ROCZNIKI GLEBOZNAWCZE (SOIL SCIENCE ANNUAL) T. XLIX NR 1/2 W ARSZAW A 1998: 17-27
JAN KOPER, A N N A PIOTROWSKA
SOIL ACID PHOSPHATASE, CATALASE
AND RHODANASE ACTIVITIES AS AFFECTED
BY DIFFERENT SYSTEMS OF PLANT
CULTIVATION
Department o f Soil Science and Biochemistry University o f Technology and Agriculture, Bydgoszcz
INTRODUCTION
M odem agriculture is aimed at high specialization, w hich results in reduction o f the number o f cultivated plant species. Therefore frequency o f a given plant cultivation increases and sim ple crop rotations or even m onocultures are used [Płoszyńska 1988].
Long-term experim ents [Blecharczyk, G rzebisz 1991; Gawrońska et al. 1979] have show n that different plant species respond unfavourably to monoculture cultivation. This reaction is m odified by factors such as clim ate, soil type and fertilization. The negative influence o f plant cultivation in the m onoculture on soil fertility is a consequence o f high hom ogeneity o f organic matter introduced to soil and the developm ent o f specific soil microorganism s, that produce only sp ecific en zym es [Zawiślak et al. 1988]. M icroorganism s are an important source o f soil enzym es. Total m icrobiological activity is considered a good index o f soil fertility [Gianfreda, B ollag 1996].
E nzym atic activity is in part affected by the presence and character o f plant sp ecies. Plant roots together with m icroorganism s enhance increased concentra tion o f soil enzym es. Plants cultivated in monoculture exert unfavourable influ en ce on soil fertility. This results from the plant unique way o f absorbing nutrients and is associated with secretion o f only specific enzym e groups by plants in m onoculture cultivation and causes a decrease in enzym atic activity.
The objectives o f this investigation were:
• to assay enzymatic activity of soil under monoculture in comparison with traditional crop rotation,
• to determine the changes of catalase, acid phosphatase and rhodanase activi ties of soil in different phases of plant vegetation.
18 J. Koper
,
A. PiotrowskaMATERIALS AND METHODS
Soil sam ples were taken from long-term cultivation experim ent carried out in the Experiment Station in M ochełek near B ydgoszcz (middle-north Poland). The experim ent was initiated in 1973 by the Department o f Soil Scien ce and Plant Cultivation, University o f T echnology and Agriculture in B yd go szcz on a lessivé soil with granulometric com position o f fine loamy sand. It is a static experim ent with different plant cultivation system s (crop rotation and monoculture).
Mineral fertilization (NPK) rates used in both plant system s were in agreement with plants requirement. Full mineral fertilization (NPK ), both in traditional and monoculture system s, was applied in the follow in g rates (in kg/ha):
Plant B efo re so w in g T op -d ressin g Total N P 2О5 K2O I II Sugar beet 90 120 2 2 0 30 - 4 6 0 F ield pea - 120 Spring barley 50 120 W inter w heat 30 120 180 2 0 0 2 0 0 30 0 30 - 4 0 0 6 0 30 4 4 0
Farmyard manure was used every 6 years in the rate o f 30 t/ha on the plots with sugar beet in crop rotation and every 3 years in monoculture. Mineral fertilizers were used in the follow in g forms: ammonium nitrate (34% ), granulated superpho sphate (46% ), potassium salt (50%). N o lim ing was used.
Soil sam ples were taken from the Ap horizon in M ay, July and Septem ber 1994 from tw o depths: 5 -1 5 cm, 2 0 -2 7 cm under four plants.
In the sam pling period the weather conditions were as follow s:
M ay July Septem ber A v era g e m onth air temp. [°CJ 17.7 16.7 11.7 A v era g e m onth sum o f rainfall [mm] 18.7 71.1 95.3 A v era g e m onth so il tem p.[°C ]
D epth [cm]: 5 10 20 16.5 15.4 14.2 17.5 12.6 16.8 12.3 16.4 12.7
S oil e n z y m e a c tiv ity w a s d e t e r m i n e d u s in g the f o llo w in g m e th o d s :
• catalase [E.C. 1.1 1.1.6.]: g asom etrically according to Z w ia g in c e w [1980], with
5% H 20 2 as a substrate;
• rhodanase [E.C. 2.8.1.1.]: colorimetrically as described by T abatabai and Singh [1976], using thiosulphate and cyanide as substrates;
• acid p h o sp h atase [E.C. 3.1.3.2.]: colorim etrically by the Tabatabai and Bre- m n e r [ 1969] m ethod, using p-nitro p h en y lo p h o sp h ate as a substrate.
P h y s i c o - c h e m i c a l soil p r o p e rtie s w e r e d e te r m in e d as fo llo w s:
• gran u lo m etric com position by the C assag ran d e m ethod as m odified by P r ó szyński,
• pH in H 20 and KC1 electrom etrically; the ratio soil : solution was 1: 2,5, • С огц m ineralization were done by the T iu riir s m ethod.
Soil acid phosphatase, catalase and rhodanase activities 19
• N tot was assayed in Büchi apparatus.
For determination o f the relationship between the investigated parameters the variance and correlation analysis with Tuckey test were used.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The granulometric com position (Table 1) show ed that alm ost all o f the inve stigated soil sam ples belonged to fine loam y sand (fis). Only three soil sam ples taken from the depth o f 2 0 -2 7 cm from the plots with sugar beet, spring barley and winter wheat had higher silt and clay fraction content than that found for the sam e fraction o f fine loam y sand. These samples were fine sandy loam.
The pH in KC1 values ranged 6 .7 -6 .9 w hile those in H20 ranged 7 .2 -7 .7 . The highest pH in H20 values were obtained for soil sam ples taken in Septem ber and the low est in July. The highest pH K C 1 values where in soil sam ples from crop rotation taken in July and for monoculture in Septem ber (Table 2). Lack o f differences in soil reaction between monoculture objects and the ones under crop rotation could have been caused by more frequent application o f manure on the plots with sugar beet cultivated in monoculture.
The average C or„ (Table 3) content o f investigated soil was 0.49% in soil sam ples from the depth o f 5-15 cm from crop rotation (Table 2). The average Cor(I content o f soil sam ples from monoculture was 0.47% . Coro content o f soil sam ples taken from the horizon 20-27 cm was 0.34% from m onoculture as w ell as from crop rotation. M ore frequent fertilization with farmyard manure under sugar beet
T A B L E 1. G ranulom etric co m p o sitio n o f in vestigated so il Plant D epth o f
sam plin g [cm]
P ercentage o f fraction o f diam eter [mm] T exture 1-0.1 0 .1 -0 .0 2 0 .0 2 --0 .0 0 2 < 0 .0 0 2
Crop rotation
Sugar beet 5 - 1 5 65 20 10 5 fis 2 0 - 2 7 62 19 10 9 fsl F ield pea 5 - 1 5 67 22 8 3 fis 2 0 - 2 7 68 18 9 5 fis Spring barley 5 - 1 5 7 0 15 11 4 Us 2 0 - 2 7 64 19 9 8 si W inter w heat 5 - 1 0 67 19 8 6 Os 2 0 - 2 7 63 21 9 7 Hs M on ocultu re Sugar beet 5 - 1 5 67 21 7 5 Hs 2 0 - 2 7 7 0 18 6 6 fis F ield pea 5 - 1 5 7 0 2 0 8 2 n s 2 0 - 2 7 73 16 9 2 fis Spring barley 5 - 1 5 67 19 8 6 fis 2 0 - 2 7 67 19 7 7 Ils W inter w heat 5 - 1 5 66 20 8 6 Hs 2 0 - 2 7 68 19 7 6 fis
20 J. Koper, A. Piotrowska T A B L E 2. pH o f investigated so il Plant D epth o f sam p lin g [cm] pH in H2O pH in KC1
M ay July Sep. M ay July Sept. Crop rotation Sugar beet 5 - 1 5 7.2 7.2 7.5 6.9 6.9 6.8 2 0 - 2 7 7 .4 7 .2 7 .4 6.9 6.8 6.8 F ield pea 5 - 1 5 7.3 7.2 7.3 6.5 6.8 6.8 2 0 - 2 7 7.2 7 .2 7 .4 6.8 6.9 6.8 Spring barley 5 - 1 5 7.2 7.2 7.3 6.6 6.8 6.8 2 0 - 2 7 7.3 7.2 7.5 6.8 6.9 6.8 W inter w h eat 5 - 1 5 7.2 7.2 7.4 6.8 6.8 6.8 2 0 - 2 7 7.3 7 .2 7 .4 6.9 6.8 6.9 M on ocu ltu re Sugar beet 5 - 1 5 7.2 7.2 7.5 6.8 6.8 6.8 2 0 - 2 7 7.3 7.2 7.5 6.8 6.8 6.9 F ield pea 5 - 1 5 7.6 7.2 7.3 6.8 6.8 6.9 2 0 - 2 7 7.3 7.2 7.3 6.8 6.7 6.8 Spring barley 5 - 1 5 7.6 7.3 7.5 6.7 6.7 6.9 2 0 - 2 7 7.3 7.3 7.3 6.9 6.9 6.9 W inter w h eat 5 - 1 5 7.3 7.3 7.7 6.7 6.7 6.8 2 0 - 2 7 7.3 7.2 7.5 6.8 6.7 6.9
monoculture conditions could possibly result in a dim inishing o f plant m on ocu l ture effects on the cummulation and quality o f soil organic matter, as compared with the crop rotation cultivation. The highest Corg content (0.58% ) was in soil sam ples taken in May from field pea in crop rotation.
This soil had the highest Ntot content (112.0 mg%), too (Table 3). The highest N tot content was usually found in soil sampled in July, whereas the low est N tot content in soils sampled in Septem ber (Table 3).
The statistical analysis indicated differences in the activity level o f the investi gated enzym es in relation to cultivation system , date and depth o f sam pling and the kind o f plant under cultivation.
The results in this paper for enzym e activities o f the soil with monoculture and crop rotation confirm ed earlier findings [Cieśla et al. 1977].
The increase o f enzym atic activity in soil samples from monoculture in co m parison with crop rotation was observed (Tables 4 and 5). U sually, the plants cultivated in monoculture caused higher changes o f quality and number o f soil microorganism s: an increase o f the number o f som e groups and decrease the others. This process influences on the number o f enzym es and their level o f activity in the soil.
The highest catalase activity was observed in soil samples taken in May from all cultivated plants (Fig. la). The activity ranged 1.9-3.5 ml 0 2 • g_ 1 • m iir l. In soil sam ples taken in July and September a considerable decrease o f catalase activity was noticed. This decrease reached about 50% in relation to soil sam ples taken in May. The catalase activity was significantly higher for soil sam ples under sugar beet and field pea in the crop rotation on the average ( 1.7 ml 0 2 • g~ 1 • min-1).
Soil acid phosphatase
,
catalase and rhodanase activities 21F IG U R E 1. C atalase - a and rhodanase - b activity as d ep en d en ce on cultivated plants, kind o f cultivation and date ol sam pling: 1 — sugar beet, 2 — field pea, 3 — spring barley, 4 — w inter w heat
22 J. Koper, A. Piotrowska
T A B L E 3. O rganic Carbon and total nitrogen content Plant D epth
o f sam p- lin g[cm ]
Corg. [%] Ntot- [mg% ]
M ay July Septem . M ay July Septem . Crop rotation Sugar beet 5 - 1 5 0 .4 1 ± 0 .0 3 0 .4 9 1 0 .0 4 0 .4 6 Ю .0 5 9 8 .0 1 3 .0 8 0 .4 1 5 .4 7 9 .3 1 3 .5 2 0 - 2 7 0 .3 2 ± 0 .0 1 0 .3 3 1 0 .0 2 0 .3 6 Ю .0 3 7 8 .4 1 2 .5 6 9 .1 1 4 .8 5 6 .9 1 3 .0 F ield pea 5 - 1 5 0 ,5 6 + 0 .0 4 0 .4 7 1 0 .0 3 0 .4 8 Ю .0 4 1 1 2 .0 1 4 .0 9 8 .0 1 3 .5 7 7 .5 1 2 .5 2 0 - 2 7 0 .3 2 ± 0 .0 2 0 .3 4 1 0 .0 2 0 .3 7 Ю .0 3 8 6 .3 1 3 .5 9 5 .2 1 3 .0 6 2 .3 1 2 .0 Spring barley 5 - 1 5 0 .4 9 ± 0 .0 3 0 .5 5 1 0 .0 3 0 .5 2 Ю .0 4 9 2 .4 1 2 .5 1 0 1 .8 1 2 .0 8 6 .8 1 2 .6 2 0 - 2 7 0 .3 1 1 0 .0 1 0 .3 7 1 0 .0 3 0 .3 4 Ю .0 3 6 7 .2 1 2 .5 8 9 .6 1 2 .0 6 0 .7 1 2 .4 W inter w h eat 5 - 1 5 0 .5 1 1 0 .0 4 0 .4 8 1 0 .0 4 0 .4 9 + 0 .0 3 1 0 0 .8 1 2 .0 1 0 0 .9 1 2 .0 7 0 .0 1 2 .4 2 0 - 2 7 0 .3 3 + 0 .0 1 0 .3 2 1 0 .0 2 0 .3 8 Ю .0 3 8 5 .9 1 2 .5 7 1 .9 1 2 .5 5 4 .5 1 3 .5 M o nocu lture Sugar beet 5 - 1 5 0 .4 9 1 0 .0 4 0 .4 6 1 0 .0 4 0 .4 6 Ю .0 5 9 9 .1 1 3 .0 7 2 .8 1 3 .5 5 9 .7 1 2 .6 2 0 - 2 7 0 .3 1 1 0 .0 3 0 .3 2 1 0 .0 3 0 .3 9 Ю .0 3 5 6 .0 1 3 .0 7 8 .4 1 3 .0 5 2 .9 1 3 .0 F ield pea 5 - 1 5 0 .5 0 1 0 .0 4 0 .4 9 1 0 .0 5 0 .4 6 Ю .0 2 6 7 .2 1 2 .5 8 6 .9 1 4 .5 6 4 .4 1 3 .5 2 0 - 2 7 0 .3 8 1 0 .0 3 0 .3 6 1 0 .0 3 0 .3 1 Ю .0 3 5 6 .4 1 2 .6 7 6 .6 1 3 .5 5 4 .1 1 3 .6 Sp rin g barley 5 - 1 5 0 .4 2 1 0 .0 4 0 .4 9 1 0 .0 4 0 .4 9 Ю .0 4 8 0 .3 1 2 .5 9 1 .5 1 3 .0 5 8 .8 1 4 .5 2 0 - 2 7 0 .3 9 1 0 .0 2 0 .3 7 1 0 .0 2 О.ЗЗЮ.ОЗ 6 7 .2 1 3 .0 7 1 .9 1 3 .2 5 5 .5 1 5 .6 W inter w heat 5 - 1 5 0 .4 6 1 0 .0 3 0 .4 9 1 0 .0 3 0 .4 9 Ю .0 4 7 9 .3 1 2 .4 7 5 .6 1 3 .0 7 7 .6 + 3 .5 2 0 - 2 7 0 .3 0 1 0 .0 4 0 .3 1 1 0 .0 3 0.37Ю .01 7 4 .1 1 2 .6 7 6 .5 1 3 .5 7 0 .8 1 4 .6
w h ile this activity in soil sam ples under winter wheat and spring barley cultivations was usually higher in soil with monoculture than in the crop rotation (Tables 4 and 5). Catalase activity was positively correlated with the organic matter content (r = 0.97 by p = 0.05). This is in agreement with the findings o f Turski et al. [1985].
For both kinds o f plant cultivation, rhodanase activity (0 .0 8 -0 .1 2 (J.M SCN~ • 100 g_ 1 • h_l) has not show ed significant differences. Szajdak [1996] obtained low er values (1 1 0 -9 7 0 nM SC N - - g- 1 -h-1) o f rhodanase activity o f soil with rye cultivation in monoculture and crop rotation. In the soil with rye m onoculture cultivation he observed 2.5 tim es higher rhodanase activity in co m parison with soil from crop rotation. The rhodanase activity was the highest in July (0 .1 0 -0 .1 4 |lM SC N - • 100 g- 1 • h-1) (Tables 4 and 5) in soil sam ples taken from all plants. T hese results correspond with the data reported by Szajdak [ 1996], w ho received the highest increase (to 952 nM S C N ~ • g- 1 • h_l) in July in the beginning o f rye blôom ing. Lower levels o f soil rhodanase activity: 1 2 0 -8 7 5 nM SC N - - g- 1 • h- 1 and 3 0 -1 3 0 nM SCN" g - 1 • h- 1 were obtained by Tabatabai and Singh [1976] and Lawrence et al. [1988], respectively. The correlation analysis show ed that rhodanase activity was positively correlated with Cor„ content (r = 0.87). Sim ilar correlations for these parameters were found by Freney et al. [ 1971 ]. W e registered the highest phosphatase activity in soil sam ples taken in Summer (Fig. 2). W e observed differences in phosphatase activity in relation to plant sp ecies. The average phosphatase activity in soil samples for spring barley was 25.3 |ag PN P • g_l • h f1 whereas for winter wheat was 30.8 |lg PNP • g • h- 1 (Table 5). T hese results are in discrepancy with the data o f Ross et al. [1984], who observed low er acid phosphatase activity.
Soil acid phosphatase
,
catalase and rhodanase activities_______
23T A B L E 4. E n zym atic activity (catalase [ml O2 • g _I • m in-1] rhodanase [jliM S C N 100 g-1 • h_1], acid ph osp hatase [|ig P N P • g_1 • h_1] o f so il under sugar beet and field pea as d epend en t on kind
o f cu ltivation, date and depth o f sam p lin g
Objects Sugar beet Field pea
catalase rhodanase acid phos phatase
catalase rhodanase acid phosphatase Kind of Crop culti- rotation 1.72 0.10 27.0 1.68 0.09 24.2 vation M ono culture 1.23 0.09 17.8 1.31 0.08 21.6 Date of May 2.54 0.08 21.9 2.15 0.08 24.7
sam pling July 0.97 0.12 27.5 1.39 0.10 27.3
(for both kind Sept. o f cultivation)
0.92 0.09 17.8 0.95 0.08 16.8
D epth of 5-15 1.52 0.12 28.3 1.72 0.11 31.0
sam pling [cm] 20-27 (for both kind o f cultivation)
1.44 0.07 16.5 1.37 0.07 14.8
Mean 1.48 0.1 22.4 1.49 0.09 22.9
NIR0.05
Kind of cultivation (I) 0.043 0.005 2.35 0.162 0.009 2.989
Date o f sampling (II) 0.107 0.004 1.66 0.083 0.003 2.368
Depth o f sam pling (III) 0.107 0.004 1.99 0.085 0.002 0.856
Interactions I x II *** ** *** *** *** ***
I x III *** ** *** *** *** N.I.
II X III *** *** *** *** *** ***
**p<0.01, ***p < 0.001, N.I. - not significant.
Crop rotation
F IG U R E 2. A c id p h o s p h a ta s e a c tiv ity as d e p e n d e n c e on c u ltiv a te d p lan ts, k in d o f c u ltiv a tio n and d a te o f sa m p lin g : 1 - s u g a r b eet, 2 - field p ea, 3 - sp rin g b a rle y , 4 - w in te r w h e a t
24 J. Koper
,
A. PiotrowskaT A B L E 5. E n zym atic activity (catalase [m l O2 • g-1 • m in-1], rhodnase [\iM SC N - 100 g “ 1- h_1], acid p h osp h atase [|ig P N P • g _1 • h-1] o f so il under spring barley and w inter w heat
as depend en t on kind o f cu ltivation , date and depth o f sam p lin g
O bjects Sugar beet Field pea
catalase rhodanase acid phos phatase
catalase rhodanase acid phosphatase Kind o f Crop culti- rotation 1.52 0.09 23.1 1.18 0.11 27.7 vation M ono culture 1.28 0.09 18.7 1.44 0.11 23.7 D ate o f May 2.54 0.08 19.2 2.53 0.09 28.4
sam pling July 1.01 0.11 25.3 0.88 0.15 30.8
(for both kind Sept. o f cultivation)
0.66 0.09 18.3 0 .52 0.09 18.0
D epth o f 5 -1 5 1.43 0.11 27.5 1.37 0.14 32.1
sam pling [cm] 2 0 -2 7 (for both kind o f cultivation)
1.37 0.07 14.3 1.26 0.08 19.3
Mean 1.4 0.09 20.9 1.31 0.11 25.7
NIR0.05
Kind o f cultivation (I) 0.077 0 .010 2.99 0.16 0 .002 1.89 D ate o f sam pling (II) 0.103 0.004 2.15 0.1 2 2 0.003 1.29 D epth o f sam pling (III) 0.103 0.003 1.03 0.088 0.003 1.15
Interactions I x II *** ** * ** ***
I x III N.I. N.I. ** *** ** **
II X III * *** *** ** *** ***
* *p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, N.I. - not significant.
and monoculture ranged 2 3 .1 -2 7 .0 |ig PNP • g" 1 • h- 1 and 1 7.8 -2 3 .8 |Lig PNP • g _1 • h_1, respectively. A cid phosphatase activity was higher in soil samples taken from spring barley with crop rotation than from field pea. Sim ilar results were noticed by Xu and Johnson [1995] for acid phosphatase activity in the soil under these plant species. It is w ell known that acid phosphatase activity is a product o f plant roots [Juma, Tabatabai 1988]. Spring barley produced 5 times more roots than field pea in the vegetation period [Heeraman, Juma 1993]. This was reflected as higher phosphatase activity in the soil samples taken under this plant. H ow ever, it should be admitted that the authors did not consider a higher dynam ics o f decom position during the legum e root in com parison with the cereal roots process, esp ecially under the conditions im posed with crop rotation.
The correlation analysis show ed a high p ossitive relation betw een phosphatase activity and Corg content (r = 0.98) as w ell as catalase activity and CorCT content (r = 0 .97) in soil sam ples taken in Autumn. A lso Januszek [1990] founS a positive correlation between phosphatase activity and the C or„ content (r = 0.92).
W e did not find any correlation between the grafn yield and activities o f the enzym es investigated. Enzym atic activity was low er in the soil with m onoculture in com parison with crop rotation. Grain yields were significantly lower in the m onoculture cultivation o f the plant (Table 6 ). It seem s to be that the low er yield o f plants cultivated under monoculture does not result from chem ical changes but from the biological cycle o f the soil.
Soil acid phosphatase
,
catalase and rhodanase activities_____
25T A B L E 6. Y ie ld o f plants cultivated in crop rotation and m onoculture [t/ha] K ind o f
cu ltiv a tio n
Sugar beet F ield pea Spring barley W inter w heat
Crop rotation 5 0 .5 1.39 2.91 2 .9 6 M on ocu ltu re 4 0 .9 0 .1 5 1.90 1.88 ‘
CONCLUSIONS
1. Enzym atic activity o f soil under crop rotation was usually higher than in soil sam ples taken from monoculture. A negative effect o f m onoculture on b io lo g i cal soil properties was found, despite more intense manure fertilization. A decrease in enzym atic activity was observed in the plant yields with m onocul ture cultivation in com parison with crop rotation.
2. Higher enzym atic activity was noticed in soil samples taken from the depth o f 5 -1 5 cm in com parison with soil samples from the depth o f 2 0 -2 7 cm. Rhodanase and acid phosphatase activities o f soil samples taken for all plants in all terms were the low est at the depth o f 2 0 -2 7 cm.
3. The highest catalase activity was in soil samples taken in Spring in the m onoculture and crop rotation plots, whereas rhodanase and acid phosphatase activities were the highest in soil samples taken in July for both system s o f plant cultivation.
4. A nalysis o f variation demonstrated significant interactions between enzym atic activities, plant species, system o f cultivation and date o f soil sampling. Corre lation analysis show ed significant correlations between catalase, acid phospha tase and rhodanase activities and C0rg. content in investigated soil.
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Soil acid phosphatase, catalase and rhodanase activities
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27J. K oper, A. P iotrow ska
WPŁYW RÓŻNEGO SYSTEMU UPRAWY ROŚLIN
NA AKTYWNOŚĆ GLEBOWEJ FOSFATAZY KWAŚNEJ,
KATALAZY I RODANAZY
Katedra Gleboznawstwa i Biochemii Akademii Techniczno-Rolniczej w Bydgoszczy
ST R E S Z C Z E N IE
Badano w pływ roślin (burak cukrowy, peluszka, jęczm ień jary, pszenica o z i ma) uprawianych w zm ianowaniu i w monokulturze na aktywność enzym atyczną gleby płow ej. Próbki gleb ow e pobierano w 21 roku prowadzenia dośw iadczenia w 1994 r. zlok alizow an ego w RZD w M ochełku koło B yd goszczy. Pobierano je z dw óch głębokości poziom u Ap gleby (5 -1 5 cm i 2 0 -2 7 cm) w maju, lipcu i w e w rześniu w różnych fazach rozw ojow ych roślin. N ajw iększą aktyw ność kwaśnej fosfatazy, katalazy i rodanazy odnotowano w próbkach gleby pobranych z poletek ze zm ianow aniem upraw. Stwierdzono ujemne oddziaływ anie monokultury na b iologiczn e w łaściw ości gleby, m im o w ięk szych dawek obornika. W iększą aktyw ność en zym ów odnotowano w próbkach glebow ych pobranych z głębokości 5 -1 5 cm niż w próbkach pobranych z głębokości 2 0 -2 7 cm. Katalaza najaktyw niejsza była w próbkach glebow ych pobranych wiosną, natomiast aktyw ność rodanazy i fosfatazy kwaśnej była największa w próbkach pobranych w lipcu. Otrzymano w ysok ie współczynniki korelacji m iędzy aktywnością katalazy, kw aś nej fosfatazy i rodanazy a zawartością Cora w glebach.
D r hab. Jan K o p er,
D e p a r tm e n t o f S o il S cien ce a n d B io ch e m istry U n iv e rsity o f T ech n o lo g y a n d A g ric u ltu re 8 5 -0 2 9 B y d g o szc z, 6 B ern a rd yń sk a Str., P o la n d
