ISSN 1509-1619
Elena Janczuk
Katedra Studiów Interkulturowych Europy ĝrodkowo-Wschodniej Uniwersytet Warszawski
Ɉ ɉɊɂȿɆȿ «ɍɋȼɈȿɇɂə»: ɅɘȻɈȼɖ ȺɊɆȺɇȺ-Ʌɍɂ ɅɈɁȿɇȺ ɂ ɂɁȺȻȿɅɅɕ ɑȺɊɌɈɊɕɃɋɄɈɃ ȼ ɉɖȿɋȿ
ɆȺɊɂɇɕ ɐȼȿɌȺȿȼɈɃ ɎɈɊɌɍɇȺ
Key words: Marina Tsvetaeva, Fortuna, intertextuality, poetics of appropriation, identity
Ɉ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ Ɇaɪɢɧɵ ɐɜɟɬɚɟɜɨɣ ɫ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɦ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɨ ɧɟɦɚɥɨ, ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɤɪɚɬɧɨ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɥɢ ɧɚ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɷɬɚ ɤ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɦ ɢɫ- ɬɨɱɧɢɤɚɦ, ɧɚ ɟɟ ɩɨɩɵɬɤɢ ɜɠɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɝɨɥɨɫɚ ɢ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɝɟɪɨɟɜ, ɱɬɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨ ɢ ɩɥɨɞɨɬɜɨɪɧɨ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ 1917–1926 ɝɨɞɨɜ. Ɇ. Ɇɟɣɤɢɧ ɨɩɪɟɞɟ- ɥɹɟɬ ɩɨɷɬɢɤɭ ɐɜɟɬɚɟɜɨɣ ɤɚɤ «ɩɨɷɬɢɤɭ ɭɫɜɨɟɧɢɹ» (ɢɥɢ ɩɪɢɫɜɨɟɧɢɹ)1, ɩɪɢɩɢɫɵɜɚɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɭ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɢ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɤɨ-ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɨɩɵɬɚ ɪɨɥɶ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɜɫɟɣ ɰɜɟɬɚɟɜɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɷɡɢɢ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ ɩɨɫɬɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɦɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ, ɤɚɤ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɞɟɤɥɚɪɢɪɭɟɬ ɪɚɡɪɵɜ ɫ ɨɩɵɬɨɦ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝɨ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɟɝɨ ɢɪɨɧɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɨɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɢɹ (ɍɦɛɟɪɬɨ ɗɤɨ). Ⱥ ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ, ɩɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ Ɇ. Ʌɢɩɨɜɟɰɤɨɝɨ, «ɪɭɫɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɫɬɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɦ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɦɭ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɦɭ 1910–1930-ɯ ɝɨɞɨɜ, ɧɨ ɢ (...) ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɨɞɧɭ ɢɡ ɜɚɠɧɵɯ ɮɚɡ ɜ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɢ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɦɚ» [Ʌɢɩɨɜɟɰɤɢɣ 2008], ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɣ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɩɵɬɤɚ ɡɚɹɜɢɬɶ ɨ ɩɪɢɟɦɟ ɭɫɜɨɟɧɢɹ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɤɨ-ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɤɚɤ ɨɫɨɛɨɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɟ ɩɟɪɟɨɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝɨ, ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɐɜɟɬɚ- ɟɜɨɣ2. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɟɦ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɜ «ɢɝɪɵ» ɜ ɩɨɫɬɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɫɬɢɱɟɫ- ɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹɯ, ɚ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɐɜɟɬɚɟɜɨɣ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɟɦɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ.
1 Ɍɚɤ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɢɬ ɂ. ɒɟɜɟɥɟɧɤɨ [ɒɟɜɟɥɟɧɤɨ 2002, 47] ɬɟɪɦɢɧ Ɇ. Ɇɟɣɤɢɧɚ poetics of appropriation [Ɇɟɣɤɢɧ 1997].
2 ɉɪɢɫɜɨɟɧɢɟ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɧɟ ɫɨɜɫɟɦ ɭɞɚɱɧɵɣ ɬɟɪɦɢɧ, ɐɜɟɬɚɟɜɚ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɥɚ: «ɹ ɧɢɱɟɝɨ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɫɜɚɢ- ɜɚɸ. ȼɫɟ ‘ɫɨɪɜɚɜɲɟɟɫɹ’ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ – ɦɨɟ» [ɐɜɟɬɚɟɜɚ ɋɋ-6, 563]. Ⱥ ɩɨɡɠɟ ɩɢɫɚɥɚ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɟɬ ɚɜɬɨɪɫɬɜɚ:
«ɹ ɞɚɜɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɚɥɚ ɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɫɬɢɯɢ ɧɚ ɫɜɨɢ ɢ ɱɭɠɢɟ, ɩɨɷɬɨɜ – ɧɚ ‘ɬɟɛɹ’ ɢ ‘ɦɟɧɹ’» [ɐɜɟɬɚɟɜɚ ɋɋ-7, 466].
ɂɪɨɧɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɨɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝɨ3, ɦɵ, ɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɭ ɐɜɟɬɚɟɜɨɣ, ɧɟ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɦ, ɧɨ ɫɚɦɨ ɩɟɪɟɨɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɢɟ, ɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɩɨ-ɰɜɟɬɚɟɜɫɤɢ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɟɦɨɟ «ɢɧɨɫɤɚɡɚ- ɧɢɟ»4, ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɭɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝɨ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚ ɞɥɹ ɨɫɨɛɨ- ɝɨ ɜɢɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ ɢ ɤɚɤ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɟɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɢɡɥɸɛɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɐɜɟɬɚɟɜɨɣ. ȼ ɟɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹɯ, ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨ ɤɚɤ ɢ ɭ ɟɟ ɤɨɥɥɟɝ-ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɫ- ɬɨɜ, ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɩɵɬɤɚ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɨɫɨɛɨɝɨ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɚ ɦɢɪɚ, ɜɨɫɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ. ȼ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɢ ɩɨɷɬɚ ɤɚɤ ɛɵ ɫɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɢ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ, ɧɟɢɡɛɟɠɧɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɢ ɫ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɢɦ, ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ, ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɐɜɟɬɚɟɜɚ «ɪɚɛɨɬɚɥɚ», ɧɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɜɨɫɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ, ɨɬɪɚɠɚɹ ɧɟɤɭɸ – ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ XVIII ɜɟɤɚ, ɚ ɩɟɪɟɫɨɡɞɚɟɬɫɹ. ɐɜɟɬɚɟɜɚ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɟɬ ɩɟɪɜɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɞ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ. ɀɢɡɧɢ ɤɚɤ ɬɚɤɨɜɨɣ ɨɧɚ ɧɟ ɥɸɛɢɥɚ ɜ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɟ, ɞɥɹ ɧɟɟ ɠɢɡɧɶ «ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬ (…) ɨɛɪɟɬɚɬɶ ɫɦɵɫɥ ɢ ɜɟɫ – ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɧɚɹ, ɬ. ɟ. – ɜ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟ» [ɐɜɟɬɚɟɜɚ 1994–95, VI, 344].
ɇɚɞɨ ɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɵɦ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɦ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɫɵɝ- ɪɚɥ ɫɚɦ ɮɚɤɬ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɜ ɛɭɤɜɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ ɭ ɐɜɟɬɚɟɜɨɣ ɧɚ ɝɥɚɡɚɯ ɦɢɪɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɥ ɨɱɟɪɬɚɧɢɹ, ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨ ɟɣ ɱɭɠɞɵɟ. ȼ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɦ, ɞɟɬɫɤɨɦ ɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɡɜɟɪɢɧɨɦ ɜɢɞɢɬ ɨɧɚ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɭɦɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜ ɭɫɢɥɢɹɯ ɠɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɯ, ɜ ɝɪɹɞɭɳɢɯ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɚɯ – ɩɨɞɞɟɥɤɭ, ɡɚɦɟɧɭ, ɬɭɩɢɤ: «ɉɪɨɝɪɟɫɫ? ɇɨ ɞɨɤɨɥɟ? Ⱥ ɟɫɥɢ ɢ ɞɨ ɤɨɧɰɚ ɩɥɚɧɟɬɵ – ɩɪɨɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɜɩɟɪɟɞ – ɤ ɹɦɟ? ɉɪɨɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɜɩɟɪɟɞ ɧɟ ɤ ɤɨɧɰɭ – ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟ- ɧɢɸ, ɚ ɤ ɤɨɧɰɭ-ɭɧɢɱɬɨɠɟɧɢɸ. (...) Ʉɨɧɟɰ ɢɥɢ ɛɟɫɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɟɦɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ, ɪɚɜɧɨ- ɫɬɪɚɲɧɨ, ɢɛɨ ɪɚɜɧɨ-ɩɭɫɬɨ» [ɐɜɟɬɚɟɜɚ 1994–95, V, 344]. Ɇɢɪ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɜɫɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɟɟ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɧɟɤɭɸ ɩɨɞɦɟɧɧɭɸ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɜɪɨɞɟ ɛɵ ɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ, ɧɨ ɩɨɥɨɧ ɦɢɪɚɠɟɣ ɢɥɢ, ɝɨɜɨɪɹ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹɲɧɢɦ ɹɡɵɤɨɦ, ɫɢɦɭɥɹɤɪɨɜ. Ɉɳɭɳɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɞɦɟɧɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ: ɜ ɟɟ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɝɨɪɨɞ ɦɨɠɟɬ «ɤɨɧɱɚɬɶɫɹ»,
«ɩɟɪɟɫɬɚɜɚɬɶ ɛɵɬɶ» ɜ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɨɧɚ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɤɢɞɚɟɬ – ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɨ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨɬ ɝɨɪɨɞ – «ɧɟ ɬɨɬ», ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɥɢɱɢɧɚ, ɩɨɞɦɟɧɚ, ɨɛɦɚɧ [ɐɜɟɬɚɟɜɚ 1994–95, IV, 517].
ɋ ɩɪɢɟɦɚɦɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɚɜɬɨɪɵ ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɚɦɭ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɢɫɱɟɡɚɟɬ «ɩɨɞ ɧɚɩɨɪɨɦ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢɢ» [Ʌɟɣɞɟɪɦɚɧ / Ʌɢɩɨɜɟɰɤɢɣ 2003, II, 378]. ȼ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɵ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɢɫɱɟɡɚɟɬ, ɧɨ ɢ ɪɭɲɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɥɚɧɟ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɦ, ɚ ɤɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɛɭɤɜɚɥɶɧɨ ɧɚ ɝɥɚɡɚɯ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɫɦɟɧɚ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɧɵɯ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜ: «Ȼɚɪɪɢɤɚɞɵ ɜ ɉɹɬɨɦ ɫɬɪɨɢɥɢ – / Ɇɵ, ɪɟɛɹɬɚɦɢ. – ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ. // Ȼɚɪɪɢɤɚɞɵ, ɚ ɧɵɧɱɟ – ɬɪɨɧɵ»
[ɐɜɟɬɚɟɜɚ 1994–95, II, 265], – ɧɚɩɢɲɟɬ ɨɧɚ ɜ 1926-ɨɦ, ɧɨ ɥɨɦɤɭ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɟɪɟɠɢ- ɜɚɟɬ ɫɟɣɱɚɫ, ɜ 1918-ɨɦ. ȿɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ ɜ ɪɭɤɚɯ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ – ɟɟ ɩɪɢɫɜɨɢɬɶ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɬɟɤɫɬ. ɉɪɢɫɜɨɟɧɢɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɢɟɦ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ: «ɇɢɱɟɝɨ ɧɟ ɯɨɱɭ, ɡɚ ɱɬɨ
3 ɏɨɬɹ Ɇ. Ɇɟɣɤɢɧ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ: «ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ‘ɩɟɪɟɢɧɚɱɢɜɚɧɢɟ’ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɩɪɨɢɡ- ɜɟɥɢ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɡɧɚɱɧɵɣ ɢ ɢɪɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ» [Ɇɟɣɤɢɧ 1997, 48].
4 ɋɪ. «ə, ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨ, ɦɧɨɝɨɟ, ȼɋȬ, ɩɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ ɫɜɨɟɣ, ɢɧɨɫɤɚɡɭɸ, ɧɨ ɞɭɦɚɸ – ɢ ɷɬɨ ɠɢɡɧɶ. Ɏɚɤɬɨɜ ɹ ɧɟ ɬɪɨɝɚɸ ɧɢɤɨɝɞɚ, ɹ ɢɯ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ – ɬɨɥɤɭɸ. Ɍɚɤ ɹ ɩɢɫɚɥɚ ɜɫɟ ɫɜɨɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɜɟɳɢ» [ɐɜɟɬɚɟɜɚ ɋɋ-7, 274].
ɜ 7 ɱ. ɭɬɪɚ ɧɟ ɨɬɜɟɱɭ ɢ ɡɚ ɱɬɨ (ɛɟɡ ɱɟɝɨ) ɜ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɱɚɫ ɞɧɹ ɢ ɧɨɱɢ ɧɟ ɭɦɪɭ» [ɐɜɟɬɚɟɜɚ 19994–95, V, 368]. ɉɪɢɫɜɨɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɩɨ- ɫɨɛɨɦ ɨɬɝɨɪɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɨɬ ɪɟɩɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɥɢɱɧɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɟɧɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɫɜɨɟɧɨ: «ɇɟ ɯɨɱɭ ɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ ɬɪɚɦɩɥɢɧɨɦ ɱɭɠɢɦ ɢɞɟɹɦ ɢ ɝɪɨɦɤɨɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɟɦ ɱɭɠɢɦ ɫɬɪɚɫɬɹɦ» [ɐɜɟɬɚɟɜɚ 1994–95, V, 368].
ɂ. ɒɟɜɟɥɟɧɤɨ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɷɬɢɤɚ ɭɫɜɨɟɧɢɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬ ɪɚɧɧɟɟ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɐɜɟɬɚɟɜɨɣ ɧɢɱɭɬɶ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɡɞɧɟɟ, ɱɟɦɭ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ «ɬɜɨɪ- ɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɪɟɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɐɜɟɬɚɟɜɨɣ» [ɒɟɜɟɥɟɧɤɨ 2002, 47]. ɒɟɜɟɥɟɧɤɨ ɡɚɦɟɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɐɜɟɬɚɟɜɨɣ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɱɭɠɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɹ ɬɟɦɵ, ɫɸɠɟɬɚ, ɦɨɬɢɜɚ, ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɱɬɨ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɬɟɤɫɬ ɨɧɚ ɦɵɫɥɢɬ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɤɚɤ ɨɬɜɟɬ: «ȼɫɟ ɭɪɨɤɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɵ ɢɡɜɥɟɤɚɟɦ ɢɡ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɚ, ɦɵ ɜ ɧɟɝɨ ɜɥɚɝɚɟɦ. Ɋɹɞ ɨɬɜɟɬɨɜ, ɤ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɧɟɬ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ. ȼɫɟ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɨ – ɨɞɧɚ ɞɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɬɜɟɬɚ» [ɐɜɟɬɚɟɜɚ 1994–95, V, 352], «ɉɨɷɬ ɟɫɬɶ ɨɬɜɟɬ» [ɐɜɟɬɚɟɜɚ 1994–95, V, 364]. ɒɟɜɟɥɟɧɤɨ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɐɜɟɬɚɟɜɨɣ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞ ɐɜɟɬɚɟɜɨɣ ɨɬ ɩɨɷɬɢɤɢ ɩɪɢɫɜɨɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɩɨɷɬɢɤɟ ɜɱɢɬɵɜɚɧɢɹ: «ɱɭɠɚɹ ɬɟɦɚ, ɦɨɬɢɜ ɢɥɢ ɫɸɠɟɬ ɫɬɚɧɨ- ɜɹɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɟ ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ, ɟɳɟ ɧɟ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɝɨ ɫɦɵɫɥɚ, ɢ ɫɜɨɣ ɨɬɜɟɬ ɧɚ ɧɢɯ ɨɧɚ ɜɢɞɢɬ ɜ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɢ (ɚ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ – ɜ ɩɪɢɜɧɟɫɟɧɢɢ) ɧɟɤɨɟɝɨ ɫɦɵɫɥɚ»
[ɒɟɜɟɥɟɧɤɨ 2002, 47–48].
ɉɟɪɢɨɞ 1917–1920 ɝɨɞɨɜ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɐɜɟɬɚɟɜɨɣ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɩɥɨɞɨɬɜɨɪ- ɧɵɦ ɢ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɡɧɚɱɧɵɦ, ɚ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ «ɫɚɦɵɦ ɬɪɭɞɧɵɦ ɞɥɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɨɦ ɟɟ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ» [ɒɟɜɟɥɟɧɤɨ 2002, 143]. Ⱦɥɹ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵ ɫɬɢɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɪɚɡɧɨɝɨɥɨɫɢɰɚ, ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɹ, ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧ- ɬɚɬɨɪɫɬɜɨ [ɒɟɜɟɥɟɧɤɨ 2002, 145]. Ɉ. Ɋɟɜɡɢɧɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ
«ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɧɵɦ ɦɧɨɝɨɝɨɥɨɫɢɟɦ», ɤɨɝɞɚ ɐɜɟɬɚɟɜɚ «ɤɚɤ ɛɭɞɬɨ ɩɪɨɛɭɟɬ, ɤɚɤ ɡɜɭɱɚɬ ɢɩɨɫɬɚɫɢ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢ ɬɨɣ ɠɟ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɚɤ ɡɜɭɱɚɬ ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ, ɤɚɤ ɡɜɭɱɚɬ ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɦɢɪɚ» [Ɋɟɜɡɢɧɚ 2009, 564]. ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɨɷɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɹɡɵɤ (ɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɦɢɪ) ɩɨɷɬɚ ɩɪɟɬɟɪɩɟɜɚɟɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɡɦɟ- ɧɟɧɢɹ – ɪɚɫɲɢɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɟɝɨ ɥɟɤɫɢɤɨɧ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɫɦɵɫɥɵ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɢɧɬɟɪɬɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ, ɩɪɨɛɭɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɜɵɪɚɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ [Ɋɟɜɡɢɧɚ 2009, 564]. ɉɟɪɟɞ ɐɜɟɬɚɟɜɨɣ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɫɹ ɪɚɡɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɦɢɪɚ, ɫɤɪɵɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɪɚɡɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɜɨɸ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɶ. ɐɜɟɬɚɟɜɚ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɳɟɬ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɜɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɨɥɶ, ɩɟɪɟɜɨɩɥɨɳɟɧɢɹ, ɧɨ ɢ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɩɪɢɫɜɨɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɪɨɥɢ.
ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɜ 1918 ɝɨɞɭ ɐɜɟɬɚɟɜɚ ɨɤɚɠɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɣ ɧɚ ɜɫɟ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɟ ɦɢɪɚ, ɦɢɪ ɟɣ ɤɚɠɟɬɫɹ ɥɢɲɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɪɟɠɧɟɣ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɭɫ- ɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ (ɜɫɟ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɧɹɬɵ). ȼ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɨɜ ɜɢɞɢɬ Ɇ. Ɇɟɣɤɢɧ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɰɜɟɬɚɟɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɫɜɨɟɧɢɹ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧ ɨɫɨɛɨ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɟɬ: «ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ ɱɚɳɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɩɨɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɤɚɤ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɟɸ, ɚ ɤɚɤ ɩɟɪɟɲɟɞɲɢɟ ɤ ɧɟɣ ɢɥɢ ɠɟ ɭɫɜɨɟɧɧɵɟ ɟɸ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɨɛɳɟɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɢɹ» [Ɇɟɣɤɢɧ 1997, 15]. ɉɶɟɫɵ ɠɟ, ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɷɬɢ ɝɨɞɵ, ɩɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ Ɇɟɣ- ɤɢɧɚ, ɫɬɚɥɢ ɫɚɦɵɦɢ «‘ɧɟɩɪɨɱɢɬɚɧɧɵɦɢ’ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹɦɢ» [Ɇɟɣɤɢɧ 1997, 66], ɤɚɤ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɹɦ, ɧɟɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɟɦ ɜ ɪɚɫɱɟɬ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɟɦ ɢɯ ɤɚɤ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɟɟ ɭɞɚɜɲɢɦɢɫɹ ɢɡ ɟɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ [Ɇɟɣɤɢɧ
1997, 66–67]. ɐɜɟɬɚɟɜɚ ɠɟ, ɜ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤ ɩɨɷɦɟ Ɏɨɪɬɭɧɚ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɥɚɫɶ ɫ ɨɫɨɛɵɦ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɨɦ: «Ʌɨɡɷɧɚ (...) (ɬ. ɟ. Ɏɨɪɬɭɧɭ (...) ɹ ɥɸɛɥɸ (...) ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨ, – ɧɢ ɫɬɪɨɱɤɢ ɜɵɱɟɪɤɧɭɬɶ!» [ɐɜɟɬɚɟɜɚ 2001, I, 343].
ɉɶɟɫɚ Ɏɨɪɬɭɧɚ (1918 ɝɨɞɚ, ɯɨɬɹ ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɚ ɥɢɲɶ ɜ 1923 ɝɨɞɭ ɜ ɩɚɪɢɠɫɤɢɯ
«ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɩɢɫɤɚɯ»), ɛɵɥɚ ɢɧɫɩɢɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɢ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɚ ɧɚ Ɂɚɩɢɫ- ɤɚɯ ɝɟɪɰɨɝɚ Ʌɨɡɟɧɚ [Ʌɨɡɟɧ 1907]. Ɂɚɩɢɫɤɢ Ʌɨɡɟɧɚ ɜɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɢɡɞɚɧɵ ɜ ɉɚɪɢɠɟ ɜ 1822 ɝɨɞɭ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɫɬɚɪɚɧɢɹɦ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɣ ɩɨɞɪɭɝɢ ɝɟɪɰɨɝɚ ɝɪɚɮɢɧɢ Ʉɨɢɧ, ɢɯ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɥɨɫɶ ɫɤɚɧɞɚɥɚɦɢ. Ʌɨɡɟɧɚ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɥɢ ɫɩɥɟɬɧɢɤɨɦ ɢ ɥɝɭɧɨɦ, ɷɬɢ ɨɛɜɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɛɵɥɢ ɨɩɪɨɜɟɪɝɧɭɬɵ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɫɤɢɦɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɤɚɦɢ, ɞɨɤɚɡɚɜɲɢɦɢ, ɱɬɨ
«ɜɚɠɧɵɟ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ, ɦɟɥɶɱɚɣɲɢɟ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ, ɞɚɬɵ, ɜɫɟ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɨɫɶ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨ ɬɨɱɧɵɦ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɞɢɜɵɦ»5 [Pauszer-Klonowska 1988, 45–46]. ȼɬɨɪɨɟ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɟ 1858 ɝɨɞɚ ɛɵɥɨ ɢɡɴɹɬɨ ɩɨ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɫɟɦɟɣɫɬɜɚ ɑɚɪɬɨɪɵɣɫɤɢɯ. Ȼɵɥɢ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɹ, ɧɚ- ɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ 1862, 1882 ɝɝ. ɢ ɞɪ. ɇɚ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɹɡɵɤ Ɂɚɩɢɫɤɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɟɪɟɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ 1976 ɝ., ɧɚ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɣ – ɜ 1907.
Ƚɥɚɜɧɵɣ ɝɟɪɨɣ ɰɜɟɬɚɟɜɫɤɨɣ ɩɶɟɫɵ – Ⱥɪɦɚɧ-Ʌɭɢ ɝɪɚɮ Ȼɢɪɨɧ-Ƚɨɧɬɨ, ɝɟɪɰɨɝ Ʌɨɡɷɧ (1747–1793), ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɐɜɟɬɚɟɜɚ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɟɬ ɬɨ ɫ Ʌɨɜɟɥɚɫɨɦ, ɬɨ ɫ Ʉɚɡɚɧɨɜɨɣ, ɬɨ ɫ Ⱦɨɧ ɀɭɚɧɨɦ6, ɯɨɬɹ, ɧɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɨɞɟɪɠɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɷɬɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɰɟ- ɧɢɬ ɟɝɨ ɧɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɨ: «Ʌɨɡɷɧ – Ʉɚɡɚɧɨɜɚ – Ɇɚɧɨɧ – ɩɪɢɜɢɬɨ ɦɧɟ ɩɨɪɨɱɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɦɰɚɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɫɺ-ɬɚɤɢ ɧɟ ɫɦɨɝɥɢ ɪɚɡɜɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɦɟɧɹ ɜɤɨɧɟɰ» [ɐɜɟɬɚɟɜɚ 2001, II, 105]. ȼ Ɂɚɩɢɫɤɚɯ Ʌɨɡɟɧ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬ ɱɟɪɟɞɭ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɥɸɛɜɢ – ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɨ ɑɚɪ- ɬɨɪɵɣɫɤɨɣ ɢɯ ɛɵɥɨ ɨɤɨɥɨ ɬɪɢɞɰɚɬɢ. ɐɜɟɬɚɟɜɚ ɠɟ ɞɥɹ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɩɶɟɫɵ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɟɬ ɥɢɲɶ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ, ɨɤɚɡɚɜɲɢɯ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɠɢɡɧɶ ɝɟɪɰɨɝɚ: ɦɚɪɤɢɡɭ ɞɟ ɉɨɦɩɚɞɭɪ, ɦɚɪɤɢɡɭ ɞ’ɗɫɩɚɪɛɟɫ, ɤɧɹɝɢɧɸ ɂɡɚɛɟɥɥɭ ɑɚɪɬɨɪɵɣɫɤɭɸ, ɤɨɪɨɥɟɜɭ Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɢ Ɇɚɪɢɸ- -Ⱥɧɬɭɚɧɟɬɬɭ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɞɭɦɵɜɚɟɬ Ɋɨɡɚɧɟɬɬɭ, ɞɨɱɶ ɩɪɢɜɪɚɬɧɢɤɚ. ȼ ɩɶɟɫɟ ɐɜɟɬɚɟɜɨɣ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɢɡ ɩɹɬɢ ɚɤɬɨɜ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɥɸɛɨɜɧɭɸ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɸ Ʌɨɡɟɧɚ.
Ɇ. Ɇɟɣɤɢɧ ɨɛɪɚɳɚɟɬ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɬɪɟɬɶɹ (ɨ ɤɧɹɝɢɧɟ ɑɚɪɬɨɪɵɣɫɤɨɣ) ɢ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɚɹ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɵ (ɨ Ɇɚɪɢɢ-Ⱥɧɬɭɚɧɟɬɬɟ) ɩɶɟɫɵ Ɏɨɪɬɭɧɚ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɚɜɞɨɩɨɞɨɛ- ɧɵ, ɪɟɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɧɵ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚɯ [Ɇɟɣɤɢɧ 1997, 87]. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɪɹɞ ɧɚɪɭɲɚɸɳɢɯ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɨɜ.
ɉɨɥɶɫɤɚɹ ɝɪɚɮɢɧɹ 30-ɥɟɬɧɹɹ ɂɡɚɛɟɥɥɚ ɑɚɪɬɨɪɵɣɫɤɚɹ (1746–1835) ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɟɬ ɜ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɦ ɚɤɬɟ ɩɶɟɫɵ (ɜ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɵɧɚ ɟɣ ɛɵɥɨ 28 ɥɟɬ).
ȼ ɠɢɡɧɢ Ʌɨɡɟɧɚ ɥɸɛɨɜɶ ɤ ɤɧɹɝɢɧɟ ɛɵɥɚ ɫɚɦɨɣ ɞɪɚɦɚɬɢɱɧɨɣ ɢ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɣ. ɋɬɪɚɧɢ- ɰɵ, ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɧɵɟ ɟɣ ɜ Ɂɚɩɢɫɤɚɯ, ɩɨɥɧɵ ɦɟɥɶɱɚɣɲɢɯ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɢ ɢ ɫɜɨɟ ɩɟɪɜɨɟ ɜɩɟɱɚɬɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɬ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɢ ɜ ɞɟɤɚɛɪɟ 1772 ɝɨɞɚ Ʌɨɡɟɧ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɟɬ ɜ ɞɟɬɚɥɹɯ: «ɜ ɡɚɥ ɜɞɪɭɝ ɜɨɲɥɚ ɞɚɦɚ, ɩɪɢɱɟɫɚɧɧɚɹ ɢ ɨɞɟɬɚɹ ɥɭɱɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɷɬɨ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨ ɛɵɜɚɟɬ ɭ ɚɧɝɥɢɱɚɧɨɤ. (...) ɇɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɪɨɫɬɚ, ɧɨ ɫ ɡɚɦɟɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɢɝɭɪɨɣ, ɫ ɤɪɚɫɢɜɵɦɢ ɜɨɥɨɫɚɦɢ, ɤɪɚɫɢɜɵɦɢ ɡɭɛɚɦɢ, ɤɪɚɫɢɜɵɦɢ ɝɥɚɡɚɦɢ ɢ ɡɚɦɟ- ɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɧɨɠɤɨɣ, – ɨɧɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɥɚ ɱɚɪɭɸɳɟɟ ɜɩɟɱɚɬɥɟɧɢɟ, ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɛɟɫɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɞɨɛɪɨɬɟ, ɧɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɥɢɰɨ ɟɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɢɫɩɨɪɱɟɧɨ ɜɟɬɪɹɧɨɣ
5 ɉɟɪɟɜɨɞ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɢ ɞɚɥɟɟ – ȿɥɟɧɚ əɧɱɭɤ.
6 ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ ɫɱɢɬɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ Ʌɨɡɟɧ «ɧɟ ɛɵɥ ɧɢ Ʌɨɜɟɥɚɫɨɦ, ɧɢ Ⱦɨɧ ɀɭɚɧɨɦ. ȿɦɭ ɱɭɠɞɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɫɚɬɚ- ɧɢɧɫɤɚɹ ɢɡɜɪɚɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɥɢ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɚɹ ɭɜɟɪɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɫɟɛɟ» [Dackiewicz 1975, 83].
ɨɫɩɨɣ ɢ ɧɟ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɥɨɫɶ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɜɟɠɟɫɬɶɸ. Ɉɧɚ ɞɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɥɚ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚ ɞɟɥɟ, ɱɬɨ, ɧɟ ɛɭɞɭɱɢ ɤɪɚɫɢɜɨɣ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɱɚɪɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ. (…) Ɉɧɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɚɫɶ ɦɧɟ ɜɟɫɟɥɨɣ, ɤɨɤɟɬɥɢɜɨɣ ɢ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɥɸɛɟɡɧɨɣ, ɧɨ ɬɨɬ, ɤɬɨ ɫɤɚɡɚɥ ɛɵ ɦɧɟ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɨɝɪɨɦɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɜ ɦɨɟɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ, ɨɱɟɧɶ ɭɞɢɜɢɥ ɛɵ ɦɟɧɹ» [Ʌɨɡɟɧ 1907].
ȼ ɩɶɟɫɟ ɐɜɟɬɚɟɜɨɣ ɂɡɚɛɟɥɥɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɟɬ ɭɦɢɪɚɸɳɟɣ ɨɬ ɱɚɯɨɬɤɢ ɜɫɤɨɪɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɵɧɚ Ʌɨɡɟɧɚ (ɜ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɑɚɪɬɨɪɵɣɫɤɚɹ ɨɬ ɱɚɯɨɬɤɢ ɧɟ ɭɦɢɪɚɥɚ, ɚ ɞɨ- ɠɢɥɚ ɞɨ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨɣ ɫɬɚɪɨɫɬɢ). ɏɨɬɹ, ɧɚɞɨ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɦɨɬɢɜ ɫɦɟɪɬɢ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɥ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ Ʌɨɡɟɧɚ ɢ ɂɡɚɛɟɥɥɵ, Ʌɨɡɟɧ ɰɢɬɢɪɭɟɬ ɨɞɧɨ ɢɡ ɩɢɫɟɦ ɂɡɚɛɟɥɥɵ: «ɇɨ, ɭɜɵ, ɹ ɝɨɜɨɪɸ ɨ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɦ, ɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɬɟɦ ɹ ɭɦɢɪɚɸ, ɢ ɹ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɭ ɧɚɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɠɟɫɬɨɤɚ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɪɢɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɬɟɛɟ ɠɢɬɶ ɛɟɡ ɦɟɧɹ. (...) ɉɪɢɟɡɠɚɣ ɢ ɭɦɪɟɦ ɜ ɨɛɴɹɬɢɹɯ ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɝɚ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɸɸ ɦɢɧɭɬɭ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɬɶ ɢ ɝɨɪɟ, ɢ ɪɚɞɨɫɬɶ» [Ʌɨɡɟɧ 1907].
ȼ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɢ ɐɜɟɬɚɟɜɨɣ ɭɦɢɪɚɸɳɚɹ ɤɧɹɝɢɧɹ ɩɨɥɧɚ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɱɟɪɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɱɭɜɫ- ɬɜɢɣ. Ɉ ɧɢɯ ɨɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɜɚɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɧɹɧɸɲɤɨɣ: ɇɹɧɸɲɤɚ: Ʉ ɇɨɜɨɦɭ ɝɨɞɭ ɧɚɫ ɫɜɟɬɥɟɣɲɢɣ ɤɧɹɡɶ/ Ⱥɞɚɦ ɩɨɫɚɞɢɬ – hue dada! (ɮɪ. ɇɨ, ɥɨɲɚɞɤɚ) – co ɡɜɨɧɨɦ – / ɋɬɪɟɥɨɣ – ɜ ȼɚɪɲɚɜɭ – ɤ ɤɨɪɨɥɸ – ɧɚ ɛɚɥ! // Ʉɧɹɝɢɧɹ ɑɚɪɬɨɪɵɣɫɤɚɹ: / ɇɟ ɜ ɫɚɧɤɚɯ – ɧɚ ɪɭɤɚɯ ɥɚɤɟɟɜ ɱɟɪɧɵɯ, / ɇɟ ɤ ɤɨɪɨɥɸ ɧɚ ɛɚɥ – ɜ ɮɚɦɢɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɤɥɟɩ [ɐɜɟɬɚɟɜɚ 1994–95, III, 384]. Ʌɨɡɟɧ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɟɬ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɩɭɬɟɲɟɫɬɜɢɹɯ ɫ ɑɚɪ- ɬɨɪɵɣɫɤɨɣ, ɫ ɧɢɦɢ ɧɟɢɡɦɟɧɧɨ ɛɵɥɚ «ɫɬɚɪɚɹ ɩɨɥɶɤɚ, ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɜɲɚɹ ɟɟ»
[Ʌɨɡɟɧ 1907]). ɍ ɐɜɟɬɚɟɜɨɣ ɫɬɚɪɚɹ ɩɨɥɶɤɚ, ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɜɨ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɫɤɭɸ ɧɹɧɶɤɭ Ʌɨɡɟɧɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɨ ɫɭɬɢ ɩɨɦɟɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɛɪɚɡ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɧɹɧɸɲɤɢ, ɪɟɱɟɜɚɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɧɟɦɚɥɨ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ: Ʉɨɦɭ ɧɟ ɠɢɬɶ? Ⱥ ɱɬɨ ɧɚɦɟɞ- ɧɢ ɧɚɦ? / Ʌɟɤɚɪɶ ɫɤɚɡɚɥ? ɍɦɟɧ, ɞɚɪɨɦ ɱɬɨ ɧɟɯɪɢɫɬɶ! – / Ʉɨɥɶ ɛɭɞɟɦ ɦɵ ɢɫɩɪɚɜɧɨ, ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɱɚɫ / Ʌɟɤɚɪɫɬɜɶɢɰɟ ɝɥɨɬɚɬɶ ɞɚ ɪɨɜɧɨ ɜ ɜɨɫɟɦɶ / ɉɨɞ ɩɨɥɨɝ ɨɬɯɨɞɢɬɶ, ɧɨ ɱɭɪ – ɛɟɡ ɫɧɚ, / Ʉɪɭɱɢɧɹɫɶ, ɧɟ ɥɟɠɚɬɶ, ɧɨ ɱɭɪ – ɧɟ ɞɭɦɚɬɶ! [ɐɜɟɬɚɟɜɚ 1994–95, III, 384].
ɐɜɟɬɚɟɜɚ ɥɸɛɢɬ «ɩɪɢɫɜɚɢɜɚɬɶ» ɞɟɬɚɥɢ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɪɢ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɢ ɧɪɚɜɚ Ʌɨɡɟɧɚ ɧɹɧɸɲɤɚ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬ: ɇɨ ɦɢɝ – ɢ ɜ ɝɧɟɜ, / Ⱦɪɨɠɢɬ ɤɚɤ ɥɢɫɬ – ɢ ɝɨɪɥɨɦ ɤɪɨɜɶ [ɐɜɟɬɚɟɜɚ 1994–95, III, 386]. ɗɬɚ ɞɟɬɚɥɶ: «ɝɨɪɥɨɦ ɤɪɨɜɶ» ɜɡɹɬɚ ɢɡ Ɂɚɩɢɫɨɤ Ʌɨɡɟɧɚ: ɩɨɫɥɟ ɪɟ- ɲɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɫɬɚɬɶɫɹ Ʌɨɡɟɧ ɩɢɲɟɬ: «Ɇɧɟ ɤɚɡɚɥɨɫɶ, ɱɬɨ ɦɵ ɨɛɚ ɭɦɪɟɦ ɫ ɝɨɪɹ, – ɹ ɯɚɪɤɚɥ ɤɪɨɜɶɸ, ɤɧɹɝɢɧɹ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɚ ɫɟɛɹ ɧɟ ɥɭɱɲɟ ɦɟɧɹ: ɨɧɚ ɱɭɬɶ ɧɟ ɭɦɟɪɥɚ ɜ ɬɨɬ ɞɟɧɶ»
[Ʌɨɡɟɧ 1907] ɢɥɢ «Ʉɪɨɜɶ ɲɥɚ ɭ ɦɟɧɹ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɝɨɪɥɨɦ, ɢ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɧɨɫɨɜɨɣ ɩɥɚɬɨɤ ɦɨɣ ɛɵɥ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɢ» [Ʌɨɡɟɧ 1907] (ɜ ɋɩɚ, ɤɭɞɚ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɢɥɢɫɶ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɡɧɚɤɨɦɫɬɜɚ ɜ Ʌɨɧɞɨɧɟ Ʌɨɡɟɧ ɢ ɂɡɚɛɟɥɥɚ, ɨɧɢ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɥɢ ɤɭɪɫ ɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ).
Ⱦɭɪɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɹ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɥɢ ɜɨɡɥɸɛɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɬɪɟɯ ɥɟɬ ɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɫɬɧɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ (ɞɟɤɚɛɪɶ 1772 – ɦɚɪɬ 1775), ɑɚɪɬɨɪɵɣɫɤɚɹ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɥɚɫɶ:
«ə ɜɨɜɫɟ ɧɟ ɯɨɱɭ ɫɤɪɵɜɚɬɶ ɨɬ ɜɚɫ, Ʌɨɡɟɧ, ɱɬɨ ɹ ɜɚɫ ɥɸɛɥɸ, (...) ɧɨ ɜ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɜɚɦ ɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɚ ɥɸɛɨɜɶ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɞɥɹ ɦɟɧɹ ɞɨɪɨɠɟ ɠɢɡɧɢ, ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɩɨɜɥɟɱɶ ɡɚ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɭɠɚɫɧɵɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɫ ɨɛɨɢɯ, ɟɫɥɢ ɦɵ ɧɟ ɧɚɣɞɟɦ ɜ ɫɟɛɟ ɫɢɥɵ ɪɚɫɫɬɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɟɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨ» [Ʌɨɡɟɧ 1907]. «ɍɠɚɫɧɵɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ» ɛɵɥɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ, ɫɬɚɜ ɠɟɧɨɣ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨ ɭɜɚɠɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɟɸ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɑɚɪɬɨɪɵɣɫɤɚɹ ɩɪɢɜɵɤɥɚ ɤ ɩɨɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɸ ɟɣ ɦɭɠɱɢɧ, «ɫɚɦɵɦ ɪɟɜɧɨɫɬɧɵɦ ɛɵɥ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɪɨɥɶ» [Ʌɨɡɟɧ 1907]. Ʉɧɹɡɶ ɇ. Ɋɟɩɧɢɧ, ɪɭɫɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɫɨɥ ȿɤɚɬɟɪɢɧɵ II ɜ ɉɨɥɶɲɟ, ɜɥɸɛɢɥɫɹ ɜ ɧɟɟ ɢ, ɞɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɹ ɫɜɨɸ ɥɸɛɨɜɶ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɢɥ ɜɨɩɪɟɤɢ ɩɪɢɤɚɡɭ ɰɚɪɢɰɵ, ɡɚɳɢɳɚɹ ɫɟɦɶɸ ɑɚɪ- ɬɨɪɵɣɫɤɢɯ ɨɬ ɪɚɡɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɫɵɥɤɢ. Ɂɚ ɨɫɥɭɲɚɧɢɟ Ɋɟɩɧɢɧ ɛɵɥ ɥɢɲɟɧ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ,
ɩɨɫɬɚ ɩɨɫɥɚɧɧɢɤɚ, ɜɩɚɥ ɜ ɧɟɦɢɥɨɫɬɶ ɤ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɪɢɰɟ. ɑɚɪɬɨɪɵɣɫɤɚɹ ɩɨɫɱɢɬɚɥɚ, ɱɬɨ «ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɩɪɢɧɟɫɬɢ ɫɟɛɹ ɜ ɠɟɪɬɜɭ ɢɡ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɧɨɫɬɢ» [Ʌɨɡɟɧ 1907]. ɇɚɯɨɞɹɫɶ ɜ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹɯ, ɑɚɪɬɨɪɵɣɫɤɚɹ ɜɥɸɛɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ Ʌɨɡɟɧɚ ɢ ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɝɨɬɨɜɚ ɛɵɥɚ
«ɠɢɬɶ ɢ ɭɦɟɪɟɬɶ ɧɟɫɱɚɫɬɧɨɣ ɨɬ ɧɟɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɣ ɥɸɛɜɢ» [Ʌɨɡɟɧ 1907], ɯɪɚɧɹ ɜɟɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɧɹɡɸ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ «ɩɨɬɟɪɹɥ ɜɫɟ ɧɚ ɫɜɟɬɟ» [Ʌɨɡɟɧ 1907] ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɧɟɟ. Ʉɧɹɝɢɧɹ ɩɟɪɟɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɜɵɟ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɚ: «ȼɫɹɤɨɟ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɜ ɦɨɟɣ ɥɸɛɜɢ ɬɨɥɶ- ɤɨ ɟɳɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɛɟɞɢɬ ɦɟɧɹ ɢ ɜɚɫ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɥɸɛɢɬɶ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɚɡ, ɢ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɞɨɜɟɪɹɬɶ ɟɣ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ. ɍɠ ɟɫɥɢ ɹ ɦɨɝɥɚ ɪɚɡɥɸɛɢɬɶ ɢ ɨɛɦɚɧɭɬɶ ɤɧɹɡɹ, ɤɨ- ɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɚ ɪɟɲɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɫɟɦ, ɤɚɤɚɹ ɠɟ ɭ ɜɚɫ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɢɹ ɛɵɬɶ ɥɸɛɢɦɵɦ ɦɧɨɸ ɜɟɱɧɨ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɹ ɪɟɲɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɢɱɟɦ ɧɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɚ ɜɚɦ? Ʉ ɬɨɦɭ ɠɟ ɜɵ ɢ ɧɟ ɩɨɞɨɡɪɟɜɚɟɬɟ, ɤɚɤ ɹ ɛɭɞɭ ɦɭɱɢɬɶɫɹ ɦɨɟɣ ɥɸɛɨɜɶɸ ɤ ɜɚɦ, ɤɚɤ ɹ ɛɭɞɭ ɧɟɫɱɚɫɬɧɚ ɩɪɢ ɦɵɫɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɢɡ- ɦɟɧɹɸ ɤɧɹɡɸ?!» [Ʌɨɡɟɧ 1907]. ɐɜɟɬɚɟɜɚ ɜ Ɏɨɪɬɭɧɟ ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɫɜɨɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɥɸɛɜɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ, ɜ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɠɟ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨ ɫ ɨɛɟɢɯ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ. ɋɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɚ Ʌɨɡɟɧ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɞɪɚɦɚɬɢɱɧɨ:
«ɉɨɦɧɢɬɟ, ɱɬɨ ɹ ɥɸɛɢɥ ɜɚɫ ɛɟɡɭɦɧɨ, ɥɸɛɢɥ ɧɚɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɢɫɤɪɟɧɧɨ ɢ ɝɨɪɹɱɨ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚ- ɲɟɥ ɞɚɠɟ ɜ ɫɟɛɟ ɫɢɥɭ ɛɟɠɚɬɶ ɨɬ ɜɚɫ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɜɵ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɦɧɟ ɬɚɤ ɞɨɪɨɝɢ; ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ, ɹ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɭ ɪɚɞɢ ɜɚɫ ɩɨɞɜɢɝ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɫɞɟɥɚɥ ɞɥɹ ɜɚɫ ɤɧɹɡɶ.
Ɉ, ɫɚɦɚɹ ɛɥɚɝɨɪɨɞɧɚɹ, ɫɚɦɚɹ ɱɟɫɬɧɚɹ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ, ɩɨɦɧɢ, ɱɬɨ, ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɬɜɨɟɣ ɥɸɛɜɢ, ɹ ɧɟ ɫɞɟɥɚɥɫɹ ɱɭɞɨɜɢɳɟɦ, ɡɚɛɵɜɲɢɦ ɜɫɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɚ; ɬɨɥɶ- ɤɨ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɬɜɨɟɦɭ ɜɟɥɢɤɨɞɭɲɢɸ, ɹ ɨɫɬɚɥɫɹ ɱɟɫɬɧɵɦ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɨɦ» [Ʌɨɡɟɧ 1907].
ɂ ɫɩɭɫɬɹ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɦɟɫɹɰɟɜ Ʌɨɡɟɧ ɩɢɲɟɬ: «ə ɧɢ ɨ ɱɟɦ ɧɟ ɞɭɦɚɥ ɢ ɧɢɤɨɝɨ ɧɟ ɜɢɞɟɥ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɤɧɹɝɢɧɢ, – ɹ ɢɥɢ ɫɢɞɟɥ ɭ ɧɟɟ, ɢɥɢ ɠɞɚɥ ɟɟ ɤ ɫɟɛɟ, ɚ ɜ ɬɭ ɦɢɧɭɬɭ, ɤɚɤ ɹ ɬɟɪɹɥ ɧɚɞɟɠɞɭ ɭɜɢɞɟɬɶ ɟɟ ɞɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɞɧɹ, ɹ ɥɨɠɢɥɫɹ ɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɫɩɚɬɶ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɧɟ ɦɨɝ ɩɟɪɟɧɟɫɬɢ ɦɵɫɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɷɬɨɬ ɞɟɧɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɧɟ ɭɜɢɠɭ ɟɟ» [Ʌɨɡɟɧ 1907].
Ʉɭɥɶɦɢɧɚɰɢɢ ɢɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɸɬ, ɤɨɝɞɚ Ɋɟɩɧɢɧ ɭɡɧɚɟɬ ɨ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɚɯ ɂɡɚ- ɛɟɥɥɵ ɢ Ʌɨɡɟɧɚ ɢ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɞɭɷɥɶ, ɬɨɬ ɨɬɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɡɚɜɟɪɹɹ, ɱɬɨ ɞɭɷɥɶ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɤɨɦɩɪɨɦɟɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɂɡɚɛɟɥɥɭ. Ʌɨɡɟɧ ɪɟɲɚɟɬ ɭɟɯɚɬɶ ɩɨ ɞɟɥɚɦ ɫɥɭɠɛɵ, ɚ ɂɡɚɛɟɥɥɚ – ɨɬɞɚɬɶɫɹ ɟɦɭ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɑɚɪɬɨɪɵɣɫɤɚɹ, ɩɨɫɱɢɬɚɜ, ɱɬɨ ɥɸɛɢɬ ɫɥɢɲ- ɤɨɦ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɢ ɠɢɬɶ ɞɨɥɶɲɟ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ, ɩɪɢɧɹɥɚ ɹɞ, Ʌɨɡɟɧ, ɭɜɢɞɟɜ ɟɟ ɛɟɡ ɱɭɜɫɬɜ, – ɬɨɠɟ. Ɉɛɨɢɯ ɫɩɚɫɚɸɬ. ȼɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɟɞɨɥɝɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɫɬɚɜɚɧɢɹ ɑɚɪɬɨɪɵɣɫɤɚɹ ɩɢɲɟɬ Ʌɨ- ɡɟɧɭ: «ɹ ɝɨɜɨɪɸ ɨ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɦ, ɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɬɟɦ ɹ ɭɦɢɪɚɸ, ɢ ɹ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɭ ɧɚɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɠɟɫɬɨɤɚ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɪɢɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɬɟɛɟ ɠɢɬɶ ɛɟɡ ɦɟɧɹ» [Ʌɨɡɟɧ 1907]. ɗɬɨɬ ɠɟ ɦɨɬɢɜ ɩɪɨɡɜɭɱɢɬ ɭ ɐɜɟɬɚɟɜɨɣ, ɟɟ ɑɚɪɬɨɪɵɣɫɤɚɹ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬ: ə ɧɟ ɩɥɚɱɭ / ə ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɭɦɢɪɚɸ [ɐɜɟɬɚɟɜɚ 1994–95, III, 384]. ɍ ɂɡɚɛɟɥɥɵ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɥɫɹ ɪɚɡɝɨɜɨɪ ɫ Ɋɟɩɧɢɧɵɦ, ɬɨɬ ɛɥɚɝɨɪɨɞɧɨ ɨɬɫɬɪɚɧɢɥɫɹ: «Ȼɭɞɶɬɟ ɫɱɚɫɬɥɢɜɵ, ɧɨ ɹ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɭɸ, ɱɬɨ ɹ ɧɟ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɨɫɬɚɜɚɬɶ- ɫɹ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɟɦ ɜɚɲɟɝɨ ɫɱɚɫɬɶɹ. ə ɭɟɞɭ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɞɜɟ ɧɟɞɟɥɢ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɸ ɨɩɹɬɶ ɜ ɪɭɫɫɤɭɸ ɚɪɦɢɸ» [Ʌɨɡɟɧ 1907]. ɐɜɟɬɚɟɜɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɢɲɟɬ ɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɢ Ɋɟɩɧɢɧɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɨɳɟɧɢɢ ɦɭɠɟɦ (ɱɬɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɣɞɟɬ ɜ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɡɠɟ): Ʌɨɡɷɧ: ɑɬɨ ɤɧɹɡɶ Ɋɟɩɧɢɧ?/ Ʉɧɹɝɢɧɹ ɑɚɪɬɨɪɵɣɫɤɚɹ: ɉɪɨɫɬɢɥ./ Ʌɨɡɷɧ: Ⱥ ɤɧɹɡɶ Ⱥɞɚɦ?/ Ʉɧɹɝɢɧɹ ɑɚɪ- ɬɨɪɵɣɫɤɚɹ: ɂ ɨɧ ɩɪɨɫɬɢɥ, ɧɨ ɭ ɨɛɨɢɯ – ɩɪɨɫɟɞɶ./ ɋɤɢɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɞɚɥɶɧɢɦ ɝɨɪɨɞɚɦ [ɐɜɟɬɚɟɜɚ 1994–95, III, 388].
ɂɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɠɢɜɚɹ ɜɡɚɢɦɧɭɸ ɥɸɛɨɜɶ, Ʌɨɡɟɧ ɢ ɤɧɹɝɢɧɹ ɜɢɞɟɥɢ ɨɞɧɨ:
«ɜɩɟɪɟɞɢ ɧɚɫ ɠɞɚɥɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɬɪɚɞɚɧɢɹ, ɢ ɧɚɞɟɹɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɱɚɫɬɶɟ ɦɵ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɥɢ»
[Ʌɨɡɟɧ 1907]. Ɉɛ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɚ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɥɸɛɨɜɧɢɤɨɜ:
ɑɚɪɬɨɪɵɣɫɤɚɹ ɫɬɚɥɚ ɬɟɪɹɬɶ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɟ, Ʌɨɡɟɧ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɟɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɤɚɤ ɨɧɚ ɨɱɧɭɥɚɫɶ «ə ɪɚɞɚ, ɱɬɨ ɦɨɝɭ ɭɦɟɪɟɬɶ ɧɚ ɪɭɤɚɯ ɥɸɛɢɦɨɝɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɱɭɜɫɬɜɭɹ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɦɧɟ ɧɟ ɡɚ ɱɬɨ ɭɩɪɟɤɚɬɶ ɫɟɛɹ» [Ʌɨɡɟɧ 1907]. ɑɚɪɬɨɪɵɣɫɤɚɹ ɧɟ ɟɞɢɧɨɠɞɵ ɡɚɜɟɪɹɟɬ ɨ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɚ: «ɇɢɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɟ ɛɨɣɫɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɫɟɪɞɰɟ ɦɨɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɚɬɶ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɬɶ ɬɟɛɟ» [Ʌɨɡɟɧ 1907]. Ⱥ ɧɚ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɢɟ, ɱɬɨ ɑɚɪɬɨɪɵɣ- ɫɤɚɹ ɛɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɚ, ɭɠɟ Ʌɨɡɟɧ ɬɟɪɹɟɬ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɟ, ɨɧɚ ɠɟ ɨɛɟɳɚɟɬ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɪɟɛɟɧɤɚ ɨɬɞɚɬɶ ɟɦɭ: «Ɍɵ ɬɚɤ ɠɟɥɚɥ ɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɭ ɫɟɛɹ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɦɨɢɯ ɞɟɬɟɣ... ə ɨɫɬɚɜɥɸ ɬɟɛɟ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɦɟɧɹ ɫɚɦɨɣ; ɹ ɛɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɚ ɢ ɧɟ ɠɢɥɚ ɫɨ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɦɭɠɟɦ ɫ ɬɟɯ ɩɨɪ, ɤɚɤ ɫɨɲɥɚɫɶ ɫ ɬɨɛɨɣ. ə ɧɚɣɞɭ ɜ ɫɟɛɟ ɦɭɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɶ ɜɫɟ ɦɭɠɭ ɢ ɞɨɛɶɸɫɶ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɬɟɛɟ ɩɟɪɟɲɥɸɬ ɷɬɨ ɧɨɜɨɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɫɜɹɠɟɬ ɦɟɧɹ ɧɚɜɟɤɢ ɫ ɬɨɛɨɣ»
[Ʌɨɡɟɧ 1907].
ɉɨɫɥɟ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɉɨɥɶɲɭ ɢ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɦɭɠɭ ɤɧɹɝɢɧɹ ɬɹɠɟɥɨ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɥɚ.
Ʌɨɡɟɧ ɩɪɢɟɡɠɚɥ ɜ ɟɟ ɡɚɦɨɤ ɧɚ ɞɜɚ ɞɧɹ ɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɥɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɨɛɥɢɡɨɫɬɢ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɪɨɞɨɜ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɨɬɴɟɡɞɚ Ʌɨɡɟɧ ɡɚɧɹɥɫɹ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɥ ɉɨɥɶɲɢ, ɉɪɭɫɫɢɢ ɢ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ, ɩɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɞɨɤɥɚɞɚ Ʌɨɡɟɧ ɨɠɢɞɚɥ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɟɛɹ ɩɨɫɥɚɧɧɢɤɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɨɦ Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɢ ɜ ȼɚɪɲɚɜɟ. Ʌɨɡɟɧ ɜɧɨɜɶ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ȼɚɪɲɚɜɟ ɡɚ ɬɪɢ ɞɧɹ ɞɨ ɪɨɞɨɜ ɤɧɹɝɢɧɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬ ɷɬɢ ɬɪɢ ɞɧɹ, ɩɪɹɱɚɫɶ ɜ ɲɤɚɮɭ ɜ ɟɟ ɤɨɦɧɚɬɟ. ɋɪɚɡɭ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɪɨɞɨɜ ɨɧɢ ɜɫɬɪɟɬɢɥɢɫɶ, ɤɧɹɝɢɧɹ ɫɤɚɡɚɥɚ ɟɦɭ: «Ɍɵ ɦɧɟ ɫɩɚɫ ɠɢɡɧɶ, (...) ɹ ɡɧɚɥɚ, ɱɬɨ ɬɵ ɛɥɢɡɤɨ ɨɬ ɦɟɧɹ ɢ, ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɷɬɨɦɭ, ɧɚɲɥɚ ɜ ɫɟɛɟ ɫɢɥɵ ɢ ɜɨɥɸ ɩɟɪɟɧɟɫɬɢ ɷɬɢ ɭɠɚɫɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɚɞɚɧɢɹ. ɉɨɰɟɥɭɣ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɪɟɛɟɧɤɚ – ɨɧ ɦɧɟ ɢ ɬɟɩɟɪɶ ɭɠɟ ɞɨɪɨɠɟ ɜɫɟɯ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ. ɇɨ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɝɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɛɵ ɫɥɢɲɤɨɦ ɨɩɚɫɧɨ, ɟɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɬɟɛɹ ɧɚɲɥɢ ɡɞɟɫɶ» [Ʌɨ- ɡɟɧ 1907]. ɍ ɐɜɟɬɚɟɜɨɣ ɠɟ ɜ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɢɯ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɢ Ʌɨɡɟɧ ɤɚɤ ɛɭɞɬɨ ɡɚɛɵɜɚɟɬ ɨ ɫɵɧɟ:
Ʉɧɹɝɢɧɹ ɑɚɪɬɨɪɵɣɫɤɚɹ: – Ⱥ ɩɪɨ ɫɵɧɨɱɤɚ ɢ ɧɟ ɫɩɪɨɫɢɲɶ?/ Ʌɨɡɷɧ (ɭɞɚɪɹɹ ɫɟɛɹ ɩɨ ɝɨɥɨɜɟ): Ʉɚɤɚɹ ɝɨɥɨɜɚ! – ɋɵɧ! – Ɍɜɨɣ ɢ ɦɨɣ!/ ɇɚɲ ɫɵɧ ɫ ɬɨɛɨɣ [ɐɜɟɬɚɟɜɚ 1994–95, III, 388]. ɉɨ ɜɟɪɫɢɢ ɐɜɟɬɚɟɜɨɣ, ɫɬɚɪɲɢɟ ɞɟɬɢ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ ɩɨɬɟɪɹɥɢ ɞɥɹ ɤɧɹɝɢɧɢ ɡɧɚ- ɱɟɧɢɟ, ɧɚ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ Ʌɨɡɟɧɚ, ɤɚɤ ɫɬɚɪɲɢɟ ɞɟɬɢ, ɑɚɪɬɨɪɵɣɫɤɚɹ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɟɬ: Ɍɟ? / Ɍɟɦ ɹ ɧɟ ɦɚɬɶ, – ɬɵ ɧɟ ɨɬɟɰ ɢɦ!/ (…) Ⱦɚ ɹ ɛɵ ɜɵɫɭɲɢɥɚ ɢɯ ɜ ɩɟɫɨɤ, / ə ɛ ɜ ɫɧɟɝ ɡɚɪɵɥɚ ɢɯ ɩɨ ɲɟɸ [ɐɜɟɬɚɟɜɚ 1994–95, III, 389]. ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɧɭɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɂɡɚɛɟɥɥɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨ ɬɟɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɶɸ, ɫɚɦɚ ɡɚɛɨɬɢɥɚɫɶ ɨ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɞɟɬɹɯ, ɚ ɢɯ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɹɬɟɪɨ [Dackiewicz 1975, 81–82]. ȼ ɫɜɨɢɯ Ɂɚɩɢɫɤɚɯ Ʌɨɡɟɧ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɬɪɨɢɯ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɑɚɪɬɨɪɵɣɫɤɨɣ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɤɪɚɬɧɨ ɡɚɫɬɚɜɥɹɥ ɢɯ ɡɚɞɭɦɵɜɚɬɶ- ɫɹ ɨ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɦ: «ɂɧɨɝɞɚ ɜ ɫɟɪɞɰɚ ɧɚɲɢ ɡɚɤɪɚɞɵɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɧɚɞɟɠɞɚ, ɧɨ ɫɭɞɶɛɚ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɛɟɫɩɨɤɨɢɥɚ ɧɚɫ. Ʌɸɛɹ ɢɯ ɦɚɬɶ, ɹ ɧɟɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɢɜɹɡɚɥɫɹ ɢ ɤ ɧɢɦ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɝɥɚɡɚ ɦɨɢ ɧɚɩɨɥɧɹɥɢɫɶ ɫɥɟɡɚɦɢ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɹ ɥɚɫɤɚɥ ɢɯ. ə ɝɨɬɨɜ ɛɵɥ ɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɫɚɦ ɩɟɪɟɧɟɫɬɢ ɜɫɟ ɧɟ- ɫɱɚɫɬɢɹ, ɱɟɦ ɥɢɲɢɬɶ ɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢ, ɧɟ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɢ ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɟɣ. Ɉɧɚ ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɥɚ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɚ, ɜɨɥɧɨɜɚɜɲɢɟ ɦɟɧɹ, ɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɩɨɥɸɛɢɥɚ ɦɟɧɹ ɡɚ ɷɬɨ» [Ʌɨɡɟɧ 1907].
ȼ ɩɶɟɫɟ ɐɜɟɬɚɟɜɨɣ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚ ɤɧɹɝɢɧɢ ɫ Ʌɨɡɟɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɥɚɫɶ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɪɟɛɟɧɤɭ ɲɟɥ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɵɣ ɦɟɫɹɰ. ȼ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, Ʌɨɡɟɧ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɦɟɫɹɰ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɪɨɞɨɜ ɩɨɞ ȼɚɪɲɚɜɨɣ ɭ ɧɟɤɨɢɯ Ⱦɨɦɛɪɨɜɫɤɢɯ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɑɚɪɬɨɪɵɣɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɝɨɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɚ.
ɑɚɪɬɨɪɵɣɫɤɚɹ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɚɥɚ ɨ ɪɚɡɝɨɜɨɪɟ ɫ ɦɭɠɟɦ: «ɨɧ ɫɠɚɥɢɥɫɹ ɧɚɞ ɦɨɢɦ ɬɨɝɞɚɲɧɢɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɧɢ ɜ ɱɟɦ ɧɟ ɭɩɪɟɤɧɭɥ ɦɟɧɹ» [Ʌɨɡɟɧ 1907], ɩɪɢɡɧɚɥ ɪɟɛɟɧɤɚ ɫɜɨɢɦ
ɫ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɚ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɜɢɞɟɬɶɫɹ ɫ Ʌɨɡɟɧɨɦ. Ʌɨɡɟɧ ɭɟɡɠɚɟɬ ɢɡ ɉɨɥɶɲɢ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɞɚɬɶ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ ɭɫɩɨɤɨɢɬɶɫɹ. Ɉɧɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɥɢ ɜ ɩɟɪɟɩɢɫɤɟ, ɢ ɫɩɭɫɬɹ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɞɨ ɂɡɚɛɟɥɥɵ ɞɨɲɥɢ ɫɥɭɯɢ ɨɛ ɢɡɦɟɧɟ Ʌɨɡɟɧɚ, ɝɟɪɰɨɝ ɠɟ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ «ɨɫɬɚɜɚɥɫɹ ɜɟɪɟɧ ɤɧɹɝɢ- ɧɟ» [Ʌɨɡɟɧ 1907]. Ʉɧɹɝɢɧɹ ɫɬɚɥɚ ɧɚɫɬɚɢɜɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɢ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ, ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ Ʌɨɡɟɧɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɞɪɚɦɚɬɢɱɧɨɣ: «ə ɝɨɬɨɜ ɛɵɥ ɛɵ ɨɬɞɚɬɶ ɫɜɨɸ ɠɢɡɧɶ ɡɚ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɶ ɱɚɫɚ ɪɚɡɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɫ ɧɟɸ, ɬɵɫɹɱɢ ɫɭɦɚɫɛɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɢɞɟɣ ɢ ɩɥɚɧɨɜ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɥɢ ɜ ɦɨɟɣ ɝɨɥɨɜɟ»
[Ʌɨɡɟɧ 1907]. Ʌɨɡɟɧ, ɢɳɚ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɛɵɬɶ ɛɥɢɠɟ ɤ ɤɧɹɝɢɧɟ, ɢɡɭɱɢɥ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɸ ɢ ɧɚɲɟɥ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɞɨɤɥɚɞɧɭɸ ɡɚɩɢɫɤɭ ɨ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ ɉɨɥɶɲɢ ɢ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ, ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɥɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ «ɛɭɞɟɬ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɦɨɝɭɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɉɨɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ» [Ʌɨɡɟɧ 1907].
ɉɨ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɭ ɨɧ ɛɵɥ ɜɵɡɜɚɧ Ⱥɞɚɦɨɦ ɑɚɪɬɨɪɵɣɫɤɢɦ ɜ ȼɚɪɲɚɜɭ. ȼ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟ- ɬɚɰɢɢ ɠɟ ɐɜɟɬɚɟɜɨɣ ɑɚɪɬɨɪɵɣɫɤɚɹ ɝɨɬɨɜɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɨɬɞɚɬɶ Ʌɨɡɟɧɭ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɬɪɨɧ: Ɋɚɧɨ ɢɥɶ ɩɨɡɞɧɨ, ɧɨ – ɛɭɞɟɬ ɬɟɛɟ ɬɪɨɧ / ɉɨɥɶɲɢ ɦɨɟɣ – ɧɚ ɜɟɫɟɥɶɟ, ɧɚ ɫɬɪɚɫɬɶ, ɧɚ ɫɥɚɜɭ!
/ Ɍɪɨɧ – ɜɩɟɪɟɞɢ! [ɐɜɟɬɚɟɜɚ 1994–95, III, 389]. ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɧɭɬɶ, ɱɬɨ Ʌɨɡɟɧ ɧɟ ɛɵɥ ɩɪɟɬɟɧɞɟɧɬɨɦ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɬɪɨɧ, ɢ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɥ ɞɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɧɢɤɚɤɢɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ.
ȼɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɟɡɞɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɥɚɫɶ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚ Ʌɨɡɟɧɚ ɫ ɤɧɹɝɢɧɟɣ, ɨɧɚ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɥɚ ɜɟɪɧɭɬɶ ɩɢɫɶɦɚ ɢ ɩɨɪɬɪɟɬ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɪɚɫɫɩɪɨɫɢɥɚ «ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɥɨ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɦɧɨɸ ɢ m-lle Ƚɚɪɬɮɟɥɶɞ» [Ʌɨɡɟɧ 1907], ɩɨɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɜ ɫɠɟɱɶ ɩɢɫɶɦɚ ɢ ɩɨɪɬɪɟɬ Ƚɚɪɬɮɟɥɶɞ, ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ ɟɟ ɪɟɜɧɨɫɬɢ. ɐɜɟɬɚɟɜɚ ɜɨɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɷɬɨɣ ɞɟɬɚɥɶɸ ɢ ɫɰɟɧɭ ɪɟɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɑɚɪɬɨɪɵɣɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɦɟɫɬɢɥɚ ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɩɶɟɫɭ: Ʉɧɹɝɢɧɹ ɑɚɪɬɨɪɵɣɫɤɚɹ: – ȼɫɟ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɜɚɫ ɥɸɛɹɬ?/ Ʌɨɡɷɧ (ɧɟɜɢɧɧɨ): ȼɫɟ./ ɇɟ ɡɧɚɸ, ɱɬɨ ɜɨ ɦɧɟ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ.// Ʉɧɹɝɢɧɹ ɑɚɪɬɨɪɵɣɫɤɚɹ: (…) Ƚɥɹɞɢ ɜ ɝɥɚɡɚ ɢ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɣ: ɤɨɝɞɚ,/ Ʉɨɝɨ ɢ ɝɞɟ… ɇɚɱɧɟɦɬɟ ɫ ɥɟɞɢ ɋɚɪɪɵ./ Ɉɱɚɪɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɚ?// Ʌɨɡɷɧ (ɫɦɭɳɟɧɧɨ): ɇɟ ɬɚɤ, ɤɚɤ ɜɵ, –/ ɉɪɢɱɭɞɧɢɰɚ…//
Ʉɧɹɝɢɧɹ ɑɚɪɬɨɪɵɣɫɤɚɹ: Ⱥ ɬɚ, ɱɬɨ ɫ ɩɟɬɢɦɟɬɪɨɦ/ Ɍɢɫɫɨ ɞɪɭɠɢɥɚ? Ⱥ ɡɜɟɡɞɚ ɫ ɇɟɜɵ?/
Ɉɯ, ɧɟ ɫɧɨɫɢɬɶ ɜɚɦ ɛɭɣɧɨɣ ɝɨɥɨɜɵ!// Ʌɨɡɷɧ: Ɉɬɤɭɞɚ ɜɵ ɦɨɝɥɢ?..// Ʉɧɹɝɢɧɹ ɑɚɪɬɨ- ɪɵɣɫɤɚɹ: Ⱦɨɧɨɫɢɬ ɜɟɬɪɨɦ! [ɐɜɟɬɚɟɜɚ 1994–95, III, 390]. Ʌɨɡɟɧ ɩɢɲɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɤɧɹɝɢɧɹ
«ɩɪɨɫɬɢɥɚ ɫɨ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɟɣ ɨɱɚɪɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɨɛɪɨɬɨɣ. ɇɨ ɤɨɝɞɚ ɹ ɯɨɬɟɥ ɜɨɡɨɛɧɨ- ɜɢɬɶ ɧɚɲɢ ɩɪɟɠɧɢɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ, ɨɧɚ ɧɟ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɢɥɚɫɶ ɧɚ ɷɬɨ ɢ ɫɤɚɡɚɥɚ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɦɨɝɥɨ ɛɵ ɫɬɨɢɬɶ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɟɣ ɢ ɦɧɟ» [Ʌɨɡɟɧ 1907]. ȼɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɪɟɛɵɜɚɧɢɹ Ʌɨɡɟɧɚ ɜ ȼɚɪɲɚɜɟ ɨɧ ɪɟɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɫɨɜɟɬɭ ɩɨɞɪɭɝɢ ɤɧɹɝɢɧɟ ɜɨɡɛɭɞɢɬɶ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɪɟɜɧɨɫɬɶ, ɭɯɚɠɢɜɚɹ ɡɚ ɤɧɹɝɢɧɟɣ ɉɨɬɨɰɤɨɣ. ɑɚɪɬɨɪɵɣɫɤɚɹ, ɭɫɥɵɲɚɜ ɪɚɡɝɨɜɨɪ Ʌɨɡɟɧɚ ɫ ɉɨɬɨɰɤɨɣ, ɨɬɜɟɪ- ɝɚɟɬ Ʌɨɡɟɧɚ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ. Ɉɧ ɬɟɪɹɟɬ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɬ. Ʉɧɹɝɢɧɹ ɛɪɨɫɚɟɬɫɹ ɟɝɨ ɫɩɚɫɚɬɶ. ɉɨ ɜɟɪɫɢɢ Ʌɨɡɟɧɚ, ɢɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ, ɧɨ ɜɵɧɭɠɞɟɧɧɵɣ ɨɬɴɟɡɞ Ʌɨɡɟɧɚ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɢɣ ɨɬ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɪɢɰɵ, ɫɬɚɜɢɬ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹɯ ɬɨɱɤɭ (ɦɚɪɬ 1775 ɝ.): «ɏɨɬɹ ɦɵ ɨɛɚ ɧɚɞɟɹɥɢɫɶ ɨɩɹɬɶ ɜ ɫɤɨɪɨɦ ɜɪɟ- ɦɟɧɢ ɭɜɢɞɚɬɶɫɹ, ɧɨ ɦɧɟ ɤɚɠɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɬɭ ɦɢɧɭɬɭ ɹ ɭɠɟ ɩɪɟɞɱɭɜɫɬɜɨɜɚɥ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɧɟ ɫɭɠɞɟɧɨ ɜɫɬɪɟɬɢɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɧɟɣ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɦɢɪɟ» [Ʌɨɡɟɧ 1907]. ɐɜɟɬɚɟɜɚ ɠɟ ɡɚ- ɤɚɧɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɭ ɤɧɹɝɢɧɢ ɢ Ʌɨɡɟɧɚ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ ɂɡɚɛɟɥɥɵ: ɇɟɬ, ɧɟ ɰɟɥɭɣ! ɇɟ ɧɚɞɨ! ɇɟ ɜɟɥɹɬ!/ (ɋ ɝɪɭɫɬɧɨɣ ɢɪɨɧɢɟɣ.)/ ȿɫɬɶ ɧɟɩɪɢɫɬɭɩɧɵɟ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɧɢ./ Ʉɨɝɞɚ-ɧɢɛɭɞɶ – ɥɟɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɬɪɢɞɰɚɬɶ ɩɹɬɶ –/ ɉɨɣɦɟɲɶ [ɐɜɟɬɚɟɜɚ 1994–95, III, 391]. ɉɨ ɩɪɢɟɡɞɟ ɜ ɉɚɪɢɠ Ʌɨɡɟɧ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɮɚɜɨɪɢɬɨɦ ɤɨɪɨɥɟɜɵ, ɑɚɪɬɨɪɵɣɫɤɚɹ ɠɟ, ɩɨ ɫɥɭɯɚɦ, ɭɜɥɟɤɥɚɫɶ ɞɚɜɧɢɦ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɩɨɤɥɨɧɧɢɤɨɦ Ȼɪɚɧɢɰɤɢɦ (ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɨɬɴɟɡɞɨɦ ɭ Ʌɨɡɟɧɚ ɱɭɬɶ ɧɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɥɚɫɶ ɞɭɷɥɶ, ɥɢɲɶ ɜɦɟɲɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ Ʉɚɡɢɦɢɪɚ ɉɨɧɹɬɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ, ɛɪɚɬɚ ɤɨɪɨɥɹ,
ɩɨɦɟɲɚɥɨ ɞɭɷɥɢ). ɉɟɪɟɩɢɫɤɚ ɭɝɚɫɚɟɬ, Ʌɨɡɟɧ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɥ ɪɟɡɤɨɟ ɩɢɫɶɦɨ, ɩɨɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɥ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɪɟɛɟɧɤɚ, ɢ ɜ ɢɬɨɝɟ ɨɧɢ «ɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɨɪɢɥɢɫɶ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɚɥɢ ɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɝɭ» [Ʌɨɡɟɧ 1907]. ɐɜɟɬɚɟɜɚ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɢɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɟɰ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɪɨɦɚɧɚ: …ɑɬɨ ɫɬɨɢɥɨ ɦɧɟ ɧɵɧɱɟ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɶ/ ɂɡ ɭɫɬ ɬɜɨɢɯ – ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɩɪɢɱɚɫɬɶɹ./ Ⱥ ɧɚ ɤɚɪɪɚɪɫɤɨɦ ɦɪɚɦɨɪɟ – ɜɡɚɦɟɧ/ Ɉɪɧɚɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɨɱɟɝɨ ɜɢɬɢɣɫɬɜɚ – / ɉɭɫɬɶ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɬɚɤ: «ȿɟ ɥɸɛɢɥ Ʌɨɡɷɧ»/ ɇɟ ɧɚɞɨ – ɂɡɚɛɷɥɥɵ ɑɚɪɬɨɪɵɣɫɤɨɣ [ɐɜɟɬɚɟɜɚ 1994–95, III, 390]. ɋɟɪɞɰɟ Ʌɨɡɟɧɚ ɧɟɫɤɨɪɨ ɡɚɛɵɥɨ ɨɱɚɪɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɤɧɹɝɢɧɸ, ɫɩɭɫɬɹ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɝɨɞɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɤɨɧ- ɱɚɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɪɨɦɚɧɚ, ɨɬɩɪɚɜɥɹɹɫɶ ɜ ɂɧɞɢɸ ɢ ɨɬɜɟɪɝɚɹ ɩɪɨɫɶɛɵ ɨɫɬɚɬɶɫɹ, ɭɫɯɨɞɢɜɲɢɟ ɨɬ ɫɚɦɨɣ ɤɨɪɨɥɟɜɵ Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɢ, Ʌɨɡɟɧ ɧɚɩɢɲɟɬ: «ɹ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɥ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɤɧɹɝɢɧɟ ɑɚɪɬɨɪɵɠ- ɫɤɨɣ, ɱɬɨ ȿɜɪɨɩɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɦɟɧɹ ɧɢɱɟɦ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɥɶɳɚɥɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɤɚɤ ɹ ɩɨɬɟɪɹɥ ɟɟ»
[Ʌɨɡɟɧ 1907].
ɂɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ Ʌɨɡɟɧ ɢ ɂɡɚɛɟɥɥɚ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɢɯ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɥɸɛɨɜɶ, ɧɟ «ɩɨɩɚɞɚɥɢ»
ɜ ɬɨɬ ɨɛɪɚɡ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɫɨɡɞɚɥɚ ɐɜɟɬɚɟɜɚ. ɑɬɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨ, «ɩɪɢɫɜɨɟɧɧɵɣ» ɨɛɪɚɡ Ʌɨɡɷɧɚ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɟɬ ɩɨɷɬɚ ɜ ɠɢɡɧɢ, ɬɟɩɟɪɶ ɭɠɟ ɫɚɦɚ ɐɜɟɬɚɟɜɚ ɜɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɫ ɧɢɦ ɜ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɫɜɨɟɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɨɧɚ ɞɚɠɟ ɩɨɞɜɨɞɢɬ ɢɬɨɝ: ɜ ɷɫɫɟ O ɥɸɛɜɢ ɨɧɚ ɩɨɦɟɳɚɟɬ «ɤɪɚɬɤɢɣ ɨɬɱɟɬ ɨ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɣ ɥɸɛɜɢ», ɞɟɬɚɥɶɧɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ Ʌɨɡɟɧɚ: «ɛɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ-ɯɨɪɨɲ», ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ «ɛɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɝɨɥɨɫɨɦ», ɜɨɫɩɪɢɢɦɱɢɜ, ɢɞɟɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɨɛɟɫɟɞɧɢɤ, ɟɝɨ ɫɢɥɚ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɨɦ («ɥɚɫɤɨɜ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɞɨɛɪ»), ɥɸɛɨɜɶ ɟɦɭ ɧɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɚ, ɧɨ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɚ ɝɥɭɛɨɱɚɣɲɚɹ ɧɟɜɢɧɧɨɫɬɶ. ɂ ɩɨɞɜɨɞɢɬ ɢɬɨɝ: «ɧɢɱɬɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ, ɤɚɤ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ, ɢ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨ, ɤɚɤ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨ» [ɐɜɟɬɚɟɜɚ 1994–95, IV, 486]. Ɋɟɚɥɶɧɵɣ Ʌɨɡɟɧ ɩɨɦɨɝɚɟɬ ɟɣ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ ɢ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɧɢɦɢ, ɨɧɚ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɟɬ ɫ ɧɢɦ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɡɧɚɤɨɦɵɯ: «Ʌɨɡɷɧ ɢ ɘ. 3<ɚɜɚɞ>ɫɤɢɣ ɜɨ ɦɧɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɬɟɫɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ»; «ɍ ɦɟɧɹ ɤ Ʌɨɡɷɧɭ – ɤɚɤ ɘ. 3<ɚɜɚɞ>ɫɤɨɦɭ – ɱɭɬɨɱɤɭ ɩɪɟɡɪɟɧɢɹ (...). Ʌɨɡɷɧɭ ɹ ɩɪɨɳɚɸ – ɜɫɺ – ɢɡ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɦɟ- ɪɢɹ» [ɐɜɟɬɚɟɜɚ 2001, I, 362], ɩɟɪɟɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɧɟɦɭ ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɚ: ɨɬ ɜɫɟɩɪɨɳɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɥɸɛɜɢ: «Ʌɨɡɷɧ – ɦɨɣ ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɝɟɪɨɣ ɩɨɫɥɟ Ƚɟɪɰɨɝɚ Ɋɟɣɯɲɬɚɞɬɫɤɨɝɨ» [ɐɜɟɬɚɟɜɚ 2001, I, 343], ɞɨ ɞɟɤɥɚɪɚɰɢɢ ɧɟɥɸɛɜɢ: «ɹ ɛɨɥɶ- ɲɟ ɧɟ ɥɸɛɥɸ Ʌɨɡɷɧɚ, ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɱɬɨ ɹ ɥɸɛɥɸ Prince de Ligne» [ɐɜɟɬɚɟɜɚ 2001, I, 361–
362], ɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɩɪɟɡɪɟɧɢɹ: «ɹ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸ ɩɪɟɡɢɪɚɬɶ Ʌɨɡɷɧɚ, ɧɟ ɡɧɚɸ (ɡɧɚɸ!) ɤɚɤ ɷɬɨ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɢɬɶ. ɑɭɜɫɬɜɨ, ɤɚɤ (...) ɧɟɞɨɫɬɨɣɧɨɣ ɫɟɛɹ – ɫɜɹɡɢ (ɚɤɬɟɪ, ɝɭɫɚɪ ɢ ɬ. ɞ.) ɑɭɜɫɬɜɨ que je me suis encanaillee [ɱɬɨ ɹ ɨɩɭɫɬɢɥɚɫɶ] – ɫ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦɨɦ ɭɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɢɹ, ɧɨ – encanaillee» [ɐɜɟɬɚɟɜɚ 2001, I, 362]. ɐɜɟɬɚɟɜɚ ɨɫɭɠɞɚɟɬ Ʌɨɡɷɧɚ ɡɚ ɟɝɨ ɠɟɫɬɨɤɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɩɨɞɥɨɫɬɶ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɤɨɪɨɥɟɜɟ Ɇɚɪɢɢ-Ⱥɧɬɭɚɧɧɟɬɟ, ɩɢɲɟɬ: «Ʉɨɝɞɚ Ʉɨɪɨɥɟɜɫɤɚɹ ɋɟɦɶɹ ɛɟɠɚɥɚ ɢɡ ɉɚɪɢɠɚ, ɩɟɪɜɵɦ, ɤɬɨ ɟɟ ɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɥ ɛɵɥ Regiment Lauzun [ɉɨɥɤ Ʌɨɡɟɧɚ (ɮɪ.)]. (...) Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɹ ɩɪɨɱɥɚ ɷɬɨ, ɹ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɥɚ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɜɫɸ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɭ: – Ƚɟɪɰɨɝ Ʌɨɡɷɧ, ȼɵ ɩɨɞɥɟɰ!» [ɐɜɟɬɚɟɜɚ 2001, I, 414].
Ɉɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɐɜɟɬɚɟɜɨɣ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɤ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫ- ɤɢɦ ɥɢɰɚɦ XVIII ɜɟɤɚ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɫ ɩɨɢɫɤɨɦ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɢɞɟɧ- ɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɧɚ ɩɵɬɚɥɚɫɶ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɫɜɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɢ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɜ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ:
«ə ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ XX ɜɟɤɚ – ɛɟɫɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɧɚ. ȼɫɟ ɦɨɢ ɩɚɪɬɧɺɪɵ (ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɹ ɧɚ ɧɟɛɨ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɡɟɦɥɸ): ɬɚɦ. ȿɫɬɶ ɥɸɞɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɷɩɨɯɢ ɢ ɟɫɬɶ ɷɩɨɯɢ, ɜɨɩɥɨɳɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɥɸ- ɞɹɯ. ə – XVIII ɜɟɤ + ɬɨɫɤɚ ɩɨ ɧɟɦ» [ɐɜɟɬɚɟɜɚ 2001, I, 313]. ɐɜɟɬɚɟɜɭ ɧɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɭɟɬ ɧɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ, ɧɢ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɷɩɨɯɢ ɢɥɢ ɫɯɨɠɚɹ ɩɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɭ
XVIII ɜɟɤɚ. ɒɟɜɟɥɟɧɤɨ ɩɢɲɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɐɜɟɬɚɟɜɭ «ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬ, ɫɤɨɪɟɟ, ɧɟɭɥɨɜɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɧɟɜɧɹɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɝɪɨɡɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɜɟɫɬɢɣ ɝɪɹɞɭɳɟɝɨ, ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɜɟɤɟ ɉɪɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɢɹ, ɤɚɤ ɜ ɜɟɤɟ Ɇɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɦɚ, ɥɟɝɤɨɦɵɫɥɢɟ ɬɨɝɨ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ ɜɟɤɚ, ɫɤɨɥɶɡɹɳɟɟ ɜ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɢɯ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨɦɵɫɥɢɢ ɢ ɜɨɥɶɧɨɞɭɦɫɬɜɟ» [ɒɟɜɟɥɟɧɤɨ 2002, 155] – ɬɪɚɝɟɞɢɹ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɪɚɡ ɜ ɫɭɞɶɛɨɧɨɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɧɢɱɬɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ, «ɥɸɞɟɣ ɬɨɝɨ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨ-ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɤɥɚɞɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɥ ɰɟɥɭɸ ɷɩɨɯɭ, ɛɭɞɶ ɬɨ ɉɪɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɢɥɢ Ɇɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɦ» [ɒɟɜɟɥɟɧɤɨ 2002, 155]. ɂɞɟɧɬɢɮɢ- ɤɚɰɢɹ ɫɟɛɹ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɭɯɨɞɹɳɢɦ ɬɢɩɨɦ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɨɥɢɰɟɬɜɨɪɹɸɳɢɯ «ɥɟɝɤɨɫɬɶ», ɭɦɟɧɢɟ ɠɢɬɶ, ɦɨɥɨɞɨɫɬɶ, ɥɸɛɨɜɶ, ɚɜɚɧɬɸɪɢɡɦ – ɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɬɫɹ ɫɜɨɟɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɣ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɟɣ ɞɥɹ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɝɨɞɵ ɭ ɐɜɟɬɚɟɜɨɣ ɨɳɭɳɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɪɵɜɚ ɨɬ ɠɢɡɧɢ.
Ȼɢɛɥɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ
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Summary
POETICS OF APPROPRIATION: LOVE OF DUC DE LAUZUN AND IZABELA CHARTORYSKA IN MARINA TSVETAEVA’S PLAY FORTUNA
This article discusses the poetics of appropriation of historical and literary material as a way of the reevaluation of the past proposed by M. Tsvetaeva. In the poet’s consciousness, the coexistence and comparison of different times and historical parallels are inevitably linked to her presence and, at the same time, the material employed by Tsvetaeva does not only show any reality, but it recreates reality according to her own vision of this particular material. Tsvetaeva accentuates the primacy of created reality over historical existence. One part of Tsvetaeva’s play Fortuna presents the transformation of the real love story between Izabela Chartoryska and duke Lauzan into a literary history, and finally the process of the disappearance of this story in her real life. ‘Disappearance’
of Lauzan’s image leads the poet in her life and Tsvetaeva becomes engaged with Lauzan by a very idiomatic relationship.
!["Pro memoria Lech Bądkowski (1920-1984)", zebrał i oprac. Józef Borzyszkowski, Gdańsk 2004; "Na własny rachunek : rzecz o Lechu Bądkowskim", Paweł Zbierski, Gdańsk 2004 : [recenzja]](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAP///wAAACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)