKHVHQVLEOHZRUOGZKHUHDVKLVGLDOHFWLF

RIWKHDEVROXWHH[SUHVVHVWKHVLPXOWDQHRXVLPPXWDEOHQRQSURJUHVVLYHDQG

HWHUQDOPXOWLSOLFLW\SURSHUWRWKHLQWHOOLJLEOHZRUOG

3ODWRQLF LQWHOOLJLELOLW\ LV GLDOHFWLF ZKLFK SUHVXSSRVHV DQ DWWHPSW WR FRQ

FHLYHDQLGHDOZRUOGWKDWLVG\QDPLFDQGDOLYHDQDFWLYHHWHUQLW\,QIDFWWKH

3ODWRQLFeidosEHLQJLQLWVHOIDVLPSOHLPPXWDEOHDQGHWHUQDOHVVHQFHSDUWLFL

SDWHVVLPXOWDQHRXVO\LQPRWLRQOLIHDQGWKRXJKW7KLVSDUWLFLSDWLRQHQDEOHVLW

UHODWLRQDOO\WRVKDSHWKHEHFRPLQJRIWKHLQWHOOLJLEOHZKLFKWDNHVSODFHLQWKH

RQWRORJLFDOkoinonía RILGHDV7KXVWKHLGHDOkoinoníaLQYROYHVWKHPRYHPHQWRI

WKRXJKWLHDJHQXLQHG\QDPLVPLQZKLFKRQHLGHDUHIHUVWRWKHRWKHU

1RZWKHG\QDPLVPRIWKHLQWHOOLJLEOHSUHVXSSRVHVLWVRZQSRZHUWKHLGHDO

dynamisKHQFH3ODWRFDPHWRFRQFHLYHEHLQJDVDFWLYHSRWHQF\+HVD\V´0\

VXJJHVWLRQZRXOGEHWKDWDQ\WKLQJZKLFKSRVVHVVHVDQ\VRUWRISRZHUWRDIIHFW

(4)

DQRWKHURUWREHDIIHFWHGE\DQRWKHUHYHQIRUDPRPHQWKRZHYHUWULÁLQJWKH

FDXVHDQGKRZHYHUVOLJKWDQGPRPHQWDU\WKHHIIHFWKDVUHDOH[LVWHQFHDQG,

KROGWKDWWKHGHÀQLWLRQRIEHLQJLVVLPSO\SRZHUµ 3ODWRSSH $ERYH

WKHSRWHQF\RIVHQVLEOHEHLQJVLVWKHSRWHQF\RIWKHLQWHOOLJLEOHLHWKHFUHDWLYH

SRZHURILGHDVZKLFKDUH´WKHFDXVHRIWKLQJVDIWHUZDUGVH[LVWLQJZKLFKGLG

QRWH[LVWEHIRUHµ 3ODWRSSE 7KXVWKH3ODWRQLFZRUOGRILGHDVFRQ

VWLWXWHVDQRUGHUHGZKROHDPXOWLSOLFLW\RUJDQLVHGE\DFHUWDLQG\QDPLFZKLFK

VLPXOWDQHRXVO\RUJDQLVHVERWKWKHRQWRORJLFDODQGWKHNQRZOHGJHVSKHUHSUH

FLVHO\EHFDXVHWKHSRZHURIWKHLQWHOOLJLEOHLVWKHFRQVWLWXWLYHVRXUFHRIERWK

%XWWKHVLPXOWDQHRXVPXOWLSOLFLW\RILGHDVZRXOGQRWEHSRVVLEOHZLWKRXW

WKHUHDOLW\RILGHQWLW\DQGGLIIHUHQFHRIEHLQJDQGQRQEHLQJZKLFKLVSUR

SRVHGE\WKHWKHRU\RIVXSUHPHJHQHUDDVDFRQGLWLRQRIWKHSRVVLELOLW\RIWKH

LGHDOZRUOG,QIDFWDFFRUGLQJWR3ODWRDXQLYHUVDOUHDOLW\PXVWH[LVWWKDWHLWKHU

HQFRPSDVVHVDQGGHWHUPLQHVWKHZKROHLQWHOOLJLEOHZRUOGRUFRQWDLQVLWLQWHQ

VLYHO\LQLWVRZQUHDOLW\6XFKLVWKHPHWDSK\VLFDOFRQVLVWHQF\RIWKHVXSUHPH

JHQHUDZKLFKPD\EHDWWULEXWHGWRWKHZKROHLGHDOZRUOGE\YLUWXHRIWKHODW

WHU·VLQFOXVLRQLQWKHIRUPHU

7KHVXSUHPHJHQHUDFRPSULVHWKUHHSDLUVRIRSSRVLWHVEHLQJDQGQRQ

EHLQJ LGHQWLW\ DQG GLIIHUHQFH UHVW DQG PRWLRQ ZKLFK DUH LQWHQGHG WR

DFFRXQWIRUWKHH[SHULHQFHRIWKHPXOWLSOHDQGGLIIHUHQW,QWKLVVHQVHLQ

3ODWR·VParmenidesWKHQHJDWLRQRIQRQEHLQJPXOWLSOLFLW\DQGPRYHPHQW

HQWDLOVWKHQHJDWLRQRIWKHLURSSRVLWHV,QSophist,WKHLVVXHLVIXUWKHUH[D

PLQHGDQGWKHUHDOLW\RIQRQEHLQJLVDGPLWWHGDVDSUHVXSSRVLWLRQRIWKH

DSSDUHQWRIHUURUIDOVHKRRGGHFHLWOLHVHWFDOORIZKLFKSRLQWWREHLQJDV

QRQEHLQJDQGWRWKHLGHQWLFDODVWKHRWKHU7KXVQRQEHLQJÀOWHUVLQWRWKH

VHQVLEOHGLVFRXUVHWKRXJKWWKHLQWHOOLJLEOHEUHDNLQJWKHPXSDQGGLDOHF

WLFDOO\PRELOLVLQJWKHP

)RU3ODWRQRQEHLQJKDVDFHUWDLQUHDOLW\LHFRQVWLWXWHVDFHUWDLQZD\RI

EHLQJRQZKLFKLWVQHJDWLRQPXVWEHIRXQGHGMXVWDVWKHDIÀUPDWLRQRIWKH

UHDO PXVW UHODWH WR D FHUWDLQ NLQG RI QRQEHLQJ ,Q RWKHU ZRUGV EHLQJ DQG

QRQEHLQJHQWDLOHDFKRWKHU²WKH\DUHUHODWLRQDOO\DIÀUPHG1HLWKHURIWKHP

FDQEHQDPHGZLWKRXWVLPXOWDQHRXVO\HYRNLQJWKHRWKHUEHFDXVHERWKUHVXOW

IURPWKHLUPXWXDOLPSOLFDWLRQIURPWKHLUFRUUHODWLYHUHIHUHQFH$FFRUGLQJWR

WKLVZKHQHYHUWKHRWKHUH[LVWVEHLQJLVQRWIRUXV 3ODWRSSD 7KLV

LVEHFDXVHRQFHEHLQJKDVEHHQDIÀUPHGQRQEHLQJIROORZVIURPQHFHVVLW\

MXVWDVRQFHQRQEHLQJLVDIÀUPHGWKHUHDOLW\RIEHLQJPXVWQHFHVVDULO\EH

LQIHUUHG%RWKDUHIRXQGHGRQWKHVDPHRQWRORJLFDOGHQVLW\DQGDOOWRWKH

QRQEHLQJKDYLQJEHHQVKRZQWRSDUWDNHRIEHLQJMXVWDVWKHODWWHUGRHVLQ

WKHIRUPHU

1RZ3ODWRWKLQNVWKDWWKHOLQNEHWZHHQEHLQJDQGQRQEHLQJLVQRWEDVL

FDOO\DFRQWUDGLFWLRQEXWUDWKHUWKHYHU\GLIIHUHQFHRIEHLQJLQEHLQJ7KLVLV

VSHOWRXWDVIROORZV´ZKHQZHVSHDNRIQRWEHLQJZHVSHDNQRWRIVRPHWKLQJ

RSSRVHGWREHLQJEXWRQO\GLIIHUHQWµ 3ODWRSSE 1HJDWLRQWKHQLV

QRWVLPSO\RSSRVLWLRQEXWDERYHDOOGLIIHUHQFHIXQFWLRQDOO\HVWDEOLVKHGDVD

UHODWLYHQRQEHLQJIURPZKLFKDEVHQFHDQGGHSULYDWLRQIROORZ

(5)

$OO WKDW LV UHDO SDUWLFLSDWHV DQDORJRXVO\ LQ WKH GLIIHUHQFH RI EHLQJ

EHFDXVHLWSDUWLFLSDWHVLQWKHLGHDRIRWKHU,QRWKHUZRUGVWKHRWKHULVLQ

EHLQJLWVHOIZLWKRXWPDNLQJXSLWVQDWXUHEXWRQWKHFRQWUDU\SUHVXSSR

VLQJSDUWLFLSDWLRQLQEHLQJDQGVDPHQHVV)RUWKLVUHDVRQ3ODWRLQVLVWVWKDW

DERXWDQ\UHDOLW\ZHPD\ULJKWO\VD\WKDWLWLVQRQEHLQJDQGRQWKHFRQ

WUDU\LQVRIDUDVLWSDUWLFLSDWHVLQEHLQJWKDWLWH[LVWVDQGLVDEHLQJ'LIIH

UHQFHDQGLGHQWLW\FRUUHODWHE\YLUWXHRIWKHLUPXWXDOLQWHOOLJLEOHLPSOLFD

WLRQMXVWDVEHLQJDQGQRQEHLQJGRKHQFHHYHU\WKLQJZRXOGEHLWVHOIDQG

DQRWKHUVLPXOWDQHRXVO\

3UHFLVHO\EHFDXVHEHLQJLVLGHQWLW\DQGQRQEHLQJLVGLIIHUHQFHWKH\HQDEOH

ERWKWKHRQHQHVVDQGWKHPXOWLSOLFLW\RIWKHUHDOVKDSLQJDYDULHJDWHGSOXUDOLW\

IXOORIFRQWUDVWV(DFKEHLQJLVRQO\RQHEXWGLIIHUHQWDQGVHSDUDWHIURPPDQ\

RWKHURQHV%RWKWKHFRQFHSWXDODQGLQWHOOLJLEOHkoinoníaDQGWKHVHQVLEOHH[L

VWHQWLDO DQWKURSRORJLFDO DQG PRUDO RQH IROORZ IURP WKLV PXOWLSOH XQLYHUVH

PDGHUHDOE\GLIIHUHQFH,QWHUFRXUVHFRPPXQLFDWLRQGLDORJXHDQGUHVSRQVL

ELOLW\WRWKHRWKHUVWHPIURPGLIIHUHQFH

1RQEHLQJGRHVQRWLQDQGRILWVHOILQYROYHFRQWUDGLFWLRQWKHQEXWUDWKHU

GLIIHUHQFH DV H[SHULHQFH GHPDQGV 1HYHUWKHOHVV DV WKH FRQFHSWXDO RUGHU

GHPDQGVGLIIHUHQFHGRHVSUHVXSSRVHFRQWUDGLFWLRQRULQRWKHUZRUGVDEVR

OXWHRWKHUQHVVZKLFKLVFDSDEOHRILQWHQVLYHO\FRQWDLQLQJDQ\RWKHUGLVWLQFWLRQ

5DGLFDOGLIIHUHQFHDIÀUPHGDVDEVROXWHFRQWUDGLFWLRQHQFRPSDVVHVWKHZKROH

LQWHOOLJLEOHZRUOGDQGULVHVDERYHLWDVWKHVXSUHPHSULQFLSOHRIDOOPXOWLSOLFLW\

%XWDEVROXWHGLIIHUHQFHDVDÀUVWSULQFLSOHRIWKHUHDOLVOLQNHGWRDQDIÀU

PDWLYH FRUUHODWH LH D VXSUHPH SULQFLSOH LQ ZKLFK DOO RQHQHVV DQG LGHQWLW\

SDUWLFLSDWH6XFKLVWR3ODWRWKHUHDOLW\RIWKH2QHZKRVHDEVROXWHQHVVFDQEH

QHJDWHGRQO\E\WKHDEVROXWHO\GLYHUVHE\WKHUDGLFDOGLIIHUHQFHKHFDOOVWKH

,QGHÀQLWH'\DGRU7KH*UHDWDQG7KH6PDOO2QHDQG'\DGFDQQRWEHGLVVR

FLDWHGIURPHDFKRWKHU7KH\FDOOIRUHDFKRWKHUVLQFHSXUHRWKHUQHVVUHMHFWV

VLQJOHQHVVLQLWVHOI7KLVÀUVWQHJDWLRQRIWKHÀUVWLVSUHVXSSRVHGE\DOOEHLQJ

DQGQRQEHLQJE\WKHLGHQWLFDODQGWKHGLYHUVHE\WKHVLPXOWDQHRXVPXOWLSOL

FLW\RIWKHLQWHOOLJLEOHDQGE\WKHVXFFHVVLYHDQGRQJRLQJSOXUDOLW\RIWKHVHQVL

EOH+HQFH$ULVWRWOHLQGLVFXVVLQJ3ODWR·VWKRXJKWUHIHUVWRWKHRSSRVLWLRQE\

FRQWUDULQHVV $ULVWyWHOHVSS,D EHWZHHQERWKSULQFLSOHVLHWR

WKHUDGLFDOFRQWUDGLFWLRQ3ODWRQLFGLDOHFWLFFXOPLQDWHVLQRUUDWKHUVWDUWVZLWK

7KHQRWLRQVRIWKHVHVXSUHPHSULQFLSOHVSRLQWWRWKH$WKHQLDQPDVWHU·V

RUDOWHDFKLQJVZKLFKKHLPSDUWHGWRWKRVHLQLWLDWHGLQWRKLVNQRZOHGJH,Q

WKLVVHQVH3ODWR·VXQZULWWHQGRFWULQHZRXOGFRQWDLQWKHNH\WRKLVV\VWHP

DQGFRPSHODUHFRQVLGHUDWLRQRIKLVWKHRU\LQWKHOLJKWRIWKHLQGLUHFWFRQWUL

EXWLRQRIKLVWRULRJUDSK\WRSKLORVRSKLFDOWUDGLWLRQ$FFRUGLQJWRWKLVRUDO

WUDGLWLRQ3ODWRZRXOGFODLPWKDWWKRVHSULQFLSOHVDUHWKHSULPDU\HOHPHQWV

DQGWKHPRVWXQLYHUVDOJHQHUD7KHLUGXDOLW\GRHVQRWQHJDWHWKHDEVROXWH

VXSUHPDF\RIWKH2QHRYHUWKH'\DGRUWKDWRIERWKRIWKHPRYHUEHLQJ,Q

RWKHUZRUGVSULQFLSOHGXDOLW\EUHDNVZLWK3DUPHQLGHDQPRQLVPDQGVDYHV

WKRXJKWIURPWKHGXDOLVWLFWKUHDWLQVRIDUDVLWPDLQWDLQVWKHVXSUHPDF\RI

WKH2QHDQGVXERUGLQDWHVDQ\RWKHUUHDOLW\WRLWHYHQWKHQHJDWLRQSURSHU

(6)

WRWKH'\DG,IWKHRULJLQDORSSRVLWLRQRIWKHÀUVWSULQFLSOHVH[SODLQVWKH

PXOWLSOLFLW\ RI WKH UHDO LW LV SUHFLVHO\ EHFDXVH RI WKH SULRULW\ RI RQHQHVV

ZKLFKDFFRXQWVIRUDQGHQDEOHVHYHU\RSSRVLWLRQDQGWKHUHIRUHHYHU\NLQG

RIGLDOHFWLF

7KH3ODWRQLF2QHFRQVWLWXWHVWKHFRPSOLFDWLRRIHYHU\GHWHUPLQDWLRQDQG

IXOÀOVWKHIXQFWLRQRIIRUPDODQGHIÀFLHQWFDXVHRIDOOEHLQJV,QGHHGHYHU\

EHLQJLVRQHEHFDXVHRIWKHRQHQHVVFRQVWLWXWLYHO\UHSURGXFHGLQKLPDQGLV

VXFKEHFDXVHLWUHFHLYHVIURPWKHRQHWKHOLPLWWKDWVKDSHVLWVRZQEHLQJ,IWKH

2QHGLGQRWH[LVWWKHUHZRXOGEHQRRQHQHVVDWDOOLQEHLQJVDQGWKHUHIRUH

WKHUHZRXOGEHQRPXOWLSOLFLW\HLWKHU,QRSSRVLWLRQWRWKHXQLI\LQJSULQFLSOH

WKH'\DGFRQVWLWXWHVWKHDEVROXWHLQGHWHUPLQDWLRQOLPLWOHVVQHVVDQGLQGHÀQL

WHQHVVIURPDQGLQZKLFKERWKWKHVHQVLEOHDQGWKHLQWHOOLJLEOHZLOOEHIRUPHG

+HQFHLWZRUNVDVDUHFHSWLYHDQGSDVVLYHPDWHULDOSULQFLSOH'XDOLW\LVWKH

GLIIHUHQFHRIWKH2QHDQGDVVXFKFRQGLWLRQVDQGVXSSRUWVDQLQGHÀQLWHPXO

WLSOLFLW\RIRWKHUEHLQJV0RUHRYHUEHLQJDEVROXWHRWKHUQHVVLWDFFRXQWVIRUDOO

GLIIHUHQFHVDOOFRQWUDVWVDOOYDULDWLRQVDOOGHJUHHVDQGVL]HVRIEHLQJVIRUERWK

WKHJUHDWHUDQGWKHVPDOOHU

%RWKWKH2QHDQGWKH'\DGDUHZKROO\SUHVHQWLQWKHUHDODQGDUHUHFHLYHG

E\DOOLWVVSKHUHVE\SDUWLFLSDWLRQEHFDXVHEHLQJLVLQLWVHOIDFRPSRVLWHRIRQH

QHVVDQGGXDOLW\LGHQWLW\DQGGLIIHUHQFH1RZWKHGLIIHUHQWVSKHUHVRIWKHUHDO

HQFRPSDVVWKHVHQVLEOHLGHDODQGPRUDOGLPHQVLRQV+HQFHWKHWZRSULQFL

SOHVFRQVWLWXWHWKHFDXVHRIEHLQJWKHIRXQGDWLRQRINQRZOHGJHDQGWKHVRXUFH

RIYDOXH7KXVWKH\IXOÀODQRQWRORJLFDONQRZOHGJHDQGD[LRORJLFDOIXQFWLRQ

DFFRUGLQJWRZKLFK2QHQHVVRSHUDWHVDVJRRGWUXWKSDWWHUQOLPLWPHDVXUH

DQGWKH'\DGDVWKHLURSSRVLWH

,QGHHGRQHQHVVDPRXQWVWROLPLWDQGWKXVGHWHUPLQHVWKHLGHQWLW\VXE

VLVWHQFHDQGRUGHURIWKHUHDO+HQFHRQHQHVVLVWKHIXQGDPHQWDOFDWHJRULFDO

FRQVWLWXHQWRIHYHU\EHLQJ%XWRQHQHVVUHFHLYHGE\EHLQJVE\SDUWLFLSDWLRQDV

WKHLUVWUXFWXUDOODZLVDWWKHVDPHWLPHWKHHVVHQFHRIJRRGQHVVDQGWKHUHIRUH

VLQJXODUJRRGQHVVLVWKXVIRXQGHGRQWKHGHOLPLWDWLRQRIPXOWLSOLFLW\E\RQH

QHVV7KHFRQYHUWLELOLW\RIRQHQHVVLQWRJRRGQHVVDQGYLFHYHUVDHQDEOHVWKH

GLUHFWSDVVDJHIURPWKHRQWRORJLFDOWRWKHD[LRORJLFDORUPRUDOVSKHUH7KHUHLV

DFRUUHVSRQGHQFHEHWZHHQRQHQHVVJRRGQHVVDQGWUXWKRQWKHRQHKDQGDQG

PXOWLSOLFLW\HYLODQGIDOVHKRRGRQWKHRWKHU%XWWKHIXQFWLRQDOSRO\YDOHQFHRI

WKHSULQFLSOHVPDQLIHVWVLWVHOIQRWRQO\DWWKHOHYHORIWKHFRQVWLWXWLYHIRXQGD

WLRQRIEHLQJEXWDOVRDWWKDWRILWVLQWHOOLJLEOHVHQVLEOHNQRZOHGJHDQGPRUDO

G\QDPLVP7KXVWKH2QHEHFRPHVPRYHUDQGHVSHFLDOO\HQGRIWKHUHDO7KH

UHIRUHentiaZLOOEHSHUIHFWHGE\DFHUWDLQUHGXFWLRQWRRQHQHVVWKURXJKWKH

H[FOXVLRQRIQRQEHLQJZKLFKHDWVLQWRWKHYHU\FRUHRIEHLQJ(YHU\UHDOLW\

RXWVLGHWKH2QHVLQFHLWLVDQRWKHUZLWKUHVSHFWWRLWUHTXLUHVWKLVUHGXFWLRQ

7KHSUHVHQWGLVFXVVLRQVKRXOGVXIÀFHWRRXWOLQHWKHEDVLFPHDQLQJRI3ODWRQLF

GLDOHFWLFDVDUHODWLRQDOG\QDPLVPDFFRUGLQJWRZKLFKERWKVHQVLEOHDQGLQWHOOL

JLEOHEHLQJVXQIROGWKHLULGHQWLW\E\FRQVWDQWO\FODVKLQJZLWKWKHRWKHU:LWKRXW

FRQVWLWXWLQJWKHLURZQQDWXUHWKLVRWKHUQHVVLVQHYHUWKHOHVVWKHLUYHU\EHLQJLQ

WKHQRQEHLQJPRGH7KXVWKHUHDOLVDFFRUGLQJWR3ODWRdynamisHQHUJ\DFWLYH

(7)

SRZHUWKDWPXVWLQWHQVLI\LWVHOILQGLDOHFWLFRSSRVLWLRQWRWKHRWKHU)URPWKH

NQRZOHGJHSRLQWRIYLHZ3ODWRQLFGLDOHFWLFLVDGHHSHQLQJH[SHULHQFHWKDWFXOPL

QDWHVLQWKHLQHIIDEOH7KLVHLGHWLFH[SHULHQFHDSSUHKHQGVWKDWZKLFKLVFRPPRQ

WRDQGFRQVWLWXWLYHRIEHLQJVXSWRWKDWÀVVXUHOHVV2QHQHVVRXWVLGHZKLFKWKHUH

FDQRQO\EHDEVROXWHQRWKLQJQHVVLHUDGLFDORWKHUQHVV

1RZWKLVUHDOLW\VKDSLQJdynamis PDQLIHVWVLWVHOILQWKHKXPDQVSLULWDVéros, LHDVDQDFWLYHSRWHQF\DVDQHYHUSRVVLEOHSRZHUWKDWLVWKHUHIRUHDOZD\VGHSUL

YHGRILWVZKROHJRRG7KHRWKHUQHVVRIORYHLVLQDVHQVHLWVRZQPeníaGLDOHFWL

FDOO\WHQGLQJWRZDUGVPórosZKLFKFRQVWLWXWLQJéros DVZHOOH[SHFWVWRDFWXDOLVH

LWVLGHQWLW\7KHRWKHUQHVVRI3ODWRQLFérosQRWRQO\FRQVLVWVLQLWVLQWULQVLFGHSUL

YDWLRQEXWDOVRLQDQRWKHUVHQVHSRLQWVWRWKHSXUHXQPL[HGDEVROXWH%HDXW\WR

ZKLFKLWDVSLUHVDQGZKRVHFRQWHPSODWLRQIHFXQGDWHVLW 3ODWRSSEF 

/RYHLPSUHJQDWHGE\EHDXW\LVFDSDEOHRISURFUHDWLQJEHJHWWLQJSURGXFLQJ

RUUDWKHUVHOISURGXFLQJ LIVXFKLQWHUSUHWDWLRQEHDOORZHG WKHVSLULWXDOEHLQJ

H[LVWHQWLDOLGHQWLW\DQGIXOOQHVVEHTXHDWKHGWRLWE\PórosLWVIDWKHUDQGSUHVHQW

in érosDVQRQEHLQJFDSDEOHRIFRPLQJLQWRWKLVLQKHULWDQFH

/RYHWRXFKHGE\EHDXW\JLYHVELUWKWRWKDWIRUZKLFKLWZDVIHFXQGDWHG

ORQJDJRLWEUHHGVLWERWKQHDUDQGIDUDZD\IURPLWLWWKLQNVRILWDQGWKDW

ZKLFKLWKDVEURXJKWIRUWKHQGVXSE\QRXULVKLQJLWWRJHWKHUZLWKWKHEHDXWL

IXOREMHFWRIZKLFK,KDYHVSRNHQDOWKRXJKWKHFRXSOH·VFRPPXQLW\LVLQÀQL

WHO\FORVHUWKDQWKDWEHWZHHQXVDQGRXUFKLOGUHQDQGWKHLUDIIHFWLRQVRXQGHU

EHFDXVHWKH\VKDUHWKHPRVWEHDXWLIXODQGORQJHVWOLYLQJFKLOGUHQ 3ODWR

SSF 7KLVVSLULWXDOUHDOLW\LVWKHRIIVSULQJRIORYH,WVWDUWVIURPLWVRZQ

QRWKLQJQHVV IURP WKH RWKHU DQG EHFRPHV VXFK WKURXJK WKH LQVWDQWDQHRXV

WRXFKRIRWKHUQHVVLQLWVHOI

+HQFHWKHIROORZLQJ3ODWRQLFDVVHUWLRQWKHREMHFWRIORYH´LVJHQHUDWLRQ

DQGELUWKLQEHDXW\µ 3ODWRSSG 3URFUHDWLQJDQGJLYLQJELUWKLQ

EHDXW\ORYHDFWXDOLVHVEHLQJUHQHZVLWSURGXFHVLWFRQVWDQWO\7KLVLVWKH

RQO\ZD\LQZKLFKDPRUWDOEHLQJPD\DFKLHYHLPPRUWDOLW\E\´JHQHUDWLRQ

EHFDXVHWKHQHZLVDOZD\VOHIWLQWKHSODFHRIWKHROGµ 3ODWRSSG  7RSXWLWLQDQXWVKHOOérosPDNHVWKHDVFHQWWKURXJKZKLFKWKHSRRUPXOWL

SOLFLW\RIWKHUHDOULVHVWRWKHIXOOULFKQHVVRIWKH2QHWKDWXQGLPLQLVKHGULFK

QHVVQHJDWHGDWWKHYHU\RULJLQRIEHLQJWRHQDEOHWKHPXOWLSOHWREH+HQFHWKH

LQWHUPHGLDWHQDWXUHRIORYHORFDWHGEHWZHHQEHLQJDQGQRQEHLQJEHWZHHQ

RQHQHVVDQGRWKHUQHVVDVDERQGWKDWXQLWHVWKHZKROHZLWKLWVHOI/RYHLVD

ERQGRISHUIHFWLRQEHFDXVHLWQHJDWHVGLIIHUHQFHSURGXFLQJVLPLODULW\

From eidos to existence: the Kierkegaardian path /HDYLQJDVLGH.LHUNHJDDUG·VUHMHFWLRQRIWKHDEVWUDFWFDWHJRULVDWLRQRI3OD

WRQLF PHWDSK\VLFV ZKLFK VHHNV WR VWUHVV WKH H[LVWHQWLDO FDWHJRULVDWLRQ RI KLV

RZQWKRXJKW,ZRXOGOLNHWRGZHOORQD.LHUNHJDDUGLDQWH[W´3ODWRWHDFKHV

WKDWRQO\LGHDVKDYHWUXHEHLQJ7KXVLWPD\DOVREHVDLGDQGPRUHWUXO\WKDW

RQO\WKHKXPDQH[LVWLQJWKDWUHODWHVWRFRQFHSWVSULPLWLYHO\DVVXPLQJWKHP

(8)

UHYLHZLQJ WKHP PRGLI\LQJ WKHP FUHDWLQJ WKHP DQHZ RQO\ WKDW H[LVWLQJ LV

LQWHUHVWHGLQH[LVWHQFH$Q\RWKHUKXPDQH[LVWLQJLVPHUHO\DFRS\H[LVWHQFH

DSDUWLFXODUFDVHLQWKHZRUOGRIÀQLWXGHWKDWYDQLVKHVZLWKRXWWUDFHDQGKDV

QHYHUEHHQLQWHUHVWHGLQH[LVWHQFH$QGWKLVDSSOLHVERWKWRDQ\ERXUJHRLV·V

H[LVWLQJDQGIRUH[DPSOHWRD(XURSHDQZDUDVORQJDVLWLVQRWUHODWHGWR

FRQFHSWVLQZKLFKFDVHUHDOH[LVWLQJLVLQVSLWHRIHYHU\WKLQJGXHRQO\WRWKH

6LQJXODU RQH WKURXJK ZKRP WKLV KDSSHQV %XW ZKHUHDV KH ZKR UHODWHV WR

FRQFHSWVLVLQWHUHVWHGWKURXJKWKHPLQH[LVWHQFHVXFKH[LVWLQJEHFRPHVWKHQ

QDWXUDOO\DVWUXJJOHDJDLQVWGHPRQVDQGDJDLQVWWKRVHIRUFHVZKRVHH[LVWHQFH

ZRXOGQRWRWKHUZLVHVKRZµ .LHUNHJDDUGSS;,$ 

7KLVSDUDJUDSKPDNHVWKH3ODWRQLFLGHDOZRUOGGHVFHQGIURPLWVUHDOLW\LQ

LWVHOIWRWKHFRQFUHWHH[LVWHQFHRIWKHLQGLYLGXDOZKRVHRQWRORJLFDOFRQVLVWHQF\

ZLOOGHSHQGDFFRUGLQJWR.LHUNHJDDUGRQWKHLGHDODVVLPLODWLRQKHIUHHO\SHU

IRUPV+HGRHVQRWGHQ\WKHUHDOLW\RIWKHLQWHOOLJLEOHLQLWVHOILHWKHVXEVL

VWHQFHRIDFRQFHSWXDOUHDOLW\SUHVKDSLQJDOOKXPDQNQRZOHGJH+HZRXOG

WKHUHIRUHEHH[HPSWIURPWKHFULWLFLVPOHYHOOHGDW+HJHO·VXQUHDODEVWUDFWLRQ

DQGDWFHUWDLQ3ODWRQLFLQWHUSUHWDWLRQWKDW,WKLQNDLPVDWHQKDQFLQJWKHYDOXH

RIVLQJXODUH[LVWHQFH2QWKHFRQWUDU\WKH'DQLVKH[LVWHQWLDOLVWZRXOGDIÀUP

WKHFRQVLVWHQF\RIWKHLGHDO7KLVVHHPVWRIROORZIURPDMXYHQLOHQRWH

6LEEHUQPDGHWRGD\LQKLVOHFWXUHDYHU\JRRGREVHUYDWLRQWKHH[LVWHQFHVKRXOG

EHDGPLWWHGRIDJHQXLQHLGHDOEHLQJWKDWKDVLQLWVHOIDFHUWDLQEHLQJHYHQEHIRUH

H[SUHVVLQJLWVHOILQDFWXDOEHLQJ7KLVREVHUYDWLRQFRXOGEHERUQHRXWE\WKHIDFW

WKDWLQVSHDNLQJRIHWHUQDOWUXWKVLWZRXOGQRWEHVDLGWKDWWKH\DUHEHLQJFUHDWHG

QRZEXWWKDWWKH\DUHEHLQJUHYHDOHGQRZLHLQWKHIXOOQHVVRIWLPH .LHUNHJDDUG

SS,,$ 

1RZWKHFRQVLVWHQF\RIWKHLGHDOVXEVLVWLQJSHUKDSVWR.LHUNHJDDUGLQWKH

GLYLQHPLQGPDQLIHVWVLWVHOISDUWLFXODUO\²DQGKHUHOLHVKLVFHQWUDOLQWHUHVW²LQ

VLQJXODUH[LVWHQFH)RUWKLVUHDVRQWKHWUXHEHLQJDWWULEXWHGWRLWE\3ODWRFRU

UHVSRQGVWRWKHWUXHEHLQJDVVXPHGE\LQGLYLGXDOVXEMHFWLYLW\LQ.LHUNHJDDUG·V

WKRXJKW

,QRWKHUZRUGV.LHUNHJDDUGDSSURDFKHVWKHLQWHOOLJLEOHWKHLGHDOIURPWKH

VWDQGSRLQWRIWKHHLGHWLFLQWXLWLRQRIVLQJXODUH[LVWHQFH+HGRHVQRWVWUHVVWKH

UHDOLW\RIWKHFRPPRQDQGFRQVWLWXWLYHLQLWVHOIEXWUDWKHUWKHVXEMHFWLYHH[SH

ULHQFHRIWKLV´WUXWK´WRPHµWKLV´IRFXVµ´WKLVLQQHUFHQWUHRIJUDYLW\µWKDQNV

WRZKLFKWKHKXPDQEHLQJPD\FDOOKLPVHOI´,µ .LHUNHJDDUGSS,

$ 7RWKHVXEMHFWLYHSKLORVRSKHUKHZDQWHGWREHLGHDVDUHFRQFHLYHGDV

´WKHQDWXUDOÁRZHUVRIWKHWUHHRIOLIHµ .LHUNHJDDUGSS,$ ,Q

WKLVVHQVHLWFDQEHFOHDUO\VHHQWKDWWKH\DUHDVWKH\ZHUHLQ3ODWR·VWKRXJKW

dynamis VHOIPDQLIHVWLQJWKHDFWLYHSRZHUSHUVRQDOIUHHGRPFRQVWLWXWHV

,QSULQFLSOHZHPLJKWFODLPWKDW.LHUNHJDDUGKDVSHUIRUPHGDVRUWRIH[L

VWHQWLDO WXUQ LQ UHODWLRQ WR 3ODWRQLF PHWDSK\VLFV E\ VWDUWLQJ IURP WKH LQQHU

H[SHULHQFHUHYHDOLQJWKHJUHDWFDWHJRULHVRIVSLULWXDOEHLQJZKLFKLVDVOHJL

WLPDWHDVWKHH[WHUQDOH[SHULHQFHRIVHQVLEOHFRVPRV7KH$WKHQLDQSKLORVR

SKHUDWWHPSWVWRDFFRXQWIRUWKHRQJRLQJDQGPXWDEOHPXOWLSOLFLW\WKURXJK

WKHGLDOHFWLFDQGUHODWLRQDOG\QDPLVPRIWKHDEVROXWHDQGHWHUQDO.LHUNHJDDUG

(9)

VHHNVWRH[SODLQHPSLULFDOFRQWLQJHQF\DQGWHPSRUDOLW\WKURXJKWKHGLDOHFWLF

LQWHQVLYHDQGUHODWLRQDOEHFRPLQJRIWKHIUHHEHLQJZKRDFKLHYHVDQDEVROXWH

DQGHWHUQDOV\QWKHVLV7R3ODWRWKHVXSUHPHJHQHUDFRQVWLWXWHWKHZRUOGLQDQ

RUGHUO\ZD\7RWKH'DQLVKH[LVWHQWLDOLVWWKH\FRQVWLWXWHWKHUHDOLWLHVRUGHULQJ

VSLULWXDOH[LVWHQFHWKURXJKZKLFKKLVWRU\DQGWKHZRUOGZLOOSDVVLQRUGHUWR

REWDLQWKHLURZQLQWHOOLJLELOLW\LQDQGWKURXJKLW7KHLGHDOPDGHÁHVKDQG

EORRGLQLQQHUOLIHLHH[LVWHQWLDOO\UHFHLYHGE\SDUWLFLSDWLRQFRQFUHWLVHVWKH

PXWDEOHDQGWHPSRUDODQGWRXFKHGE\HWHUQLW\WUDQVIRUPVDWWKHVDPHWLPH

WKHHQWLUHXQLYHUVH

,QP\YLHZWKLVPHWDSK\VLFDOVXEMHFWLYHRUH[LVWHQWLDOWXUQKDGEHHQGHYH

ORSLQJHYHUVLQFHWUDQVFHQGHQWDOSKLORVRSK\WXUQHG3ODWRQLFLGHDVLQWRWKLQ

NLQJODZVODLGGRZQE\WKLQNLQJLWVHOIZKLOHWUDQVIRUPLQJVSHFXODWLRQLQWRD

WKHRU\RIFRQVFLRXVQHVVDSKLORVRSK\RIWKHVXEMHFW6WDUWLQJIURPWKDWLQLWLDO

FRQYHUVLRQWKH+HJHOLDQV\VWHPDGYDQFHGRQVXEMHFWLYLW\GHFODULQJLWVLGHQ

WLW\ZLWKWKHREMHFWRIÀQLWHFRQVFLRXVQHVVZKLFKLVFDSDEOHRIFRQVXPPDWLQJ

LWVVHOIUHÁHFWLRQLQWKHDEVROXWHLGHDLQRUGHUWRFRQFUHWLVHWKHDEVWUDFWDQG

LQWHOOHFWXDOFRQFHSWRI3ODWRQLFSKLORVRSK\

:LWK+HJHOSKLORVRSK\NHSWWKHLQWHOOHFWXDOVSHFLÀFDWLRQVWDPSHGRQLWE\

PRGHUQLW\DVZHOODVWKHFRUUHODWLRQEHWZHHQWKHVXSUHPHFDWHJRULHVZKLFK

DUHPXWXDOO\LPSO\LQJMXVWDV3ODWRKDGFODLPHG,QIDFWWKHDQFLHQWSKLORVR

SKHUDQGWKHPRGHUQV\VWHPDWLFLDQFRLQFLGHDVWRWKHUHFLSURFDOLPSOLFDWLRQRI

FRQWUDULHVZKLFKLVSUHVHQWLQHYHU\VLQJXODUEHLQJLQWKHIRUPRIDGLDOHFWLF

UHTXLUHPHQWWKDWLPSRVHVLWVHOIRQWKHXQLW\DQGLGHQWLW\RIWKHUHDO7KLVPHDQV

WKDWWRERWKUHDOLW\ZRXOGKDYHDIXQGDPHQWDOO\GXDOVWUXFWXUHE\YLUWXHRI

ZKLFKHDFKFRQWUDU\DSSHDUVDQGFRQWLQXHVLQWKHRWKHU1HYHUWKHOHVV3ODWR

DQG+HJHOZRXOGGLVDJUHHDERXWWKHQDWXUHRIWKHRSSRVLWLRQGLIIHUHQFHPXO

WLSOLFLW\LQGHWHUPLQDWLRQWRWKHIRUPHUDQGQHJDWLRQDVDIRUFHWKDWSHUYDGHV

DQGPRGLÀHVHYHU\ZD\RIEHLQJWRWKHODWWHU

7KHQHJDWLYHYDOHQFHRIRWKHUQHVVUHSUHVHQWHGDVDGHVWUXFWLYHSRZHUDV

DQDFWLYHIRUFHQHJDWLQJEHLQJLVDOVRSUHVHQWLQ.LHUNHJDDUG+HVKDUHVZLWK

3ODWRDQG+HJHOWKHLGHDRIDIXQGDPHQWDOO\GXDOVWUXFWXUHRIWKHUHDOZKHUH

FRQWUDULHVLPSO\HDFKRWKHUDQGRQHQHVVFRQVWLWXWHVWKHUHPRWHVWJRDORIDVSL

UDWLRQ7KH'DQLVKH[LVWHQWLDOLVWVKDUHVZLWKWKH*HUPDQV\VWHPDWLFLDQDORQH

KRZHYHUWKHDIÀUPDWLRQRIWKHHQRUPRXVGLDOHFWLFSRWHQWLDORIQRQEHLQJ

$VIROORZVIURPWKLVEULHIKLVWRULFDOGLVFXVVLRQ.LHUNHJDDUGZRXOGVHHP

WRKDYHUHFHLYHGIURPPRGHUQWKRXJKWWKHVSHFXODWLYHSULPDF\RIVXEMHFWLYLW\

ZKLFKHFKRHVLQKLPWRVXFKDQH[WHQWWKDWKLVSKLORVRSK\PD\EHVHHQDVD

WKHRU\RIWKHVXEMHFW+LVVXEMHFWUHÁHFWVLWVHOIDVWKHREMHFWRIDQLPSRVVLEOH

IUHHGRP2QWKHRQHKDQGLWPDQLIHVWVLWVHOILQWKHLGHDRIDQLGHDO,ZKLFKLV

VKRZQWRWKHVSLULWDVWKHGXHHQGRILWVRZQEHFRPLQJ2QWKHRWKHUKDQGLW

LVEHLQJFRQVWDQWO\EHOLHGE\VLQJXODUKLVWRU\DQGIRUHYHUQHJDWHGE\WKHDFWLYH

SUHVHQFHRIWKHRWKHUDWWKHYHU\FRUHRIVDPHQHVV7KHPXWXDOLPSOLFDWLRQRI

EHLQJDQGQRQEHLQJZKLFKDPRXQWVWRWKHPXWXDOEHORQJLQJRILGHQWLW\DQG

GLIIHUHQFHFRUUHVSRQGVWKXVWRWKHG\QDPLVPRIWKH,ZKLFKZDQWVRQHQHVVLQ

VSLWHRIWKHQRWKLQJQHVVDWWKHYHU\ERWWRPRILWVFRQVWLWXWLRQ

(10)

7KHLGHDOQHVVRQZKLFK.LHUNHJDDUG·VLQWHUHVWIRFXVHVUHJXODWHVWKHVXE

MHFW·V FRQVFLRXVQHVV DQG DIÀUPV LWVHOI DV D SUHVXSSRVLWLRQ RI WKDW FRQVFLR

XVQHVVLQWKHVHOIFRQVFLRXVSRVLWLRQRIWKH,LHLQWKHDIÀUPDWLRQRIDIUHHGRP

WKDWLQYROYHVEHLQJDQGWKLQNLQJUHDOLW\DQGLQWHOOLJLELOLW\7KXVWKHLGHDLV

WRKLPWKHSURGXFWRIDVXEMHFWLYHDFWLRQWKDWSDUDGR[LFDOO\WUDQVFHQGVLWV

RZQLPPDQHQFHDQGJUDIWVWKHVXEMHFWRQWRWKHGLYLQH6SLULWXDOUHDOLW\ZKLFK

KDVEHFRPHVXFKWKURXJKWKHYLWDOUHDOLVDWLRQRIWKHLGHDSRVVHVVHVWKHXQLW\

JRRGQHVVDQGWUXWKWKDW3ODWRDWWULEXWHVWRWKHUHDOEHFDXVHRILWVSDUWLFLSDWLRQ

LQWKH2QHDQGWKDW.LHUNHJDDUGDWWULEXWHVWRWKHKXPDQEHLQJWKDWLVWUDQV

SDUHQWO\IRXQGHGRQ*RG$VWRWKHUHVW.LHUNHJDDUGZDQWVKLV*RGWRHVFDSH

WKHDEVWUDFWLRQRIWKHXQPRYHGPRYHULQRUGHUWREHFRQFHLYHGWRJHWKHUZLWK

WKH3ODWRQLF$EVROXWHIURPWKHH[LVWHQWLDOSRLQWRIYLHZDVDOLYLQJUHVSRQVH

WRH[LVWHQWLDOUHVWOHVVQHVV

7KHLGHDFRQFHLYHGE\.LHUNHJDDUGFRQVWLWXWHVWKHHQGRIH[LVWHQWLDODVSLUD

WLRQE\ZKLFKH[LVWHQFH\HDUQVWREHZKDWLWLVQRW\HWVRWKDWLWVQRQLGHQWLW\

PD\EHFRPHWUXWKDQGJRRGDQGRQHQHVV,QWKLVVHQVHWKH'DQLVKWKLQNHU·V

FRQFHSWRIH[LVWHQFHDSSURDFKHVWKDWRI3ODWR·VérosWKH´RIIVSULQJRIWKHLQÀ

QLWHDQGWKHÀQLWHWKHHWHUQDODQGWKHWHPSRUDOZKLFKWKHUHIRUHLVFRQVWDQWO\

VWULYLQJµ .LHUNHJDDUGSS9,, )ROORZLQJLQWKHIRRWVWHSVRIWKH

$WKHQLDQSKLORVRSKHU.LHUNHJDDUGFRQFHLYHVH[LVWHQFHDVDWHPSRUDODQGÀQLWH

PeníaEHJRWWHQDQGIHFXQGDWHGE\WKHPóros RIHWHUQLW\DVDVHOISURGXFLQJIRUFH

JLYLQJELUWKWRLWVHOILQLQH[KDXVWLEOH/LJKW7KH,LVWKHIUXLWRIWKDWORYHWKHPRVW

EHDXWLIXOFRQFHSWLRQE\WKHGLYLQHUDFHZKLFKZDQWHGWRFRQTXHUQRWKLQJQHVV

$QGMXVWDVWKHÀUVWÀDWLVWKHRQO\SRZHUFDSDEOHRIXQLYHUVDOEHLQJWKHÀDWRI

KXPDQORYHLVWKHRQO\SRZHUFDSDEOHRISHUVRQDOEHLQJ+HQFHWKHH[LVWHQWLDO

SUDLVHRIWKHIUHHSRZHURIéros: ´,WLVDQLQFUHGLEO\VWXSHQGRXVGLVFXVVLRQRIWKH

SRZHURIORYHWRHQQREOHDPDQLHRIWKHUHELUWKRIPDQWKURXJKErosZKLFK

PD\EHIRXQGLQSymposiumµ .LHUNHJDDUGSS,,,$ 

The Penía-PórosGLDOHFWLFDVVXPHGERWKE\3ODWRQLFérosDQGE\.LHUNHJDDU

GLDQH[LVWHQFHLVWKHDQWKURSRORJLFDOHPERGLPHQWRIDPHWDSK\VLFDOGLDOHFWLF

WKDWFRQVWLWXWHVWKHÀQLWHEHLQJDVVXFKDQGDFFRUGLQJWR3ODWRWKHLQWHOOLJLEOH

ZRUOGDVZHOO1RZDGHJUHHGLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQERWKWKLQNHUVVKRXOGEHSRLQ

WHGRXWWKDWEHFRPHVHVVHQWLDO3ODWRUHIHUVUDGLFDORWKHUQHVVWRWKHVXSUHPHSULQ

FLSOHVDQGFODLPVLWLVUHFHLYHGE\SDUWLFLSDWLRQE\WKHRWKHUEHLQJVDVGLIIHUHQFH

.LHUNHJDDUGFRQFHLYHV2WKHUQHVVDVDEVROXWHFRQWUDGLFWLRQDQGORFDWHVLWLQWKH

LPPDQHQFH RI WKH ÀQLWH DQG UHODWLYH VXEMHFWLYLW\ RI WKH KXPDQ EHLQJ ,Q WKLV

VHQVH:DKOKROGVWKDW´WKHH[LVWHQFHRI2WKHUQHVVRIQRQEHLQJZKLFK3ODWR

KDGDEVWUDFWO\VWDWHGLQSophistLVKHUHDVVHUWHGLQFRQFUHWRµ :DKOSS

 WRVXFKDQH[WHQWWKDW´QHYHUKDVWKHDQWLQRP\DWWKHERWWRPRIParmenides EHHQH[SHULHQFHGVRGHHSO\µ :DKOSS .HSWE\ÀQLWHVXEMHFWLYLW\

QRQEHLQJGLIIHUHQFHWKHRWKHUFRQVWLWXWHVLWVQHJDWLRQIRUZKLFKWKHUHDVRQLV

WZRIROG2QWKHRQHKDQGÀQLWHVXEMHFWLYLW\LVWKHRXWFRPHRIWKHPHWDSK\VLFDO

OLPLWWKDWFRQVWLWXWHVLWDQGVHSDUDWHVLWIURPWKHUHVWDV3ODWRPDLQWDLQV2QWKH

RWKHUKDQGLWDOVRVSOLWVDZD\IURPLWVHOIDQGFRXQWHUDFWVLWVHOIE\YLUWXHRIDQ

RULJLQDOSRVVLELOLW\WKDWLVSDUDGR[LFDOO\WKHSRVVLELOLW\RILWVEHLQJ

(11)

7R 3ODWR ´WKH 2QH SUHFHGHV VHSDUDWLRQ DQG RQO\ ZLWK VHSDUDWLRQ GRHV

QXPEHUVWDUW>7R.LHUNHJDDUG@2QHQHVVSUHFHGHVFRQWUDGLFWLRQDQGRQO\ZLWK

FRQWUDGLFWLRQGRHVH[LVWHQFHVWDUWµ .LHUNHJDDUGSS,,,$ 7KLV

SULPHYDORQHQHVVPD\EHFRQVWUXHGHLWKHUDVWKHGLYLQH$EVROXWHRUDVWKH

HVVHQFLDOFRQVWLWXWLRQRIIUHHGRPZKLFKIRUHVKDGRZHGE\WKHLGHDEHFDPH

ORVWDWWKHEHJLQQLQJRIH[LVWHQWLDOEHFRPLQJ,IIUHHGRPKDGQRWIDOOHQLILWKDG

QRWEHHQPRUWDOO\ZRXQGHGÀQLWHEHLQJZRXOGQRWKDYHEHJXQEHFDXVHDOO

EHJLQQLQJSUHVXSSRVHVQRWKLQJQHVV

+HQFHÀQLWHVXEMHFWLYLW\LVQRWIRUXVFRQVWDQWO\DQGIURPQHFHVVLW\,QGHHG

LWGRHVQRWFRQVWLWXWHDQDIÀUPDWLRQRIEHLQJSXUHDQGVLPSOHEXWKDVWRHPHUJH

H[QLKLORDVWKHGLDOHFWLFDIÀUPDWLRQRIEHLQJDJDLQVWQRWKLQJQHVVDQGPRUH

SUHFLVHO\RIIUHHGRPLHVSLULWXDOEHLQJDJDLQVWVLQ,QRWKHUZRUGVLQP\

YLHZ.LHUNHJDDUGZRXOGÀQGLQWKH,WKHPHWDSK\VLFDOVWUXFWXUHWKDWVKDSHV

WR3ODWRWKHSXUHUHDOLW\RIWKHLQWHOOLJLEOHLQLWVHOI7KLVPHDQVWKDWWKHIRUPHU·V

H[LVWHQWLDOLVPZRXOGLQFOXGHDXQLYHUVDOFDWHJRULVDWLRQRIÀQLWHVXEMHFWLYLW\

DQDORJRXVO\YDOLGIRUDOOEHLQJVVLQFHWRKLPDZKROHFRQFHSWLRQRIOLIHDQG

WKHZRUOGPD\EHGHGXFHGIURPWKHVLQJXODU

Parmenides DQGSophistIXQGDPHQWDOO\LOOXPLQDWHGE\WKHXQZULWWHQGRFWUL

QHVUHSUHVHQW3ODWR·VHQGHDYRXUWRVDYHWKHPXOWLSOLFLW\RIWKHUHDOIURP3DU

PHQLGHDQPRQLVP$QDORJRXVO\.LHUNHJDDUG·VH[LVWHQWLDOLVPZRXOGFRQVWL

WXWHDQHIIRUWWRVDYHWKHLQGLYLGXDOIURPZKDWKHFDOOV+HJHOLDQSDQWKHLVP

1RZWKHLURULJLQDOLQWHQWLRQZRXOGVHHPWRKDYHUHTXLUHGUHVRUWLQJWRRWKHU

QHVVWRLWVVXSUHPHDEVROXWHFRQWUDGLFWLRQYDOHQFHDQGWRLWVDGGHGYDOXHDV

SRZHU7KHODWWHUZRXOGEHWKHSRZHURIWKHQHJDWLYHPHWDSK\VLFDOO\DFWLQJ

HLWKHURQWKHSOXUDOLW\RIWKHLQWHOOLJLEOHDQGVHQVLEOHZRUOGLQRUGHUWRVKDSH

EHLQJRURQIUHHGRPWRVKDSHWKH,

7RSXWLWEULHÁ\.LHUNHJDDUGLDQRWKHUQHVVGRHVQRWWDNHSODFHLQWKHLQWHO

OLJLEOHZRUOGLQRUGHUWRSURYLGHWKHIRXQGDWLRQRIWKHLPPHGLDWHRUGHURI

EHLQJEXWLQWKHLQQHUH[SHULHQFHRIWKHVLQJXODUZKLFKMXVWLÀHVDQ\UHÁHFWHG

RSSRVLWLRQEHWZHHQLGHDDQGSKHQRPHQRQ,QRWKHUZRUGVWKH'DQLVKH[LVWHQ

WLDOLVWZRXOGIURPWKH3ODWRQLFVWDQGSRLQWSDVVIURPDPHWDSK\VLFRFRQFHS

WXDOFRQFHSWLRQRIH[SHULHQFHWRDQHWKLFRPHWDSK\VLFRFRQFHSWXDORQHVLQFH

KHVHHVIUHHG\QDPLVPDVWKHGHHSHVWRULJLQRIPHWDSK\VLFDONQRZOHGJH7KLV

FDQEHVHHQLQDVHQVHLQWKHIROORZLQJWH[W´'RXEWFRPHVHLWKHURIUHODWLQJ

UHDOLW\WRLGHDOQHVV²WKLVLVFRJQLWLRQVLQFHGLVFRXUVHLVDERXWLQWHUHVWDQG,

DPLQWHUHVWHGDWPRVWLQVRPHWKLQJRWKHUWKDQPHHJLQWUXWK2URIUHODWLQJ

LGHDOQHVVWRUHDOLW\DQGWKLVLVWKHHWKLFDOPRPHQWLQZKLFKLWLV,WKDWDPLQWH

UHVWHGLQP\VHOI  'RXEWFDQQRWEHRYHUFRPHE\V\VWHPEXWE\IDLWKMXVWDV

IDLWKKDVEURXJKWGRXEWLQWRWKHZRUOGµ .LHUNHJDDUGSS,9% 

7KHWH[WIROORZLQJWKLVH[SUHVVO\UHIHUVWRIUHHGRPDVWKHRULJLQRIDQGVROXWLRQ

WRGRXEW

,IIUHHGRPFRQVWLWXWHVWKHGHHSHVWURRWRIPHWDSK\VLFDONQRZOHGJHLWIRO

ORZVWKDWDUHIRXQGDWLRQRIWKHVSHFXODWLYHVSKHUHPD\EHSURYLGHGIURPRXW

VLGHWKHUHDOPRIWKHKXPDQO\UDWLRQDO7KLVLVQRWPHUHO\DWKHRU\RINQRZOHGJH

SUREOHPEXWDQRQWRORJLFDOTXHVWLRQ:LOOLQJLVORFDWHGLQWKH2QHZKHUHDV

(12)

RQHQHVVLVVHHQDVWKHRULJLQDOSRVVLELOLW\RIWKH,DQGÀQLWHUHDVRQDVDFRQVH

TXHQFHRIHYLO7KHERWWRPXSUHODWLQJRIWKHUHDOWRWKHLGHDO WR.LHUNHJDDUG

WKHWKHRU\RINQRZOHGJHSUREOHPLVDWVWDNHKHUH HQWDLOVDGLDOHFWLFSDVVDJH

%XWWKHWRSGRZQUHODWLQJRIWKHLGHDWRWKHUHDO WKLVLVVDLGWREHWKHGHFLVLYH

LVVXH HQWDLOVDSDWKHWLFSDVVDJH7KLVLVH[SODLQHGDVIROORZV´$Q\PDQPD\

FRQFHLYHDSDWKHWLFSDVVDJHZKHQHYHUKHZDQWVEHFDXVHIRULQÀQLWXGHZKLFK

OLHVLQSDWKRVFRXUDJHLVHQRXJK7KURXJKDVLPLODUSDVVDJH3ODWRFODLPHGWKDW

*RGMRLQHGLGHDVWRPDWWHUµ .LHUNHJDDUGSS,9& 7KH.LHU

NHJDDUGLDQUHIRXQGDWLRQRIWKHVSHFXODWLYHZKLOHNHHSLQJWKHERWWRPXSGLD

OHFWLFRINQRZOHGJHFRQFHLYHVHWKLFDODFWLRQDVWKHSURSHUO\FUHDWLYHPRPHQW

DQDORJRXV WR GHPLXUJLF HIIHFWLYHQHVV 7KLV LV FDSDEOH RI UHSURGXFLQJ LQ WKH

ZRUOGWKHUHDOLQWHOOLJLELOLW\SUHVXSSRVHGE\DOONQRZOHGJHLQWHQGLQJWRVSHDN

WKHODQJXDJHRILQÀQLWXGHDQGHWHUQLW\

7KLVLVQRWWRVD\WKDWWKH.LHUNHJDDUGLDQGHVFHQWUHVSRQGVIURPDQHWKLFDO

VWDQGSRLQWWRWKH3ODWRQLFDVFHQWIURPWKHUHDOWRWKHLGHDO,IWKLVZHUHWKH

FDVHZHZRXOGVLPSO\VSHDNRIDQH[LVWHQWLDODSSOLFDWLRQRIWKHPHWDSK\VLFDO

RURIDWKHRUHWLFDOJXDUDQWHHRIWKHPRUDOEXWQHYHURIWKHRUHWLFRPHWDSK\VL

FDOWKLQNLQJ7RSXWLWPRUHDFFXUDWHO\.LHUNHJDDUGGRHVQRWDVVXPH3ODWRQLF

PHWDSK\VLFVDVDVSHFXODWLYHVXSSRUWRIKLVH[LVWHQWLDOSKLORVRSK\RUKLVHWKLFV

²KHJURXQGVHWKLFVRQLWVHOIGHHSHQVLWDQGUHIRXQGVKLVZRUOGYLHZRQLW

$QGKHFDQGRLWSUHFLVHO\EHFDXVHKHKDVGLVFRYHUHGIUHHGRPLHVXEMHF

WLYHDFWLRQLQE\DQGIRULWVHOIZKLFKXQGHUOLHVDOOLGHDOQHVVDQGUHDOLW\7KH

DFWLRQRIWKH,ZKLFKFRQVWLWXWHVLWVRZQFDXVHDQGHIIHFWH[SODLQVERWKNQR

ZLQJDQGEHLQJDFFRUGLQJWRWKHSULQFLSOH

,DFWHUJRVXPEHFDXVHWKLVFRJLWRLVVRPHWKLQJGHULYDWLYHLHLVDOVRLGHQWLFDOZLWK

©,DFWªLHLVWKHFRQVFLRXVQHVVRIIUHHGRPLQDFWLRQDQGWKHUHIRUHZHFDQQRWVD\

FRJLWR HUJR VXP LQ RWKHU ZRUGV LW LV DQ DWWHQGDQW FRQVFLRXVQHVV .LHUNHJDDUG

SS,9& 

)UHHGRP LGHQWLÀHV DFWLRQ ZLWK VHOIFRQVFLRXVQHVV LQ ´GRLQJ WKH WUXWKµ

.LHUNHJDDUGSS,9& V\QWKHVLVLQJLGHDOQHVVDQGUHDOLW\7KH

VSLULWXDOGHQVLW\RIEHLQJLVIRXQGHGRQWKLVV\QWKHVLVQRWWKURXJKSXUHFRQ

WHPSODWLRQEXWWKURXJKWKHHIIHFWLYHDQGSDUDGR[LFDOFRQFUHWLVDWLRQRIZKDW

ZLWKRXWEHLQJH[LVWV

,Q.LHUNHJDDUGLDQWHUPVWKHDFWLYHVHOIFRQVFLRXVQHVVRIIUHHGRPFRLQFLGHV

ZLWKWKHFRQVFLRXVQHVVRIDQDEVROXWHFRQWUDGLFWLRQRURIDSDUDGR[ZKLFK

UXOLQJRXWDOOGLDOHFWLFFRQWLQXLW\FRPSHOVWKHSDWKHWLFSDVVDJH 0DKULN

SS 3DUDGR[LHDEVROXWHGLIIHUHQFHFRQVWLWXWHVWRKLPWKHHVVHQWLDOIRUP

RIÀQLWHIUHHGRPZKLFKKHDVVLPLODWHVWR&KULVWLDQLW\UHPDUNLQJ´$ERXWWKH

SDUDGR[DQGDEVXUGLW\RI&KULVWLDQLW\QRWKLQJFDQEHVDLGLQP\YLHZH[FHSW

WKDWLWLVFHUWDLQO\WKHÀUVWIRUPLQERWKWKHKLVWRU\RIWKHZRUOGDQGFRQVFLR

XVQHVVµ .LHUNHJDDUGSS,9& 7KHÀUVWIRUPRIFRQVFLRXVQHVV

DQGRIKLVWRU\LHWKHIRUPRIIUHHGRPLQDFWLVWKHYHU\FRQWUDGLFWLRQJLYLQJ

ULVHWRH[LVWHQFHZKLFKLVDIÀUPHGLQWKHVHSDUDWLRQRIWKHKXPDQEHLQJIURP

*RGWKHGHSDUWXUHIURPWKH2QHDQGWKHORVVRIXQLW\

(13)

,QDWH[WFDOOHG´DEVROXWHSDUDGR[µ.LHUNHJDDUGFODLPV´%HFDXVHSKLORVR

SK\LVPHGLDWLRQLWFDQQRWHQGEHIRUHSODFLQJWKHXOWLPDWHSDUDGR[LQIURQWRI

LWVH\HV7KLVSDUDGR[LVWKH0DQ*RGµ .LHUNHJDDUGSS,9& 

7KHVSHFXODWLYHGHQVLW\RIWKHHVVHQWLDOO\SDUDGR[LFDOOLHVSUHFLVHO\LQWKHPHWD

SK\VLFDORSSRVLWLRQWKURXJKZKLFKIUHHGRPLVDZDUHRILWVEHLQJEHIRUH*RG

DVEHIRUHWKHFKDVPRITXDOLWDWLYHGLIIHUHQFHZKLFKRQO\SDWKHWLFSDVVDJHPD\

EULGJH+HQFH:DKOSRLQWVWRWKLVEHLQJEHIRUH*RG WKHKXPDQEHLQJV·WKHDQ

GULFUHDOLW\ DVDQHVVHQWLDOHOHPHQWRIVLQLHDVWKHRWKHUZLWKUHVSHFWWRWKH

Other0RUHRYHUGLIIHUHQFHEHFDXVHRILWVSDUDGR[LFDOQDWXUHVXUSDVVHVÀQLWH

XQGHUVWDQGLQJWREHFRPHTXRDGQRVDQGWKHVXEMHFWRIP\VWLFDOH[SHULHQFH

3DYOLNRYD 0DKULN%LQHWWL 3DYOLNRYD3DYOLNRYD =DOHF

=DOHF 3DYOLNRYD 

7KXV.LHUNHJDDUGLDQRWKHUQHVVWDNHVSODFHVLQÀQLWHVXEMHFWLYLW\DQGIRU

WKLVYHU\UHDVRQFRQVWLWXWHVDV:DKOFODLPVWKHPRVWGHHSO\H[SHULHQFHGIXQ

GDPHQWDODQWLQRP\7KLVPHDQVWKDWWR.LHUNHJDDUGUDGLFDOGLIIHUHQFHFRXOG

QRWH[LVWZLWKRXWWKHDIÀUPDWLRQRIKXPDQZLOOLQJZKLFKWDNHVSODFHDEVROX

WHO\LQWKHDIÀUPDWLRQRIWKHDXWDXWDQGLVLQVHSDUDEOHIURPWKHVHOISRVLWLRQ

RIJRRGDQGHYLODWWKHYHU\FRUHRIIUHHGLDOHFWLF7KLVLVWDQWDPRXQWWRPDLQ

WDLQLQJWKHUHDOLW\RIVLQDVWKHYROXQWDU\SRVLWLRQRIWKHKXPDQEHLQJEHIRUH

*RGVHOISUHVXSSRVHGE\LWVRZQUHDOLVDWLRQVRWKDWKLVDFWLRQPD\EHIUHH

DQGQDWXUDODWWKHVDPHWLPH,QWKLVVHQVH.LHUNHJDDUGFODLPVWKDW´VLQSUH

VXSSRVHVLWVHOIDQGFRPHVLQWRWKHZRUOGLQVXFKDZD\WKDWLQSRVLWLQJLWVHOI

LWSUHVXSSRVHVLWVHOIµ .LHUNHJDDUGSS,9 

%XWVLQZKLFKLVWKHGLIIHUHQFHRIÀQLWHIUHHGRPDQGWKHUHIRUHLVQRWWR

.LHUNHJDDUGLPPHGLDWHEXWUHÁHFWHGDEVROXWHO\RSSRVHVDQRWKHU)UHHGRP

LHGLYLQH)UHHGRP,WVKRXOGEHKLJKOLJKWHGWKDWKHUH.LHUNHJDDUGGHSDUWV

IURP 3ODWRQLF WKRXJKW VLQFH KLV G\DG LV QRW D QHFHVVDU\ DQG LQGHSHQGHQW

GHULYDWLYHRIWKHLPSHUVRQDO2QHEXW*RGWKH)DWKHU·VIUHHDQGORYLQJFUH

DWLRQ:KDWSURSHUO\VHSDUDWHV.LHUNHJDDUGIURP3ODWRLV&KULVWLDQLW\ZKLFK

VLQFHLWVYHU\EHJLQQLQJKDVDVVHUWHGWKH$EVROXWH·VIUHHSDWHUQLW\DJDLQVWWKH

KHDWKHQ

&KULVWLDQWKRXJKWKDUPRQLVHVGLYLQHDQGKXPDQIUHHGRPE\PHDQVRID

VSLULWXDO URXQG WULS +HQFH LQ PDLQWDLQLQJ *RG·V IDWKHUKRRG .LHUNHJDDUG

GHSDUWVIURPWKHLQH[RUDEOHQHVVRIWKH3ODWRQLF2QHLQÁXHQFHGE\&KULVWLD

QLW\7RKLPWKHGLIIHUHQFHLVWKDWEHWZHHQWZRIUHHGRPV1RZZKRFDXVHVWKH

.LHUNHJDDUGLDQGLIIHUHQFHRIIUHHGRP*RGRUWKHKXPDQEHLQJ"7KHKXPDQ

EHLQJGRHVVLQFHKLVRZQSRVLWLRQSUHVXSSRVHVLWDFFRUGLQJWR.LHUNHJDDUG$

VHFRQGTXHVWLRQDULVHV:KDWLVWKHPHWDSK\VLFDOFDWHJRU\RIGLIIHUHQFHRIVLQ

DVSUHVXSSRVHGE\KXPDQIUHHGRP",WLVTXDOLWDWLYHGLIIHUHQFHLHWKHGLVWLQF

WLRQEHWZHHQLQÀQLWHDQGÀQLWHLHÀQLWXGH

%HLQJWKHTXDOLWDWLYHO\GLIIHUHQWIURPWKH,QÀQLWHÀQLWXGHLVFHUWDLQO\DVVX

PHGDQGUHDOLVHGE\WKHKXPDQEHLQJ·VIUHHDFWLQJLQWKHVHQVHWKDWRQO\LQLW

LV*RGDFNQRZOHGJHGDVVXFKZKLFKLVLQVHSDUDEOHIURPVLQFRQVFLRXVQHVVDV

KXPDQVHOIDFNQRZOHGJHPHQW1HYHUWKHOHVVDQGLQDQRWKHUVHQVHÀQLWXGHLV

DQHFHVVLW\RIIUHHGLYLQHFUHDWLRQEHFDXVHDOWKRXJK*RGPD\FUHDWHRUQRW

(14)

RQFHKHGHFLGHVWRGRLWKHFDQRQO\SURGXFHÀQLWHEHLQJV7KXVTXDOLWDWLYH

GLIIHUHQFHLVVHOISUHVXSSRVHGE\KLVFUHDWLYHDFWLRQMXVWDVLQWKHKXPDQEHLQ

J·VFDVH

7KXVERWKIUHHGRPVSURGXFHWKHVDPHGLIIHUHQWLDOHIIHFW%RWKFRQWDLQHYLO

DVDSRVVLELOLW\EXWRQFHLQDFWUHDOLVHLWDVQHFHVVDU\+HUHWKH3ODWRQLFXQL

YHUVHFRLQFLGHVDJDLQZLWKWKH&KULVWLDQXQLYHUVHDQGWKHG\DGEHFRPHVDQ

LQGHSHQGHQWFRXQWHUSRZHURQFHWKHGLYLQHSRZHUKDVGHFLGHGWRFUHDWH7KH

GLIIHUHQWLDO HIIHFW ZRXOG FRPSULVH WKHQ WKH WKHDQGULF V\QHUJ\ .LHUNHJDDUG

GHIHQGHGDSSO\LQJLWWRIUHHDFWLQJDQGVSHFLÀFDOO\WRWKHSUREOHPRIHYLO

ZKLFKKHFRQFHLYHVDVUHDOSRVLWLRQDQGQRWDVGHSULYDWLRQ,WLVLQWKLVVHQVH

WKDW,LQWHUSUHWWKHIROORZLQJ.LHUNHJDDUGLDQWH[W

&KULVWLDQLW\KDVEHHQWKHÀUVWWRVKHGOLJKWRQWKHFRQFHSWRIV\QHUJ\DQGWKH

UHIRUHWKLVLVWKHÀUVWWLPHÀQLWXGHKDVDWWDLQHGZRUWKVSHFXODWLRQVXSSRUWDQG

IUHHGRPUHDOLW\7KHÀUVWGHWHUPLQDWLRQRI&KULVWLDQLW\E\V\QHUJ\LVVLQ7KXVVLQ

LVQRWMXVWÀQLWXGHEXWWKHUHLVDPRPHQWRIIUHHGRPDQGDPRPHQWRIIUHHÀQLWXGH

LQVLQ ,,,$ 

7RSXWLWEULHÁ\ERWKÀQLWXGHFRQWULEXWHGE\*RGDQGÀQLWHIUHHGRPLH

WKH,FRQWULEXWHGE\WKHKXPDQEHLQJFRRSHUDWHRQVLQ

.LHUNHJDDUGLDQGLIIHUHQFHWKHQRUDWOHDVWSDUWRILWLVKXPDQIUHHGRPRU

H[LVWHQFHLWVHOI7KLVLVVHSDUDWHGIURPLWVHOIDQGWKHOtherE\WKHTXDOLWDWLYH

FODVKEHWZHHQWKHRQHDQGWKHPXOWLSOHUHVWDQGEHFRPLQJEHLQJDQGQRQ

EHLQJJRRGDQGHYLOWKHLQÀQLWHDQGWKHÀQLWHHWHUQLW\DQGWLPHWKHLGHDODQG

KLVWRU\OLPLWDQGLQGHWHUPLQDWLRQ6XFKRSSRVLWLRQWHDUVIUHHDFWLRQDSDUW7R

SXWLWPRUHFOHDUO\IUHHGRP·VVHOISRVLWLRQFRLQFLGHVZLWKLWVQHJDWLRQSUHFL

VHO\EHFDXVHLWLVGLIIHUHQFHWKDWLVDIÀUPHGZKLFKLVSHUFHLYHGE\VXEMHFWLYLW\

RQFHLWKDVIRXQGLWVHOILQIURQWRI*RG%HIRUH*RGWKH,LVWKHRWKHUDQGIURP

QRZRQLWZLOOVHHNLWVLGHQWLW\RXWVLGHLWVHOIDELGLQJLQWKH2QHZKLFKGLVUH

JDUGVRSSRVLWLRQDQGFRLPSOLHVHYHU\WKLQJ

)LQLWHIUHHGRPLVWKHRWKHUZLWKUHVSHFWWRWKH2QO\2QHLQLWVHOILWVYROXQ

WDU\UHMHFWLRQWKHÀUVWQHJDWLRQRIWKHÀUVWIURPZKLFKPXOWLSOLFLW\WKHUXS

WXUHDQGGLVSHUVLRQRIVSLULWXDOUHDOLW\DULVH,WFRQWDLQVWKHFRQWUDGLFWLRQRIDQ

DXWDXWRQDQGE\ZKLFKHYHU\IRUPRIGLDOHFWLFLVIRXQGHGDQGPDGHSRVVL

EOH)UHHGRPKDVEHHQERUQJXLOW\DQGZLOODOZD\VEHDQRWKHUZLWKUHVSHFWWR

LWVHOIIRUDVORQJDVLWOLYHV7KLVHQDEOHVWKHSOXUDOLW\RIRSWLRQVSUHVHQWHGWR

IUHHZLOOWKHLPPHGLDWHGLDOHFWLFRIEDGÀQLWXGHRURIWKHZRUVWLQÀQLWXGHWKH

LURQLFLQGLIIHUHQFHRIDHVWKHWLFVDQGWKHKXPRXURIWKHUHOLJLRXVPRFNLQJWKH

ZRUOG

+XPDQJXLOWPDNHVH[LVWHQFHDPL[WXUHRIWZRSULQFLSOHVDQXQOLPLWHG

LQGHWHUPLQDWHDQGLQÀQLWHPDWHULDOSULQFLSOHDQGDOLPLWLQJGHWHUPLQLQJDQG

XQLI\LQJIRUPDORQH7KHIRUPHUPDNHVIUHHGRPSRVVLEOHWKHODWWHUPDNHVLW

QHFHVVDU\EXWDOZD\VDVSRVVLEOHIURPZKLFKWKHFRQWLQXRXVFRQWLQJHQF\RI

LWVGHÀQLWLRQDQGRQHQHVVDULVHV$VIUHHGRPLVDOZD\VJXLOW\H[LVWHQFHLVD

SDUDGR[LFDOPL[WXUHDQDEVROXWHFRQWUDGLFWLRQDQGLWVEHLQJEHIRUH*RGWKH

PRPHQWRIVLQ

(15)

7KHEHFRPLQJRI.LHUNHJDDUGLDQIUHHGRPZKLFKLVLGHDODQGUHDOdynamis DW WKH VDPH WLPH XQLÀHV LQ LWVHOI WKH LQWHOOLJLEOH DQG VHQVLEOH PRWLRQ RI WKH

3ODWRQLFXQLYHUVH+HQFHLWVLPPDQHQWGLIIHUHQFHRSSRVHVDGH[WUDERWKWKH

SXUHO\ÀQLWHDQGWKHSXUHO\HWHUQDO+RZHYHULWLVWKHDEVROXWHGLPHQVLRQWKDW

RSHUDWHVWKHUDGLFDOQHVVRIWKHRSSRVLWLRQZKHUHDVWKHUHLVDOZD\VDGHJUHH

RIUHODWLYLW\UHJDUGLQJWKHÀQLWHZKLFKHQDEOHVUHSHWLWLRQ2QWKHRWKHUKDQG

WKHÀQLWHQHJDWHVWKHÀQLWHRQO\VXFFHVVLYHO\ZKHUHDVIUHHGRPGHQLHVLWVHOI

FRPSOHWHO\EHIRUH*RGLQWKHVLPXOWDQHLW\RIDEHLQJWKDWFRQIRUPVWRWKDWRI

WKHEHLQJRQZKLFKLWLVIRXQGHG)RUWKLVUHDVRQIUHHGRPLVWKHRQO\UHDOLW\

FDSDEOHRIEHLQJE\QRWEHLQJQHJDWLQJLWVRZQOLIHRUOLYLQJLWVRZQGHDWKDQG

HWHUQDOO\FRQWUDFWLQJDPRUWDOVLFNQHVVWKDWUHSURGXFHVDQGHPSRZHUVHYLOOLNH

DQHVVHQWLDOPHWDVWDVLV-XVWDV3ODWRDIÀUPVWKHUHDOLW\RIQRQEHLQJLQSophist, .LHUNHJDDUGDIÀUPVHYLODVDSRVLWLYHFRXQWHUSRZHUDQDFWLYHSRZHURUDQ

DOPLJKWLO\GHVWUXFWLYHSRVLWLRQ

%XW IUHHGRP ZKLFK KDV FHUWDLQO\ EHFRPH DQRWKHU LV QRW DQRWKHU EXW LQ

DVVXPLQJLWVVDPHQHVVDQGWKRXJKLWSURGXFHVGLIIHUHQFHLWRQO\GRHVLWWKUR

XJK SDUWLFLSDWLQJ LQ LGHQWLW\ 3UHFLVHO\ EHFDXVH IUHHGRP SDUWLFLSDWHV LQ WKH

2QHVLQDIÀUPVLWVHOIQRWRQO\DVRWKHUQHVVZLWKUHVSHFWWRWKHOtherEXWDOVR

DVRWKHUQHVVZLWKUHVSHFWWRWKHVDPHLHDVDORVVRILGHQWLW\VWHPPLQJIURP

WKHIDOORIFUHDWLRQDPL[WXUHRIEHLQJDQGQRQEHLQJ,QWKLVVHQVHLWPD\EH

FODLPHGWKDWDV.LHUNHJDDUGSXWVLW´WKHUHVXOWRIWKHGLYLVLRQRIDXQLW\LQWKH

VSLULWXDOZRUOGLVDOZD\VWKUHHQHYHUWZRµ SS,9% LHWKH

EHLQJLQ%HLQJRIQRQEHLQJ

3DUWLFLSDWLRQLQRQHQHVVLVWKHLQQHUDVSHFWRIIUHHGRPWKHSULQFLSOHDQG

IRXQGDWLRQ WR ZKLFK LW LV FDOOHG EDFN IURP WKH H[LOH RI VHSDUDWLRQ 3UHFLVHO\

EHFDXVHRILWVLQQHUFKDUDFWHURQHQHVVLVWR.LHUNHJDDUG´WKHWUXHplhrojoría, ZKLFKJURZLQJVWURQJHUDQGVWURQJHUWXUQVWKHXQIRUHVHHQZLQGVIDUWKHUDQG

IDUWKHU DZD\ DQG YLFWRULRXV OHDGV WKH KXPDQ EHLQJ EH\RQG DQ\ REVWDFOHµ

SS,,$ +HQFHWKHLUUHVLVWLEOHIRUFHZLWKZKLFKH[LVWHQFHWHQGV

WRWKH2QHWRWKH:KROHWRWKHFRPSOLFDWLRWKDWQHJDWHVDOOFRQWUDGLFWLRQDQG

´LVZKROO\SUHVHQWERWKLQHDFKRQHLQSDUWLFXODUDQGLQDOOµ .LHUNHJDDUG

SS,,,$ 7KHRPQLSUHVHQFHRIWKH2QH:KROHPDNHVDOOWKH6DPH

DQGIUHHGRPDSURPLVHRIHTXDOLW\WKDWKDVDOUHDG\EHHQIXOÀOOHGWKRXJKLWKDV

QRWUHDFKHGWKHFUHVFHQGRRILWVLQWHQVLW\\HW

,GHQWLW\GHIRUPHGE\WKHIDOODSSHDUVEHIRUHKDQGDVWKHWRWDOUHVWRIIUH

HGRP ZKHUHDV LWV RQHQHVV GLYLGHG IURP LWVHOI LQ HVVHQFH IRUHVKDGRZV WKH

FRPLQJEDFNWRJHWKHURIRSSRVLWHV,QRWKHUZRUGVLWVLJQDOVWKHUHSHWLWLRQRI

WKHPXOWLSOHLQWKH2QHRIEHFRPLQJLQWKH,PPXWDEOHRIQRQEHLQJLQ%HLQJ

RI WKH ÀQLWH LQ WKH ,QÀQLWH RI WLPH LQ (WHUQLW\ +RZHYHU SDUDGR[LFDOO\ WKH

UHWXUQRIIUHHGRPWRLWVRULJLQDOFRQGLWLRQLVLQLWVHOILPSRVVLEOHEHFDXVHÀQLWH

IUHHGRPLVDOVRLQLWVHOIGXDOLW\LQGLIIHUHQFH,QWKLVVHQVHRQO\2QHQHVVLQ

LWVHOIPD\JXDUDQWHHDQGEULQJDERXWDOORQHQHVV

2QO\*RGFDQIXOÀOWKHLGHQWLW\RIKXPDQIUHHGRPGHVWUR\LQJGLIIHUHQFH

DQGSURGXFLQJKLVRZQOLNHQHVV,QRWKHUZRUGVWKHFRLQFLGHQFHRIFRQWUDULHV

FDQRQO\EHUHDOLVHGE\KHZKRRYHUFRPHVDOOFRQWUDGLFWLRQDQGLVWKHVRXUFH

(16)

RIDOOSHUIHFWLRQZKRVHVLPSOLFLW\UHMHFWVGLYLVLRQZKRVHSRZHULJQRUHVWKH

LPSRVVLEOHDQGZKRVHQDPHLV/RYHEHFDXVHRQO\ORYHFDQWXUQHYLOLQWRJRRG

/RYHIRUJHWVVLQDQGLWVIRUJHWIXOQHVVLVWDQWDPRXQWWRGHVWUXFWLRQ7KURXJK

ORYHWKHUHLVIRUJLYHQHVVDQGLQIRUJLYHQHVVWKHUHFRQFLOLDWLRQRIWKHZRUOGLV

DFKLHYHG1RWLQYDLQGRHV:DKOFRQFOXGH´WKLVRWKHURQHLVORYHµ S

 ZKLFKSURJUHVVHVWRZDUGVLove

/RYH LV PRUH SHUIHFW WKDQ IDLWK EHFDXVH ZKHUHDV WKH ODWWHU DWWHPSWV WKH

SDUDGR[LFDO XQLRQ RI RSSRVLWHV ZKLFK LV ORVW DJDLQ HDFK WLPH /RYH XQLWHV

RYHUFRPLQJ GLIIHUHQFH DQG SURGXFLQJ OLNHQHVV RXW RI WKDW ZKLFK SUHFLVHO\

WKURXJKOLNHQHVVNHHSVWKHSXULW\RILWVRWKHUQHVV,Q/RYHWKHSXULW\RIRWKHU

QHVVVKLQHVDVSXUHFUHDWXUHQHVVXQEOHPLVKHGZLWKRXWFRQIXVLRQRUVHSDUD

WLRQDVFUHDWLRQGHYRLGRIDOOHYLOEHFDXVH´nihil extra Deum, nihil praeter Deumµ

.LHUNHJDDUGSS,,,$ LVOHIWLQLW7RSXWLWPRUHDFFXUDWHO\

/RYHGHVWUR\VWKHHYLORIIUHHÀQLWXGHEXWQRWÀQLWXGHWKHGLIIHUHQFHRIWKH

GLIIHUHQWEXWQRWWKHGLIIHUHQWIURPWKH(TXDOEHFDXVHLWVIDLWKIXOQHVVLVLQFD

SDEOHRIQHJDWLQJZKDWLWKDVRQFHORYHG)UHHÀQLWXGHGLIIHUHQWLDWHVWKHRWKHU

GLYLQH/RYHPDNHVLWHTXDOOLNHDERQGWKDWXQLWHVWKH:KROHZLWKLWVHOI 3ODWR

SSE SUHVHUYLQJWKHSXULW\RIWKHRWKHULQLWVRZQVDPHQHVV,Q*RG

HYHU\WKLQJVKLQHVOLNHWKRVH´opposita iuxta se posita magis illucescuntµ .LHUNH

JDDUGSS,9$ 

+RZHYHUWKHERQGRI/RYHLVWRH[LVWHQFHDGHVLGHUDWXPDQHQGOHVVSDWK

DORQJZKLFKWKHIXOOQHVVRIAgaphEHFRPHVNQRZQWKURXJKVOLJKWWRXFKHV,W

ZLOODOZD\VEHLQQRVDQGTXRDGQRVWKHpeniaWKDWGHVSHUDWHO\SD\VHYHU\

LQVWDQWRILWVOLJKW

Conclusion

-XVWDVWKHFODVVLFDOZRUOGHPEDUNHGRQWKHWDVNRIDFFRXQWLQJIRUWKHH[WHU

QDOH[SHULHQFHRIWKHVHQVLEOHWKHPRGHUQZRUOGDVVXPHGWKHUHVSRQVLELOLW\

RIH[SODLQLQJLQQHUH[SHULHQFHEHLWLGHDOPRUDORUFRJQLWLYH$QGMXVWDVWKH

$WKHQLDQSKLORVRSKHUVWDUWVZLWKWKHODQJXDJHRILPPHGLDWHUHDOLW\DQGOHDSV

IURP LW WR LWV LQWHOOLJLEOH IRXQGDWLRQ WKH 'DQLVK H[LVWHQWLDOLVW FRQVLGHUV WKH

VHOIFRQVFLRXVODQJXDJHRILQGLYLGXDOIUHHGRPLQRUGHUWRH[SODLQDQ\RWKHU

UHÁHFWLRQWKURXJKLW

%XW ERWK VHDUFKHV OHDG WR D VLQJOH VSHFXODWLYH DQVZHU DQG FXOPLQDWH LQ

WKH VDPH PHWDSK\VLFDO FDWHJRULVDWLRQ ZKLFK DSSOLHV DQDORJRXVO\ WR HYHU\

WKLQJUHDO,QGHHGEHLQJDQGQRQEHLQJLGHQWLW\DQGGLIIHUHQFHRQHQHVVDQG

RWKHUQHVV UHVW DQG EHFRPLQJ H[SODLQ WKH GLDOHFWLF LQWHQVLYH DQG UHODWLRQDO

G\QDPLVPRIentia$WWKHVDPHWLPHWKH\HVVHQWLDOO\GHWHUPLQHWKHSRZHURI

KXPDQH[LVWHQFHLQÀQLWHO\SRVVLEOHDQGIRUHYHUGHSHQGLQJRQWKHDEVROXWH

7KXVWKHKLVWRU\RIWKRXJKWKDVUHSHDWHGWKHVDPHLQWKHRWKHUDFKLHYLQJ

WKHIXQGDPHQWDOFRQWLQXLW\FKDUDFWHULVWLFRISKLORVRSKLFDOWKLQNLQJZKLFKPD\

GHHSHQLQGHÀQLWHO\EXWLVFRQVWDQWO\VXEMHFWWROLPLWDWLRQ7KURXJKUHSHWLWLRQ

WKLQNLQJVWDUWVUHWHOOLQJDQDORJRXVO\DVWRU\WKDWKDVDOUHDG\EHHQQDUUDWHG

(17)

DQGE\WKHHQGRILWVGLVFRXUVHWKHLQHIIDEOHH[SHULHQFHWKDWQHLWKHU3ODWRQRU

.LHUNHJDDUGKDVEHHQDEOHWRGHVFULEHLVRQFHDJDLQOHIWRXW

7KHP\VWHU\RIGLIIHUHQFHLVQHLWKHU.LHUNHJDDUGLDQQRU3ODWRQLF,WKDVQR

QDPHDQGWKHUHIRUHHYHU\QDPHQDPHVLWLQWKHLQQHUVLOHQFHWKDWGLDORJXH

\HDUQVIRUUHVWLQJRQWKHHTXDOLW\IRUZKLFKWKHSRRUVLQJXODUDQGH[LVWLQJéros NHHSVRQORQJLQJ

Acknowledgment

7KHZRUNLVSHUIRUPHGDFFRUGLQJWRWKH5XVVLDQ*RYHUQPHQW3URJUDPRI

&RPSHWLWLYH*URZWKRI.D]DQ)HGHUDO8QLYHUVLW\

References

>@ $ULVWyWHOHV  Aristotle´s Metaphysics. 9RO*UHDW%ULWDLQ2[IRUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV

>@ %LQHWWL0 3DYOLNRYD0  .LHUNHJDDUGRQWKHUHFRQFLOLDWLRQRIFRQVFLHQFHXLinguae, 12  GRL;/

>@ +HLEHUJ3$.XK9 7RUVWLQJ( (GV   Søren Kierkegaard´s Papirer >6¡UHQ.LHU

NHJDDUGV3DSHUV@. 9RO .¡EHQKDYQ*\OGHQGDO

>@ 'UDFKPDQQ$%+HLEHUJ-//DQJH+2,EVHQ$ +LPPHOVWUXS- (GV   

Søren Kierkegaards Samlede Værker>6¡UHQ.LHUNHJDDUGV&RPSOHWH:RUNV@. 9RO .¡EHQKDYQ

*\OGHQGDO

>@ 0DKULN7  7KHJROGHQUXOHRIPRUDOLW\$QHWKLFDOSDUDGR[Ethics and Bioethics (in Central Europe), 8  KWWSVGRLRUJHEFH

>@ 3DYOLNRYD0 0DKULN7  $XGHQ·VFUHDWLYHFROOLVLRQZLWK.LHUNHJDDUGXLinguae, 13(3),GRL;/

>@ 3DYOLNRYD0 =DOHF%  6WUXJJOHIRUWKHKXPDQVHOIDQGDXWKHQWLFLW\.LHUNHJDDU

G·VFULWLTXHRIWKHSXEOLFHVWDEOLVKHGRUGHUPHGLDDQGIDOVH&KULVWLDQLW\Bogoslovni Vestnik, 79  GRL%93DYOLNRYD

>@ 3ODWR   6RSKLVW Plato in Twelve Volumes. 9RO  &DPEULGJH +DUYDUG 8QLYHUVLW\

3UHVV/RQGRQ:+HLQHPDQQ/WG5HWULHYHG'HFHPEHUIURPKWWSZZZSHUVHXV

WXIWVHGXKRSSHUWH[W"GRF 3HUVHXV$WH[W$$WH[W'6RSK

>@ 3ODWR   6\PSRVLXP Plato in Twelve Volumes. 9RO  &DPEULGJH +DUYDUG 8QLYHUVLW\

3UHVV/RQGRQ:+HLQHPDQQ/WG5HWULHYHG'HFHPEHUIURPKWWSZZZSHUVHXV

WXIWVHGXKRSSHUWH[W"GRF 3HUVHXV$WH[W$$WH[W'6\P

>@=DOHF% 3DYOLNRYD0  &LYLFYLUWXHVDQGIXQFWLRQVRIUHOLJLRQLQSXEOLFOLIHEuro- pean Journal of Science and Theology, 15  

>@:DKO-  Études Kierkegaardiennes>.LHUNHJDDUGLDQ6WXGLHV@3DULV-9ULQ

Cytaty

Powiązane dokumenty

Inną z cnót mistrza jest jego postawa odpowiedzialności (Olbrycht 2007, s. Chodzi tutaj głównie o  psychopedagogiczną oraz moralną odpo- wiedzialność tworzenia więzi z 

Kłócą się z  doktrynami neoliberalnego ładu politycznego, z  grupami intere- sów zbiorowego egoizmu, z  dysfunkcjonalnymi instytucjami i  organami pań- stwa, wreszcie z 

Po pierwsze, podkreśla się, iż rzeczywista i pełna realizacja prawa do uczestnictwa społecznego dzieci opiera się na wprowadzeniu całej gamy warunków legislacyjnych, politycznych

„Najbardziej fascynującym zjawiskiem z punktu widzenia pedagogiki jest reorientacja i  kształtowanie się postaw społecznych wobec tych fenomenów transformacji globalnej,

Szukając odpowiedzi na pytanie dotyczące miejsc owego ukrycia moż- na odnieść się do poglądów R. Autor opisując szkołę jako przestrzeń nawiedzoną przez duchy:

“The image of science as establishing mastery over subjects, as demanding the absence of feeling, and as enforcing separateness of the knower from the known, all under the guise

Obecnie funkcja opiekuńcza szkoły zaspokaja potrzeby psychospołeczne uczniów i  podstawowe wartości opieki poprzez: zapewnienie warunków hi- gieny, zdrowia

Koncepcja przeprowadzonych badań opierała się na dwukrotnej rekon- strukcji obrazu współczesnej młodzieży; pierwszej – na podstawie badań prze- prowadzonych przez CBOS