Zawartość makro- i mikroskładników w sianach z pól irygowanych ściekami miasta Wrocławia

R O C Z N IK I G L E B O Z N A W C Z E T. X X V , D O D A T E K , W A R S Z A W A 1974

E L IG IU S Z R O S Z Y K , S T E F A N IA R O S Z Y K , J A N IN A S T A N IS Z E W S K A

C O N T E N T OF M A C R O - A N D M IC R O E L E M E N T S IN H A Y S FR O M A R E A S IR R IG A T E D W IT H S E W A G E W A T E R S

OF THE T O W N OF W R O C Ł A W

Institute of Soil Science and Agricu ltu ral Chemistry, A gricu ltu ral U niversity of W rocław

In 1881 at Osobowice near W rocław the complex of areas irrigated with sewage waters of the; town of W rocław [8] was given over for use for the first time in this country. Since that time till the beginning of 1945 the sewage water rates applied in this complex did not exceed 2100 mm per year.

Because of w a r damages the irrigations were interrupted and resumed only in spring 1948. The sewage w ater rates initially applied amounted to 1500 mm; however, they were increased in the course of time and along with the enlargement of the town to the present level of about 3500-4000 mm per year. This irrigation level ought to be considered as very high one, since, according to some authors [8], the sewage water rates, as the most reasonable from agricultural viewpoint, should not exceed 1000 mm throughout the whole growing season.

Together with sewage waters great amounts of nutrients are often introduced into soil. Thus the average content of basic nutrients in se­ w age waters of the town of W rocław varied according to L i e d t к e

[4] within the following limits: total N 28-69 mg/l, P 3.7-4.4 mg/1, K. 11.6-17.4 mg/1, and according to the unpublished investigations of Boćko *, carried out in the period 1958-1968, their average content in 1 liter amounted: total N — to 55 mg, P — to 7 mg, К — to 36 mg.

The irrigated areas utilized for many years as pastures are grazed several times in growing season. Approxim ately estimated mean yield in 1971 amounted to about 55 q of hay from hectare.

1 Institute fo r Land and Forest Reclamations, A rgicu ltu ral U n iversity in W r o ­ cław.

170 E. Roszyk at al.

IN V E S T IG A T IO N M E TH O D IC S

The aim of the investigations was to determine the content of macro- and microelements in hays from the plots irrigated for many years and from those laid out recently.

For the inwestigations 3 objects have been chosen:

A — the object utilized since the end of the X lX th century, with the area of 10.5 ha, divided into 8 plots;

В — the object without flooding irrigation for several years, with the area of 1.2 ha, constituting a single plot;

С — the object laid out recently, with flooding irrigation applied for three years, with the area of 11.1 ha, divided into 11 plots.

A ll these objects, before starting vegetation, were additionally ferti­ lized with nitrogen in the amount of 92 kg N/ha applied in the form of urea.

From all the plots average soil samples were taken separately from the sod horizon at two terms: in spring, i.e., before and in autumn, after the grazing period. A fter drying and sieving the soil material there were determined: its pH electrometrically in I N potassium chloride solution and mechanical composition by the Bouycos-Casagrande method modified by Prószyński.

The vegetation samples w ere taken four times, each time on the day preceding the grazing start at the terms given in Table 1. For technical reasons no samples w ere taken before the IVth grazing.

The vegetation samples, after drying and crushing, were mineralized in wet state. To determine N, P, K, Ca, M g and N a 2 g of air-dry plant bulk were mineralized in H 2S 0 4 with an addition of perhydrol [6],

T a b l e 1 Sampling dates and number of vegetation samples

taken for analyses, 1971

Grazing Object Sampling date Number of ßamples 1 T

С

. I V

;

В

5 . V

5

i

I I

С

. V

“ i

A , 3

1 1 . V I

9

;

I I I

С

1 9 . V I

3 0 . V I

7 * '

I V

С

1 0 . I X

_i

_i

A , 5

1 5 . I X

Content of m acro- and microelements.., 171

while Fe, Cu, Zn and M n w ere determined in 10 g of plant bulk mine­ ralized in HNO3 + H2SO4 + HCIO4 [2].

The determination of particular elements was made by the following methods: P — colorimetrically by vanadium method [7], K, Ca and N a — by the flame photometer method, N — potentiometrically [6], Mg, Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn— on the atomic absorption spectrophotometer, directly from the solutions after mineralization [1].

R E S U LT S OF IN V E S T IG A T IO N S SO IL M A T E R IA L

W ith the division into agrochemical groups, as accepted at the A g ri­ cultural Chemistry Stations, based on the clayey particles content, soils from the object A (average content of 25% of clayey particles) as well as those from the object В (28% of clayey particles) ought to be assigned to medium soils. Soil samples from the object C. containing mostly 36% of clayey particles (average 40%) ought to be classified to the group of heavy soils (Table 2).

' Ï a b l e 2 Heaction and content c f clayey and colloidal particles in earthy part

0Г the soils investigated

Object and plot Ко. Particles liechanical group pH in 1 К EC1 j clayey % j collcidal ' % spring ! autumn i J A - 1 34 15 light loam 5,8 5,7 1 2 35 17 light loan 3,8 : >»4 j 3 29 17 light loam 5,5 5,7 ! 4 23 10 light loam 5,7 5,3 5 23 9 light loam 5,7 5,6

6 20 8 heavy loamy sand 5 f 8 > ,4

7 18 4 heavy loamy sand 5,9 5,4

8 19 6 heavy loamy sand 5,9 5,6

В - 1 28 10 light loam 5,9 ! 5,4

i

С - 1 29 9 light loam 5,5 5,0

2 30 11 light loam 5 ,5 ;_{! 5 »4}

3 34 11 light silty loam 5,2 5,3

4 36 14 light silty loam 5,2 4,8

5 40 14 light silty loam 5,3 5,3

6 39 14 light silty loam 4,9 4,8

7 36 13 medium loam 4,8 4,5

8 39 20 medium loam 4,9 5,0

9 43 21 medium loam 4,9 4,9

10 35 17 light loam 5,3 5,4

11 51 25 heavy loam 5,4 5,0

172 E. Roszyk at al.

Soils from the objects investigated characterized themselves with slight acid or acid reaction, at which a certain medium acidity increase was observed in the growing season. Thus mean pH value measured in 1 N potassium chloride solution iin soils from the object A w as in spring 6.8 and in autumn 5.5; in soils from the object В it amounted accordingly to 5.9 and 5.4; in soils from the object С — to 5.2 and 5.0.

T a b l e 3 Botanical composition оГ pasture sward.

Object A Object В Object С

I. grasses - 63/0 I. grasses _ I. grasses _ 70Й

11. legumes - lO/o 11. legumes - 5* II.legumes - 10£ Ill herbs and weeds - 25S III. herbs and weed3 - 2 % III. herbs and weeds - 2 OTo

T_{. 1. meadow bluegrass - зол} 1.1. meadow bluegrass _ 2 % 1.1. common cocksfoot _ 2. common bluegrass -10?o 2. meadow fescue - 25* 2. meadow bluegrass - 1 3. common cocksfoot - 10Й 3. bnglish ryegrass - ios& 3. meadow fescue - 10}’o 4. meadow fescue - 7?» 4. common cocksfoot - W/o 4. meadow foxtailgrass 5 5. bnglish ryegrass - 5/i 5. common bluegrass - 3?i 5. common bluegrass - % 6. alsike clover 3/i 6. meadow foxtailgrass 37» 6. English ryegrass

-7. creeping bentgrass-% + II .1.white clover 2.alsike clover -lQ/o +

II. 1. v.-hite clover - II.1. white clover - 1 О/а j

III •1. creeping crowfoot _ Т/о III.l. bird's knotgrass _ 9* III.l. common dandelion -11ф 2. bird's knotgrass - 2. common dandelion - 7%> 2. common plantain - 3* 3. common dandelion - 3/b 3. common plantain - 3. achillea milfoil - 2# 1 4. сотлюп plantain - 3* 4. goose potentil - 4. bitter dock - & 5. bitter dock - 3# 5. bitter dock - & ! 5. lady's purse - +

6 . autumnal hawkbit 7. acaillea milfoil -3/* b. liaId marguerite 7. common nettle -j 6. bird's knotgrass ! 7* dovefoot crane's j bill + + 8. common nettle + 6. autumnal hawkbit ; 3. autumnal hav/kbit

i 9- field marguerite 10. ribwort plantain _ + + + T a b l e 5 Object В - chemical composition of meadow vegetation

depending on harvest time. Mean values and fluctuations in ppm

Bi N P К Ca Wg Na Fe Mn Zu Cu 1st time 42000 4300 36900 5200 1650 770 215 60 41,5 24,0 lind time 28000 З25О 37200 4600 1400 360 174 16 50,5 14,5 Illrd time 34200 2850 32500 4700 1550 1080 113 38 55,0 1 1 1 .5 j IVth time 36400 З15О 34400 4800 2150 520 282 44 91,5 1 18,0 j

Object A - chemical composition of me ad о v: vegetation depending on harvest tir.e. J'.cen values and fluctuations in ppm

I

o

d V f £ Ca I'S Ka Fe iVn Zn ■;u

st tirae 35200 /29200-43600/ 3710 /2800-4500/ 35600 /38400-36700/ 4460 /4200-4700/ 1430 /1200-1550/ 740 /580-1200/ 173 /156-195/ 31 /24-40/ 7 9 , 9 /52,5-130,0/ 15,0 /12,5-20,5/ Und time 29975 /24800-35800/ З45О /2950-4000/ 36000 /347ОО-375ОО/ 453О /3550-5500/ 1550 /1350-1950/ 4ч0 /360-620/ 191 /1-Ч9-241/ 34 /26-40/ 47,1 /35,0-51,5/ 12,7 /11,5-16,0/ Illrd time 30766 /20400-35200/ 323O /2750-3550/ 35300 /34300-36800/ 5050 /2400-6700/ 1720 /1450-1900/ 920 /320-1400/ 126 /104-154/ 40 /34-50/ 49,6 /40,5-69,0/ 17,4 /15,0-22,5/ IVth time 43950 /34400-48800/ 3780 /3300-4500/ 35600 /34000-37700/ 433O /3850-5200/ I960 /1800-2300/ 720 /540-1640/ 301 /£20-345/ 76 /59-156/ 49,8 /65,5-121,0/ 15,1 /12,0-17,0/ 1' ilЪ 1 e 6 Object С - chemical composition of meadow vegetation depending on harvest time# Mean values and fluctuations in ppm

C1"C11 N P К Ca Mg Ka Fe ltn Zn Cu 1st time З5727 /29200-47800/ 3740 /3300-4700/ 36700 /34700-38300/ 3950 /3550-4700/ 1410 /1200-1950/ 510 /320-760/ 167 /109-223/ 73 /43-88/ 59,2 /45,5-75,0/ 15,4 /13,0-18,0/ Und time З5509 /23800-44800/ 3230 /2850-3800/ 36600 /34700-38000/ 4210 /3400-5000/ 1670 /1200-1950/ 360 /260-620/ 117 /88-208/ 61 /43-92/ 49,9 /32,5-63,5/ 13,5 /11,0-16,5/ Illrd time З5072 /30800-38000/ 29ОО /2700-3200/ 37300 /35900-36900/ 4620 /4050-5300/ I9IO /160-2150/ 890 /560-1350/ 204 /135-258/ 80 /42-147/ ■ 58,4 /44,5-79,0/ 19,9 /17,0-30,5/ IVth time 41290 /28800-48200/ 3500 /2800-4200/ 34600 /32500-36600/ 4060 /3600-4500/ 1780 /1300-2000/ 650 /520-970/ ^57 /199-854/ 106 /67-142/ 72,7 /52,0-95,5/ 17,5 /16,5-20,5/ Con ten t of macro- an d m ic ro e le m e n ts .. . 1 7 3

174 E. Hoszyk et al.

The botanical analysis has proved (Table 3) that, irrespective of the utilization period of the objects irrigated with sewage waters, plant cover [undergoes only insignificant changes at a predominance in plant com­ munities of the objects of grass species with good and very good fodder lvalue. Not without effect on the composition of pasture sward are under­ sowings of grasses, carried out on these areas at several-year intervals. Chemical composition of the grassland vegetation investigated, coming from the object A (Table 4) showed fluctuations in the content of particular elements, both among particular fields within the same harvest land among mean values from different harvests. In particular harvests the widest fluctuations expressed in terms of relative values were found in the case of manganese— -251%, iron— 238%, sodium— 209% and further bf zinc— 169%. nitrogen— 147% and magnesium— 137%.

The P. К and Ca content maintained at an approximate level in all the harvests. The plants coming from the 1st and Und harvest were, as a rule, poorer in particular elements than those harvested at later terms. Relatively richest in N, Fe. Zn, M g and Mn were the plants harvested in the IVth cut, while in Ca, N a and Cu— those harvested in the Illrd cut.

In the plants coming from the object В (Table 5) harvested at dif­ ferent dates, the fluctuations in elementary composition were found as well. W hile expressing them in relative values, the widest fluctuations toolk place in the content of manganese— 375%, sodium— 300%, iron— 249%, zinc— 220%. copper— 208% and in further succession of magnesium and phosphorus— by 150%. The relatively least differences w ere found in the N, P. К and Ca content. The poorest in elements were, as a rule, the Und and Illrd cuts. The plants from the 1st cut showed the highest N, P, Ca, Cu and Mn content, and those from the IVth cut were richest in Mg, Fe and Zn.

Tendencies in the elementary composition approximate to those in the plants from the object A w ere found in the plant material from the object С (Table 6). Beside fluctuations in the content of the elements in samples of the plants from various plots harvested at the same time, the differences of mean values for particular harvest times have been found. The highest differences expressed in terms of relative values were found in the content of iron— 390%, sodium— 247%, manganese— 173%, copper and zinc by 145%, each, magnesium— 135% and phospho­ rus— 128%. The values obtained for N, К and Ca maintained in all harvests at an approximate level. The plants harvested at the 1st and Und term were poorer in elements, those harvested at the Illrd term con­ tained highest amounts of Ca, Mg, N a and Cu, and those harvested at the IVth term- the highest of N, P, Fe, Zn and Mn.

Content of macro- and microelements.. ₁₇₅

W hile comparing mean values from all harvests among particular objects with different irrigation time (Fig.) no higher differences w ere found in the content of particular elements.

A n exception in this respect were Fe and Mn, the higher content of which was found in plants from the object C.

W hile estimating the content of particular elements in the plant ma­ terial investigated according to the classification proposed by B e r g ­ m a n n et al. [5] from the viewpoint of yield optimum in quantitative and qualitative respect, it is to be concluded that the quantities of N and

JlJLTJb 30000 JbJbTTb Na A B C N 0 И jijim JbJbTTL — 7000 - — - - _{3 00} 005 0 0 0 -- - _{20000 -} — 3 0 0 0 -- - 10000 -

1000-i

с

Q U

Fig. A vera ge content of nutrients in hay, in ppm

1

Zn were sufficient, those of K, Fe and Cu— high, and those of P, Ca, M g and partly M n— low. For the quantitative equilibrium disturbance between particular elements in plants too intensive one-sided nitrogen- -potassium fertilization brought into soil with sewage waters should be responsible. Namely, the investigations o f many authors, summarized by G o l l m i c k et al. [3], have proved that increasing nitrogen rates lead to a decrease of the P, Cu and Mn contents, while high К rates cause a decrease of the P, Ca and M g content in plants.

176 E. Roszyk et al.

C O N C L U S IO N S

The investigations prove that both long-term and short-term (several years) flooding irrigations of meadows with too high rates of sewage waters at unsuitable nutrient ratio can lead to a quantitative equilibrium disturbance in the chemical composition of meadow plants.

R EFERENCES

[1] B o r a t y ń s k i K., K a m i ń s k a W., R o s z y k E., R o s z y k S., S t r a h l A., Z i ę t e c k a M.: Comparison of the A A S method with colorim etric methods of determ ination of magnesium and some minor elements in plants. Polish Jour, of Soil Sei. (In print).

[2] C z u b a R., K a m i ń s k a W., S t r a h l A.: Oznaczanie zawartości m ikroskład- ników w m ateriale roślinnym. Rocz. glebozn. 21, 1970, 1, 135.

[3] G o l i m i с к F., N e ü b e r t P., V i e l e m e y e r H. P.: M öglichkeiten und Grenzen der Pflanzenanalyse bei der Erm ittlung des M ineralstoffbedarfs landw irtschaftlicher Kulturpflazen. Fortschrittsberichte fü r die Landw irtschaft und Nahrungsgüterwirtschaft, 8, 1970, 4.

[4] L i d t k e W.: W p ływ dopełniającego nawożenia m ineralnego na plony i w a r ­ tość paszową mieszanek łąkowych nawadnianych wodam i ściekowym i. Rocz. Nauk roi., 71-F-2, 1965, 223.

[5] N e u b e r t P . , W r a z i d ł o W., V i e l e m e y e r H. P., H u n d t I., G o l l m i c k F., B e r g m a n n W.: Tabellen zur Pflanzenanalyse, Inst. f. Pflanzenernährung, Jena 1970.

[6] S c h i l l а к R.: Oznaczanie składników m ineralnych w materiałach roślinnych. Rocz. Nauk roi., 92-A-3, 455, 1966.

[7] T u r y n a Z., T y s z k i e w i c z М.: O pewnej m od yfik acji m etody wanadynia- nowej oznaczania fosforu w m ateriale roślinnym. Rocz. glebozn. 14, 1964, 1, 85. [8] W i e r z b i c k i J.: Działania wód ściekowych na gleby. W T N , W rocław 1952.

Э. РОШ ИК, С. РОШ ИК, Я. СТА Н И Ш Е ВС КА С О Д Е Р Ж А Н И Е M A K P O - И М И К Р О Э Л Е М Е Н Т О В В СЕНЕ С П Л О Щ А Д Е Й О Р О Ш А Е М Ы Х С Т О Ч Н Ы М И В О Д А М И ГОР. В Р О Ц Л А В А И нститут почвоведения и агрохимии Сельскохозяйственной академии во Вроцлаве Р е з ю м е Рассматриваются результаты исследований химического состава сена с л у ­ гов орошаемых высокими дозами 3500-4000 мм сточных вод, с особым учетом содержания в нем ряда макро- и микроэлементов. Исследования проводились на трех объектах: I — орошаемом с конца X I X столетия — 8 делянок, I I — неорошаемом на протяжении нескольких лет — 1 делянка, I I I — орошаемом в течение 3 лет — I I делянок. И з всех делянок отбирали в вегетационный период (табл. 1) образцы рас­

Content oi‘ m acro- and microelements... ₁₇₇

тительности, в которы х определяли содержание N, Р, К , Ca, M g, Na, Fe, Mn, Zn и Cu. Содержание отдельны х элементов в материале из исследуем ы х объектов (таблицы 4, 5 и 6) показы вали колебания м еж ду отдельны ми укосами, а такж е м еж ду средними для разных объектов. Проведенные исследования показывают, что заливны е орошения лугов слиш ком высокими поливными дозами сточных вод с неблагоприятным соот­ ношением отдельны х питательны х элементов ведут к нарушению количествен­ ного равновесия в химическом составе лугов ы х растений. Е. R O S Z Y K , S. R O S Z Y K , J. S T A N IS Z E W S K A C O N TE N U DE M A C R O - E T M IC R O -S U B S T A N C E S D A N S LE S F O IN S DES C H A M P S IR R IG U É S P A R E F F L U E N T U R B A IN DE W R O C Ł A W

Institut de Pédologie et de Chim ie Agricole, U niversité Agronom ique de W rocław

R é s u m é

On a présenté les résultats des essais concernant la composition chimique du foin, la contenu de m acro- et micro-substances de prés irrigués en hautes doses (3500-4000 m m ) d’efflu en t urbain.

Les recherches on porté sur trois objets:

I — irrigu é depuis la fin du X I X siècle — 8 quartiers, II — non irrigué depuis quelques années — 1 quartier, I I I — irrigué depuis 3 ans.

On a pris des échantillons des plantes quatre fois au cours de la période vegeta tive de tous les quartiers ou l ’on a désigné N, P, K , Ca, M g, Na, Fe, Mn, Zn et Cu.

L e contenu de substances (tab. 4, 5, 6) du m aterial provenant des objets exam inés a démontré des différences dans les cadres des récoltes particulières et aussi entre les moyennes des différents objets.

Des recherches faites prouvent que la fécondation par irrigation de prés en doses trop grandes des eaux de l ’efflu en t avec une proportion inconvenante des substances alim entaires conduit à ébranler l ’équilibre quatitatif dans la composition chimique des plantes des prés.

E. R O S Z Y K , s. R O S Z Y K , J. S T A N IS Z E W S K A

DER M A K R O - U N D M IK R O E L E M E N T E N G E H A L T IM H EU A U S D EN M IT D EN A B W Ä S S E R N

DER S T A D T W R O C Ł A W B E W Ä S S E R T E N F L Ä C H E N Institut fü r Bodenkunde und A grochem ie Lndw irtschaftlichen U niversität zu W rocław

Z u s a m m e n f a s s u n g

Ergebnisse der Untersuchungen über die chemische Zusammensetzung des Heus aus den m it hohen Gaben v3500-4000 m m ) von Abw ässern der Stadt W rocław bewässerten Wiesen, unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Gehaltes von M

178 E. Roszyk et ai.

elementen. Die Untersuchungen wurden auf drei Objekten durchgefügrt, und zwar: I. O bjekt bewässert ab Ende des X IX . Jahrhunderts — 8 Teilflächen,

II. O bjekt unbewässert seit m ehreren Jahren — 1 T eilfläch e; III. O bjekt bewässert seit 3 Jahren — 11 Teilflächen.

Von allen Teilflächen wurden in der Wachstumszeit (Tab. 1) Pflanzenproben entnommen, in welchen N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Fe, Mn, Zn und Cu bestim m t wurden. Der Elem entengehalt (Tab. 4, 5 und 6) im M aterial der einzelnen untersuchten Obejkte schwankte sowohl in Bezug auf die einzelnen Schnitte als auch auf die verschiedenen Objekte.

Die durchgefuhrten Untersuchungen wiesen daraufhin dass die Überstaube­ wässerungen der W iesen m it hohen Abwassergaben beim ungünstigen Verhältnis zwischen einzelnen N ährstoffen zu quantitativer Gleichgewichtsstörung der che­ mischen Zusammensetzung von W iesenpflanzen führen können.

E. R O S Z Y K , S. R O S Z Y K . J. S T A N IS Z E W S K A

Z A W A R T O Ś Ć M A K R O - I M IK R O S K Ł A D N IK Ó W W S IA N A C H Z P Ó L IR Y G O W A N Y C H Ś C IE K A M I M IA S T A W R O C Ł A W IA

Instytut G leboznawstwa i Chem ii Rolnej A kadem ii Rolniczej w e W rocław iu

S t r e s z c z e n i e

Przedstawiono w yn iki badań nad składem chemicznym siana na zawartość szeregu m akro- i m ikroskładników z łąk nawadnianych w ysokim i dawkam i (3500- 4000 mm) wód ściekowych. Badania przeprowadzono na trzech obiektach:

I — nawadnianym od końca X I X wieku, 8 kwater, I I — od kilku lat nie nawadnianym, 1 kwatera, I I I — nawadnianym od 3 lat, 11 kwater.

Ze wszystkich kw ater czterokrotnie w okresie w egetacyjnym (tab. 1) pobrano próbki roślinne, w których oznaczano N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu. Z a ­ wartość składników (tab. 4, 5 i 6) w m ateriale pochodzącym z badanych obiektów w yk azyw ała wahania w ramach poszczególnych sprzętów, jak rów nież m iędzy śred­ nim i różnych obiektów.

Przeprow adzone badania dowodzą, że nawożenie zlew ow e łąk zbyt w ysokim i dawkam i wód ściekowych o niew łaściw ym stosunku składników pokarm owych pro- w’adzi do zachwiania rów now agi ilościowej w składzie chemicznym roślin łąkowych.

Doc. d r h a b. E lig iu sz R o s z y k In s ty t u t G le b o z n a w s t w a i C h e m ii R o ln e j A .R . W r o c la w, ul. G ru n w a ld z k a 53