Świadomość i dynamiczne modele działania mózgu

Pełen tekst

(1)ZLDGRPRüLG\QDPLF]QHPRGHOHG]LDáDQLDPy]JX :áRG]LVáDZ'XFK .DWHGUD0HWRG.RPSXWHURZ\FK8QLZHUV\WHW0LNRáDMD.RSHUQLND XO*UXG]LG]ND7RUXhttp://www.phys.uni.torun.pl/~duch Streszczenie ZLDGRPRü ]ZL]DQD MHVW ] XZDJ SDPL FL URERF] L SHUFHSFM 6WUXPLH ZLDGRPRFL ]DZLHUDW\ONRWHHOHPHQW\NWyUHSRMDZLDMVL ZSDPL FLURERF]HMNeurofizjologiczne koreODW\ZUD*HZLDGRP\FKPRJREHMPRZDüSURFHV\V\QFKURQL]DFMLRVF\ODFMLHz odpowieG]LDOQH]DVFDODQLHZUD*H the binding problem). Przedstawiono alternatywne teorie rozwi]DQLD OXE XQLNQL FLD SUREOHPX VFDODQLD ZUD*H 6]F]HJyOQLH RELHFXMFH PRJ E\ü NRUHODW\ RSDUWH QD SRPLDUDFK ZVSyáF]\QQLNyZ ]áR*RQRFL DNW\ZQRFL QHXURQRZHM ]DSURSRQRZDQH przez Tonioni i (GHOPDQD2PyZLRQRWHRULHÄEEOLDNW\ZQRFL´LDGDSWDF\MQHJRUH]RQDQVX Z\MDQLDMFH ZLHOH DVSHNWyZ ]ZL]DQ\FK ] IHQRPHQRORJL ZUD*H ZLDGRP\FK 3U]HGVWaZLRQRDUJXPHQW\]DX]QDQLHPZLDGRPRFL]DSURFHV G\VNU\PLQDFML QLHV\PEROLF]Q\FK UeSUH]HQWDFMLSRMDZLDMF\FKVL ZSDPL FLURERF]HMRQLHZLHONLHMSRMHPQRFL7HUHSUH]HQWDFMH WZRU]VWDQ\UH]RQDQVRZH]UHSUH]HQWDFMDPLSU]HFKRZ\ZDQ\PLZSDPL FLGáXJRWUZDáHM-HVW WRSURFHVNWyUHJRQLHGDVL V\PXORZDü]DSRPRFF\IURZHJRNRPSXWera. Abstract Consciousness is connected with attention, working memory and perception. The stream of consciousness contains only those elements that are present in the working memory. Neurophysiological correlates of conscious states are sought in form of synchronization processes based on 40 Hz oscillations needed to solve the binding problem. Alternative theories to solve or avoid the binding problem are presented. Correlates based on neural complexity index recently introduced by Tonioni and Edelman are especially promising. Theories of “activity bubbles” and of adaptive resonance explain many aspects of the conscious’ experience phenomenology. Arguments supporting the idea that consciousness is a process of discrimination of continuous, non-symbolic representations appearing in small-capacity working memory are presented. These representations create resonant states with long-term memory traces, a process that cannot be captured by digital computer simulations. 6áRZDNOXF]RZHZLDGRPRüXNáDG\G\QDPLF]QH Keywords: consciousness, dynamical systems, binding,. 1. Wprowadzenie. %DGDQLDQDGZLDGRPRFLREM WHE\á\SU]HGGáXJLF]DVURG]DMHPWDEX3UREOHPQDWXU\ZLaGRPRFLG\VNXWRZDQ\E\áJáyZQLHSU]H]ILOR]RIyZVSHNXOXMF\FKQDWHPDWXP\VáXZFDáNowitym oderwaniu od QHXURELRORJLL :\MWNLHP MHVW WX VWZRU]RQ\ SU]H] 3DWU\FM Churchland nurt „neurofilozofii” [3] NU\W\F]Q\ ZREHF IXQNFMRQDOL]PX D Z V]F]HJyOQRFL DUJXPHQWyZ GRW\F]F\FK QLH]DOH*QRFL VWDQyZ SV\FKRORJLF]Q\FK RG VWDQyZ Py]JX 1LHVWHW\ QLHZLHOX.

(2) ILOR]RIyZXP\VáXSRV]áRZW\PNLHUXQNXLZWHMG]LHG]LQLHSDQXMHQDGDOGX*HSRPLHV]DQLH= MHGQHM VWURQ\ QLHNWyU]\ ILOR]RIRZLH SURSRQXM RGU]XFHQLH ZV]HONLFK SRUHGQLFK SR]LRPyZ RSLVX WZLHUG]F *H LVWQLHM W\ONR VWDQ\ QHXURIL]MRORJLF]QH L ZLDGRPRü [15] NU\W\NXMF EDGDQLHSURFHVyZSU]HWZDU]DQLDLQIRUPDFMLSU]H]Py]J-HVWWRZ\MWNRZRGHVWUXNW\ZQHSoGHMFLHJG\*QLHPR*QDVNRQVWUXRZDüVHQVRZQ\FKPRGHOLXP\VáXEH]ZSURZDG]HQLDFDáHJR V]HUHJXSR]LRPyZSRUHGQLFK±IDNW\QHXURELRORJLF]QHPXV]E\üSRGVWDZDOHEH]PRGHOL WHRUHW\F]Q\FKLV\PXODFMLNRPSXWHURZ\FK SR]ZDODMF\FK QD VWDZLDQLH L WHVWRZDQLH KLSRWH] GRW\F]F\FK IXQNFMRQRZDQLD Py]JX SR]RVWDQLHP\ QD SR]LRPLH EHKDZLRU\]PX = GUXJLHM VWURQ\G\VNXVMHGRW\F]FHXP\VáXVS\FKDQHVQDPDQRZFHSU]H]ILOR]RIXMF\FKPDWHPDWyNyZ DUJXPHQWXMF\FK ± Z RGHUZDQLX ]DUyZQR RG SV\FKRORJLL NRJQLW\ZQHM MDN L RG neuroELRORJLL±]DLVWQLHQLHPWDMHPQ\FKZáDVQRFLXP\VáXNWyU\FK]UR]XPLHQLHZ\PDJDüE G]LH rewizji fundamentalnych teorii fizycznych [14]. 1LHVWHW\ WDNLH EH]SáRGQH G\VNXVMH ILOR]RILF]QH RGZUDFDM XZDJ RG FLJáHJR SRVW SX Z Uo]XPLHQLX]ZL]NyZSRPL G]\VWDQDPLPy]JXDVWDQDPLXP\VáXSRVW SXNWyU\GRNRQXMHVL. G]L NL PRGHORP G\QDPLF]Q\P W\SX VLHFL QHXURQRZ\FK William James i inni twórcy psyFKRORJLLZ;,;ZLHNX]DMPRZDOLVL SU]HGHZV]\VWNLPZLDGRPRFL-X*ZURNXDonald +HEE Z VZRMHM NVL*FH ÄOrganization of Behavior´ ]DSURSRQRZDá Z\MDQLHQLH ZLHOX ]MDZLVN SV\FKRORJLF]Q\FK ]ZL]DQ\FK ] SHUFHSFM XF]HQLHP VL SDPL FL L ]DEXU]HQLDPL DIHNW\ZQ\PLZRSDUFLXRSURFHV\]DFKRG]FHZVLHFLDFKQHXURQyZ:HZVW SLH GR VZRMHM NVL*NL+HEEXWR*VDPLDáWHSURFHV\]H]MDZLVNDPLSV\FKLF]Q\PLQLHSRVXQáVL MHGQDN*HGR SUyE\ ]UR]XPLHQLD ZLDGRPRFL 3V\FKRORJLD NRJQLW\ZQD SRPLPR RGU]XFHQLD RJUDQLF]RQHM SHUVSHNW\Z\EHKDZLRU\]PXVWURQLáDRG]DJDGQLH]ZL]DQ\FK]HZLDGRPRFLERMFVL LFK pozornie „nienaukowego” charakteru. Dopiero w ostatniej dekadzie XX wieku badania nad ZLDGRPRFLZNURF]\á\GRJáyZQHJRQXUWXQDXNL3U]\F]\QLáDVL GRWHJRVHULDNRQIHUHQFML organizowanych od 1996 przez University of Arizona w Tucson, oraz powstanie szeregu specjalistycznych pism, takich jak Consciousness and Cognition (Academic Press) oraz Journal of Consciousness Studies (Imprint Academic

(3) :D*Q URO RGHJUDá UyZQLH* DUW\NXá ) Cricka i C. Kocha [4]IRUPXáXMF\SUREOHPZLDGRPRFLZ]URNRZHM]SXQNWXZLG]HQLDneuURELRORJLLRUD]SRSXODUQDNVL*ND)Cricka [5].. 2. 3UREOHP\]ZL]DQH]GHILQLFMZLDGRPRFL. 7UXGQRMHVWMHGQR]QDF]QLH]GHILQLRZDüZLDGRPRüVáRZRWRX*\ZDQHMHVWERZLHPZZLHOX Uy*Q\FK ]QDF]HQLDFK L NRQWHNVWDFK MDNLHJR ZL F Z\MDQLHQLD PR*QD VL VSRG]LHZDü" &]\ ZLDGRPRü GD VL VSURZDG]Lü GR XZDJL SDPL FL URERF]HM OXE SHUFHSFML" &]XFLH ZLG]HQLH F]\ Vá\V]HQLH V ZLDGRP\PL ZUD*HQLDPL Z\QLNDMF\PL ]H ]ZUyFHQLD XZDJL QD F]\QQRFL GRW\NDQLDSDWU]HQLDLVáXFKDQLD:M ]\NXSV\FKRORJLLSRWRF]QHMF]\QLP\ZL FUR]Uy*QLHQLH SRPL G]\ G]LDáDQLHP XZDJL DNW\ZQHJR SURFHVX SR]ZDODMFHJR QD Z\EyU ERG(FyZ RUD] VDP\PSURFHVHPGRZLDGF]DQLDW\FKERG(FyZMDNRZUD*H8ZDJDZ\ELHUDNWyUH]LVWQLHMF\FKZPy]JXSREXG]HE G]LHP\ZLDGRPLHGRZLDGF]DüOXESR]ZDODDNW\ZQLHSRV]XNiZDü QRZ\FK ZUD*H QS SU]H] NRQWURO UXFKX JDáHN RF]Q\FK SRG ZSá\ZHP ERG(FyZ DNuVW\F]Q\FK&KRFLD*SRM FLDSV\FKRORJLLSRWRF]QHMPRJVL RND]Dü]XSHáQLHQLHDGHNZDWQH[3] QLH QDOH*\ LFK RGU]XFDü SRFKRSQLH :\MDQLHQLD ]JRGQH ] SRWRF]Q\P VSRVREHP X*\ZDQLD SRM ü GRW\F]F\FK ZLDGRPRFL E G VL QDP Z\GDZDü EDUG]LHM QDWXUDOQH QL* Z\MDQLHQLD DEVWUDNF\MQH 1LHVWHW\ Z\MDQLHQLD WDNLH QLH V XQLZHUVDOQH ER Z Uy*Q\FK M ]\NDFK SRM FLH ZLDGRPRFLLPHWDIRU\GRW\F]FHXP\VáXIXQNFMRQXMZRGPLHQQ\VSRVyE SRUUR]Uy*QLHQLH SRPL G]\consciousness i awarenessZM ]\NXDQJLHOVNLP

(4) :V]\VWNLHZ\MDQLHQLDSRWRF]QH 2.

(5) RGZRáXM VL Z MDZQ\ OXE XNU\W\ VSRVyE GR homunculusa D ZL F RVWDWHF]QLH QLH GDG] VL. ]DDNFHSWRZDü.WRNLHUXMHXZDJ"3UREOHPWHQQLHSRMDZLDVL MHOLG]LDáDQLHPy]JXRSLVuMHP\]DSRPRFXNáDGyZG\QDPLF]Q\FK SRUSRQi*HM

(6) 0QLHMMDVQHMHVWUR]Uy*QLHQLHSRPL G]\SDPL FLURERF] working memory

(7) DZLDGRPRFL Baddeley [1] XZD*D *H ZLDGRPRü G]LDáD SU]H] SDPL ü URERF] VWDQRZLF MHM DNW\ZQ\ HOHPHQWNRQLHF]Q\GRNRRUG\QDFMLLQIRUPDFML]Uy*Q\FK(UyGHá]DUyZQRSDPL FLHSL]RG\FzQHM]GDU]HSU]HV]á\FKMDNLELH*FHMSHUFHSFML:W\PXM FLXVDPDSDPL üURERF]DMHVWW\ONR ]ELRUHP ÄRELHNWyZ XP\VáX´ UHSUH]HQWDFML LNRQRJUDILF]Q\FK SHUFHSWyZ P\OL

(8) D ZLDGoPRüMHVWDNW\ZQ\PSURFHVHPGRNRQXMF\PVNRMDU]HUHIOHNVMLLZROLFMRQDOQHMRFHQ\SRMaZLDMF\FKVL PR*OLZRFLBaars [2] UR]ZLQá SRGREQH LGHH Z UDPDFK WHRULL JOREDOQHM SU]estrzeni roboczej (Global Workspace

(9) SUyEXMFZSHZQ\PVWRSQLXSRZL]DüM]neurofizjoORJL : MHJR UR]XPLHQLX XZDJD VWZDU]D GRVW S GR ZLDGRPRFL ]DZLHUDMFHM RSUyF] perFHSWyZ ]ZL]DQ\FK ] G]LDáDQLHP ]P\VáyZ UyZQLH* LQWHQFMH SUDJQLHQLD ]QDF]HQLD DEVWUDkF\MQ\FK SRM ü L LQQH HOHPHQW\ ZLDGRPRü MHVW QDWRPLDVW SURFHVHP QDGU] GQ\P NRQLHFzQ\PE\SRZLDGRPLüZV]\VWNLHVWUXNWXU\Py]JXRSRMDZLDMF\PVL SUREOHPLHL]HEUDüF]VtNRZHZ\QLNLRGZ\VSHFMDOL]RZDQ\FKQLHZLDGRP\FKSURFHVRUyZ]GROQ\FKGRUR]ZL]DQLD IUDJPHQWyZ WHJR SUREOHPX =DZDUWRü VWUXPLHQLD ZLDGRPRFL SU]H*\ZDQH ZUD*HQLD

(10) MHVW WR*VDPD ] WUHFL SDPL FL URERF]HM 7H L SRGREQH SRGHMFLD SV\FKRORJLF]QH XVLáXMFH VNRnNUHW\]RZDü SRM FLD M ]\ND SRWRF]QHJR Z\GDM VL DWUDNF\MQH SR]ZDODMF VWZRU]\ü SRPRVW SRPL G]\G\QDPLF]Q\PLPRGHODPLSURFHVyZ]DFKRG]F\FKZPy]JXDWUHFLXPyVáX ZLDGRPRüZL*HVL ]VXEWHOQ\PLS\WDQLDPLGODF]HJRZRJyOHPDP\ZUD*HQLDZLDGRPH" :UD*HQLDPDMMDNRFL ]ZDQHZILOR]RILLXP\VáXqualia

(11) NWyUHQLHGDMVL RSLVDü]DSRPRF EDUG]LHMSRGVWDZRZ\FKSRM ü&]\LVWQLHQLXW\FKMDNRFLPR*QDSU]\SLVDüMDNIXQNFM "&]\ PRJ RQH SRZVWDü Z HOHNWURQLF]Q\FK V\PXODWRUDFK Py]JX OXE SURJUDPDFK Z\NRQ\ZDQ\FK SU]H]NRPSXWHU\"-DNLHMHVWHZROXF\MQH]QDF]HQLHZUD*H"&]\ZLDGRPRüUHIOHNV\MQQaOH*\X]QDü]DLQQ\URG]DMZLDGRPRFLQL*ZLDGRPRüSLHUZRWQ"3RZV]HFKQLHXZD*DVL *H V WR S\WDQLD QD NWyUH QLH PR*QD ]QDOH(ü RGSRZLHG]L 0R*QD MHGQDN ]QDOH(ü DUJXPHQW\ SRND]XMFH *H V\VWHP V]WXF]Q\ NWyUHJR G]LDáDQLH Z]RURZDQH MHVW QD PRGXODUQ\FK VLHFLDFK neuURQRZ\FKPy]JXPXVLWZLHUG]Lü*HRGF]XZDZUD*HQLD[9]. 1DMEDUG]LHMNRQNUHWQHZ\GDMVL SUyE\V]XNDQLDQHXURIL]MRORJLF]Q\FKNRUHODWyZRGUy*QLDMF\FK VWDQ ZLDGRP\ RG QLHZLDGRPHJR 0R*QD ]QDOH(ü ZLHOH NRQWUDVWXMF\FK ]H VRE SDU ]MDZLVN XP\VáRZ\FK ] NWyU\FK MHGQR NRMDU]RQH MHVW ]H ZLDGRP\P G]LDáDQLHP D GUXJLH ] QLHZLDGRP\P'RW\F]\WRUy*Q\FKURG]DMyZSDPL FLSDPL üNUyWNRWUZDáD±SDPL üGáXJoWHUPLQRZDHSL]RG\F]QD±VHPDQW\F]QDGHNODUDW\ZQD±SURFHGXUDOQDZLDGRPHXF]HQLHVL. LSDPL ü±XF]HQLHVL LSDPL üXWDMRQD implict learning, implicit memory

(12) .RQWURO LZQLoVNRZDQLHZLDGRPHSU]HFLZVWDZLüPR*QDNRQWUROLLDXWRPDW\F]QHPXG]LDáDQLXOXEWH*EDrG]LHM RJyOQLH SURFHV\ Z\PDJDMFH XP\VáRZHJR Z\VLáNX SURFHVRP Z\NRQ\ZDQ\P VSRQWaQLF]QLHOXEEH]Z\VLáNXZLDGRPDSHUFHSFMDNRQWUDVWXMH]QLHZLDGRPUHFHSFMERG(FyZD PHFKDQL]P\ XZDJL Z\Uy*QLDM ERG(FH QRZH ]QDF]FH VLOQH OXE ]QDMGXMFH VL Z FHQWUXP XZDJL VS\FKDMF GR QLHZLDGRPHM UHFHSFML ERG(FH SRZWDU]DMFH VL QLHLVWRWQH VáDEH OXE ]QDMGXMFHVL QD SHU\IHULDFK XZDJL 6WDQ MDZ\ L PDU]H VHQQ\FK SU]HFLZVWDZLü PR*QD VWaQRZLVQXJá ERNLHJROXENRPLH(NVSHU\PHQW\PRJSRND]DüUy*QLFHSRPL G]\VWDQDPLPó]JXZF]DVLHZLDGRPHJRG]LDáDQLDLG]LDáDQLDQLHZLDGRPHJR. 3.

(13) 3. 1HXURIL]MRORJLF]QHNRUHODW\ZLDGRPRFL. .RQWUDVW\SRPL G]\F]\QQRFLDPLLVWDQDPLZLDGRP\PLDQLHZLDGRP\PLPR*QDEDGDüZ WHVWDFKSV\FKRORJLF]Q\FK-HGQDN*HSU]H]GáXJLF]DVWUXGQRE\áR]QDOH(ü neurofizjologiczne NRUHODW\ ZUD*H ZLDGRP\FK 0HWRG\ REUD]RZDQLD Py]JX SR]ZROLá\ FR SUDZGD GRVWU]HF REV]DU\]DDQJD*RZDQHZSU]HWZDU]DQLHLQIRUPDFMLMHGQDN*HVDPRSREXG]HQLHSáDWyZF]RáoZ\FKZF]DVLHUR]ZL]DQLD]DGDGRW\F]F\FKSODQRZDQLDQLHMHVWSUHF\]\MQLHVNRUHORZDQH] ZUD*HQLDPL ZLDGRP\PL 5R]G]LHOF]Rü F]DVRZD I05, OXE 3(7 QLH MHVW Z\VWDUF]DMFD GR ]DREVHUZRZDQLDWDNLFKNRUHODFML3DPL üNUyWNRWUZDáDMHVWEH]ZWSLHQLD]ZL]DQD]ELRHOHkWU\F]Q\PL V]\ENR]PLHQQ\PL SREXG]HQLDPL SU]HMDZLDMF\PL VL Z F]\QQRFL ((* NRU\ Crick i Koch [4]]DVWDQDZLDOLVL QDGproblemem scalania (the binding problem

(14) DNW\ZQRFL Uy*Q\FKF] FLXNáDGXZ]URNRZHJR[21]ZSURFHVLHZLG]HQLD6FDODQLHDNW\ZQRFLNRQLHFzQH GR SRZVWDQLD ZUD*HQLD SU]HFKRZ\ZDQHJR Z SDPL FL URERF]HM Z\PDJD V\QFKURQL]DFML Z\áDGRZD QHXURQyZ :LHOX EDGDF]\ ZVXQ áR KLSRWH] R LVWRWQHM UROL RVF\ODFML R F] VWoFLDFK U] GX Hz w tym procesie. Singer [16] SLV]H Ä0R*OLZH *H W\ONR WH SREXG]HQLD SU]HNUDF]DMSUyJZLDGRPRFLNWyUHVGRVWDWHF]QLH]RUJDQL]RZDQHLNRKHUHQWQH´6\QFKUoQL]DFMD SRZLQQD GRW\F]\ü QLH W\ONR LQWUDNRUW\NDOQ\FK SREXG]H OHF] UyZQLH* REHMPRZDü struktury limbiczne oraz twór siatkowaty. 3RPLPR OLF]Q\FK HNVSHU\PHQWyZ ] XG]LDáHP OXG]L L ]ZLHU]W SRWZLHUG]DMF\FK LVWQLHQLH ]ZL]NX SRPL G]\ ZUD*HQLDPL ZLDGRP\PL L V\QFKURQL]DFM QHXURQyZ SRU SU]HJOG Z Temporal Binding, numer specjalny Consciousness and Cognition Vol. 8, No. 2, czerwiec 1999) hipoteza 40 +]MHVWZGDOV]\PFLJXNRQWURZHUV\MQD3U]HGHZV]\VWNLPQLHMHVWZFDOH MDVQHF]\VDPSUREOHPVFDOHQLDZUD*HZ\PDJDUR]ZL]DQLDDOERZLHPQLHNWyU]\ILOR]RIRZLH SRGZD*DM SU]HNRQDQLH R NRQLHF]QRFL WUDNWRZDQLD ZUD*H ZLDGRP\FK Z FDáRFLRZ\ VSoVyE-HOLXGDáRE\VL Z\ND]Dü*HMHGQRüZLDGRPRFLMHVWSHZQHJRURG]DMXLOX]MLQDOH*\ UDF]HM PyZLü R VWUXPLHQLX ZUD*H LQWHUSUHWRZDQ\FK MDNR FDáRü SUREOHP VFDODQLD RND]DáE\ VL SR]RUQ\Zeki i Bartels [21]SU]\FK\ODMVL GRSRUHGQLHJRSRJOGXZNWyU\PPRGXODUQD EXGRZD Py]JX SR]ZDOD QD SRZVWDZDQLH V\QFKURQLF]Q\FK VWDQyZ ZHZQWU] PRGXáyZ OHF] QLHZREU ELHFDáHJRPy]JX%\áE\WRZL F]ELyUÄPLNURZLDGRPRFL´]DPLDVWÄWHDWUXZLaGRPRFL´ [2] 3RGREQ WHRUL JáRVL $ Damasio [6] JUXS\ QHXURQyZ Z ]QDMGXMF\FK VL Z Uy*Q\FK REV]DUDFK Py]JX ± ÄVWUHIDFK NRQZHUJHQFML´ F]\OL REV]DUDFK wielomodalnych, odELHUDMF\FKLZ\V\áDMF\FKV\JQDá\GRZLHOXUHMRQyZPy]JX±PRJSREXG]DüREV]DU\F]uFLRZHLREV]DU\RGSRZLHG]LDOQH]DHNVSUHVM HPRFMLUHNRQVWUXXMFVWDQ\Py]JXSRGREQHGR W\FKNWyUHZ\ZRáDQH]RVWDá\SU]H]SLHUZRWQHERG(FH:WHMWHRULLVFDODQLHZUD*HQLHZ\PaJDV\QFKURQLF]Q\FKRVF\ODFMLFKRFLD*SRZLQQ\LVWQLHüNRUHODFMHF]DVRZHSRPL G]\DNW\ZQoFLUy*Q\FKREV]DUyZZLGRF]QHQDREUazach fMRI i PET. : QLHNWyU\FK EDGDQLDFK QLH ]DREVHUZRZDQR LVWQLHQLD NRUHODFML SRPL G]\ V\QFKURQL]DFM oscylacji 40 +]DZUD*HQLDPLZLDGRP\PLFRPR*HZLDGF]\üRVáXV]QRFLZVSRPQLDQ\FK WXWHRULLDOWHUQDW\ZQ\FK6\WXDFMDMHVW]DSHZQHEDUG]LHMVNRPSOLNRZDQDQL*SRF]WNRZR]aNáDGDQR Newman i Grace [11] ]DVWDQDZLDM VL QDG PHFKDQL]PHP LQWHJUDFML L ILOWURZDQLD Uy*Q\FK SHUFHSWyZ VFDORQ\FK ]D SRPRF V\QFKURQL]DFML UR]SURV]RQ\FK JUXS QHXURQyZ Z SDPL FLURERF]HM$QDOL]XMFHNVSHU\PHQWDOQHGDQHGRFKRG]RQLGRZQLRVNX*H]DV\QFKUoQL]DFM SURFHVyZ ]DFKRG]F\FK QD QDMZ\*V]\FK SL WUDFK SU]HWZDU]DQLD Z REV]DU]H dolnoskroniowym (IT) i SU]HGF]RáRZ\P WZRU]F\FK VWUXPLH ZLDGRPRFL RGSRZLHG]LDOQH V procesy selekcji (gating

(15) GRNRQ\ZDQH SU]H] RURGNL XNáDGX OLPELF]QHJR EU]XV]Q F] ü SU*NRZLD D]ZáDV]F]DMGURSyáOH*FH

(16) LMGURVLDWNRZDWHZ]JyU]D nucleus reticularis thalami 157

(17) -HVW WR UR]ZLQLHFLH ]DSURSRQRZDQHJR ZF]HQLHM ÄUR]V]HU]RQHJR siatkowo4.

(18) wzgórzowego schematu aktywacji” (Extended Reticulo-Thalamic Activation System, (57$6

(19) Z REU ELH NWyUHJR SRZVWDZDü PLDá\ SREXG]HQLD RGSRZLHG]LDOQH ]D ZLDGRPRü V]F]HJyá\neuroanatomiczQHRSLVDQHVZSUDFDFK[11],[17],[19],[20]). William James VG]Lá*HZLDGRPRüMHVWZ\QLNLHPG]LDáDQLDFDáHJRPy]JX JG\* QLHZLHOH XV]NRG]HPy]JXSURZDG]LGRMHMFDáNRZLWHMXWUDW\:EDGDQLDFKZ\NRU]\VWXMF\FKU\ZDOi]DFM REXRF]Q binocular rivalry

(20) X PDáS Z\ND]DQR EUDN NRUHODFML SRPL G]\ ZUD*HQLDPL ZLDGRP\PLDDNW\ZQRFL ZL NV]RFL QHXURQyZ QL*V]\FK SL WHU NRU\ Z]URNRZHM 9 9 07

(21) ZF]DVLHJG\DNW\ZQRüQHXURQyZZZ\*V]\FKSL WUDFK ,7676

(22) MHVW]QLPLVNoUHORZDQD3RGREQHZ\QLNLRWU]\PDQR]DSRPRFPHWRGmagnetoencefalograficznych (MEG) XOXG]L:\GDMHVL U]HF] RF]\ZLVW *H DNW\ZQRü W\ONR W\FK REV]DUyZ Py]JX Z NWyU\FK LVWQLHMVWDELOQHniezmiennicze reprezentacje SHUFHSWyZPR*HZ\ND]\ZDüNRUHODFMH]ZLaGRP\PLRGF]XFLDPL2NRSU]HPLHV]F]DMFVL UXFKDPLVDNNDG\F]Q\PLZ\V\áD]VLDWNyZNLGR QL*V]\FKSL WHUXNáDGXZ]URNRZHJRV\JQDá\]E\WFKDRW\F]QHE\PRJá\RQHEH]SRUHGQLRE\ü XZLDGDPLDQH 2EV]DU\ NRU\ ]ZL]DQH ]H V]ODNLHP JU]ELHWRZ\P XNáDGX Z]URNRZHJR G]LaáDMZ]QDF]QHMPLHU]HQLH]DOH*QLHRGZLDGRPRFLSR]ZDODMFQDSU]\NáDGQDV]\ENDXWoPDW\F]Q UHDNFM QD Z\NU\ZDQLH UXFKX 3REXG]HQLD V]ODNX EU]XV]QHJR SURZDG]FHJR GR SáDWyZVNURQLRZ\FKSURZDG]EH]SRUHGQLRGRZUD*HZ]URNowych. :LHOH LQQ\FK SURFHVyZ DXWRPDW\F]Q\FK SREXG]D F] FL XNáDGX Z]URNRZHJR L VáXFKRZHJR ZSá\ZDMF MHG\QLH Z SRUHGQL VSRVyE QD WUHü ZUD*H ZLDGRP\FK 2F]\ZLFLH ZV]\VWNLH REV]DU\Py]JXV]HVREVSU] *RQHLZGáX*V]\PRNUHVLHF]DVXPRJQDVLHELHRGG]LDá\ZDü DOH QLH ZV]\VWNLH PRJ WR ]URELü Z NUyWNLP RNLHQNX F]DVRZ\P SRWU]HEQ\P QD SRZVWDQLH ZLDGRPHJRZUD*HQLD U] GXXáDPNyZVHNXQG

(23) 7\ONRQDMZD*QLHMV]HLQIRUPDFMHGDMEH]SoUHGQLZNáDGGRSDPL FLURERF]HMVFDODMFHMVWDQW\FKREV]DUyZPy]JXNWyUHZLVWRWQ\VSoVyEZSá\ZDMQDNRQWURO ]DFKRZDQLD+DELWXDFMDSRZRGXMH]DQLNDQLHVNRUHORZDQHM]GDQ\P ERG(FHPDNW\ZQRFLSR]DREV]DUDPLVHQVRU\F]Q\PL'áXJRWUZDáDSDPL üHSL]RG\F]QD]DSiVXMHSU]HGHZV]\VWNLPVWDQSDPL FLURERF]HMSR]ZDODMFJRRGWZRU]\üZSy(QLHMV]\PRNUeVLH L XPR*OLZLDMF X*\WHF]QH VNRMDU]HQLD -HGQ ] IXQNFML ZLDGRPRFL MHVW ZL F URO ILOWUD SR]ZDODMFHJR]DSDPL WDü]PRU]DNRPELQDFMLGRFLHUDMF\FKGRPy]JXV\JQDáyZW\ONRQDjZD*QLHMV]H &KRFLD* QLH PD VHQVX PyZLü R ÄQHXURQDFK ZLDGRPRFL´ QLH ZV]\VWNLH REV]DU\ Py]JX Z MHGQDNRZ\P VWRSQLX PDM EH]SRUHGQL ZSá\Z QD WUHü SDPL FL URERF]HM D ZL F QD WUHü ZLDGRPRFL 7DMHPQLFD ZLDGRPRFL ] SHZQRFL Z\GDZDáD E\ VL PQLHMV]D JG\E\ XGDáR VL ]QDOH(üWDNLHFHFK\ZPR*OLZ\FKGR]DREVHUZRZDQLDV\JQDáDFKDNW\ZQRFLPy]JXNWyUH MHGQR]QDF]QLH NRUHOXM VL ] VXELHNW\ZQ\PL ZUD*HQLDPL =QDF]Q\ SRVW S Z W\P NLHUXQNX stanowi praca Tononi i Edelmana [19]SRGNUHODMFDGZLHVSU]HF]QH]HVREFHFK\ZLDGoPHMDNW\ZQRFLVFDOHQLDUy*Q\FKDVSHNWyZGRZLDGF]DQ\FKZUD*HLMHGQRF]HVQHJRGX*HJR ]Uy*QLFRZDQLDSR]ZDODMFHJR QD V]\ENLH ]PLDQ\ SU]H*\ZDQ\FK ]áR*RQ\FK HSL]RGyZ 6FaOHQLH DNW\ZQRFL JUXS QHXURQyZ PR*QD ]PLHU]\ü ZSURZDG]DMF PLDU IXQNFMRQDOQHJR VNuSLHQLD DNW\ZQRFL FA RSDUW QD LQIRUPDFML Z]DMHPQHM : RNUHORQ\P RNLHQNX F]DVRZ\P JUXSDIXQNFMRQDOQDSRZLQQDFKDUDNWHU\]RZDüVL ZL NV]\PLQGHNVHPFA dla elementów naOH*F\FKGRWHMJUXS\QL*GODSR]RVWDá\FKHOHPHQWyZ Niech X oznacza zbiór elementów neuronowych (np. minikolumn); wybierzmy z niego j-ty podzbiór Xjk o k elementach (z kHOHPHQWyZXWZRU]\üPR*QDZLHOHNRPELQDFML

(24) L]EDGDMP\QD LOH DNW\ZQRü WHJR SRG]ELRUX ]DOH*\ RG SR]RVWDá\FK QHXURQyZ X−Xjk :SURZDG]DMF PLDU. LORFLLQIRUPDFML HQWURSLL

(25) ]ELRUXH(X)PR*QDRNUHOLüLQIRUPDFM Z]DMHPQHI(Xjk;X−Xjk)= 5.

(26) H(Xjk)+ H(X−Xjk)−H(X)NWyUDUyZQDMHVWVXPLHLORFLLQIRUPDFML]DZDUWHMZSRG]ELRU]HXjk i MHJRGRSHáQLHQLXX−Xjk PLQXVLORüLQIRUPDFMLZFDá\P]ELRU]HX=DPLDU LQIRUPDFMLZ\QiNDMFHM ] LQWHJUDFML SRG]ELRUX Xjk PR*HP\ SU]\Mü Uy*QLF PL G]\ VXP LQIRUPDFML ZV]\VtNLFK HOHPHQWyZ SRG]ELRUX WUDNWRZDQ\FK MDNR QLH]DOH*QH F]\OL I(Xjk)= Σi H(xi∈Xjk)−H(Xjk). Iloraz FA(Xjk)= I(Xjk)/HI(Xjk;X−Xjk)RNUHODPLDU VNXSLHQLDDNW\ZQRFL DMHJRPDNV\PDOL]aFMD SR]ZDOD WDN GREUDü SRG]ELyU HOHPHQWyZ E\ LQIRUPDFMD ZHZQ WU]QD E\áD MDN QDMZL NV]D SU]\ QDMPQLHMV]HM LQIRUPDFML Z]DMHPQHM .ROHMQ\ NURN WR ZSURZDG]HQLH PLDU\ ]áR*RQRFL RNUHODMFHM ]GROQRü V\VWHPX GR SU]\MPRZDQLD VWDQyZ NWyUH ] MHJR ZáDVQHJR SXQNWX ZiG]HQLD

(27) VLVWRWQLHUy*QH-HOLX]QDü*HV\VWHPPR*HREVHUZRZDüVDPVLHELHWRG]LHOFJRQD Xjk i X−XjkPR*HP\ ]PLHU]\ü LQIRUPDFM Z]DMHPQ HI(Xjk;X−Xjk) NWyUD MHVW GX*D MHOL REyGZLH F] FL PDM GX*D SRMHPQRü LQIRUPDF\MQ Z VWRVXQNX GR FDáHJR ]ELRUX Tonioni i Edelman [19] SURSRQXM SU]\Mü MDNR PLDU ]áR*RQRFL neuronalnej zbioru CN(X) VXP SR wszystkich kHOHPHQWRZ\FKSRG]ELRUDFKXUHGQLRQSRPR*OLZ\FKSRG]ELRUDFKF]\OL CN(X) = Σk< HI(Xjk;X−Xjk)>j 'X*D]áR*RQRüR]QDF]DZVSyáLVWQLHQLHVSHFMDOL]DFMLIXQNFMRQDOQHMHOHPHQWyZQDOH*F\FKGR DNW\ZQ\FKVNXSLHSU]\MPXMF\FKOLF]QHZ]DMHPQLHRGVLHELH]DOH*QHVWDQ\=DVWRVRZDQLH WHMPLDU\GRV\PXORZDQ\FKVLHFL]áR*RQ\FK]W\VL F\QHXURQyZGDMHQDMEDUG]LHMLQWHUHVXMFH ]DFKRZDQLDVLHFLLGX*HZVSyáF]\QQLNLCN(X)GODÄQDWXUDOQHM´WRSRJUDILLSRáF]HDQLHZLHlNLHGODLQQ\FKWRSRJUDILL* VWHSU]\SDGNRZHSRáF]HQLDGDMhipersynchroniczne pobudzenia RQLHZLHONLP]Uy*QLFRZDQLXDU]DGNLHSRáF]HQLDGDM FKDRW\F]QH ]Uy*QLFRZDQH DOH QLH]aOH*QHRGVLHELHSREXG]HQLDDZL FL]áR*RQRüneuronalna jest niewielka. Tonioni i Edelman [19] PDM QDG]LHM *H ]DVWRVRZDQLH WDNLFK PLDU LQIRUPDF\MQ\FK SRPR*H Z LGHQW\ILNDFML VWUXNWXUPy]JXELRUF\FKZLVWRWQ\VSRVyEXG]LDáZJHQHUDFMLVWDQyZZLDGRP\FK. 4. 7HRUHW\F]QHPRGHOHZLDGRPRFL. John 7D\ORUSRVWDZLáVRELHEDUG]RDPELWQH]DGDQLHZ\MDQLHQLDZRSDUFLXRPRGHOHQHXUoQRZHZáDVQRFLFKDUDNWHU\]XMF\FKSU]H*\FLDZLDGRPH[17],[18]. QualiaPRQDG\F]QHZáaVQRFL ZUD*H QLHUHGXNRZDOQH GR ZáDVQRFL SURVWV]\FK ]QDQH W\ONR ] LQWURVSHNFML 3UREOePHPMHVWWXRF]\ZLFLHXVWDOHQLHIHQRPHQRORJLLZUD*HJG\*QDLZQHWZLHUG]HQLH*HSU]H*yFLD ]QDQH V EH]SRUHGQLR D QLH LQWHUSUHWRZDQH Z ZLHWOH ZáDVQHM WHRULL XP\VáX QLH MHVW SUDZG]LZH 3DWU]\P\ QD ZLDW SU]H] VZRMH ZUD*HQLD D QLH ÄGRZLDGF]DP\ ZUD*H´ 6uELHNW\ZQDWUHüGRZLDGF]HQLDZHZQ WU]QHJRMDZLVL QDPZLQW\PQ\EH]SRUHGQLVSRVyE QLHPR*HP\VL RGHUZDüVSRMU]HüQDWUHüXP\VáX]]HZQWU]WDNE\]REDF]\üMDNLHPHFKaQL]P\ VWRM ]D VFHQ ÄWHDWUX ZLDGRPRFL´ 0RQDG\F]QRü ZUD*H QLHPR*OLZRü LFK GeNRPSR]\FMLSRZRGXMH*HWUXGQRMHVWMHRGQLHüGRVWDQXQHXURQyZJG\*QLHZLDGRPRMDNLH HIHNW\ PDM SRZRGRZDü WH VWDQ\ 1D SR]LRPLH QHXURQRZ\P PR*HP\ PyZLü R IXQNFMDFK RGSRZLDGDMF\FK SU]HWZDU]DQLX LQIRUPDFML DOH WX QLH FKRG]L R SU]HWZDU]DQLH LQIRUPDFML :UD*HQLDPDMVZyMZ\PLDUF]DVRZ\VREHFQHWUZDMPDMRNUHVlatencji (powstanie wra*HQLD Z\PDJD NLONXVHW PLOLVHNXQG

(28) L QLHVSRVWU]H*HQLH SU]HFKRG] Z LQQH 7UZDQLH PR*H REHMPRZDüNLONDVHNXQGZNWyU\FKQDVW SXMHLQWHJUDFMDZUD*HQSSRWU]HEQDGR]UR]XPLeQLD VHQVX ]GDQLD :L NV]Rü VWDQyZ SV\FKLF]Q\FK MHVW LQWHQFMRQDOQD ZVND]XMH QD FR Z ZLHFLH,QQHDVSHNW\WRWHQGHQFMDGRSRVWU]HJDQLDFDáRFL JHVWDOW

(29) UR]Uy*QLHQLHZUD*HFHnWUDOQ\FKLSHU\IHU\MQ\FK'RZLDGF]HQLDZLDGRPHSU]\SLV\ZDQHVLRGQRV]RQHGRFHQWUXP ÄMD´DOHMHVWWRZáDVQRüZLDGRPRFLUHIOHNV\MQHMNWyUHMPRJQLHSRVLDGDü]ZLHU] WD :áDVQRFL SU]H*\ü ZLDGRP\FK PRJ XOHF UDG\NDOQHM ]PLDQLH Z SU]\SDGNX XV]NRG]H OXE FKRUyEPy]JX$QDOL]XMFWHZáDVQRFLTaylor [17]Z\SURZDG]D]QLFKGRüRF]\ZLVWHNU\We6.

(30) ULDMDNLHSRZLQQ\VSHáQLDüPRGHOHQHXURQRZH1SÄSDWU]HQLHSU]H]ZUD*HQLD´]ZL]DQHMHVW ] HIHNW\ZQRFL G]LDáDQLD V\VWHPX áF]FHJR PRGXá\ GRVWDUF]DMFH GDQH ]ZL]DQH ] ZUD*eQLDPLGRPRGXáyZQDZ\*V]\FKSL WUDFKZW\PPRGXáyZRGSRZLHG]LDOQ\FK]DUHSUH]HQWDFM. SHUVSHNW\Z\HJRFHQWU\F]QHM1DVW SQLHUR]ZD*DSU]HVWU]HQQHF]DVRZHLHPHUJHQWQHZáDVQoFLNRQLHF]QHGRSRZVWDQLDSU]H*\üZHZQ WU]Q\FKSRGDMFURG]DMHVLHFLQHXURQRZ\FKMDNLH PRJUHDOL]RZDüWHJRW\SXIXQNFMH:áDVQRFLSU]HVWU]HQQHOXERJyOQLHMWRSRJUDILF]QH]UeDOL]RZDüMHVWQDMáDWZLHM]DSRPRFVDPRRUJDQL]XMF\FKVL PDSQHXURQyZ:áDVQRFLWHPSoUDOQH ]ZL]DQH ] WUZDQLHP ODWHQFM L SU]HMFLDPL SRPL G]\ ZUD*HQLDPL ]UHDOL]RZDü PR*QD ]DSRPRF ORNDOQ\FK UHNXUHQF\MQ\FK VLHFL NRQNXUXMF\FK ]H VRE QHXURQyZ ] RGSRZLHGQL G\QDPLNZNWyU\FKSU]HMFLDPL G]\VWDQDPLDWUDNWRURZ\PLVGRVWDWHF]QLHV]\ENLHZSoUyZQDQLX ] F]DVHP SU]HE\ZDQLD Z SRV]F]HJyOQ\FK VWDQDFK 1DMFLHNDZV]H V ZáDVQRFL HPHUJHQWQH ± WX DXWRU SURSRQXMH ÄEEOH DNW\ZQRFL´ RGSRZLDGDMFH ZUD*HQLRP SRZVWDMF\PQDQDMZ\*V]\PSR]LRPLHKLHUDUFKLLPRGXáyZV\VWHPX7DNLHEEOHWZRU]VL ZPRGeODFKWUDNWXMF\FKWNDQN QHXURQRZMDNRFLJáGZXZ\PLDURZZDUVWZ 6WR]ORNDOL]RZaQHSREXG]HQLDWUZDMFHSU]H]MDNL VNRF]RQ\

(31) F]DVQDZHWSR]QLNQL FLXV\JQDáyZNWyUHMH Z\ZRáDá\ W sieciach DWUDNWRURZ\FKSREXG]HQLDQHXURQyZV]\ENRSURZDG]GRPHWDVWDELOQ\FKVWDQyZ NWyUH]DFLHUDMODG\VZRMHJRSRFKRG]HQLDJG\*VWDNLHVDPHQLH]DOH*QLHRGSRF]WNRZHJR SXQNWXZ\MFLDZREU ELHEDVHQXDWUDNFML&LJZLDGRP\FKZUD*HSRMDZLDVL NROHMQREH] PR*OLZRFLSU]HOHG]HQLDVNGVL RQHELRU7D\ORUVG]L[18]*HNOXF]RZURO ZNRQWUoORZDQLXNRQNXUHQFMLSRPL G]\Uy*Q\PLIUDJPHQWDPLUHSUH]HQWDFMLVNáDGDMF\PLVL QDFDáoFLRZH ZUD*HQLD SHáQL MGUR VLDWNRZDWH 157

(32) WUyMZDUVWZRZD VLHü KDPXMF\FK QHXURQyZ ]QDMGXMF\FKVL ZF] FLEU]XV]QHMZ]JyU]D157PDREXVWURQQHSRáF]HQLD]HZV]\VWNLPL REV]DUDPL NRU\ RUD] SR]RVWDá\PL F] FLDPL Z]JyU]D 6\PXODFMH NRPSXWHURZH SRND]Dá\ *H LVWRWQLH SU]HMFLD SRPL G]\ VWDQDPL DWUDNWRURZ\PL Z XNáDG]LH 157NRUDZ]JyU]H PDM RdSRZLHGQLHZáDVQRFL-HOLGRGDüGRWHJRPRGHONRU\Z SRVWDFL FLJáHJR SROD neuronalnego (Continuum Neural Field Theory&1)7

(33) ZNWyU\PSRZVWDMEEOHDNW\ZQRFLáF]FORNDlQHPRGXá\&1)7ZZDUVWZ\PR*QD]DREVHUZRZDüV]HUHJZáDVQRFLNWyUH]JRGQHV]NUyWHULDPL GOD V\VWHPX UHDOL]XMFHJR ZLDGRPH SU]H*\FLD %EOH Z NROHMQ\FK ZDUVWZDFK PRJ VL VWDZDüFRUD]GáX*V]H]DFLHUDMFV]F]HJyá\VWUXNWXU\QDQL*V]\FKSR]LRPDFK3REXG]HQLH NUyWNLPLPSXOVHPZ]URNRZ\PPR*HZ\ZRáDüDNW\ZQRüZREV]DU]H9RFKDUDNWHU\VW\FzQ\P F]DVLH *\FLD U] GX PV Z\GáX*DMF VL Z Z\*V]\FK SL WUDFK XNáDGX Z]URNRZHJR ZLHORNURWQLH0R*HWRE\ü(UyGáHP]áXG]HZ]URNRZ\FKQSUXFKXSR]RUQHJR%EOHDNW\wQRFLPRJVL SU]HVXZDüSRGZSá\ZHPQRZ\FKERG(FyZDUXFKW\FKEEOLPR*HVL SU]H] MDNLF]DVXWU]\P\ZDüMX*SRXVWDQLXERG(FyZ-HG\QLHWDDNW\ZQRüNWyUDWUZDGRVWDWHF]QLH GáXJRPR*HVWDüVL (UyGáHPZLaGRP\FKZUD*H 7DNLH WHRULH ]EOL*DM QDV GR V]F]HJyáRZ\FK PRGHOL G\QDPLNL Py]JX R ZáDVQRFLDFK NWyUH PR*QDFLOHSRZL]Dü]ZáDVQRFLDPLSU]H*\ZDQ\FKVWDQyZSV\FKLF]Q\FK3R]RVWDMHMHGQDN ZLHOHS\WD$NW\ZQRüNWyU\FKREV]DUyZPy]JXRGSRZLDGDEH]SRUHGQLR]DWUHüZLDGoPRFL"7D\ORUSURSRQXMHWX LQIRUPDFMDSU\ZDWQD

(34) JáyZQLHERF]QHF] FLSáDWyZFLHPLHQLowych. Propozycja ta wymaga eksperymentalnego zbadania, np. przez zrobienie mapy czasów *\FLDEEOLDNW\ZQRFLZUy*Q\FKF] FLDFKNRU\]DSRPRF0(*OXE((*3URJUDPEDGaQLDF]DVyZDNW\ZQRFLPR*QDUHDOL]RZDü]DUyZQRGODERG(FyZSRGSURJRZ\FKMDNLXZLaGDPLDQ\FK 6SHF\ILF]QD WUHü ZUD*H WDNLFK MDN GRZLDGF]DQLH F]HUZLHQL ]DFKRG]FHJR VáRFD OXE VPDNX F]HNRODG\ MHVW Z\QLNLHP Z]DMHPQ\FK UHODFML SRZVWDMF\FK VWDQyZ L VWaQyZ ]DSDPL WDQ\FK ']L NL W\P UHODFMRP SRZVWDM VNRMDU]HQLD L LQWHUSUHWDFMH Taylor nie WZLHUG]L*HMHJRWHRULDEEOLSU]HNUDF]DSU]HSDüSRPL G]\SV\FKLNDIL]MRORJLQLHRGSo7.

(35) ZLDGDERZLHPQDIXQGDPHQWDOQHS\WDQLHÄGODF]HJRZUD*HQLDVZRJyOHRGF]XZDQH´XZD*D MHGQDN*HMHVWWRSLHUZV]\U]XWRNDQDGUXJVWURQ WHMSU]HSDFL explanatory gap). Dla Stephena *URVVEHUJD SUREOHP ZLDGRPRFL MHVW F] FL RJyOQLHMV]HM WHRULL ]ZL]DQHM ] XF]HQLHPVL LXZDJ[11]3RGVWDZRZDKLSRWH]DEU]PLZV]\VWNLHVWDQ\ZLDGRPHVVWDQaPL UH]RQDQVRZ\PL = WHJR SRZRGX ZLHOH SURFHVyZ Z Py]JX Z\NRU]\VWXMF\FK XF]HQLH NRQNXUHQF\MQH OXE SRUyZQ\ZDQLH ] SURWRW\SDPL WR SURFHV\ QLHZLDGRPH 5R]ZLMDQD SU]H] Grossberga przez ostatnie 30 lat teoria adaptacyjnego rezonansu (Adaptive Resonance Theory, $57

(36) ]QDMGXMHOLF]QLH]DVWRVRZDQLDZ\MDQLDMFQSLOX]MHZ]URNRZHDNXVW\F]QHWZRU]HQLH NDWHJRULL F]\ LQWHJUDFM ZUD*H Z RNLHQNDFK F]DVRZ\FK 1S Vá\V]F ]GDQLH „It was found that the ...eel is on the ...” (VWZLHUG]RQR*Heel jest na ...), gdzie ]DVWSLRQHMHVWV]XPHP ZLDGRPHZUD*HQLH]ZL]DQH]QLHSHáQ\PVáRZHPHHO ]PLHQLD VL SRG ZSá\ZHP QDGFKoG]FHJRSy(QLHMVáRZDNRFRZHJR6á\V]\P\]GDQLD„peel is on the orange” (skórka jest na SRPDUDF]\

(37) , „wheel is on the wagon” NRáRMHVWQDZR]LH

(38) , „heel is on the shoe” (obcas jest na bucie) lub „meal is on the table” SRVLáHNMHVWQDVWROH

(39) :UD*HQLDQLHSRZVWDMZL FEH]SoUHGQLR QD SRGVWDZLH V\JQDáyZ ]P\VáRZ\FK OHF] V Z\QLNLHP RGZRá\ZDQLD VL GR MX* LVtQLHMFHM ZLHG]\ SU]HFKRZ\ZDQHM Z SDPL FL GáXJRWUZDáHM : FLJX VHNXQG\ SREXG]DQH V UHSUH]HQWDFMH W\FK SRM ü NWyUH QD SRGVWDZLH NRQWHNVWX PRJ QDGDü SHáQLHMV] LQWHUSUHWDFM. UHSUH]HQWDFMRPZSDPL FLURERF]HMSRF]\P]DZDUWRüSaPL FLURERF]HMXOHJD]PLDQLH 0R*QDQDWHQSURFHVVSRMU]HüMDNQDGRSDVRZDQLHGRFKRG]FHMLQIRUPDFMLGR]JyU\XVWDOoQ\FKRF]HNLZD G]L NLZLHG]\]GRE\WHMQDSRGVWDZLHZF]HQLHMV]\FKGRZLDGF]H

(40) ']L NL RF]HNLZDQLRP]V]XPX Z\ELHUDQH V RGSRZLHGQLH IRUPDQW\ MHVW WR NRQNOX]MD HNVSHU\PHnWyZSV\FKRIL]\F]Q\FK

(41) 7HQZ]DMHPQ\ZSá\ZRF]HNLZDLLVWQLHMFHMZGDQ\PPRPHQFLHZ SDPL FL URERF]HM LQWHUSUHWDFML Z\WZDU]D VWDQ UH]RQDQVRZ\ SU]HGáX*DMF\ L QDVLODMF\ SREuG]HQLDáF]F\ZW\PSU]\SDGNXIRQHW\N ]VHPDQW\N]GDQLD $57 VWZRU]RQR SR WR E\ UR]ZL]Dü SUREOHP VWDELOQRFLSODVW\F]QRFL Z QDE\ZDQLX QRZHM ZLHG]\ 6WDELOQRü MHVW NRQLHF]QD E\ QLH ]DSRPQLHü X*\WHF]Q\FK LQIRUPDFML VSU]HF]Q\FK ] QRZRQDSá\ZDMF\PLSODVW\F]QRüNRQLHF]QDMHVWE\QDXF]\üVL QRZ\FKLQIRUPDFML0RGHOH $57VWDUDMVL GREXGRZDüQRZZLHG] ZNRQWHNFLHMX*]QDQHMWZRU]FVWDQ\UH]RQDQVoZH 6WDELOQRü XF]HQLD LPSOLNXMH MHJR LQWHQFMRQDOQRü DOERZLHP MHVW RQR RSDUWH QD RF]HNiZDQLDFKZREHFZLDWDGRVWDUF]DMFHJRV\VWHPRZLGDQ\FK2F]HNLZDQLDVUyZQLH*SRGVWDZ PHFKDQL]PXXZDJLVNXSLDQLDVL V\VWHPXQDÄLQWHUHVXMF\FK´JRGDQ\FK3REXG]HQLHUH]oQDQVRZ\FK VWDQyZ QDZHW MHOL QLH E G]LH QD W\OH VLOQH E\ SRMDZLü VL Z SDPL FL URERF]HM PR*HXWRURZDüGURJ GRSy(QLHMV]HJRZ\ERUXRF]HNLZDQ\FKRGSRZLHG]L priming). Procesy UH]RQDQVRZH ]DFKRG] Z XNáDG]LH Z]URNRZ\P QD Uy*Q\FK SR]LRPDFK áF]QLH ] XNáDGHP RULHQWDFMLJDáHNRF]Q\FKZXNáDG]LHVáXFKRZ\PSUDZGRSRGREQLHVUyZQLH*SRGVWDZSUocesów czuciowych, procesów warunkowania klasycznego i interakcji kognitywnoDIHNW\ZQ\FK0R*QDMHQD]ZDüÄGRSDVRZDQLHPSREXG]DMF\P´SRGF]DVJG\SURFHV\PRWoU\F]QHMDNLSURFHV\]ZL]DQH]XVWDODQLHPSRáR*HQLDZSU]HVWU]HQL Z]URNRZ\V]ODNJU]ELeWRZ\

(42) VNRPSOHPHQWDUQ\PLSURFHVDPLGRSDVRZDQLDKDPXMFHJR.RPSHWHQFMHPRWRU\F]QHL PDS\ SU]HVWU]HQQH PRJ E\ü GRVNRQDORQH Z FLJá\ VSRVyE QLH PD WX QLHEH]SLHF]HVWZD ]QLV]F]HQLDVWDELOQRFL3RQLHZD*QLHPDWXVWDQyZUH]RQDQVRZ\FKSDPL üSURFHGXUDOQDQLH SURZDG]LGRZUD*HZLDGRP\FK:SU]\SDGNXDPQH]MLQDVW SF]HMSDPL üSURFHGXUDOQDQLH MHVW]DEXU]RQDQDE\ZDQHVQRZHXPLHM WQRFLDOHQLHPR*QDVRELHSU]\SRPQLHü]ZL]DQ\FK ]W\PZUD*H=DEXU]HQLDUR]SR]QDZDQLDRELHNWyZLQLH]GROQRüGRQDXF]HQLDVL UR]SR]QaZDQLDQRZ\FKRELHNWyZQLHR]QDF]DEUDNX]GROQRFLGRXF]HQLDVL QRZ\FKVSRVREyZPDQiSXODFMLW\PLRELHNWDPLDOHWHXPLHM WQRFLQLHV]ZL]aQH]ZLDGRP\PLZUD*HQLDPL 8.

(43) 5. Modele dynamiczne i neurofizjologia. 'ODF]HJR VWDQ\ Py]JX PLDá\E\ SURZDG]Lü GR SRZVWDQLD ZLDGRPRFL" 'RW\FKF]DV UR]ZiQL WH WHRULH FKRFLD* SRWUDIL F] FLRZR RGSRZLHG]LHü QD S\WDQLD ÄNWyUH VWDQ\ Py]JX PRJ E\üZLDGRPH´QLHSUyEXMRGSRZLHG]LHüEH]SRUHGQLRQDWRS\WDQLH)LOR]RIRZLH]DMPXMF\ VL XP\VáHPZ\REUD*DMVRELH*HPRJLVWQLHü]RPELLVWRW\]DFKRZXMFHVL WDNMDNOXG]LH DOHQLF]HJRZLDGRPLHQLHRGF]XZDMFH[2]3U]\WDF]DVL WXSU]\NáDGOHSRW\NRURZHM blindsight

(44) ZNWyUHMV]F]WNRZHZLG]HQLHSR]RVWDMHSRPLPREUDNXZUD*HZ]URNRZ\FK'ODF]HJR WRFDáHSU]HWZDU]DQLHLQIRUPDFMLSU]H]Py]JQLH]DFKRG]LZFLHPQRFLEH]ZUD*H" 5R]ZD*P\W\SRZH]DGDQLHSU]HGMDNLPVWRLVVDNQSV]F]XURG*\ZLDMF\VL Uy*QRURGQ\P SRNDUPHP6PDNSR*\ZLHQLDQLHMHVWZLHONRFLG\VNUHWQQLHPR*QDJRRSLVDüV\PEROLFzQLHD]ELyUSREXG]HF]RSNyZVPDNRZ\FKQLHMHVWLQZDULDQWQZLHONRFLNWyUDPR*HVWDü VL EH]SRUHGQLRZLDGRP\PZUD*HQLHP6]F]XUPXVLSRUyZQDüQRZ\VPDN]]DSDPL WDQyPL VPDNDPL E\ RNUHOLü F]\ MHVW WR SR*\ZLHQLH EH]SLHF]QH 5HSUH]HQWDFMD ZUD*HQLD VPDNX PXVLZL F]RVWDüUR]HVáDQDGRZV]\VWNLFKREV]DUyZPy]JXNWyUH]DZLHUDüPRJLVWRWQHLnIRUPDFMH 0XVL ZL F E\ü XWU]\PDQD Z SDPL FL URERF]HM GRVWDWHF]QLH GáXJR E\ SREXG]Lü ZLHOH REV]DUyZ Py]JX L E\ QDVWSLá\ SURFHV\ VNRMDU]HQLRZH LQWHUIHUHQFMD UHSUH]HQWDFML

(45) 0DP\ZL FGRF]\QLHQLD]FLJáQLHZHUEDOQDNWXDOL]DFMUHSUH]HQWDFMLZUD*HVPDNRZ\FK Z SDPL FL URERF]HM SRZVWDZDQLHP VWDQyZ UH]RQDQVRZ\FK &LJáD DNWXDOL]DFMD NRQLHF]QD MHVW ]H Z]JO GX QD V]\ENL ]DQLN LQIRUPDFML Z SDPL FL URERF]HM L MHM QLHZLHON SRMHPQRü -HOL QLH SRMDZL VL *DGQH QHJDW\ZQH VNRMDU]HQLD V]F]XU ]DF]QLH MHü Z SU]HFLZQ\P SU]ySDGNXNROHMQ\PVWDQHPMHJRPy]JXE G]LHSREXG]HQLHRURGNyZVWUDFKXOXEZVWU WXLSRU]uFHQLHMHG]HQLD1DMZD*QLHMV]\PSURFHVHPMHVWZL FG\VNU\PLQDFMDUHSUH]HQWDFMLZUD*HVPaNRZ\FKRGNWyUHM]DOH*\]DFKRZDQLH-DNWRZ\JOGD]SXQNWXZLG]HQLDPy]JXV]F]XUD" 6]F]XUZLHMDNSRVWSLüDMHJRZLHG]DPDFKDUDNWHUZUD*HZ\QLNDMF\FK]G]LDáDQLDPHFKaQL]PyZ SR]QDZF]\FK *G\E\ MHJR Py]J SRVLDGDá ]GROQRü ZHUEDOQHJR NRPHQWRZDQLD VWaQyZSDPL FLURERF]HMWDNMDNSRVLDGDMPy]JOXG]NL]SHZQRFLVWZLHUG]LáE\*HRGF]XZD VPDN ZLG]L SU]HGPLRW\ L PD ] W\P VNRMDU]RQH ZUD*HQLD JG\* UHSUH]HQWDFMH ZUD*H V Ii]\F]Q\PLVWDQDPLMHJRSDPL FLURERF]HM.D*G\PRGHOPy]JXG]LDáDMF\QDSRGREQHM]DVaG]LHMHOLE G]LHGRVWDWHF]QLH]áR*RQ\E\PyFNRPHQWRZDüSRMDZLHQLHVL WDNLFKUHSUH]HQWaFML ZUD*H PXVL WZLHUG]Lü *H MHVW ZLDGRP\ VZRLFK ZUD*H :áDVQRFL W\FK ZUD*H E G PLDá\FHFK\SRGREQHGRRSLVDQ\FKSU]H]Taylora [18]. Modele mózgu autonomicznego zwieU] FLDPXV]]DZLHUDüMDNUHSUH]HQWDFM VLHELHRGJUDQLF]DMFÄMD´RGÄQLHMD´SRZDODMF RGUy*QLüÄVLHELH´RGUHV]W\ZLDWD1DV]HSRF]XFLHWR*VDPRFL]ZL]DQHMHVWVLOQLH]proprioFHSFM D UR]ZyM Py]JX ]ZL]DQ\ E\á SU]HGH ZV]\VWNLP ] NRQLHF]QRFL SRZVWDQLD ZeZQ WU]QHJRPRGHOXFLDáDZFHOXSU]HZLG\ZDQLDZ\QLNyZUXFKXNRF]\Q:V\VWHPLHSRMDZL VL ZL F SHUVSHNW\ZD ÄPRMH ZUD*HQLD´ Z\QLNDMFD ] XWU]\P\ZDQLD VL VWDQyZ UH]RQDQVoZ\FKLPR*OLZRFLNRPHQWRZDQLDVWDQXSDPL FLURERF]HM ZLDGRPRüZW\PXM FLXQLHMHVWZL FQLF]\PLQQ\PMDNSURFHVHPG\VNU\PLQDFMLFLJá\FK UHSUH]HQWDFML VWDQyZ SDPL FL URERF]HM VWDQyZ WZRU]F\FK ÄSU]HVWU]H ZHZQ WU]Q´ GOD VuELHNW\ZQRFL :V]HONLH ]DEXU]HQLD ZLDGRPRFL PXV] E\ü ]ZL]DQH ] XSROHG]HQLDPL IXQNFML NRJQLW\ZQ\FK L RGZURWQLH ]DEXU]HQLD WZRU]HQLD QDWXUDOQ\FK UHSUH]HQWDFML PXV] SRJDUV]DüRGSRZLHGQLHNRPSHWHQFMHSR]QDZF]HOHSRWDNRURZD Z\QLNDMFD]XV]NRG]HQLD NRU\ Z]URNRZHM

(46) SURZDG]L GR XSROHG]HQLD IXQNFML Z]URNRZ\FK SRPLPR GRVW SQRFL Ln9.

(47) formacji z nerwu wzrokowego w wielu strukturach mózgu. Informacja ta ma jednak odmienQ\ZNáDGGRG\QDPLNLPy]JXRGSRZLHG]LDOQHM]DSDPL üURERF]QL*]Z\NáHZUD*HQLDZ]UoNRZH '\VNU\PLQDFMD QRZ\FK VWDQyZ QLH SURZDG]L GR ZUD*H QDWXU\ Z]URNRZHM FKRFLD* ]ZL]DQDMHVW]OLF]Q\PLWUXGQ\PLGRRNUHOHQLDZUD*HQLDPL±LQWHUSUHWDFMLW\FKZUD*HWU]eED VL SRZROL QDXF]\ü DOH SR]LRP NRPSHWHQFML Z]URNRZHM QLJG\ QLH E G]LH ]E\W Z\VRNL JG\* GR SUHF\]\MQHM DQDOL]\ V\JQDáyZ ] QHUZX Z]URNRZHJR EUDNXMH Z\VSHFMDOL]RZDQ\FK VWUXNWXU 7DNLH UR]XPLHQLH SU]\F]\Q SRMDZLDQLD VL ZUD*H ZLDGRP\FK SURZDG]L GR ZLHOX ZQLRVNyZ L SU]HZLG\ZD HNVSHU\PHQWDOQ\FK GRW\F]F\FK IHQRPHQRORJLL ZUD*H 'XFK Z przygotowaniu). : MDNL VSRVyE PR*QD PRGHORZDü WDN VNRPSOLNRZDQH ]DJDGQLHQLD" -HGHQ ] SRP\VáyZ [8] SROHJDQDSUyELH]GHILQLRZDQLDVHULLSU]\EOL*HRGSR]LRPXPROHNXODUQHJRSU]H]SRMHG\nF]HQHXURQ\JUXSQHXURQyZVLHFLQHXURQRZ\FK]UHNXUHQFMD*GRVNUDMQHJRXSURV]F]HQLD RSLVX Z SRVWDFL SUREDELOLVW\F]Q\FK OXE GHWHUPLQLVW\F]Q\FK UHJXá ]DFKRZDQLD 1D ND*G\P SR]LRPLHPR*OLZHMHVWEDGDQLHLQQ\FKIRUP]DFKRZDQLDLLQQ\FK]MDZLVN3U]HMFLDGRRSLVX G]LDáDQLDXP\VáXQDSR]LRPLHSV\FKRORJLF]Q\PPR*QDGRNRQDüZSURZDG]DMFPRGHOSDPL FLURERF]HMRSDUW\RSRSXODUQHZSV\FKRORJLLSU]HVWU]HQLHSV\FKRORJLF]QH6WUXPLHZLDGoPRFLPR*QDZyZF]DVPRGHORZDüMDNR]GDU]HQLDZSU]HVWU]HQLDFKSV\FKRORJLF]Q\FK±FKoFLD* V RQH FLHQLHP QHXURG\QDPLNL WR WUDNWRZDü MH PR*QD MDNR QLH]DOH*Q\ emergentny po]LRPVWDQRZLF\SRPRVWSRPL G]\neurofizjoORJLDSV\FKRORJL. 6. Dyskusja. 3U]HGVWDZLRQ\WXNUyWNLSU]HJOGSUREOHPyZLWHRULL]ZL]DQ\FK]HZLDGRPRFLSRND]XMH *HMHVWHP\QDGREUHMGURG]HLSRWUDILP\]DGDZDüFRUD]EDUG]LHMSUHF\]\MQHS\WDQLDQDNWyUH RGSRZLHG]LGDMHNVSHU\PHQW\LV\PXODFMHNRPSXWHURZH3RPLPRRJURPQHM]áR*RQRFLPó]JXV\PXODFMHNRPSXWHURZHPRJXFKZ\FLüQLHNWyUHPHFKDQL]P\SU]\F]\QRZHSR]ZDODMF QLHW\ONRQDRGWZRU]HQLHIXQNFMLVWUXNWXUPy]JXOHF]UyZQLH*]UR]XPLHü]ZL]NLSRPL G]\ specyficznymi uszkodzeniami neuroanatomicznymi, zmianami neuropatologicznymi i wyniNDMF\PLVWGV\PSWRPDPL6]F]HJyáRZHPRGHOHRSDUWHQDneurofizjologicznie poprawnych, LPSXOVXMF\FKQHXURQDFKZ\ND]XMMDNRFLRZH]DFKRZDQLDNWyUHPR*QDRGWZRU]\üZPodelach uproszczonych [10],[13]0RGHOHNRPSXWHURZHPRJZLVWRWQ\VSRVyESU]\F]\QLüVL. GR]UR]XPLHQLD]DEXU]HSDPL FLVSRVREyZX*\ZDQLDLUR]XPLHQLDPRZ\]DEXU]HQHXUoORJLF]Q\FK L FKRUyE SV\FKLF]Q\FK &] VWR MHVW WR UR]XPLHQLH MDNRFLRZH PHWDIRU\F]QH SoVáXJXMFHVL OX(Q\PLDQDORJLDPLDOHLWRVWDQRZLVSRU\SRVW S &]\PUy*QLVL PRGHONRPSXWHURZ\G]LDáDQLDPy]JXRGVZRMHJRELRORJLF]QHJRSLHUZRZ]oUX":UD*HQLDP\OLSHUFHSW\LLQQHRELHNW\XP\VáXVIL]\F]Q\PLVWDQDPLELRHOHNWU\F]Q\FK SREXG]H LVWQLHMF\FK Z RNUHORQ\P PRPHQFLH F]DVX 3DPL ü URERF]D ]DZLHUD Z VRELH ZNáDGRGSURFHVyZSHU\IHU\MQ\FK LQWHUIHUHQFM UH]RQDQV

(48) ] SRGREQ\PL VWDQDPL SU]H*\ZaQ\PLZSU]HV]áRFL3RVWU]HJDQLHOXESU]\SRPLQDQLHMHVWDNWXDOL]DFMSRWHQFMDOQLHGRVW SQ\FK VWDQyZ Py]JX Z XORWQHM IRUPLH ELRHOHNWU\F]Q\FK SREXG]H : NRPSXWHU]H UHSUH]HQWDFMH V\PEROLF]QH V DNWXDOL]RZDQH SU]H] SU]HV\áDQLH LFK GR UHMHVWUyZ SURFHVRUD MHGQDN*H V WR UHSUH]HQWDFMHPDUWZHJG\*ELQDUQHVWDQ\UHMHVWUyZQLH]DZLHUDMZVRELH*DGQHJRERJDFWZD DVRFMDFML'\QDPLF]Q\FKSURFHVyZWZRU]F\FKÄXEUDQH´UHSUH]HQWDFMHSRZVWDMFHZSDPL FL URERF]HMQLHGDVL V\PXORZDü]DSRPRFF\IURZHJRNRPSXWHUD:UD*HQLDZLDGRPHVU]eF]\ZLVWHJG\*VUHDOQ\PLVWDQDPLIL]\F]Q\PLDQLHW\ONRVWDQDPLSU]HWZDU]DQLDLnformacji.. 10.

(49) 6\PXODFMH XP\VáX PHWRGDPL V]WXF]QHM LQWHOLJHQFML QLH GRSURZDG] ZL F GR ZLDGRP\FK NRPSXWHUyZDOHQLHR]QDF]DWR*HLVWQLHMMDNLHRJUDQLF]HQLD]ZL]DQH]HVSUDZQRFLDuWRPDW\]DFMLSURFHVyZP\OHQLD :EUHZ SRZV]HFKQHPX PQLHPDQLX QLH PD GRZRGyZ QD WR *H ZLDGRPRü MHVW DNW\ZQLH ]DDQJD*RZDQD Z UR]ZL]\ZDQLH SUREOHPyZ [21]. Przegrana Kasparowa z systemem komputerowym Deep BlueZURNXSRND]XMH*HPDV]\QDNWyUHM V]\ENRüSU]HWZDU]DQLDLQIRUPDFMLMDNLSRMHPQRüSDPL FLQLHSU]HNUDF]DSURPLODPR*OLZoFLOXG]NLHJRPy]JXPR*HZGREU]HRNUHORQHMG]LHG]LQLHZ\PDJDMFHMVSUDZQRFLLQWHOHkWXDOQHMRVLJQüOHSV]HUH]XOWDW\RGF]áRZLHND'RURNX,%0]DPLHU]D]EXGRZDüNRmputer Blue GeneRPR*OLZRFLDFKSRUyZQ\ZDOQ\FK]OXG]NLPPy]JLHP.RPSHWHQFMHV\VWePyZHNVSHUWRZ\FKUHDOL]RZDQ\FKQDWDNLFKNRPSXWHUDFKPRJ]QDF]QLHSU]HNURF]\üOXG]NLH PR*OLZRFL=WHFKQLF]QHJRSXQNWXZLG]HQLDQLHPDZL FSRWU]HE\EXGRZ\ZLDGRP\FKPaV]\Q.RQVWUXNFMDWDNLFKPDV]\QPXVLDáDE\]DZLHUDüMDNRNOXF]RZ\HOHPHQWDQDORJRZSaPL ü URERF] ]GROQ GR SU]HFKRZ\ZDQLD UHSUH]HQWDFML LQWHUIHUXMF\FK ] UHSUH]HQWDFMDPL SU]HFKRZ\ZDQ\PLZSDPL FLGáXJoWUZDáHM Literatura [1]. Baddeley A.D, Consciousness and working memory. Consciousness and Cognition 1 (1992) 3-6. [2]. Baars B.J (1996) In the theater of consciousness: the workspace of the mind. (Oxford University Press, London). [3]. Churchland P.S, Neurophilosophy. Toward a unified science of the mind/brain. MIT Press, Bradford Book, 1986 (7-me wydanie 1993). [4]. Crick F, Koch C, Towards a neurobiological theory of consciousness. Seminars in the Neurosciences 2 (1990) 263-275. [5]. Crick F, The Astonishing hypothesis. The scientific search for the soul. Charles Scribner's sons, New York, 1994 (WáXPDF]HQLH =GXPLHZDMFD KLSRWH]D, 3UyV]\VNL L S-ka, Warszawa 1997). [6]. Damasio A. R. (1990). Synchronous activation in multiple cortical regions: A mechanism for recall. Seminars in Neurosciences 2, 287–296.. [7]. Dennett, D.C. (1991) Consciousness explained. Boston: Little, Brown.. [8]. Duch W. (1997): Platonic model of mind as an approximation to neurodynamics. W: Brain-like computing and intelligent information systems, red. S-i. Amari, N. Kasabov (Springer, Singapore), rozdz. 20, str. 491-512. [9]. Duch W, Consciouss mind as a limit of brain-like computing. Minds and Machines (wyVáDQH

(50). [10] Duch W (2000) 6LHFL QHXURQRZH Z PRGHORZDQLX ]DEXU]H neuropsychologicznych i chorób psychicznych. W: Biocybernetyka 2000, Tom 6: Sieci neuronowe (red. W. Duch, J. Korbicz, L. Rutkowski i R. Tadeusiewicz), rozdz. II.18 [11] Grossberg S. (1999) The Link between Brain Learning, Attention, and Consciousness. Consciousness and Cognition 8, 1–44 [12] Newman J, Grace A.A. (1999) Binding across Time: The Selective Gating of Frontal and Hippocampal Systems Modulating Working Memory and Attentional States. Consciousness and Cognition 8, 196-212 11.

(51) [13] Parks R.W, Levine D.S, Long D, red. (1998): Fundamentals of Neural Network Modeling. (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA) [14] Penrose R. 1RZ\XP\VáFHVDU]D. (Oxford University Press 1994) [15] Searle J.R., 8P\VáQDQRZRRGNU\W\. PIW, Warszawa 1999. [16] Singer, W. (1994) The organization of sensory motor representations in the neocortex: A hypothesis based on temporal coding. W: Umilta C, Moscovitch M. (eds.), Attention and performance XV: Conscious and nonconscious information processing, str. 77–107. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. [17] Taylor J.G. (1998) Cortical Activity and the Explanatory Gap. Consciousness and Cognition 7, 109-148 [18] Taylor J.G. (1999) The race for consciousness. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA [19] Tononi G, Edelman G. (1998) Consciousness and complexity. Science 282, 1846-1851 [20] Treisman, A. (1996) The binding problem. Current Opinion in Neurobiology 6, 171– 178 [21] Wróbel A. (1997) :SRV]XNLZDQLXLQWHJUDF\MQ\FK PHFKDQL]PyZ G]LDáDQLD Py]JX W: Mózgi i zachowanie, PWN Warszawa (red. T. Górska, A. Grabowska, J. Zagordzka) [22] Velmans M. (1991) Is human information processing conscious?, Brain and Behavioral Science 14, 651-726. [23] Zeki S., Bartels A. (1999) Toward a Theory of Visual Consciousness. Consciousness and Cognition 8, 225-259. 12.

(52)