• Nie Znaleziono Wyników

237<0$/,=$&-$=5('8.2:$1<&+02'(/,0$7(0$7<&=1<&+==$67262:$1,(0$/*25<708':867231,2:(*2

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2021

Share "237<0$/,=$&-$=5('8.2:$1<&+02'(/,0$7(0$7<&=1<&+==$67262:$1,(0$/*25<708':867231,2:(*2"

Copied!
8
0
0

Pełen tekst

(1)



02'(/2:$1,(,1ĩ<1,(56.,( ,661;

V*OLZLFH



237<0$/,=$&-$=5('8.2:$1<&+



02'(/,0$7(0$7<&=1<&+

==$67262:$1,(0$/*25<708':867231,2:(*2



0

$5(.

5

<'(/





:

à2'=,0,(5=

6

7$1,6à$:6.,



,QVW\WXW$XWRPDW\NLL,QIRUPDW\NL3ROLWHFKQLND2SROVND

HPDLOPU\GHO#SRRSROHSOZVWDQLVODZVNL#SRRSROHSO



6WUHV]F]HQLH : DUW\NXOH ]DSUH]HQWRZDQR ]DJDGQLHQLD ]ZLą]DQH ] UHGXNFMą

]áRĪRQ\FK OLQLRZ\FK PRGHOL RELHNWyZ VWHURZDQLD W\SX 0,02 =DSURSRQRZDQR

RSW\PDOL]DFMĊSDUDPHWUyZUHGXNFML]]DVWRVRZDQLHPDOJRU\WPXGZXVWRSQLRZHJR

3U]HGVWDZLRQR Z\QLNL UHGXNFML QD SU]\NáDG]LH PRGHOX VWUHI\ GRJU]HZX UXU

HNUDQRZ\FKSDURZQLNDNRWáDHQHUJHW\F]QHJR%3



:67ĉ3

'ODFHOyZVWHURZDQLDV\VWHPDPLQLH]EĊGQDMHVW]QDMRPRĞüLFKPRGHOLPDWHPDW\F]Q\FK NWyUH PRJą E\ü WZRU]RQH SRSU]H] PRGHORZDQLH ]MDZLVN ]DFKRG]ąF\FK Z RELHNFLH RUD] QD

SRGVWDZLHLGHQW\ILNDFML 2GZLHOXODWPDP\GR F]\QLHQLD]EDUG]RLQWHQV\ZQ\P Z]URVWHP

PRF\ REOLF]HQLRZ\FK NRPSXWHUyZ RUD] UR]ZRMHP RSURJUDPRZDQLD VáXĪąFHJR GR

PRGHORZDQLD L V\PXODFML ]áRĪRQ\FK RELHNWyZ VWHURZDQLD FR VNXWNXMH FRUD] ZLĊNV]ą

]áRĪRQRĞFLąRWU]\P\ZDQ\FKPRGHOL6]F]HJyOQLHLVWRWQ\ZSá\ZQDZ]URVW]áRĪRQRĞFLPRGHOL

PD UR]ZyM SURJUDPyZ GR PRGHORZDQLD XNáDGyZ ] ]DVWRVRZDQLHP PHWRG\ HOHPHQWyZ

VNRĔF]RQ\FK 3URJUDP\ WDNLH DXWRPDW\F]QLH JHQHUXMą W\VLąFH HOHPHQWyZ VNRĔF]RQ\FK D

X]\VNDQHPRGHOHPDWHPDW\F]QH]DZLHUDMąW\VLąFHDQDZHWVHWNLW\VLĊF\]PLHQQ\FKVWDQX>

@ :\VRND ]áRĪRQRĞü PRGHOX PDWHPDW\F]QHJR SRFLąJD ]D VREą GáXJLH F]DV\ V\PXODFML

NRPSXWHURZHM ]QDF]QH ]DSRWU]HERZDQLH PRF\ REOLF]HQLRZHM SURFHVRUyZ RUD] SUREOHP\

QXPHU\F]QH = WHJR Z]JOĊGX GXĪHJR ]QDF]HQLD SUDNW\F]QHJR QDELHUD XPLHMĊWQRĞü

RGSRZLHGQLHMUHGXNFML]áRĪRQRĞFLRWU]\PDQHJRPRGHOX

1LQLHMV]D SUDFD SUH]HQWXMH SUREOHP RSW\PDOL]DFML SDUDPHWUyZ UHGXNFML ] ]DVWRVRZDQLHP

DOJRU\WPX HZROXF\MQHJR =H Z]JOĊGX QD HOHPHQW ORVRZRĞFL Z\VWĊSXMąF\ Z DOJRU\WPDFK

HZROXF\MQ\FK RFHQD X]\VNDQ\FK Z\QLNyZ Z\PDJD Z\NRQDQLD ZLHOX QLH]DOHĪQ\FK

XUXFKRPLHĔ DOJRU\WPX 3RZRGXMH WR ]QDF]Q\ Z]URVW NRV]WX REOLF]HĔ FR VNXWNXMH GáXJLP

F]DVHP X]\VNDQLD U]HWHOQ\FK Z\QLNyZ UHGXNFML =H Z]JOĊGX QD FHFK\ DOJRU\WPX

HZROXF\MQHJRNWyU\QLHZ\PDJDGRGDWNRZ\FKLQIRUPDFML QSSRFKRGQ\FKIXQNFMLFHOX D

MHG\QLH ZDUWRĞFL IXQNFML FHOX NWyUą WR ZDUWRĞü PRĪQD UyZQLHĪ DSURNV\PRZDü  Z SUDF\

]DSUH]HQWRZDQR LGHĊ DOJRU\WPX GZXVWRSQLRZHJR =DVWRVRZDQLH DOJRU\WPX XPRĪOLZLD

HIHNW\ZQHZ\]QDF]DQLHSDUDPHWUyZUHGXNFMLNWyUHXPRĪOLZLDMąPLQLPDOL]DFMĊU]ĊGXPRGHOX

]UHGXNRZDQHJR RELHNWX VWHURZDQLD FKDUDNWHU\]XMąFHJR VLĊ SRĪąGDQ\P SR]LRPHP EáĊGX

DSURNV\PDFMLFKDUDNWHU\VW\NF]ĊVWRWOLZRĞFLRZ\FKRELHNWX



(2)

 05<'(/:67$1,6à$:6., 

5('8.&-$02'(/80$7(0$7<&=1(*22%,(.7867(52:$1,$

2JyOQLH]DGDQLHUHGXNFMLPRGHOXOLQLRZHJRPRĪQDSU]HGVWDZLüQDVWĊSXMąFRQDSRGVWDZLH VWDELOQHJR OXE QLHVWDELOQHJR  PRGHOX U]ĊGXQ SU]HGVWDZLRQHJR Z SU]HVWU]HQL VWDQX  

QDOHĪ\ Z\]QDF]\ü PRGHO ]UHGXNRZDQ\ U]ĊGXN   JG]LH NQ WDNL DE\ RNUHĞORQD QRUPD

EáĊGXDSURNV\PDFML__\ W \U W __SU]\MPRZDáDZDUWRĞüPLQLPDOQą



W [

W X

W

\

W X W [ W [

'

&

%

$



x 

  

W [

W X

W

\

W X W W [ W [

U U U U

U U U U

'

&

%

$



x 

   JG]LH $ƒQuQ $UƒNuN %ƒQuS %UƒNuS &ƒPuQ &UƒPuN 'ƒPuS

S P Uƒ u

' SP±OLF]EDZHMĞüZ\MĞüPRGHOXPDWHPDW\F]QHJR

5HGXNFMD PRGHOX MHVW ]ZLą]DQD ] MHJR XSURV]F]HQLHP Z Z\QLNX NWyUHJR ]PQLHMV]D VLĊ

OLF]HEQRĞü ]PLHQQ\FK VWDQX 1LH MHVW RQD RSHUDFMą MHGQR]QDF]Qą GODWHJR WHĪ LVWQLHMH FDá\

V]HUHJ WHFKQLN SR]ZDODMąF\FK QD SU]HSURZDG]HQLH UHGXNFML PRGHOX ]áRĪRQHJR >   @

'XĪH]QDF]HQLHSUDNW\F]QHRVLąJQĊá\PHWRG\ED]XMąFHQDGHNRPSR]\FML69'>@QSPHWRGD

%7$ DQJ%DODQFHG 7UXQFDWLRQ $SSUR[LPDWLRQ  Z\NRU]\VWXMąFD WHRULĊ ]UyZQRZDĪRQHM

UHDOL]DFML PRGHOX 8PRĪOLZLD RQD SURVWH Z\G]LHOHQLH F]ĊĞFL GRPLQXMąFHM PRGHOX RUD] MHJR

UHGXNFMĊ SRSU]H] ÄREFLĊFLH´ PDFLHU]\ RSLVXMąF\FK G\QDPLNĊ PRGHOX Z SU]HVWU]HQL VWDQyZ

>@6]F]HJyOQLHXĪ\WHF]QHVąMHMXRJyOQLHQLD±PHWRGD): DQJ)UHTXHQF\:HLJKWHG >@

)' DQJ)UHTXHQF\'RPDLQ >@RUD]7/%7 DQJ7LPH/LPLWHG%DODQFHG7UXQFDWLRQ 

>  @ ZSURZDG]DMąFH IXQNFMH ZDJRZH NWyUH XPRĪOLZLDMą ]QDF]Qą ]PLDQĊ ZáDĞFLZRĞFL

PRGHOX ]UHGXNRZDQHJR ]H Z]JOĊGX QD Z\EUDQH SDUDPHWU\ UHGXNFML 3U]\ RGSRZLHGQLP

GREUDQLX IXQNFML ZDJRZ\FK PHWRG\ WH XPRĪOLZLDMą ]QDF]QH ]PQLHMV]HQLH EáĊGyZ

DSURNV\PDFML GOD ]DGDQHJR SU]HG]LDáX F]ĊVWRWOLZRĞFL -HVW WR V]F]HJyOQLH LVWRWQH SRGF]DV

UHGXNFML ]áRĪRQ\FK PRGHOL RELHNWyZ VWHURZDQLD JG\Ī FKDUDNWHU\]XMą VLĊ RQH RNUHĞORQ\P

]DNUHVHP DGHNZDWQRĞFL GOD PRGHOL OLQLRZ\FK RNUHĞOD VLĊ Mą SRSU]H] SRGDQLH PDNV\PDOQHM

F]ĊVWRWOLZRĞFL  GOD NWyUHJR PRGHO SRZLQLHQ SRSUDZQLH DSURNV\PRZDü FKDUDNWHU\VW\NL

F]ĊVWRWOLZRĞFLRZHRELHNWX

2FHQD ]UHGXNRZDQ\FK PRGHOL PDWHPDW\F]Q\FK RELHNWyZ VWHURZDQLD Z\PDJD

ZSURZDG]HQLD RGSRZLHGQLFK PLDU EáĊGX DSURNV\PDFML =H Z]JOĊGX QD RJUDQLF]RQ\ ]DNUHV

DGHNZDWQRĞFLPRGHOX]UHGXNRZDQHJRPLDU\WHSRZLQQ\RNUHĞODüZDUWRĞüEáĊGXDSURNV\PDFML

Z\áąF]QLH GOD RJUDQLF]RQHJR SU]HG]LDáX F]ĊVWRWOLZRĞFL 0HWRG\ UHGXNFML ED]XMąFH QD

GHNRPSR]\FML 69' XPRĪOLZLDMą µD SULRUL¶ RV]DFRZDQLH QRUP\ ࣢’ EáĊGX DSURNV\PDFML

PRGHOX ]UHGXNRZDQHJR 1LH LVWQLHMą MHGQDN ĪDGQH ]DOHĪQRĞFL DQDOLW\F]QH NWyUH

XPRĪOLZLDáDE\ RV]DFRZDQLH ZDUWRĞFL EáĊGX DSURNV\PDFML GOD RNUHĞORQHJR ]DNUHVX

F]ĊVWRWOLZRĞFL =H Z]JOĊGX QD RJUDQLF]RQ\ ]DNUHV DGHNZDWQRĞFL RUD] ]QDF]QH UyĪQLFH

ZDUWRĞFL PRGXáyZ WUDQVPLWDQFML GOD SRV]F]HJyOQ\FK WRUyZ PRGHOX Z SUDFDFK > @ GOD

FHOyZRFHQ\MDNRĞFLDSURNV\PDFMLPRGHOL]UHGXNRZDQ\FKRELHNWyZVWHURZDQLDW\SX0,02

ZSURZDG]RQRPLDUĊĞUHGQLRNZDGUDWRZHJRZ]JOĊGQHJREáĊGXDSURNV\PDFML



   









¦¦¦

¸¸

¹

·

¨¨

©

§ 

' 1

L S [

P

\ [\ L

L

\ [ U L

\ [

M

*

M

* M

*

SP1 Z

Z

Z   

JG]LH SP ± OLF]ED ZHMĞüZ\MĞü PRGHOX 1  OLF]ED SXQNWyZ DSURNV\PDFML * [\  ±

WUDQVPLWDQFMDPRGHOXSRPLĊG]\ZHMĞFLHP[DZ\MĞFLHP\PRGHOX

=DGDQLHP SRSUDZQLH SU]HSURZDG]RQHM RSHUDFML UHGXNFML MHVW Z\]QDF]HQLH PRGHOX

]UHGXNRZDQHJR R MDN QDMQLĪV]\P U]ĊG]LH NWyU\ EĊG]LH VLĊ FKDUDNWHU\]RZDá RNUHĞORQ\P

SR]LRPHPEáĊGXDSURNV\PDFMLGOD]DGDQHJR]DNUHVXDGHNZDWQRĞFL'ODPHWRG):)'F]\

7/%5 SRZDĪQ\ SUREOHPHP SUDNW\F]Q\ VWDQRZL Z\EyU RGSRZLHGQLHJR DOJRU\WPX GRERUX

(3)

 237<0$/,=$&-$=5('8.2:$1<&+02'(/,0$7(0$7<&=1<&+« 

IXQNFMLZDJRZ\FK]HZ]JOĊGXQDZ\VWĊSRZDQLH]QDF]QHMOLF]E\PLQLPyZORNDOQ\FKIXQNFML

EáĊGXDSURNV\PDFML>@

 $/*25<70 (:2/8&<-1< : =$67262:$1,8 '2 237<0$/,=$&-, 3$5$0(75Ï:5('8.&-,

1D SRGVWDZLH SU]HGVWDZLRQ\FK Z SUDF\ >@ HNVSHU\PHQWyZ GOD PRGHOL SRGV\VWHPyZ

SDURZQLND NRWáD HQHUJHW\F]QHJR GOD FHOyZ Z\]QDF]HQLD PRGHOL ]UHGXNRZDQ\FK RELHNWyZ

VWHURZDQLD ]DSURSRQRZDQR GREyU IXQNFML ZDJRZ\FK ] ]DVWRVRZDQLHP DOJRU\WPX

HZROXF\MQHJR $( :FHOX]ZLĊNV]HQLDHIHNW\ZQRĞFLSU]HV]XNLZDQLDG]LHG]LQ\UR]ZLą]DĔ

]DSURSRQRZDQR SRáąF]HQLH ]DOHW VWUDWHJLL HZROXF\MQ\FK MHGQR RUD] ZLHORSXQNWRZ\FK >@

3U]HGVWDZLRQ\ DOJRU\WP RSW\PDOL]DFML SDUDPHWUyZ UHGXNFML FKDUDNWHU\]XMH VLĊ ]PLHQQą

OLF]HEQRĞFLą SRSXODFML >@ 'RNáDGQą ZDUWRĞü HNVWUHPXP PRĪQD Z\]QDF]\ü SRSU]H]

]DVWRVRZDQLHGRGDWNRZHMRSW\PDOL]DFMLORNDOQHMQSPHWRGĊ1HOGHU0HDGVLPSOH[GRVWĊSQą

ZSDNLHFLH0$7/$%6LPXOLQN

-HGQ\P ] SRZDĪQ\FK SUREOHPyZ RSW\PDOL]DFML ]D SRPRFą $( MHVW VIRUPXáRZDQLH

RGSRZLHGQLFK NU\WHULyZ ]DWU]\PDQLD DOJRU\WPX =ZLĊNV]DQLH OLF]E\ LWHUDFML DOJRU\WPX

]ZLĊNV]DSUDZGRSRGRELHĔVWZRZ\]QDF]HQLDZDUWRĞFLHNVWUHPXPJOREDOQHJRMHGQDNMHVWWR

]ZLą]DQH ]H Z]URVWHP QDNáDGyZ REOLF]HQLRZ\FK .DĪGD RSHUDFMD Z\]QDF]HQLD IXQNFML

SU]\VWRVRZDQLD Z\PDJD Z\NRQDQLD RSHUDFML UHGXNFML NWyUHM NRV]W REOLF]HQLRZ\ URĞQLH

SURSRUFMRQDOQLHGRWU]HFLHMSRWĊJLU]ĊGXPRGHOXSLHUZRWQHJR'ODNRPSXWHUDNODV\3HQWLXP

,9*+]F]DVRSHUDFMLUHGXNFMLPRGHOXRW\VLąFX]PLHQQ\FKVWDQXPRĪQDV]DFRZDüQDRNRáR

VHF

= SRZRGX GXĪHM ]áRĪRQRĞFL REOLF]HQLRZHM DOJRU\WPyZ UHGXNFML RUD] NRQLHF]QRĞFL

Z\NRQDQLD ]QDF]QHM OLF]E\ UHGXNFML SU]H] DOJRU\WP RSW\PDOL]DFML F]DV Z\]QDF]HQLD

SDUDPHWUyZUHGXNFMLPRĪHVLĊJDüZLHOXG]LHVLąWHNJRG]LQ3RQDGWRDOJRU\WPXHZROXF\MQHJR

QLHPRĪQDWUDNWRZDüMDNRDOJRU\WPXRSW\PDOL]DFMLZĞFLVá\P]QDF]HQLX5HDOL]XMHRQSURFHV

DGDSWDFMLFRR]QDF]DĪHJáyZQ\PFHOHPDOJRU\WPXMHVW]QDOH]LHQLHUR]ZLą]DQLDOHSV]HJRRG

GRW\FKF]DVX]\VNDQHJR>@1LHPRĪQD]DJZDUDQWRZDüĪHZ\QLNLHPWHJRSURFHVXEĊG]LH

]QDOH]LHQLH QDMOHSV]HJR UR]ZLą]DQLD =H Z]JOĊGX QD HOHPHQW ORVRZRĞFL RFHQD X]\VNDQ\FK

Z\QLNyZ Z\PDJD Z\NRQDQLD ZLHOX QLH]DOHĪQ\FK XUXFKRPLHĔ DOJRU\WPX D QDVWĊSQLH LFK

DQDOL]\VWDW\VW\F]QHMFRGRGDWNRZR]QDF]QLH]ZLĊNV]DHIHNW\ZQ\F]DVX]\VNDQLDU]HWHOQ\FK

Z\QLNyZ

=DVWRVRZDQLH PHWRG UHGXNFML ED]XMąF\FK QD GHNRPSR]\FML 69' GOD FHOyZ UHGXNFML

PRGHOLRGXĪHM]áRĪRQRĞFLZ\PDJD]DVWRVRZDQLDDOJRU\WPyZ/DSXQRZDNWyUHXPRĪOLZLDMą

EH]SRĞUHGQLH Z\]QDF]HQLH GHNRPSR]\FML &KROHVNLHJR JUDPLDQyZ QS DOJRU\WP

+DPPDUOLQJD $OJRU\WPWHQZ\PDJDMHGQDNQRSHUDFML]PLHQQRSU]HFLQNRZ\FK:FHOX

]PQLHMV]HQLD ]áRĪRQRĞFL REOLF]HQLRZHM JUDPLDQ\ PRĪQD DSURNV\PRZDü ] ]DVWRVRZDQLHP

LWHUDF\MQ\FK DOJRU\WPyZ QLVNLHJR U]ĊGX DQJ ORZUDQN  ED]XMąF\FK QD Z\]QDF]HQLX

SRGSU]HVWU]HQL.U\áRZD>@PHWRGDFK$', DQJDOWHUQDWLQJGLUHFWLRQLPSOLFLWH >@OXE

6PLWK > @ =DVWRVRZDQH Z SU]\ERUQLNX /<$3$&. >@ DOJRU\WP\ QLVNLHJR U]ĊGX QLH

JZDUDQWXMąMHGQDNX]\VNDQLDSRSUDZQHMDSURNV\PDFMLJUDPLDQyZDSRQDGWR]HZ]JOĊGXQD

NRQLHF]QRĞü Z\NRQDQLD ZLHOX LWHUDFML DOJRU\WPX R ]áRĪRQRĞFL SURSRUFMRQDOQHM GR GUXJLHM

SRWĊJLU]ĊGXPRGHOX]QDF]ąFHJRSU]\ĞSLHV]HQLDREOLF]HĔPRĪQDVLĊSRG]LHZDüZ\áąF]QLHGOD

PRGHOLREDUG]RZ\VRNLPU]ĊG]LH !]PLHQQ\FKVWDQX 

(4)

 05<'(/:67$1,6à$:6., 

 ':867231,2:<$/*25<70237<0$/,=$&-,3$5$0(75Ï:5('8.&-,

 $OJRU\WP\ HZROXF\MQH SU]HWZDU]DMąF SRSXODFMH UR]ZLą]DĔ QLH Z\PDJDMą GRGDWNRZ\FK

LQIRUPDFMLRIXQNFMLFHOX'RGDWNRZRDOJRU\WPQLHWUDFLZáDĞFLZRĞFLDGDSWDFMLJG\ZDUWRĞü

IXQNFML FHOX MHVW MHG\QLH V]DFRZDQD 'OD PRGHOL G\QDPLF]Q\FK R GXĪHM ]áRĪRQRĞFL

]DSURSRQRZDüPRĪQDDOJRU\WPGZXVWRSQLRZ\NWyU\Z\]QDF]DSDUDPHWU\PHWRGUHGXNFMLQD

SRGVWDZLHRV]DFRZDQHMZDUWRĞFLEáĊGXDSURNV\PDFML:DUWRĞüIXQNFMLFHOXZ\]QDF]DVLĊQD

SRGVWDZLH EáĊGX DSURNV\PDFML ZVWĊSQHJR PRGHOX SLHUZRWQHJR PRGHOX NWyU\ DSURNV\PXMH

ZáDĞFLZRĞFL PRGHOX SLHUZRWQHJR :VWĊSQą DSURNV\PDFMĊ PRGHOX SLHUZRWQHJR PRĪQD

X]\VNDüQDGZDVSRVRE\

x SRGF]DV SURFHVX PRGHORZDQLD SRSU]H] ]ZLĊNV]HQLH VLDWNL G\VNUHW\]DFML SRPLQLĊFLH

F]ĊĞFLPRGHORZDQ\FK]MDZLVNOXEXSURV]F]HQLHLFKRSLVXPDWHPDW\F]QHJR

x SRSU]H]ZVWĊSQąUHGXNFMĊPRGHOXSLHUZRWQHJR

3RGVWDZRZą ]DOHWą WDNLHJR SRGHMĞFLD MHVW V]\ENRĞü X]\VNDQLD Z\QLNX JG\Ī SRMHG\QF]H

Z\]QDF]HQLH IXQNFML SU]\VWRVRZDQLD WUZD ZLHORNURWQLH NUyFHM $OJRU\WP SU]HGVWDZLRQR

ZWDEHOL

 7DEHOD$OJRU\WPGZXVWRSQLRZ\

 :\]QDF]HQLHZVWĊSQHJRPRGHOXSLHUZRWQHJR U]ąGPRGHOXQ!!QS!!N 

 'REyUSDUDPHWUyZUHGXNFML]]DVWRVRZDQLHP$(R]PLHQQHMSRSXODFMLQDSRGVWDZLH

RV]DFRZDQHMZDUWRĞFLIXQNFMLFHOX U\V 

 :\]QDF]HQLHGRNáDGQHMZDUWRĞFLHNVWUHPXPIXQNFMLEáĊGXDSURNV\PDFMLSRSU]H]

]DVWRVRZDQLHRSW\PDOL]DFMLSDUDPHWUyZUHGXNFMLDOJRU\WPHPORNDOQHJR

SU]HV]XNLZDQLD

 :\]QDF]HQLHPRGHOX]UHGXNRZDQHJRZZ\QLNXUHGXNFMLPRGHOXSLHUZRWQHJR]

]DVWRVRZDQLHPX]\VNDQ\FKSDUDPHWUyZUHGXNFML

$OJRU\WP WDNL QLH MHVW RF]\ZLĞFLH SR]EDZLRQ\ ZDG JG\Ī SDUDPHWU\ PHWRG UHGXNFML

Z\]QDF]RQH Vą QD SRGVWDZLH PRGHOX XSURV]F]RQHJR NWyUHJR FKDUDNWHU\VW\NL DSURNV\PXMą

ZáDĞFLZRĞFL PRGHOX SLHUZRWQHJR 2]QDF]D WR ĪH ]DOHĪQRĞü EáĊGX DSURNV\PDFML Z IXQNFML

SDUDPHWUyZ PHWRG UHGXNFML PRĪH UyĪQLü VLĊ ]DUyZQR OLF]Eą HNVWUHPyZ ORNDOQ\FK F]ĊĞü

]HNVWUHPyZPRĪHQLHLVWQLHüGODPRGHOXZVWĊSQHJROXEPRJąZ\VWĊSRZDüGRGDWNRZH MDN

UyZQLHĪLFKSRáRĪHQLHP



W W W

W W W

Z Z Z Z

Z Z Z Z

X ' [

&

\

X

% [

$ [



 

W W W

W W W

U U U U

U U U U

X ' [

&

\

X

% [

$ [







MZ

* *U MZ

W W W

W W W

'X

&[

\

%X

$[

[



 

5\V$OJRU\WPZ\]QDF]HQLDZDUWRĞFLIXQNFMLFHOXGODDOJRU\WPXGZXVWRSQLRZHJR



(5)

 237<0$/,=$&-$=5('8.2:$1<&+02'(/,0$7(0$7<&=1<&+« 

 237<0$/,=$&-$ 3$5$0(75Ï: 5('8.&-, '/$ 02'(/8 675()<

'2*5=(:8585(.5$12:<&+3$52:1,.$

 :áDĞFLZRĞFL DOJRU\WPX GZXVWRSQLRZHJR SU]HGVWDZLRQR QD SRGVWDZLH RSW\PDOL]DFML

SDUDPHWUyZUHGXNFML]OLQHDU\]RZDQHJRPRGHOXVWUHI\GRJU]HZXUXUHNUDQRZ\FKSDURZQLND

%3GODPHWRG\):]ILOWUDPLGROQRSU]HSXVWRZ\PL%XWWHUZRUWKDGRáąF]RQ\PLGRZ\MĞü

PRGHOX U\V 0RGHOWHQRWU]\PDQRZZ\QLNXG\VNUHW\]DFMLDQDVWĊSQLHOLQHDU\]DFML GOD

REFLąĪHQLDNRWáDUyZQHJR ]HVWDZXQLHOLQLRZ\FKUyZQDĔUyĪQLF]NRZ\FKF]ąVWNRZ\FK

R VWDá\FK ZVSyáF]\QQLNDFK PRGHO NODV\ .6'/  NWyU\PL RSLVDQR VWUHIĊ GRJU]HZX

SDURZQLNDNRWáDHQHUJHW\F]QHJR0RGHORSLVDQ\MHVW]HVWDZHPUyZQDĔOLQLRZ\FKRUD]

SRVLDGDZHMĞFLD TaZ]JOĊGQHREFLąĪHQLHFLHSOQH>@KZH±HQWDOSLDZRG\ZORWRZHM>N-NJ@

0ZH ± PDVRZ\ SU]HSá\Z ZRG\ QD ZORFLH >NJPV@ 3Z\ ± FLĞQLHQLH Z\ORWRZH ]H VWUHI\

GRJU]HZX>N3D@ RUD]Z\MĞFLD KZ\±HQWDOSLDZRG\QDZ\ORFLH]HVWUHI\GRJU]HZX>N-NJ@

0ZH ± PDVRZ\ SU]HSá\Z ZRG\ QD Z\ORFLH ]H VWUHI\ GRJU]HZX >NJPV@ 3ZH ± FLĞQLHQLH

ZORWRZH GR VWUHI\ GRJU]HZX >N3D@  6]F]HJyá\ PRGHOX PDWHPDW\F]QHJR SU]HGVWDZLRQH

]RVWDá\ZSUDFDFK>@

5\V0RGHO0,02VWUHI\GRJU]HZXZUD]GRáąF]RQ\PLILOWUDPLZDJRZ\PL 1DU\VSU]HGVWDZLRQREáąGDSURNV\PDFMLZIXQNFMLSDUDPHWUyZILOWUyZZDJRZ\FKGOD PHWRG\ ): ZRNyá MHGQHJR ] Z\]QDF]RQ\FK PLQLPyZ %áąG DSURNV\PDFML PRGHOX

]UHGXNRZDQHJR SU]HGVWDZLRQR Z IXQNFML F]ĊVWRWOLZRĞFL JUDQLF]QHM ILOWUyZ ZI RUD] ZI SR]RVWDáH SDUDPHWU\ UHGXNFML SU]\MPXMą ZDUWRĞFL QI  QI  QI  ZI  >UDGV@ 

:\NUHĞORQR FKDUDNWHU\VW\NL EáĊGX DSURNV\PDFML PLQLPD SRV]F]HJyOQ\FK IXQNFML EáĊGX

DSURNV\PDFML ]D]QDF]RQR  GOD PRGHOX SLHUZRWQHJR RUD] WU]HFK XSURV]F]RQ\FK PRGHOL

SLHUZRWQ\FK

x $ PRGHOU]ĊGXQS X]\VNDQ\ZZ\QLNXUHGXNFMLPRGHOXSLHUZRWQHJRPHWRGą%7$

' H 

x %  PRGHO U]ĊGX QS  X]\VNDQ\ Z Z\QLNX UHGXNFML PRGHOX SLHUZRWQHJR PHWRGą ):

]ZDJą Z\MĞFLRZą Z SRVWDFL WU]HFK GROQRSU]HSXVWRZ\FK ILOWUyZ %XWWHUZRUWKD

RSDUDPHWUDFKQI ZI >UDGV@ '  

x &  PRGHOX U]ĊGX QS  X]\VNDQ\ Z Z\QLNX G\VNUHW\]DFML D QDVWĊSQLH OLQHDU\]DFML

PRGHOXNODV\.6'/QDVHNFMLRSDUDPHWUDFKVNXSLRQ\FK '  

8SURV]F]RQH PRGHOH SLHUZRWQH $ RUD] % ]RVWDá\ GREUDQH WDN DE\ MHGHQ ] QLFK

FKDUDNWHU\]RZDá VLĊ LGHQW\F]Q\P U]ĊGHP PRGHOX QDWRPLDVW GUXJL SRUyZQ\ZDOQ\P

SR]LRPHPZ]JOĊGQHJREáĊGXDSURNV\PDFMLMDNPRGHO&



(6)

 05<'(/:67$1,6à$:6., 

5\V%áąGDSURNV\PDFMLPRGHOX]UHGXNRZDQHJRZIXQNFMLZIRUD]ZIGOD D PRGHOX

SLHUZRWQHJR E XSURV]F]RQHJRPRGHOXSLHUZRWQHJR$ F PRGHOX% G PRGHOX&

 'ODPRGHOXVWUHI\GRJU]HZXUXUHNUDQRZ\FKSDURZQLNDXSURV]F]RQHPRGHOHSLHUZRWQH$

RUD]%]GREU\PSU]\EOLĪHQLHPDSURNV\PXMąFKDUDNWHU\VW\NĊEáĊGXDSURNV\PDFMLZIXQNFML

SDUDPHWUyZUHGXNFML=DVWRVRZDQLHZVWĊSQHJR PRGHOXSLHUZRWQHJRX]\VNDQHJRZZ\QLNX

]PQLHMV]HQLD OLF]E\ VHNFML PRGHOX NODV\ .6'/ VSRZRGRZDáR MHGQDN SRMDZLHQLH VLĊ

]QDF]Q\FKUyĪQLFZFKDUDNWHU\VW\NDFKEáĊGXDSURNV\PDFML

=DVWRVRZDQLH XSURV]F]RQHJR PRGHOX SLHUZRWQHJR NWyU\ Z QLHGRVWDWHF]Q\ VSRVyE

DSURNV\PXMHZáDĞFLZRĞFLPRGHOXSLHUZRWQHJRPRĪHSRZRGRZDüZ\]QDF]HQLHSDUDPHWUyZ

UHGXNFMLNWyUH]QDF]QLHUyĪQLąVLĊRGRSW\PDOQ\FK:\NRU]\VWDQLHW\FKSDUDPHWUyZSRGF]DV

UHGXNFML PRGHOX SLHUZRWQHJR PRĪH SRZRGRZDü ĪH PRGHO ]UHGXNRZDQ\ EĊG]LH

FKDUDNWHU\]RZDáVLĊ]QDF]QLHZLĊNV]\PEáĊGHPDSURNV\PDFMLQLĪV]DFRZDQDZDUWRĞüIXQNFML

FHOXQDSRGVWDZLHXSURV]F]RQHJRPRGHOXSLHUZRWQHJR3U]\NáDGHPPRĪHE\üPRGHO&QD

SRGVWDZLH NWyUHJR Z\]QDF]RQR SDUDPHWU\ UHGXNFML RUD] V]DFRZDQR EáąG DSURNV\PDFML

'  =DVWRVRZDQLH Z\]QDF]RQ\FK SDUDPHWUyZ GR UHGXNFML PRGHOX SLHUZRWQHJR

VSRZRGRZDáRMHGQDNX]\VNDQLHPRGHOXFKDUDNWHU\]XMąFHJRVLĊSUDZLHWU]\NURWQLHZLĊNV]\P

EáĊGHPDSURNV\PDFML'  WDE 

2JUDQLF]HQLHZSá\ZXMDNRĞFLDSURNV\PDFMLXSURV]F]RQHJRPRGHOXSLHUZRWQHJRQDZ\QLNL

UHGXNFMLPRĪOLZHMHVWSRSU]H]SRáąF]HQLHDOJRU\WPXGZXVWRSQLRZHJR]WUDG\F\MQ\P$(OXE

DOJRU\WPHPSU]HV]XNLZDQLDORNDOQHJR=DGDQLHPSLHUZV]HJR]DOJRU\WPyZMHVWZ\]QDF]HQLH

ZVWĊSQ\FKZDUWRĞFLSDUDPHWUyZUHGXNFMLQDSRGVWDZLHXSURV]F]RQHJRPRGHOXSLHUZRWQHJR

8]\VNDQH SDUDPHWU\ VáXĪą MDNR SXQNW VWDUWRZ\ NROHMQHJR DOJRU\WPX RSW\PDOL]DFML 'UXJL

]DOJRU\WPyZ ED]XMH QD UHGXNFML PRGHOX SLHUZRWQHJR ZLĊF XPRĪOLZLD Z\]QDF]HQLH

GRNáDGQHM ZDUWRĞFL HNVWUHPXP IXQNFML EáĊGX DSURNV\PDFML : FHOX ]PQLHMV]HQLD NRV]WX

REOLF]HĔ FDáHJR DOJRU\WPX NRQLHF]QH MHVW QDáRĪHQLH RVWU\FK RJUDQLF]HĔ QD OLF]EĊ NURNyZ

GUXJLHJR]DOJRU\WPyZ

(7)

 237<0$/,=$&-$=5('8.2:$1<&+02'(/,0$7(0$7<&=1<&+« 

:WDEHOLSU]HVWDZLRQHJR Z\QLNLRSW\PDOL]DFML]DSRPRFąDOJRU\WPXGZXVWRSQLRZHJR

'$  RUD] MHJR SRáąF]HQLD ] DOJRU\WPHP 1HOGHU0HDG VLPSOH[ 10V  ED]XMąFHJR QD

Z\]QDF]HQLX HNVWUHPXP IXQNFML EáĊGX DSURNV\PDFML ] ]DVWRVRZDQLHP UHGXNFML PRGHOX

SLHUZRWQHJR 3U]HGVWDZLRQR Z\QLNL GOD  QLH]DOHĪQ\FK XUXFKRPLHĔ DOJRU\WPX GOD

MHGQDNRZ\FK SRSXODFML SXQNyZ VWDUWRZ\FK GOD NDĪGHJR ] WHVWRZDQ\FK PRGHOL $OJRU\WP\

SRVLDGDá\ UyZQLHĪ LGHQW\F]QH NU\WHULD ]DWU]\PDQLD PDNV\PDOQD OLF]ED UHGXNFML Z\NRQDQD

SU]H] $(   PDNV\PDOQD OLF]ED UHGXNFML EH] SRSUDZ\ X]\VNDQHJR Z\QLNX  

PDNV\PDOQD OLF]ED NURNyZ DOJRU\WPX 1HOGHU0HDG VLPSOH[   &]DV X]\VNDQLD PRGHOX

]UHGXNRZDQHJR QLH XZ]JOĊGQLD NRV]WX REOLF]HĔ NRQLHF]Q\FK GR Z\]QDF]HQLD ZVWĊSQHJR

PRGHOXSLHUZRWQHJR PRGHOX$%RUD]& 

7DEHOD:\QLNLRSW\PDOL]DFMLSDUDPHWUyZUHGXNFMLPRGHOXVWUHI\GRJU]HZXUXUHNUDQRZ\FK

 0RGHO

SLHUZRWQ\ 0RGHO$ 0RGHO% 0RGHO&

URG]DMDOJRU\WPX $( '$ '$

10V '$ '$

10V '$ '$

ǻ±QDMOHSV]\Z\QLN       10V

ǻ±PHGLDQD       

.RV]WV\PXODFML±OLF]EDUHGXNFML

PRGHOXSLHUZRWQHJR PHGLDQD        

.RV]WV\PXODFML±OLF]EDUHGXNFML

:VWĊSQHJRPRGHOXSLHUZRWQHJR

PHGLDQD        

&]DVX]\VNDQLDPRGHOX

]UHGXNRZDQHJR>PLQ@       



:1,26.,

 1D SRGVWDZLH SU]HVWDZLRQ\FK Z\QLNyZ RSW\PDOL]DFML PRĪQD VWZLHUG]Lü ĪH GREU]H

GREUDQ\ZVWĊSQ\PRGHOSLHUZRWQ\ PRGHO$ XPRĪOLZLDX]\VNDQLHSUDNW\F]QLHLGHQW\F]Q\FK

Z\QLNyZUHGXNFMLMDNSU]\]DVWRVRZDQLXPRGHOXSLHUZRWQHJRSU]\MHGQRF]HVQ\P]QDF]Q\P

RJUDQLF]HQLXF]DVXWUZDQLDDOJRU\WPXHZROXF\MQHJR ]JRG]LQGRPLQXW 3RáąF]HQLH

DOJRU\WPX GZXVWRSQLRZHJR ] DOJRU\WPHP ED]XMąF\P QD UHGXNFML PRGHOX SLHUZRWQHJR

RRJUDQLF]RQHM OLF]ELH RSHUDFML Z\]QDF]HQLD IXQNFML FHOX ]DSHZQLD QDWRPLDVW X]\VNDQLH

SRSUDZQ\FK Z\QLNyZ UHGXNFML QDZHW Z SU]\SDGNX JG\ DOJRU\WP GZXVWRSQLRZ\ V]DFXMH

ZDUWRĞü IXQNFML FHOX ]H ]QDF]Q\P EáĊGHP 1DOHĪ\ ]DXZDĪ\ü ĪH ]DVWRVRZDQLH WDNLHJR

SRáąF]HQLD XPRĪOLZLáR X]\VNDQLH PRGHOL ]UHGXNRZDQ\FK NWyU\FK PHGLDQD EáĊGX

DSURNV\PDFMLPLDáDZDUWRĞüQLĪV]ąQLĪEáąGDSURNV\PDFML]DVWRVRZDQHJRZVWĊSQHJRPRGHOX

SLHUZRWQHJR *ZDUDQFMĊ X]\VNDQLD SRSUDZQ\FK Z\QLNyZ UHGXNFML GDMH RF]\ZLĞFLH Z\EyU

ZVWĊSQHJR PRGHOX SLHUZRWQHJR FKDUDNWHU\]XMąFHJR VLĊ ]QDF]QLH QLĪV]\P EáĊGHP

DSURNV\PDFMLRUD]V]HUV]\P]DNUHVHPDGHNZDWQRĞFLQLĪSRV]XNLZDQ\PRGHO]UHGXNRZDQ\

'OD PRGHOL R GXĪHM ]áRĪRQRĞFL D Z V]F]HJyOQRĞFL X]\VNDQ\FK ]D SRPRFą PHWRG

HOHPHQWyZVNRĔF]RQ\FKNROHMQHZDUWRĞFLZáDVQHJUDPLDQyZ VL ]D]Z\F]DMEDUG]RV]\ENR

PDOHMą 8PRĪOLZLD WR Z SURVW\ VSRVyE X]\VNDQLH ]QDF]QHM UHGXNFML U]ĊGX PRGHOX

SLHUZRWQHJR QS]GR]PLHQQ\FKVWDQX SU]\PLQLPDOQ\PEáĊG]LHDSURNV\PDFML

]]DVWRVRZDQLHP QS PHWRG\ %7$ QS PRGHO $  &KDUDNWHU\VW\NL F]ĊVWRWOLZRĞFLRZH

Z\]QDF]RQHJRZWHQVSRVyEZVWĊSQHJRPRGHOXSLHUZRWQHJRZ]DNUHVLH]QDF]QLHV]HUV]\P

QLĪ]DNUHVDGHNZDWQRĞFLSUDNW\F]QLHQLHUyĪQLąVLĊRGFKDUDNWHU\VW\NPRGHOXSLHUZRWQHJR

=DVWRVRZDQLH WHJR PRGHOX Z DOJRU\WPLH GZXVWRSQLRZ\P XPRĪOLZLD QDWRPLDVW ]QDF]QH

VNUyFHQLH F]DVX Z\]QDF]DQLD RSW\PDOQ\FK SDUDPHWUyZ UHGXNFML SUDNW\F]QLH EH] VWUDW\

GRNáDGQRĞFLREOLF]HĔ

(8)

 05<'(/:67$1,6à$:6.,  3U]HGVWDZLRQ\ DOJRU\WP GZXVWRSQLRZ\ RUD] DOJRU\WP HZROXF\MQ\ R ]PLHQQHM SRSXODFML

GRVWĊSQ\ MHVW Z SU]\ERUQLNX H$025 GOD SDNLHWX 0$7/$%6LPXOLQN GRVWĊSQ\ QD VWURQLH

ZZZPU\GHOSRRSROHSO 



/,7(5$785$

 $QWRXODV$$SSUR[LPDWLRQRIODUJHVFDOHG\QDPLFDOV\VWHP6RFLHW\IRU,QGXVWULDODQG

$SSOLHG0DWKHPDWLFV3KLODGHOSKLD

 $UDEDV-:\NáDG\]DOJRU\WPyZHZROXF\MQ\FK:DUV]DZD:17

 *DZURQVNL:-XDQJ-0RGHOUHGXFWLRQLQOLPLWHGWLPHDQGIUHTXHQF\LQWHUYDOV³,QW-

6\VWHP6FL´9RO1RS

 *ROGEHUJ'$OJRU\WP\JHQHW\F]QHLLFK]DVWRVRZDQLH:\G:DUV]DZD:17

 .UDMHZVNL : :\EUDQH PHWRG\ Z\]QDF]DQLD RSW\PDOQ\FK PRGHOL XSURV]F]RQ\FK

:DUV]DZD$NDG2ILF:\G(;,7

 /,-5:+,7(-/RZUDQNVROXWLRQRI/\DSXQRYHTXDWLRQV³6,$05HYLHZ´9RO

1RS

 3HQ]O7/\DSDFN±D0DWODEWRROER[IRUODUJH/\DSXQRYDQG5LFFDWLHTXDWLRQV0RGHO

5HGXFWLRQ3UREOHPVDQG/LQHDU4XDGUDWLF2SWLPDO&RQWURO3UREOHP8VHUV*XLGH

 3HQ]O7$OJRULWKPVIRUPRGHOUHGXFWLRQRIODUJHG\QDPLFDOV\VWHPV³/LQHDU$OJHEUD

DQGLWV$SSOLFDWLRQV´9ROS

 5\GHO 0 6WDQLVáDZVNL : 2SW\PDOL]DFMD SDUDPHWUyZ PHWRG UHGXNFML ED]XMąF\FK QD

GHNRPSR]\FML 69' GOD FHOyZ UHGXNFML OLQLRZ\FK PRGHOL RELHNWyZ VWHURZDQLD W\SX

0,02Ä0HWRG\,QIRUPDW\NL6WRVRZDQHM´9ROQUV

6WDQLVáDZVNL : 0RGHORZDQLH L V\PXODFMD NRPSXWHURZD SDURZQLNyZ SU]HSá\ZRZ\FK

NRWáyZHQHUJHW\F]Q\FK2SROH6WXGLDLPRQRJUDILH]

6WDQLVáDZVNL : 5\GHO 0 +LHUDUFKLFDO PRGHOV RI FRPSOH[ SODQWV RQ EDVLV RI SRZHU

ERLOHUH[DPSOH³$UFKLYHVRI&RQWURO6FLHQFHV´9RO /9, 1RS



5('8&('02'(/6237,0,=$7,21:,7+7:267$*(

$/*25,7+06$33/,&$7,21

6XPPDU\7KHSDSHUSUHVHQWVLVVXHVFRQQHFWHG ZLWKWKHUHGXFWLRQRIFRPSOH[ OLQHDU PRGHOV RI 0,02 W\SH FRQWURO REMHFWV 2SWLPL]DWLRQ RI WKH UHGXFWLRQ

SDUDPHWHUVXVLQJWZRVWDJHDOJRULWKPVKDVEHHQVXJJHVWHG5HGXFWLRQUHVXOWVRI

WKHPRGHOVRIRQHSKDVH]RQHHYDSRUDWLQJWXEHVRI%3RQFHWKURXJKERLOHU

ZHUHGHVFULEHGLQWKHDUWLFOH









Cytaty

Powiązane dokumenty

Przyjrzyj się uważnie kulom śniegowym, a następnie uporządkuj od najmniejszej do największej wpisując w okienka odpowiednie cyfry rozpoczynając

[r]

[r]

 7RZDUGV D SODXVLEOH WKHRU\ RI PLQG 7RZDUGV D SODXVLEOH WKHRU\ RI PLQG.. 3URSHUWLHVRI)6 3URSHUWLHVRI)60.

Wygląda ona tak jak na normalnej lekcji, wyraz jest napisany w języku polskim i trzeba wpisać jego. odpowiednik w

6–57: Liczby różnorodności porostów (LDV) taksonów referencyjnych i wskaźników eutrofizacji oraz suma częstości występowania taksonów na wybranych forofitach

The high-frequency electronic ballast output stage as a resonance half-bridge class-D converter is analyzed. A stage mathematical model as dependence of voltages and currents in

Люмінесцентні лампи мають ряд переваг перед лампами накалювання: їхній спектр ближче до природного; вони мають велику економічність (більша