BRITISH CHEMICAL ABSTRACTS
B —A P P L I E D C H E M I S T R Y
NOV. 6 and 13, 1931*
I.— GENERAL; PLANT; MACHINERY.
Determ ination of solids in steam by conductivity.
J. K. Ru m m e l (Ind. Eng. Chem. [Anal.], 1931, 3, 317—
320).—The electrical conductivity method of deter
mining solids in steam condensates is discussed and improvements are suggested. A gas separator for removing objectionable gases, mainly C02, from steam samples has been developed. E. S. He d g e s.
Recent developments in fractional distillation.
C. II. S. Ed m o n d s (J. Inst. Petroleum Tech., 1931, 17, 425—443).—These have been largely in the direction of the single-flash principle. The modern tube still is fitted with 2 banks of tubes, in the first of which the liquid, e.g., oil, is heated by the conduction and convec
tion from the hot gases, and in the second by radiation from the hottest parts of the furnace walls. Furnace efficiency is obtained by correctly proportioning the radiant and convection heating and maintaining tu r
bulent flow in the tubes. The pressure in the tubes is such as to allow considerable vaporisation to take place so th a t it is unnecessary to heat the oil beyond the temperature required to produce vaporisation in the flash chamber. Tube sizes vary from 2 in. to 6 in., and with high capacity these may be arranged for parallel flow to reduce the pressure. Modern fractionating equipment consists of large bubble-tray towers from which a number of side streams arc taken, these being brought to specification in reboiling or stripping sections with the aid of superheated steam. Automatic temp, control is largely used. Heat economy is obtained by means of modern heat exchangers, which arc described.
Tube-still units are fitted with both atm. and vac.
fractionating equipment. An additional flash tower is also often fitted, in which a residue can be separately vaporised without the vac. loss due to the resistance of the main tower. The performance data of large units
are given. T. A. Sm i t h.
A nalysis of m olecular-physical qualities of lubricating oils and their im portance in sem i-fluid friction. W. Bu c h e (Petroleum, 1931,27, 587—601).—
The “ slippery ” quality of various lubricating oils is in direct proportion to their adsorptive power, as measured by the heat of wetting of finely-divided Fe (cf. B ., 1925, 435). The dividing line between semi-fluid and fluid friction is ascertained. E. Do c t o r.
Tunnel kilns.—See VIII. Cryoscopy.—See XIX.
Filtering m aterials.—See X X III.
See also A., Oct., 1143, Precision therm ostat (— 25° to 500°). Therm ocouples. Calorimeter for liquefied ga ses. 1145, Powder analysis by X -rays.
Pa t e n t s.
M elting furnaces. K. Wir g e s (B.P. 356,422, 8.8.30. Ger., 8.8.29).—The furnace comprises a vessel of oval section supported in a cradle of circular section.
Daring melting the vessel or bath is rocked through nearly 90° each way, thus producing a continual expan
sion and contraction of the surface of the bath ; to pour, it is rocked through more than 90°. B. M. Ve n a b l e s.
Obtaining high tem peratures in rotary furnaces for fu sing m inerals or other substances.
H . Ga r r e a u (B.P. 356,184,1.3.30. Fr., 18.12.29).—The furnace is arranged to be fired with either fat or lean pulverised coal according to the temp., and the air may be preheated either by heat from the furnacc or by separate means. B. M. Ve n a b l e s.
Recuperative counterflovv furnace. He v i Du t y El e c t r ic Co. (B.P. 355,839, 4.6.30. U.S., 5.6.29).—
The furnace is of the type in which the goods are pre
heated in one passage and cooled in an adjacent passage while travelling the reverse way, the actual application of live heat being made in both passages a t the return end. In the apparatus described one passage is vertically over the other, transfer of heat being effected by convection currents and of the goods by a lift.
B. M . Ve n a b l e s.
Furnace fronts. J. Ho w d e n & Co., Lt d., and J. H .
Hu m e (B.P. 356,390, 19.7.30).—An air heater for
attachment to a furnace front is described; the temp, of the ingoing air is regulated by varying the proportions heated and unheated. B. M. Ve n a b l e s.
Drying apparatus. A. G. Mu r d o c h (B.P. 355,685, 26.5.30).—The apparatus comprises an externally heated drum provided on the interior with a continuous helical blade inclined so as to advance the material. Between the turns of the blade metal plates are fixed, forming scoops which also have an inclination, usually to advance the material. Air, which may be subjected to the heat of the exterior furnace, is drawn through the drum by a fan, and the drum is extended beyond the heated zone in the form of an outlet screen. B. M . Ve n a b l e s.
M achines for drying m ilk etc. Mxlk al, Lt d.,
and J. M. E. Si e r r a (B.P. 355,960, 5.9.30).—In a spray- drying apparatus the hot air is twice passed through perforated diaphragms before being allowed to come in contact with the spray, and when several sprays are used in a common outer chamber each is surrounded by an inner chamber containing the diaphragms.
B. M. Ve n a bLe s.
Drying apparatus, suitable for tea etc. M. J.
Baldwin (B.P. 356,385, 16.7.30).—The apparatus
comprises a number of superposed annular sets of
* T he rem ainder of th is se t of A b stra cts will ap p ear in n e x t week’s issue.
9 9 7 a
B r itis h C h e m ic a l A b s tr a c ts —B .
008 C l . I.— G e n e r a l ; P l a n t ; M a c h i n e r y .
trays which arc slowly rotated, and when a- tray reaches one point of the circle it is tilted and drops its contents on to the next storey. The sets of trays are bounded and supported on the outside by a lagged cylindrical wall and on the inside by a downwardly extending hot- air supply pipe from the mouth of which the air returns upwards through the trays. B. M. Venahlks.
Heaters suitable for gaseous fluids. A . Fo l l i e t
and N. Sa i n d e r i c h i n (B.P. 356,071, 30.12.30. Fr., 30.12.29).—The gases to be heated are passed through a number of tubes arranged in vertical parallel planes, and the heating gas is supplied through slit-like jets between these planes so th a t the sheets of flame do not impinge on the tubes ; the latter are connected prefer
ably in series-parallel, the tubes of one set (in series) being coplanar and alternately straight and sinuous.
B. M. Ve n a b l e s.
Cooling of liquids. F. B. De n n. From Pe v e l y Da ir y Co. (B.P. 356,476, 8.9.30).—Devices are described for efficiently spreading the cooling liquid over an apparatus comprising vertical tubes connected by horizontal headers. B. 31. Ve n a b l e s.
Machines for grinding and refining paint, cellulose, chocolate, chem icals, etc. J . McIn t y r e
(B.P. 355,648, 25.2.30).—The grinding is effected between a fixed, corrugated, outer casing and mullcrs which are supported on spring arms. The arms are pivoted on an inner series of pins arranged on a circle and are pressed outwards by an outer ring of pins ; both rings rotate together, but relative adjustment between them is produced (through linkwork) by a screw and nut on the end of a shaft within the driving shaft.
B. M. Ve n a b l e s.
Conversion of m aterial from pulverulous into noduliform state by addition of hum idity. N . Ni e l s e n (B.P. 355,825, 30.5.30).—H 20 is added to the material while in a worm convevor-niixer and the mixing is completed in a revolving drum, preferably arranged as a screen to remove free particles. B. M. Ve n a b l e s.
M ixing a p p a r a t u s . P. Le n a r t (B.P. 356,608, 24.12.30. Ger., 29.10.30).—The apparatus comprises a centrifugal impeller running below a disc-shaped guide with entry aperture through the centre, the whole being capable of operation a t adjustable levels and of being lifted out of the vessel containing the mixture.
B. M. Ve n a b l e s.
Screening and m ixing machines or appliances.
F. Pa r k e r, Lt d., and F. W. Pa r k e r (B.P. 355,850, 6.6.30).—A method of mounting a mixer and a rotating screcn upon the same wheeled carriage is described.
B. M. Ve n a b l e s.
Separation of solids from liquids by settling.
As h C'o. (Lo n d o n), Lt d.. and P. B. Sil k (B.P. 356,098, 21.2. and 18.11.30).—Material such as water-borne ashes is collected in an elevated tank from which the water is removed by décantation while the solids are accumulating and afterwards by drainage from several levels. The drained solids are dropped into vehicles, aided if necessary by jets of water or steam. Provision may be made for re-using the water. B. M. Ve n a b l e s.
Treatm ent of liquids [e.g., resolution of amm onia liquor]. Ko p p e r s Co., 'Assess, of M. Siio e l d (B.P.
356,116, 28.5.30. U.S., 17.8.29).—A particular con
stituent is removed from a liquid by repeated stripping with a carrier fluid which, in between each stripping contact, is purified by scrubbing with an absorbent fluid. In the case of removal of PhOH from NH3 liquor by means of steam and NaOH solution, the strip
ping-scrubbing tower is inserted between the free- and fixed-NHj stills, the former being operated a t a temp, sufficient to remove NH3, C02, and H2S, but insufficient to cause appreciable loss of PhOH. In the tower the flow of steam arising from the CaO still is upwards through all compartments in series, the NH3 liquor before liming flows downwards through alternate compartments (flow to adjacent compartments being prevented), and the NaOH solution is pumped upwards through the other alternate compartments, finishing at the top one, though the flow in each compartment is countercurrent to the gas. The scrubbing liquid would also flow downwards if it were necessary for the carrier fluid to leave in a pure state, but in the case of NH3 liquor a single flow of steam removes both the fixed NH3 and PliOII, the former alone being conveyed away
by it. B. M. Ve n a b l e s.
T esting of viscous liquids. H . A. G i l l . From
G l a n z s t o f f - C o u r t a u l d s Ge s.m.b.H . (B.P. 356,011, 20.10.30).—An apparatus for determining the cohesion of liquids comprises an upper vessel from which the liquid is caused to flow vertically downwards through a nozzle under a definite pressure head, through the air, into a lower vessel containing a mobile and transparent liquid in which the point at which the thread of liquid becomes broken may be easily judged. The two vessels are mounted on a mast with scale of distance.
B. M. Ve n a b l e s.
Separation of carbonic acid and other vapours of low b.p. from gases. M. Fr a n k l (B.P. 355,923, 7.8.30. Ger., 19.8.29).—The gas is chilled by means of cold accumulators and an expansion engine and the frost produced is, on reversal, sublimed into another gas.
In the case of removal of CO, from blast-furnace gas so th a t it may be re-used, treatment with C is inefficient because the vol. of the C02 reduced is doubled. In this invention the blast-furnace gases are compressed to about 1-5 atm., passed through a cold accumulator, in which C02 and H>0 will be deposited, then expanded, but little because the pressure will be useful when re-used as blast, and finally passed through another cold accumulator in which it is heated and from which it removes moisture derived only from the previous flow of air (cf. infra). Meanwhile air is being passed the reverse way through a similar pair of accumulators ; it is compressed to 2 atm. and then expanded to 1 - 1 atm., depositing H2 0 on the entry accumulator and removing C02 and H 20 from the previous flow of gas from the outlet accumulator. The greater range of expansion of the air permits complete sublimation of the frost and makes up the cold losses of the plant.
B. M. Ve n a b l e s.
Vaporising apparatus for use with oxygen and other liquefied gases, in particular for the supply of welding and other outfits. Pe t i t s Fi l s d e F . d e We n d e l & Ci e. ( B .P . 356,579, 25.11.30. F r . , 31.1.30).—
The liquefied gas is siphoned out of the storage bottle
Cl. I I .—Fuel ; Gas ; Tar ; Mineral Oils.
B r itis h C h e m ic a l A b s tr a c ts —B .
9 9 9
into a jacket surrounding it and is there heated as re
quired by adjusting the ventilation of a surrounding box.
B. M. Ve n a b l e s.
Removal of strata of adsorption media from adsorption apparatus. Me t a l l g e s. A.-G. (B.P.
356,534, 15.10.30. Ger., 18.10.29).—The lowest, used- up stratum of material is evenly removed through an axial aperture by means of jets of fluid directed along the conical Aoot of the compartment from the circum
ference inwards. Distributing devices comprising A-shaped or flat rings may also be provided in the lower part of the material. B. M . Ve n a b l e s.
Evaporators for cooling air in refrigerating cham bers or cabinets. R. Se a r l e (B.P. 356,406, 28.7.30).
[Tim ing] m eans for controlling cyclic-operated plant. Tu l l y, Sons & Co., Lt d., and C. B. To l l y
(B.P. 356,825, 17.3.30).
Rotary retorts.—See I. Compositions of high thermal resistivity.—See VIII. Tubes for heating liquids etc.—See X. Propagating endothermic reactions.—-See XI.
II.— FU EL; G A S; T A R ; MINERAL OILS.
Bulk density of [crushed] coking coal. K.
Le v e n (Gliickauf, 1931, 770 ; Fuel, 1931, 10, 369—371).
—This val. decreases, passes through a min., and then increases with increasing moisture content. Thus for one coal the bulk densities corresponding with 0%, 1 0%, and 30% of moisture were 858, 721, and 1137 kg./cu. m., respectively. The relative amounts of coal, i l20, and air corresponding with any given H2 0 content have been calc. A. B. Ma n n in g.
Flotation of coal slurries. II. A. J. Pi e t e r s
(Brennstoff-Chem., 1931, 12, 325—327).—Flotation of fine coal slurries of 20—25% concentration has beeu successfully effected by means of the following agents : (a) phenols, a-naphthylamine, pyridine, thio- carbanilide, (6) tar oils, (c) turpentine, (d) petroleum, benzol, (e) various alcohols, (f) various mineral oils, and (g) easily emulsified oils, e.g., turpentine oil. With alcohols the flotation power increases with mol. wt.
Water-glass or glycerin, addition of which increases the surface tension, has no action ; colloidal solutions, e.g., of saponin or starch, have also no flotation power.
Addition of electrolytes, with the exception of alkalis, has little influence on the flotation power of the above ag en ts; addition of alkali greatly diminishes the froth flotation in PkOII solutions. The efficiency of the process diminishes with increasing concentration of the
slurry. A. B. Ma n n in g.
Action of heat on a South Wales steam coal.
E. Le w i s (Fuel, 1931, 10, 372—376).—Analyses have been made of the residues obtained when the coal is heated at temps, from 380° to 990°, under a pressure of 20—25 mm. Hg. The results, on the ash-, S-, and N-free basis, when plotted on a C : H diagram, lie on a straight line, inside the coal band (cf. Drakeley, B., 1922,165 a ; Hickling, Trans. Inst. Min. Eng., 1927,72, 261). I t is suggested th at coals of the anthracite series have been produced by the action of heat on bituminous coals.
The apparent break in the coal band, as plotted by Hick-
ling, at a composition of 8 6% C may be explained on this
hypothesis. A. B. Ma n n in g.
Behaviour of solid fuels during oxidation.
VI. Influence on the ignition and com bustion pro
perties of the fuel of exposure to oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and water. B. Mo o r e (Fuel, 1931, 10, 344—349 ; cf. B., 1931, 659).—Exposure oí bitu
minous coal for several hr. at atm. temp, and 650 mm.
Hg pressure to air rich in 02 or N2 caused no marked change in the ignition and combustion characteristics of the coal. Similar exposure to air rich in C02 led to increased reactivity of the coal to 0 2. The normal moisture of air-dried coal is not objectionable in con
nexion with the ignition and combustion properties of coal, but moisture considerably in excess of the normal content raises the relative ignition temp., reduces the combustible capacity, and decreases temporarily the tendency towards spontaneous ignition.
A. B . Ma n n in g.
Reactivity of coke. III. Influence of iron com pounds. J . H. Jo n e s, J . G. Ki n g, and F. S . Si n n a t t
(Dept. Sci. Ind. Res., Fuel Res., Tech. Paper, 1930, No. 25, 42 p p .; cf. B., 1929, 630).—Cokes which contain Fe- in the form of metal or oxide as a constituent of the ash, or which have been impregnated with Fe20 3, give high values for the initial reactivity (/i[) followed by a more or less sharp decrease with continued passage of C02 to the final approx. const, reactivity (¿ in ), when examined by the Fuel Research method. This catalytic activation by Fe of the reaction between the coke and C02 is exhibited only under conditions which can bring about reduction of the Fe compound to the metal, e.g., heating the coke in H 2, or in N2 at a suffi
ciently high temp. With the continued passage of C 02 over the coke at 950° the Fe is oxidised to FeO, the cata
lytic action of which is slight, and the reactivity falls to the R iu val., which is a close approximation to the reactivity of the ash-free coke. A metallurgical coke containing no reducible Fe compound gives a flat curve when reactivity is plotted against vol. of C 02 passed. The catalytic influence of the Fe can be elimin
ated by (a) extracting the sol. Fe with mineral acids, (b) adding S i02, A120 3, or T i02 to the coke, followed by heating in N2 at 1 0 0 0°, or (c) treating the coke with
I I 2S at 950°. Cokes may contain Fe in a form sol. in acid, but not directly reducible to m etal; by treatment of the coke with 02 at 450° a proportion of the Fe may be converted into the reducible form, thereby bringing about an increase in R¡. The possible effect of other inorg. constituents of the ash has been studied, but the results show th a t with a normal coke the preponderating catalytic effect must be ascribed to Fe.
A. B. Ma n n i n g.
R eactivity of coke. J . H. Jo n e s (Gas World, 1931, 95, Coking Sect., 100—108 ; cf. preceding abstract).—
The greater part of this paper describes work already published. The reactivities of cokes obtained by car
bonising blends of a caking and a non-caking coal, both low in ash, are related approx. linearly to the proportion of each coal in the blend. A. B. Ma n n i n g.
Erm elo torbanite as a source of oils in the Union of S. Africa. W. Bl e l o c h (J. Inst. Petroleum Tech.,
a 2
B r itis h C h em ica l A b s tr a c ts —B .
1000 C r,. I I .— Fu e l ; Ga s ; Ta i i ; Mi n e r a l Oi l s.
1931, 17, 521—540).—The torbanite can be advantage
ously distilled in a Pumpherston retort with min.
decomp, of the volatile constituents and with recovery of the N content as NH3. The crude oil can be refined for use in internal-combustion engines.
C. W. Gib b y.
Corrosive effect of gasolines and m otor benzols on copper. F. H. Ga r n e r and E . B. Ev a n s (J. Inst.
Petroleum Tech., 1931, 17, 451—463).—Cu sulphides result from the attack of S and compounds containing loosely attached S present in motor fuels. Previous work and the methods of determining the effect of the presence of free S and of mercaptans are reviewed, and a method in which the spirit is heated with 0-5 g. of Cu-bronze powder is described. After 1£ hours’ heating, the Cu- bronze is oxidised with Br and the sulphate precipitated with BaCl2. The quantity of corrosive S was found not to be related to the total quantity of S present.
Fuels containing up to 0-5 mg. S per 100 c.c. may be considered non-corrosive. Those containing 1 mg.
are liable to cause serious corrosion. T. A. Smith.
Montan w ax and montan [wax] size. J. Mar-
c u ss o n and P. Le d e r e r (Cliem. Umschau, 1931, 3 8 ,
253—255).—Old and recent samples of crude montan wax having similar characteristics (m.p. 78—82°, 76—82°; acid. val. 27-8, 31; sap. val. 8 8-8, 92, respectively) differed in composition—resins 20, 29% ; alcohols 17, 6-7% ; normal wax acids 49-5, 52-3%
(mean mol. wt. 460); oxy-acids 3, 3% ; S-containing acids (characteristic of crude montan wax) 6 • 5, 8% ; asphaltic material and humic acids none. A distilled wax contained 56% of wax acids, 28 • 6% of montanone, and 13-4% of hydrocarbons; it is characterised by a zero acetyl val. of the unsaponifiable matter. Refined montan wax (with Cr03 and AcOH) contained Ca soaps, no resin nor S compounds, and only traces of oxy-acids; it yielded 76-2% of fatty acids (mean mol. wt. 347). The unsaponifiable m atter had acetyl val. 110 and consisted of higher alcohols (6-7% of the refined wax, distinguishing it from other waxes which contain 50—55% of alcohols). Sized paper may be extracted by C8H0-E tO H ( 8 :2 ) ; resin is detected in the extract by the Morawski test, and fatty and (oxidised) resin acids are separated by saponification and esterification, acids from montan sizes having mean mol. wt. 399—405. The paper is further extracted with water in order to determine animal size.
E. Lewkowitsch. Econom ies in steam consum ption [in coke w orks]. G. J. Gr e e n f i e l d (Gas World, 1931. 95, Coking Sect., 113—114).
Fractional distillation. Friction and lubricat
ing oils.—See I. Pressure hydrogenation. Solid CH4.—See III. HCN from gases.—See VII. Gas generator in m etallurgy.—See X. Source of power alcohol.—See XVIII.
See also A., Oct., 1134, Production of H 2 b y the water-gas reaction.
Pa t e n t s.
Treatm ent of coal slurry. B. No r t o n (B.P.
354,986, 23.7.30).—Slurry water from the main settling tank of a coal-washing plant is subjected to the action
of vibrating sieves or other device for the recovery of the fine coal slurry contained therein, and is passed thence to another settling tank wherein it is allowed to remain stationary for sufficient time to allow the fine particles to settle. The water is withdrawn from this tank through a discharge opening, e.g., a flexible or hinged pipe, which sinks as the water level falls, and is passed to the sump of a pump by which it is returned to the main settling tank. The deposited material is removed from the secondary settling tank by means of a scraper conveyor. A. B. Ma n n in g.
Treatm ent of coal and cannel for obtaining products therefrom . A. McCu l l o c h and A. Ec c i.es
(B.P. 355,019, 12.S.30).—The coal is treated with C l2
a t room temp., placed under a vac. or washed with
H 20 to remove the HC1 formed, and extracted with an org. solvent, preferably CHC13. The extracts, amounting to about 30% of an average chlorinated bituminous coal, are resinous materials, whilst the residues yield on carbonisation highly absorbent carbonaceous materials.
A. B. Ma n n in g.
Rotary retorts [for low-tem perature carbonisa
tion]. C. B. Wi s n e r (B.P. 356,136, 27.2.30. U.S., 17.4.29).—In a cylindrical or cylindro-conical, externally- heated retort the heat-transmitting surface is increased a t the plastic zone by subdividing the circle into quad
rants or sexants having flue spaces in between the radial walls, and the layer of material is caused to be thinner than in the balling zone by the provision of an annular baffle at the outlet and a helical blade which urges forward the material just after leaving the plastic zone. The material present in the plastic zone should be about 5 lb. per sq. ft. of surface, and in the balling zone 10—15 lb. per sq. f t . ; the rate of flow of heating gas should be not less than 50 ft. per sec. through a flue space 2— in. wide. Other suitable dimensions are
given. B. M. Ve n a b l e s.
Rem oval of carbon deposits from cylinders.
I. Mi d g l e y, j u n., and C. A. Ho c h w a l t, Assrs. to Ge n. Mo t o r s Re s. Co r p. (U.S.P. 1,786,860, 30.12.30. Appl., 2.2.26).-—The cylinders of internal-combustion engines are decarbonised by applying to the metal, heated to above 65°, a high-boiling solvent, e.g., NH2Ph, NPhMe2, pyridine, with or without a low-boiling solvent, e.g., EtOH, C8II6. The addition of CJ0H8 assists the solvent
action. D. K. Mo o r e.
Manufacture of carburetted w ater-gas. Hu m p h r e y s & Gl a s g o w, Lt d., Assees. of P. W . Ja n e w a y, j u n. (B.P. 355,099, 20.10.30. U.S., 21.11.29).—The blow gases produced during the first part of the air- blasting of the fuel bed are burned with secondary air in the carburettor and superheater as in usual practice ; during the latter part of the air-blasting, however, liigh- coke-forming oil is introduced into the top of the fuel bed and the resulting carburetted gases are passed unburnt through the carburettor and superheater to storage. A further quantity of the oil may be supplied to the fuel bed during the subsequent up-run with steam, if desired. I t is preferable to follow the up-run with a down-run with steam which has been passed through the carburettor and superheater.
A. B. Ma n n i n g.
B r itis h C h em ica l A b s tr a c ts —B.
o
! -J
&
C ł. I I .— Fu e l ; Ga s ; Ta r ; Mi n e r a l Oi l s.
Production of gaseous and liquid fuels. Ru h r- c h e m ie A.-G. (B.P. 354,215, 27.1.30. Ger., 26.1.80).—
Solid carbonaceous fuels are converted into water-gas which after purification is subjected to a known process for the synthesis of C8H6 with simultaneous production of gases containing CH4. These are converted into illuminating gas by being heated at least once for a short period at ^>1000°, according to B.P. 316,126 (B., 1930, 500), after previous concentration if necessary, with the simultaneous recovery of the aromatic hydro
carbons. H . S. Ga r l ic k.
Separation and treatm ent of bitum inous sands.
K. A. Cl a r k, Assr. to Go v e r n o r s o p Un i v e r s i t y o f Al b e r t a ( U .S .P . 1,791,797, 10.2.31. Appl., 5.5.28).—
The bituminous material is mixed with a reagent giving an alkaline reaction on hydrolysis, e.g., Na2Si03, and the mixture introduced in small amounts a t a time with agitation into a large supply of hot water con
taining a H20-sol. inorg. compound th at precipitates the reagent, e.g., CaCl2, and the silt or clay. The separated bitumen is recovered from the surface of the
wash water. H. S. Ga r l i c k.
Apparatus for low-tem perature distillation or other heat treatment of bitum inous m aterials.
J . Y. Jo h n s o n. From I. G. Fa r b e n i n d. A.-G. (B.P.
355,020, 12.8.30).—The materials arc heated in vertical chambers in the upper parts of which mechanical stirring devices (scrapers, chains, etc.) are provided in order to prevent caking of the charge. They extend at most to a depth where the temp, is not high enough to bring about appreciable corrosion of the metal.
A . B . Ma n n in g.
[Bitum inous] protective coverings for pipes, tubes, etc. St a n d a r d Oi l Co. o f Ca l if o r n ia (B.P.
354,803, 17.3.30. U .S ., 7.12.29).—The covering com
prises a tape bearing a bituminous mastic, which consists essentially of a mineral aggregate and bitumen, the latter amounting to <C 25% (preferably 10—18%) of the material. A. B. Ma n n in g.
Distillation of tar and rectification of the distillate therefrom. Ba r r e t t Co., Assees. of W. McK. By w a t e r
(B.P. 355,031, 20.8.30. U.S., 31.8.29).—The tar is brought into direct and intimate contact with hot gases, e.g., coal-distillation gases, and the gases and vapours produced are passed through a rectifying column and then through a condenser wherein they are partly cooled by indirect contact with tar or water.
The higher-boiling oils which separate are returned to the rectifier and refluxed therein. The gases and uncondensed vapours are passed into another condenser in which the lower-boiling oils are separated. The distillation may be so controlled as to leave a pitch with m.p. at least 300°. A. B . Ma n n in g.
Apparatus for cracking oil. G. Eg l o f f and H. P . Be n n e r, Assrs. to Un iv e r s a l Oi l Pr o d u c t s Co.
(U.S.P. 1,791,617, 10.2.31. Appl., 25.4.21. Renewed 28.9.26).—Oil is passed under superatm. pressure through a cracking coil disposed in a furnace to an enlarged horizontal vapour chamber into which it is introduced from the opposite extremities through pipes of relatively smaller diam. than the main transfer line.
The unvaporised residue is drawn off from the bottom of the chamber, and the vapours are led to a dephlegm- ator and condenser. II. S. Ga r l ic k.
Tank for cracking mineral oil. A. E . Pe w, j u n.,
and II. Th o m a s, Assrs. to Sun Oi l Co. (U.S.P. 1,794,200, 24.2.31. Appl., 26.6.29).—An oil-heating unit comprises a tank with end heads, enclosing the major part of a pipe coil th a t consists of pipe sections connected by return bends, the pipe sections being welded at one end to an end head and a t the other to a wall of a slidable box situated in the tank between the end heads. The return bends are positioned outside the end head at one end and at the other end are contained within the box body, which has a projecting extension secured to the end head and an opening through which access may be had to the interior of the box secured by a removable cover. H . S. Ga r l ic k.
Cracking of [fuel] oil. F. C. Va n d e Wa t e r,
Assr. to Pe t r o l e u m La b o r a t o r ie s, In c. (U.S.P.
1,788,933, 13.1.31. Appl., 21.11.23. Renewed 17.2.30).
—Crude oil is heated in a topping still until all the light fractions have been removed. The heavier vapours are passed a t atm. pressure first through narrow super
heating coils mounted under the still and maintained at 535—700° and then through larger tubes maintained at the same temp., whereby they become stabilised without appreciable deposition of C. T. A. Sm it h.
Apparatus for conversion of heavy hydrocarbons into lighter ones. W . La n d e s (U.S.P. 1,792,912, 17.2.31. Appl, 10.7.26. Renewed 15.8.30).—The apparatus consists of an upright chamber leading upwardly from a furnace and through which the products of combustion flow; an upright, elongated expansion chamber, situated centrally within it, has an arm pro
jecting to one side. The expansion chamber has an upper vapour outlet and lower discharge means, and hydrocarbon and steam nozzles extending through the entire length of the arm to direct preheated hydrocarbon and superheated steam against the opposite wall of the expansion chamber. H. S. Ga r l ic k.
Separation of volatile im purities from solid or liquid hydrocarbons. A. Es a u (B.P. 351,576, 5.3.30. Ger., 13.3.29).—The hydrocarbons are sub
jected to the high-frequency field effect of short electric waves of 100 m. or less (frequencies of 3 X 108 Hertz or more), w’hereby air and H 20 are removed. The vessel in which the treatm ent is carried out is supported between two electrodes. T. A. Sm i t h.
Production of low-boiling oils from solid car
bonaceous m aterials. St a n d a r d Oi l De v e l o p m e n t
Co., Assees. of R. T. Ha s l a m and P. L. Yo u n g (B.P.
3-52,672, 4.6.30. U .S ., 25.6.29).—Coal paste or heavy mineral oil is hydrogenated to produce chiefly middle oil, which is separated, the residues being returned for further hydrogenation. The middle oil is cracked to produce petrol, the pitch and heavy oil produced being again hydrogenated. The original hydrogenation is carried out a t 375—425°/20 atm., whereby products boiling below 205° are produced only in small quantities.
The middle-oil fraction is treated with aq. alkali to recover phenols before cracking. T. A. Sm i t h.
B r itis h C h e m ic a l A b s tr a c ts —B .
1002 Cl. I I . —F u e l ; G a s ; T a b ; M i n e r a l O i l s .
Reactivation of catalyst used in the destructive hydrogenation of hydrocarbon oils. St a n d a r d Oi l De v e l o p m e n t Co., Assees. of E. B. Peck (B.P.
352,850, 20.10.30. U .S ., 13.11.29).—The used catalyst is separated by filtration and then submitted to a prolonged treatm ent (2—12 hr.) with I i2 at below 375°
and a t pressures preferably above 50 atm. Pure II2 need not be used, the gases from the hydrogenation process after scrubbing to remove hydrocarbons being
satisfactory. T. A. Sm i t h.
Treatm ent of hydrocarbon oils with liquid sulphur dioxide. Ed e l e a n u Ge s.m.b.H . (B.P.
354,582, 2.9.30. Ger., 12.2.30).—The feeding of the ingredients as well as the actual mixing is effected by and in one and the same pump or group of pumps.
II. S. Ga r l i c k.
Treatm ent of hydrocarbon oils. W . M . St r a t f o r d, Assr. to Te x a s Co. (U.S.P. 1,792,877, 17.2.31.
Appl., 7.6.28).-—Cracked naphtha is treated to effect partial separation of unsaturated compounds of sub
stantially the same b.p. by continuously contacting the oil in vapour form with a bed of solid, absorbent, catalyst, maintained under superatm. pressure, and washing the catalyst during contact of the vapours with a solvent for the polymeride formed, e.g., a hydrocarbon boiling within the range of kerosene ; the pressure on the catalyst, as well as its temp., is raised as its activity
decreases. H. S . Ga r l i c k.
Conversion of hydrocarbon oil. G . Eg l o f f and J. C. Mo r r e l l, Assrs. to Un i v e r s a l Oi l Pr o d u c t s Co. ( U .S .P . 1,791,618, 10.2.31. Appl., 18.2.22. Renewed 16.10.28).—Oil is raised to cracking temp, in a heating zone, passed to an evaporation zone, and the vapours are led to a dephlegmator. The dephlegmated vapours are passed through a chamber containing catalytic material, e.g., Ni-pumice, and the treated vapours passed to a condenser. The condensate is collected and the uncondensed gases are passed through a desulphuriser and returned to the stream of dephlegmated vapours prior to their treatm ent with catalyst. H . S. Ga r l i c k.
Conversion of liquid carbonaceous m aterials into products of low b.p. H . C. Wa d e (B.P.
352,448, 1.3.30. U.S., 22.5.29).—Heated hydrocarbon vapours are rapidly passed through a metallic catalyst (e.g., treated nichrome wire) in the presence of not less than 9 vol.-% of steam. The liquid is vaporised in a spiral mounted in a furnace and then passed through a spiral containing the catalyst. The product is free from S even though the charging stock contained it. [Stat.
ref.] T. A. Sm i t h.
Production of lubricating oils from crude oils and the like by treatm ent with hydrogen at high temperatures and pressures. St a n d a r d Oi l De v e l o p m e n t Co., Assees. of J. M . Je n n i n g s ( B .P . 352,775, 13.8.30. U.S., 14.8.29).—Heavy hydrocarbon oil and
are passed in opposite directions over catalytic material a t 375—440°/100 atm., the production of light oil being limited to 15—20%. The temp, of the catalyst is controlled by circulating the oil and gas, these being heated in external coils. The H2 is purified before its return to the process. The catalyst consists of a mixture of Cr and Mo oxides. T. A. Sm i t h.
Reclam ation of asphalt from residuum [from cracking of petroleum products]. R. P. Cr o t h e r s
(U.S.P. 1,788,792,13.1.31. Appl., 27.3.28).—The asphal
tic residue containing free C is mixed with fuel oil and allowed to settle while maintained at 280°. The asphal
tic oil is then withdrawn and the operation repeated several times. After distilling off the fuel oil a satis
factory asphalt is obtained. T. A. Sm i t h.
Treatm ent of crude oil (a) having tar and asphalt content, (b) of the Pennsylvania type. W. S. Ba y l is,
Assr. to Fil t r o l Co. o f Ca l i f o r n i a(U.S.P. 1,788,653—4, 13.1.31. Appl., 12.11.27).—Mixtures of oil and decoloris
ing clay are passed through a heating coil to a dephlegm
ator column. The residue containing clay is removed from the bottom of the column and filter-pressed.
Cuts free from clay are taken from the upper portion of the column. H eat exchangers are fitted to recover heat from the various fractions. Asphaltic oils are first distilled to remove asphalt before treating the distillate
with clay. T. A. Sm it h.
Making w hite petrolatum . H. F. Ga l l a g h e r, Assr.
to St a n d a r d Oi l De v e l o p m e n t Co. (U.S.P. 1,791,926, 10.2.31. Appl., 27.10.25).—Crude petroleum is blended with heavy asphalt-containing residues and an approx.
equal vol. of a heavy-oil distillate, and agitated by air-blowing with oleum, thereby forming a rapidly settling sludge from the asphaltic material, which carries down the less easily settling sludge from the crude petrolatum. The sludges are allowed to settle, with
drawn, and the reaction mixture is successively neu
tralised, washed with a solvent for sulphonic compounds, e.g., EtOH, steamed, and filtered through a finely- divided decolorising material. H. S. Ga r l i c k.
Fuel for internal-com bustion engines. W . He l-
m o r e (B.P. 354,398, 13.2.30).—A non-volatile fuel oil has added to it a t least two primers, one of which has a lower spontaneous ignition temp, than the fuel oil, e.g., MeN03, and a t least one of which explodes when rapidly heated, e.g., EtNOa, polynitro-derivatives such as picric acid, and may have a higher spontaneous ignition temp, than th at of the fuel oil. The exploding primer is dissolved in the igniting primer, and the addition made as a solution in fuel oil. H . S. Ga r l i c k.
Oil for manufacture of textiles. L. Me l l e r s h- Ja c k s o n. From Tw i t c h e l l Pr o c e s s Co. ( B .P . 354,297, 3.2.30).—An oil-sol. sulphonated mineral oil (2-5—
25%), from which the entrained unsulphonated oil has been substantially removed, is combined with a relatively white mineral lubricating oil (97-5—75%) of low viscosity, to give a product th a t is readily sol. in H20.
H. S. Ga r l i c k.
Burners. R. Rosen A.-G. (B.P. 356,639, 5.2.31.
Ger., 5.2.30).
[Reservoir casings for oil] filters. T £c a l e m it, Lt d. (B.P. 356,392, 19.7.30. F r . , 19.7.29).
Resolution of NH3 liquor. C 0 2 from gases.—See I.
Oxidation catalyst for hydrocarbons.—See VII.
M oulding m aterials etc. from coal.—See XIII.
C black for rubber. Vulcanisation products.—
See XIV. Chewing gum .—See XIX.
B r itis h C h e m ic a l A b s tr a c ts —B .
Cl. I I I . — Or g a n i c In t e r m e d i a t e s. 1003
i l l .— ORGANIC INTERMEDIATES.
Pressure hydrogenation with iodine as catalyst.
J. Va r g a and L. Al m a s i (Brennstoff-Chem., 1931, 12, 327—329).—PhOII, p-cresol, crude oils, tars, and grown coal have been hydrogenated a t 450° and under 100—
1 1 0 atm. initial I!2 pressure, with and without the
addition of I (0-5%), in a rotating autoclave. With the exception of the brown coal the hydrogenation of these materials was markedly promoted by the I, or by the F el, formed therefrom. jj-Cresol was more readily reduced than PhOII and gave CcHfi and PhMe, some kydroaromatic and probably also some aliphatic hydro
carbons. The fractions of the crude oils and tars boiling above 300° were converted mainly into benzine. Addi
tion of I was particularly effective in the hydrogenation of bituminous coal tar. In all cases the addition of I brought about a decrease in the PhOII content of the product. The results were difficult to repeat quanti
tatively because of the variation in the catalytic activity of the walls of the autoclave, due to deposition or removal of a layer of asphalt. A . B. Ma n n i n g.
Solid m ethane. J. Brokn (Chem.-Ztg., 1931, 55, 702).—Pure CH4 can be frozen by the use of liquid N2 at —186°, but in the presence of much 0 2 or olefines a considerably lower temp, is necessary. The solid cannot be vaporised without melting, owing to its low v.p.
A. R. Po w e l l. Determ ination of water content of glacial acetic acid b y therm om etric titration. T. So m iy a (J. S o c.
Chem. Ind., Japan, 1931, 34, 281—282 b).—The A c O H
is heated with standard Ac20 solution and excess of the latter is determined as described previously (B., 1929, 274). E. H. Sh a r p l e s.
Determ ination of aniline content of aniline salts by therm om etric titration. T. So m iy a (J. Soc. Chem.
Ind., Japan, 1931, 34, 279—280 b).—NH2P1i is deter
mined in its salts by titration with-a standard Ac20 - AcOH- pyridine solution, using a thermometric measure
ment for the end-point. E. H. Sh a r p l e s.
Detection of benzylidenesorbitol.—See XVIII.
See also A., Oct., 1144, Condistillation. 1152, Prep, of m -am inocresol. 1169, Reaction of diazosulphon- ates derived from f}-naphthol-l-sulphonic acid.
Pa t e n t s.
Production of acetaldehyde from acetylene. G. F.
Ho r s l e y, and Im p e r ia l Ch e m. In d u s t r i e s, Lt d. ( B .P .
351,016, 19.3.30).—B 20 3 in combination with a non
volatile acid, e.g., H 3P 0 4, is used as catalyst at 360° for hydration of C,H2 by steam ; preferably 100% excess of steam or C2H2 is employed. 0 . Ho l l i n s.
Preparation of vinyl esters [from acetylene].
Im p e r i a l Ch e m. In d u s t r i e s, Lt d. (B.P. 3-51,318, 27.8.30.
U.S., 28.8.29).—C2H , is led into AcOH or other lower aliphatic acid below'“50° (e.g., 5—15°) in presence of a Hg catalyst and of sulphoacetic acid and Ac20. The product after addition of NaOAc is distilled over NaOAc or Ca(0Ac) 2 in vac. The yield with AcOH is 60% of vinyl acetate and 13% of ethylidene diacetate.
C. Ho l l i n s.
Manufacture of acrylic esters from ß-chloropro- pionic acid esters. J. Y. Jo h n s o n. From I. G. Fa r b- e n i n d. A.-G. (B.P. 351,51S, 24.3.30).—A ß-chloropro- pionic ester is heated with conc. H § |0 4, H3P 0 4, ZnCl2, toluenesulphonic acid, or other acid-reacting compounds containing inorg. acid radicals a t 95—240°, whereby HC1 is split off. The yields are 75—90%.
C. Ho l l i n s.
Production of prim ary alcohols [by hydrogena
tion of esters]. H . T. Bö h m e A.-G. ( B .P . 351,359, 8.10.30. Ger., 25.11.29. Addn. to B.P. 346,237 ; B., 1931, 834).—The process of the prior patent is applied to the hydrogenation of esters of di- or poly-hydric alcohols, especially fatty acid glycerides, e.g., coconut oil.
C. Ho l l i n s.
Wetting, penetrating, foam ing, and dispersing agents. II. T. Bö iim eA.-G. ( B .P . 351,456, 20.3.30. Ger., 3.4.29).—Aliphatic acids above C8 (e.g., rieinoleic or hydroxystearic acid) or aromatic acids (e.g., ß-näphthoic acid) are sulphonated and esterified with an alkyl ether of a polyhydric alcohol, e.g., glycol mono-methyl or -ethyl ether. C. Ho l l i n s.
Preparation of aliphatic sulphuric acid com pounds [wetting and em ulsifying agents]. I I . T.
Bö h m e A.-G. ( B .P . 351,013, 18.3.30. Ger., 21.3.29).—
Sulphonated rieinoleic or other aliphatic acid above CB is neutralised and treated with a H20-insol. solvent (C2HC13, CCI.j, E t20, liquid hydrocarbons) in presence of enough H 20 to give 2 layers, in order to extract non- sulphonated products. C. Ho l l i n s.
Cleansing agents. H. T. Bö h m eA.-G. ( B .P . 351,403, 18.3.30. Ger., 5.4.29. Addn. to B.P. 318,610 ; B., 1931, 290).—Sulphonated lauryl alcohol is a more active wetting agent than sulphonated higher or lower alcohols.
C. Ho l l in s. Preparation of sulphonation products [wetting agents]. H . T. Bö h m e A.-G. ( B .P . -351,452, 18.3.30.
Ger., 20.3.29).—Alcohols derived from the mixed fatty acids of coconut or palm-kemel oil, especially the 50—
60% first collected on distillation, are sulphonated under mild conditions to give esters or more vigorously to give sulphonic ac id s; the latter are stable to hot-drying, calendering, etc. 0. Ho l l i n s.
Manufacture of derivatives of quinoline [8-nitro- and -am ino-5:6-dialkoxyquinolines]. A. Ca r p m a e l.
From I . G. Fa r b e n in d. A.-G. (B.P. 351,068, 22.3.30).—
The halogen in 5-halogeno-8-nitro-6-alkoxyquinolines is exchanged for an alkoxyl group and the product reduced.
5-Chloro-, 5-bromo-. and 5-iodo-8-nitro-6-methoxyquin- olines, m.p. 202—203°, 204—205°, and 210—212°, respec
tively, give with NaOMe in Me OH a t 130—140°/4 atm.
8-nitro-5 : 6-dimethoxyquinoline, m.p. 126—128°, which is reduced to an amine, m.p. 148°. 8-Nitro-6-methoxy- 5-isopropoxyquinoline, m.p. 77—78° (amine, m.p.
125—127°), and 8-nitro-5-methoxy-8-ethoxyquinoline, m.p. 8 6° (amine, m.p. 119°), are also described.
C. Ho l l i n s.
Manufacture of phthalic anhydride. Im p e r ia l Ch e m. In d u s t r i e s, Lt d. (B.P. 351,185, 12.5.30. U.S., 11.5.29).—In the vapour-phase oxidation of C1 0Hg, the parts of the reaction vessel in contact with the reactants are made of a metal or alloy which does not form a
B r itis h C h e m ic a l A b s tr a c ts —B .
1 0 0 4 C l . IV .— D y e s t u f f s . Cl. V.— F i b r e s ; T e x t i l e s ; C e l l u l o s e ; P a p e r .
stable phthalatc or which is not oxidised under the re
action conditions, e.g., Ni, Cr, Ag, Al, calorised Fe, Ni-Cr-Fe, Fe-Si, Cr-W-Co, or stainless steel.
C. Ho l l i n s.
Manufacture of styrene and the like. Im p e r ia l Ch e m. In d u s t r i e s, Lt d. (B.P. 351,310, 19.8.30. U.S., 20.8.29).—PhEt, or other aromatic hydrocarbon with at least one side-chain, CH2'0 H2R, is passed as vapour over a dehydrogenating catalyst (Ce02 and/or ZnO, witlx pro
moters if desired) at about 650°. The yield is above
90%. C. Ho l l i n s.
Manufacture of polym erised vinylnaphthalenes and of m oulding com positions, varn ishes, lacquers, and the like therefrom. Im p e r ia l Ch e m. In d u s t r i e s, Lt d. (B.P. 355,032, 20.8.30. U.S., 21.8.29).-«- or ¡3- Vinylnaphthalene is polymerised either by heating alone to about 300°, or by heating in a solvent, e.g., PhEt, with or without a catalyst, e.g., Bz20 2, SnCl4, to give pale resins suitable for use in lacquers etc. S. S. Wo o l f.
Antiseptics.—See X X III.
IV.— DYESTUFFS.
See A., Oct., 1163, Thionaphthen dyes. 1170, T hio- hydantoin dyes.
Pa t e n t s.
Manufacture of vat dye preparations for cotton printing. A. Ca r p m a e l. From I. 6 . Fa r b e n i n d.
A.-G. (B.P. 350,936, 17.3.30).—Aminoanthraquinones are used in place of the hydroxyanthraquinones of B.P. 349,955 (B., 1931, 969). [Stat. ref.]
C. Ho l l in s.
Manufacture of dyes and dyeing of cellulose esters or ethers. J . Y. Jo h n s o n. From I. G.
Fa r b e n i n d, A.-G. (B.P. 350,928, 17.2.30).—Amino- anthraquinonecarboxylic amides containing a second auxochromie group and, if desired, a further NH2 group are synthesised ; they give deep shades on acetate sik etc. Examples are : l-aminoanthraquinone-2-carboxyl- amide, m.p. 288—289°, condensed with CHaO in conc.
H2S 04, nitrated, and the N 02-compound, m.p. 285—289°, reduced to 1 : 4-diaminoanthraqumone-2-carboxyl- amide (blue), also obtainable from 4-nitro-l-amino- anthraquinone-2-carboxyl chloride, m.p. 238—239°, or from 1 - amino - 4 - p - toluenesulphonamidoanthra- quinone-2-carboxyl chloride; 1-methylaminoanthra- quinone-2-carboxylamide (greenish-blue) by hydrolysis of the n itrile; 4-nitro-l-hydroxyanthraquinone-2- carboxylamide (from the acid chloride, m.p. 227—228°) reduced to the 4-amino-amide (violet), m.p. 287°;
1 : 4 -diaminoanthraquinone -2 - carboxyl - metbylamide (reddish-blue) and -anilide (violet) from l-amino-4-y- toluenesulphonamidoanthraquinonecarboxyl chloride.
C. Ho l l i n s.
Manufacture of vat dyes of the 1 : 2 : 2 ' : 1 ' - anthraquinoneazine [indanthrone] series. J. Y.
Jo h n s o n. From I. G. Fa r b e n i n d. A.-G. (B.P. 351,032, 21.2.30).—Indanthrones are oxidised to the corresponding aziues and condensed with C H 20 , and, if desired, halo- genated, greener shades being produced. C. Ho l l in s.
Manufacture of vat dyes of the anthraquinone series. J . Y. Jo h n s o n. F r o m I. G. Fa r b e n i n d.
A.-G. (B.P. 351,557, 28.3.30).—Bisanthraquinone- [3-
carboxyl derivatives of p-arylenediamines or 4 :4 '- diaminodi aryls aro converted by way of the imide chlorides into bisthiazoles by the action of sulphurising agents (S in C1 0II8). Examples are vat dyes from the di-imide dichlorides of dianthraquinone-[3-carboxylatecl benzidine (dicliloride, m.p. 322° ; yellow vat dye) and y-phenylenediamine. C. Ho l l in s.
Manufacture of vat dyes of the anthraquin
one series. I . G. Fa r b e n in d, A.-G. (B.P. 351,774, 22.7.30. Ger., 30.7.29).—Bisthioxanthones of the type
CO CO
A q < g > A r < g ]>Aq are synthesised from bis-(2- carboxy-l-anthraquiuonylthiol)-benzenes or -napththa- lene by the action of PC15, Ac20, H 2S 0 4, etc. Examples are the bisthioxanthones from the bis-2-carboxy-l-anthra- quinonyl derivatives of 1 : 6-, 2 : 6-, 2 : 7-dithiolnaph- thalenes, and wi-dithiolbenzene; the products are orange vat dyes. C. Ho l l in s.
Manufacture of an azo dye [pigment and ice colour]. W. W. Gr o v e s. From I . G . Fa r b e n i n d. A .-G . (13.P. 351,585, 2.4.30).—4 : 6-Dichloro-m-toluidine is diazotised and coupled in substance or on the fibre with 2 : 3-hydroxynaphthoic3-chloro-2 : 4-dimethoxyanilide to give Turkey-red shades of good fastness. C. Ho l l in s.
Manufacture of [dis]azo dyes. Im p e r i a l Ch e m. In d u s t r ie s, Lt d. (B.P. 351,322, 29.8.30. U.S., 30.8.29).
—An aminodisazo compound, having at least 2 S0 3H and/or CO„H groups, but no OH or additional NH2 group, is condensed with a nitroaroyl halide, reduced, condensed again with nitroaroyl halide, and finally reduced.
Examples are : 2 : 6 : 8-naphthylaminedisulphonic acid -> wi-toluidine -> m-toluidine, and metanilic acid -> Cleve acid -> m-toluidine, p-nitrobenzoyl chloride being used in both cases. The products give yellow and orange-brown shades, respectively, on cotton, wool, silk, or viscose silk, becoming redder on development with (3-naphthol, yellower with phenylmethylpyrazolone. C. Ho l l i n s.
Manufacture of a vat dye [of the perylene ser ie s].
F. Be n s a (B.P. 351,220, 6.6.30. Austr., 16.7.29).—
3 : 9-Dibenzoylperylene is electrolytically oxidised, e.g., in conc. H2S04, to give a violet vat dye. C. Ho l l i n s.
V .— F IB R E S; TEXTILES; CELLULOSE; PAPER.
Estim ation of m oisture content in fabrics by cobalt chloride test paper. K . Ya m a d a, I I . Ot s u k a, T . Na k a m u r a, and F. Ta t e b e (J. Soc. Chem. Ind., Japan, 1931, 3 4 , 135—136 b).—The duration of colour change in Co chloride paper is used as a measure of moisture content of fabrics, an accuracy of 3% being
claimed. T . T . Po t t s.
Wood chem istry. VII. Digestion experim ents on woods of “ Doronoki ” and “ Ezoyanagi.”
Y . Uy e d a and G. Mi y a s h it a (J. Cellulose Inst., Tokyo, 1931, 7, 131—132).—The results of experimental diges
tions of the two new pulp woods already described (B., 1931, 436) are given. The sulphite process yields a better pulp than does the soda process.
T. T. Po t t s.
Production of cellulose from pine wood by the sulphite process. O . Ro u t a l a a n d J. Se v o n ( S u o m e n K e m ., 1931, 4, 45—50).—S u lp h ite p u l p is p r e p a r e d
