Encouraging the use of Renewable Energy Sources in
the implementation of the EU Energy Performance
Building Directive
1M. Beerepoot, OTB Research Institute for Housing, Urban and Mobility Studies / Delft University of Technology – P.O. Box 5030 – 2600 GA Delft – The Netherlands –
m.beerepoot@otb.tudelft.nl
K. Engelund Thomsen, Danish Building and Urban Research – Dr. Neergaards Vej 15 – DK-2970 Hørsholm – Denmark – ket@by-og-byg.dk
The recent EC Directive on the Energy Performance of Buildings (Directive
2002/91/EC, in short: EPBD) will urge member states to develop and design energy performance regulations before 2006. The international EC Fifth Framework Altener
research project Build-On-RES2 was formulated with this objective in mind. The
Build-On-RES project aims to develop the methodological and contextual
framework to maximise the incorporation of renewable energy sources (RES) in an Energy Performance Method for both new and for existing residential buildings. Build-On-RES started by benchmarking energy regulations in five of the EU member states that have experience of energy performance regulations and scrutinised the extent to which they encourage the use of RES in buildings. In addition to energy regulations, other policy schemes that encourage use of RES techniques like
financial incentives and schemes based on communication have been collected and described. On the basis of this collection of existing information, the project is designing a framework to maximise the incorporation of RES in an Energy Performance Method for use by member states that are in the process of (re)designing their (new) energy performance building regulations. This paper describes the results of the Build-on-RES research and presents in short the
methodological and contextual framework to maximise the incorporation of RES in an Energy Performance Method.
1. Benchmarking energy regulations in five member states
In drawing up an overview of existing energy regulations for new housing and identifying their distinguishing characteristics, a framework for categorising energy regulations was used that was introduced in (Beerepoot, M., 2002a) presenting four categories of energy regulations currently existing in European member states. The framework and the ideas behind these four categories are presented in figure 1.
Figure 2 presents the overview of energy regulations for new housing in five EU member states, based on the analysis in (Beerepoot, M., et al., 2002b). This overview shows that all types of energy regulations, varying from insulation requirements for separate building components to the energy performance calculation, were still in use on the moment of this part of the Build-On-RES research (2003).
1 This paper was written on the basis of the Build-On-RES project results. The Build-On-RES project team
consists of M. Beerepoot (coordinator) and C. Boon (both OTB Research Institute, The Netherlands) R. De Coninck (3E, Belgium) B. Poel , G. van Cruchten (EBM Consult, The Netherlands), L. Sheridan and M. Foster (University of Liverpool, United Kingdom), K. Engelund Thomsen (DBUR, Denmark) and C. Buscarlet (CSTB,
France). More information about Build-On-RES: www.buildonres.org
2 The original title of the project is: Benchmarking energy performance building regulation on incorporation
of renewable energy sources (RES) for a RES oriented EU Model Building Code. The Build-On-RES project started 1st January 2002 and will be finalised 1st July 2004.
2 Heat loss
calculation Insulation floor,
roof and facade
3 Heat demand calculation
Insulation floor, roof and facade
Ventilation, internal heat production and passive solar energy
4 Energy use calculation
Insulation floor, roof and facade
Ventilation, internal heat production and passive solar energy Efficiency of installations hot water, heating and ventilation U-value component 1 U-value component 2 U-value component 3 U-value component 4 Unit approach 1
Figure 1 Principles behind four types of energy calculations used in energy regulations that are distinguished in (Beerepoot, M., 2002a)
As can be seen in figure 2, from the five member states that have been considered in this study, the “energy use calculation” exists in three member states as a method for
complying with energy regulations: France, the Netherlands and England and Wales. The energy use calculation is also called the “energy performance calculation” and is the
method that is foreseen by the EPBD to be introduced in all EU member states by 2006. In France, this method was introduced in 2001 as the only option for compliance. The energy use calculation is the only method for compliance with energy regulations in the
Netherlands since 1996. In England and Wales, the energy use calculation, SAP, has been one of three alternative means of compliance since 1992. Until April 2002, an energy use calculation was obligatory in all cases, no specific requirement was imposed however. From April 2002, a SAP calculation is no longer mandatory in all cases, but must be used for the Carbon Index method.
Unit approach Transmission loss calculation Heat demand calculation Energy use/performance calculation
BELGIUM Flanders (1993): “K-level” :
dwellings only
Wallonia (1996): Option 1: “K-level” : dwellings and non-domestic buildings
Brussels (2000): “K-level” : dwellings and non-domestic buildings)
Wallonia (1996): Option 2: heat demand calculation
(Transmission loss calculation GV:
until 2001) (Heat demand calculation BV: until 2001)
Option 1: Energy Performance Regulations + Thermal comfort in summer Tic. (R. T. 2000; 2001) FRANCE
Option 2: Simplified procedure with “technical solutions” (Reglementation Thermique 2000; 2001) THE
NETHER-LANDS (Until 1996) Energy performance regulations (’96)
(current EPC: ‘00)
DENMARK Option 1: Max. U-values (BR ’95/BR-S 98)
Option 2:
Transmission loss calc. (BR ’95/BR-S 98)
Option 3: Energy frame / Heat demand calc. (BR ’95/BR-S 98) ENGLAND
AND WALES Option 1: Elemental method (+ minimum SEDBUK efficiencies) (Ap. Doc. L 2002)
Option 2: Target U-value
(+ possible correction factor for boiler efficiencies and passive solar gain)
(Ap. Doc. L 2002)
Option 3:
Carbon Index Method: SAP calculations
(Ap. Doc. L 2002)
Figure 2 Energy regulations for new housing in five EU member states (according to framework in (Beerepoot, M., 2002a))
Figure 3 summarizes the analysis of the extent to which RES techniques3 are being
rewarded in energy regulations for new housing in five member states. The overview shows that utilizing passive solar energy is (to some extent) rewarded in energy regulations in six of nine situations in five member states. Solar thermal systems are
included in energy performance regulations in The Netherlands, and in the SAP calculation in England and Wales (although for hot water production only). The comprehensiveness of solar thermal systems is very different for each of the energy performance calculations used. For example, in The Dutch Energy Performance Method, the surface, orientation and tilt of collectors are considered in the calculation, in the English Standard Assessment Procedure calculation only considers the surface of the solar panel. Solar space heating systems are integrated in energy performance calculations in The Netherlands. The acknowledgement of photovoltaic (PV) energy systems is currently only included in the Dutch energy performance calculation. When applying photovoltaic panels, the electricity produced by photovoltaic (PV) energy systems is subtracted from the electricity use calculated for lighting, fans and auxiliary energy for the heating and hot water system. Geothermal heat pumps are considered in at least four of five member states (in France, The Netherlands, England & Wales and future regulations of Flanders). Techniques like wind power, hydropower or biomass on a small scale such as the building level are not considered in any of the energy performance regulations.
Belgium: Fland., Wall, Brussels
France The
Netherlands Denmark England and Wales
Renewable energy techn. building level K-level method (‘93, ‘85, ‘00) Methode de calcul Th-C (introduced 2001) Energy Performance Standard (1996) Energy Frame Method (1995) Elemental Method (updated 2002) Target U-value
(updated 2002) SAP calculation (introd. ‘95, update ‘02)
Passive solar - Pas. solar Passive solar Pas. solar Passive solar Passive solar
Solar thermal system (hot water) - Solar thermal system (hot water): feb 04 Solar thermal system (hot water) - Solar thermal system (hot water) Solar thermal system (space heating) - Solar thermal system (space heating): feb 04 Solar thermal system (space heating) - - Solar electrical
systems (PV) - - Solar electrical systems (PV) - -
Windturbine
small scale - - - - -
Geothermal
heat pump - Geothermal heat pump Geothermal heat pump - Consessions: If heat pump then efficiency of boiler need not be considered
Consessions: If heat pump then efficiency of boiler need not be considered
Geothermal heat pump
Bio mass
furnace - - - - Consessions: If biomass then efficiency of boiler need not be considered
Consessions: If biomass then efficiency of boiler need not be considered
-
Figure 3 Overview of renewable energy rewarded in energy regulations in five member states (situation 2002 updated until 2003)
As can be seen in figure 4, the five considered Member States have few or no energy regulations for existing residential buildings (Cruchten, G. van, et al, 2003). Only some first steps have been taken in the field of energy requirements for the existing building stock, like recent initiatives in England and Wales and Germany. In the specific situation of major renovation the Belgium, Danish and the Dutch Building Code are applicable for existing dwellings. None of the five Member States have regulations that require the application of RES in existing buildings.
3 The RES techniques considered are selected on the basis that they can be applied on building level, since
energy performance regulations address the building level only. Definitions of RES techniques are based on
Unit approach Transmis-sion loss calculation Heat demand calculation Energy use calculation BELGIUM FRANCE THE
NETHERLANDS Since 1999, municipalities have more competence for forcing owners of existing dwellings to improve the energy performance of their dwelling in terms of insulation requirements and boiler efficiencies. This competence is in practice however hardly being used.
DENMARK
Energy labelling (consisting of an energy use calculation) is mandatory for small buildings ( < 1500 m2) when being sold and for large buildings on a yearly basis. No mandatory energy requirements are imposed, labelling only provides information. ENGLAND AND
WALES
Since 2002 in Approved Document L1/L2: - Minimum insulation levels are required when replacing glazing
- Minimum efficiencies are required when replacing condensing boilers.
- Compliance is expected because of self-certification scheme
GERMANY - Minimum insulation levels are required when replacing glazing, facades, outer doors and roofs - Condensing boilers dating before Oct ’78 will have to be replaced by Dec ‘06
- Heated spaces that border unheated attic space will have to have roof insulation of at least 0,30 W/m2K by December 31 2006.
Figure 4 Energy regulations for existing housing in six EU member states (according to framework in (Beerepoot, M., 2002a))
Regarding financial instruments, renewable energy is mostly addressed by means of subsidy schemes. Three out of five member states have introduced a subsidy scheme for solar thermal systems: the Netherlands, Belgium and France. All the five member states have introduced a subsidy scheme for photovoltaic systems, in some member states this is a very recent development. Two of five member states, Belgium and the Netherlands, have introduced a subsidy scheme for heat pumps.
Regarding information policies, renewable energy is often not a main focus of
communication activities. Publicity campaigns often cover the subject of energy savings in general. Sometimes brochures focusing on renewable energy have been developed.
2. Methodological framework: calculation of RES in energy
performance methods
As a next step, RES calculation procedures currently being used in energy performance regulations for new dwellings and energy performance methods for existing buildings have been collected and analysed. The main choices that Member States have to make when starting up the development of an energy performance method or the development of RES calculation modules in an existing energy performance method are based on the
complexity of calculation. The complexity of a calculation can be expressed in a number of items such as the time frame, detail of input and calculation principle. Figure 5 presents an overview of characteristics of RES calculation methods used in energy performance
methods for new housing in which the calculation period, limitations, input, calculation procedure and explicit RES calculation are described (Buscarlet, C., 2004). It appears to be very difficult to give an objective judgement about the preferred level of complexity, since this is very much dependent on the present ideas about such policy instruments in a member state. While some will state that the calculation procedure should be as detailed as possible, as long as this would be covered by an easy-to-use user interface, others say
that since this considers a policy instrument it doesn't need to be very detailed, as long as it is possible to compare buildings and to set a regulation level. Another thing is that some member states already use certain (energy performance) methods and may tend to look for additional calculation procedures, such as RES procedures, that suit their current calculation principles. Method, country Solar coll. area Orientation & pitch Coll. Charac. Sha-ding Heat demand Storage specs. Temp. specs. Loca- tion Other Solar load ratio f-chart Other correla-tion Simula-tion model NEN 5128, NL BE (not yet implemented) month X X (4) X X X (10) (12) DIN 4701-10, DE year X X X (5) X X X (6) X (10) X Règles Th-C, FR (feb 04) month X (1) X (7) X (5) X X X X (8) X SAP 2001 UK EN 12976 EU X (11) X (12) year X (2) X (9) X X (12) year X X X Explicit RES contri-bution year X X (3) X X Calc. period Limita-tions
Input solar thermal systems Calculation procedure
Figure 5 Overview of characteristics of solar thermal calculation procedures in energy performance methods used for building regulations for new dwellings4
Solar coll. area Orienta-tion & pitch Hot water consumpti on Heat demand for space heating Coll. Specs. Storage specs. Temp. specs. Solar load ratio Dynamic System Test Fixed values Correlat ion for-mula Energy rating small properties, DK
SOLO, F Solar DHW month X (1) X X X X (2) X (3) X (4) X
Guide d'audit énergétique, F Solar DHW year X X X Inidividual solar DHW year X X X X Collective solar DHW year X X X (6) combined solar DHW and
space heating year X X X (6)
Energiepass, D Solar DHW year X (7) Solar space heating X (7) Solar DHW Method, country RES technique Calc. period Limi- ta-tions
Input solar thermal systems Calculation procedure
X Explicit RES contri-bution year X X X EPA, NL X SAP, UK year X Solar DHW (5) (5) X
Figure 6 Overview of characteristics of solar thermal calculation procedures in energy performance methods used for building regulations for existing dwellings5
4
1. The f-chart method (basis for calculation in the French Règles Th-C) is valid only if storage losses are under a certain minimum 2. The current proposal EN 12976 deals only with factory made solar DHW systems
3. The manufacturer can demonstrate the efficiency of the system
4. If they are known, they can be used as input in an adapted simulation programme 5. There are default values
6. Depending on the category of system
7. Only whether it is optimum or not (to apply a reduction factor) 8. Heat exchanger efficiency etc. (optional)
9. EN 12976 gives the characteristics of a solar water heater 10. The use of an adapted simulation programme is optional
11. A simulation model is applied inside the test procedure to give the performance test results (day-by-day method or DST method) 12. When making the EP-calculation the result will be visible to the architect or engineer, but the final result is only one number
5 1. SOLO is used for qualification and certification of solar water heating systems. The calculation procedure is focussed on the solar
system itself instead of a building’s energy performance. 2. Heat loss coefficient, solar transmittance etc. 3. Storage volume, heat loss coefficient etc. 4. Ambient temperature, hot water temperature etc 5. Only the presence of a system has to be notified 6. Yield only dependent on m collector area
Figure 6 presents an overview of characteristics of RES calculation methods used in energy performance methods for existing housing mainly used for certification purposes. The calculation period, limitations, input, calculation procedure and explicit RES
calculation (Cruchten, G. van, 2004) are described. In fact the calculation of RES
techniques in existing dwellings doesn’t need to differ from the calculation in new housing. Considerations as regards the complexity of calculation are similar to new housing.
3. Contextual framework: constraints for use of RES techniques in
buildings
On the basis of a number of literature sources examined, it may be inferred that lack of knowledge and lack of confidence regarding RES are the most significant factors hindering the deployment of RES applications in buildings (Coninck, R. De, et al, 2004). Higher costs and burdensome administration or complex regulatory structure appear to be the next two most important constraints. The problem of ownership vs. beneficiary of investment
appears to be of less importance, and does not pose a constraint as a general rule. The importance of political support and coherent policy framework is emphasised clearly in the European Commission White Paper (EC, 1997). A questionnaire was sent out to a limited number of key persons (mainly policy makers) in five member states in order to check the constraints found in literature. The results of the questionnaire confirm the findings of the literature study, but more or less inverses the order of major constraints. According to the 43 respondents, the major barrier is high investments required for renewable energy technologies (Coninck, R. De, et al, 2004). The lack of knowledge and a general inertia for changes are situated in second place. There was no rating for policy as a barrier, but the policy makers are clearly identified as the market actor representing the biggest bottleneck for the penetration of RES in buildings.
With high investments as a major barrier, it was only logical that the respondents of the questionnaire rated fiscal incentives at purchase as the most appropriate instrument. But financial support only is not enough to make the difference: the introduction of energy performance regulations was seen as the second most promising tool to support the penetration of RES in buildings. The respondents clearly mentioned that to tackle all the barriers, action is necessary in different domains, which explains the need for feed-in regulations, education and training, political ambition, subsidy schemes, etc. With respect to the energy performance regulation it can be concluded that such a regulation on itself is regarded as a very promising way to introduce RES in buildings. There is no consensus amongst the respondents as to the necessity, the choice nor the way of implementing specific RES-stimulating measures in an EPR. Obligations to apply one or another
technique will never be welcomed, and it should always be clear that RES should not be a goal in itself. The final goal is to improve CO2 reduction, and renewables are a mean to
achieve this. Finally, not only can the mitigation of barriers be facilitated by political will but may in fact require political will in order for the necessary changes to be realised. The lack of political support can therefore be central to the existence of constraints.
Systems of building control in member states may cause constraints for use of RES techniques in buildings in case administrative barriers are too high (Sheridan, L., Foster, M. et al, 2004). In Belgium, France and the Netherlands, installations of small PV panels and solar thermal collectors are exempted from requirements for permits, or subject to reduced permit requirements. Permits are required in Denmark. Building regulations in England and Wales do not make direct mention of such installations, but building-integrated panels and solar thermal systems are subject to building control; planning
guidance now mentions PVs, and any equipment that affects the appearance of buildings is subject to planning controls.
4. Contextual framework:
encouraging use of RES by policies in
relation to the energy performance method
The search into policies in relation to the energy performance method that can encourage the use of RES has resulted in a collection of existing and non-existing policies. Three types of policy instruments have been distinguished: regulatory instruments, financial policy instruments and information policies. Policies for both new dwellings and existing dwellings have been searched for. Figure 7 presents existing and new examples of regulatory policies that could be combined with energy performance regulations for new buildings and/or energy performance methods for existing buildings in order to encourage the use of RES6.
Options RES regulations in EP policy
Policy instrument Pro’s Con’s Examples
RES obligation when exceeding energy performance standard
No change in design freedom, while adding extra possibilities for RES
Violation of standards is being accepted (contradictorily signal)?
Finnish energy performance regulations (2003)
Obligation for percentage
RES in EP calculation Guaranteed increase in share of RES applied in buildings
Less design freedom Barcelona Ordinance on Application of Solar Thermal Energy Systems into the Buildings (2000) Obligation for application
RES technique: 1. Combine PV with cooling system 2. Obligatory solar thermal systems for soc. housing
Electricity demand & supply come together
Guaranteed cumulative production possibilities for innovative RES technique
Additional administrative control?
This is an example of using government monopoly
Preliminary idea Italy Intention in Denmark in 2001, prevented by new government in 2002
Energy performance
standards building site available to consider when More RES options will be considering the scale of a building site.
More design freedom is offered when considering the scale of a building site.
Administration costs will increase since more
complicated design control will occur.
Tolerance of non-compliance can increase since building control will be more complicated
Energy Performance of a building site (EPL) (The Netherlands, voluntary information policy)
Exemption of the obligation to perform energy performance calculations if the share of RES is more than a certain percentage of the total energy consumption (70%, in German EnEv)
Saving time and money because mandatory EP calculations do not have to be executed, though this is not a very strong pro as some calculations have to be performed anyway to check the energy concept.
Too little benefits for applicant Energieeinsparverordnung (EnEv), November 2001 Germany
Figure 7 Regulatory instruments in relation to energy performance regulations that could encourage the use of RES
Financial incentives are used quite often by governments to encourage energy saving or use of RES. Financial incentives can have two directions. One is to impose levies or taxes to prevent undesired behaviour or to compensate for environmental costs and the second is to encourage desired behaviour by providing subsidies or tax exemptions. In an ideal situation these two types of financial incentives are in balance with each other: costs of RES subsidies are paid by revenues from taxes or levies on the consumption of non renewable energy. In The Netherlands, a levy had been imposed on energy use of
6 The electronic version of these results will make it possible to refer to websites or other documents where
households of which revenues are used for subsidies for e.g. solar collectors and
photovoltaic panels. Financial incentives are often part of schemes that function separate from energy regulations. Administrative procedures can be complex and can discourage the use of e.g. subsidies. It seems therefore interesting to see what financial RES
incentives can be thought of in combination with the energy performance regulations that will have to be implemented according to the EPBD. Figure 8 presents a number of existing examples and new ideas7. Since the Build-On-RES objective is to encourage the use of RES, here mainly positive financial incentives such as subsidies or tax exemptions are discussed.
Options financial RES incentives in EP policy
Policy instrument Pro’s Con’s Examples
Subsidy for perfor-mance better than standard
1. Subsidy for better EP performance
2. Subsidy for better RES performance
Encourage more energy saving than regulated while offering same amount of design freedom (with expectation of more RES application)
Encourage use of RES while offering same amount of design freedom
Subsidy expenditure needs to be covered, by tax (preferably from same subject)
Subsidy expenditure needs to be covered, by tax (preferably from same subject)
1. EPR-2002 (The Netherlands) (not existing at this moment – mid 2004)
Subsidy for RES equipment automatically connected to submitting Energy Performance calculation to Building Control
Administrative procedures can be more efficient
Subsidy application will be facilitated, thus encouraging use of RES
Subsidy expenditure needs to be covered, preferably by tax from same subject
No examples available
Cheaper (mortgage) loan when using more:
1. Sustainable options 2. RES
A relation with building mortgage can be strong financial incentive (new buildings)
A relation with building mortgage can be strong financial incentive (new buildings)
If not directly related to EP calculation, more effort will be needed from architect/ developer, which will prevent for applying
1. Green Mortgage (The Netherlands)
Land price policies: e.g. imposing (RES) conditions when selling land for housing development
Land possession is one of few means of power of (municipal) governmental institutions that can be used to fulfil (municipal) green ambitions
Power of governmental institutions may be limited due to juridical reasons when imposing regulations more sever than national law Reduced Energy Tax for
energy consumption of ‘home-produced’ RES
Direct relation between consumption and production.
Administrative control needed Progressive taxation of
non-renewable energy consumption
The application of RES becomes more attractive for large scale consumers of fossil fuels
• Control needed
• A certain basic amount of energy should be taxed at a low rate to avoid that poor people can’t afford energy
Figure 8 Financial RES incentives in relation to energy performance regulations that could encourage the use of RES
Information policies use a rather limited amount of force but try to convince parties just by providing information about the benefits of certain behaviour. Information policies are often considered to be tools that are additional to other policy instruments such as regulations or financial incentives. However, in case of situations where parties are in principle willing to change behaviour but where they do not have the knowledge about what behaviour is best, information policies can be an effective means. Figure 9 presents a number of existing examples and new ideas8.
7 The electronic version of these results will make it possible to refer to websites or other documents where
more information about the policy instrument can be found
8 The electronic version of these results will make it possible to refer to websites or other documents where
Options RES information policies in EP policy
Policy instrument Pro’s Con’s Examples
RES label A RES label can be a
marketing instrument/ selling argument
In a tense housing market, a RES label will possibly be a relatively unimportant argument
“Solar dwelling label” (The Netherlands, 2003) RES potential analysis A RES analysis can
provide insight in possible RES options and pay-back times, thus hoping to encourage choosing for RES
Providing RES options and pay-back times can be a too weak instrument for changing behaviour
No example available in the field of housing (in NL available for municipalities and industries, though) Contribution of RES visible as
part of an Energy Performance calculation
Makes RES more visible as part of the energy performance of a dwelling.
Without any obligations EPA (The Netherlands since 2000)
PITH – Pilot Tailoring Households (The
Netherlands, planned to be launched in January 2004) Covenant between
stakeholders on the
application of RES in existing dwelling stock of housing companies
Less informal than only informing target groups Clear targets can be set
Success dependent on willingness of stakeholders Large number of possible stakeholders, so it is hard to get them all involved
BANS Netherlands
Figure 9 RES information policies in relation to energy performance regulations that could encourage the use of RES
5. Conclusions
The Build-on-RES project has aimed to develop the methodological and contextual framework for the maximum incorporation of RES in an Energy Performance Policy both for new and for existing residential buildings. The methodological framework for a RES oriented Energy Performance (EP) Building Code presents approaches that are available to encourage the use of RES within the calculation of the energy performance of a residential building. An overview of existing approaches in EU member states for calculating the contribution of RES techniques has been presented. An overview of features of these calculation principles allows for comparing their characteristics. The contextual framework for a RES oriented EP Building Code describes the possibilities for encouragement of RES in the context of the introduction of energy performance policies. Combinations in terms of policies encouraging the use of RES and energy performance regulations have been presented. Policies distinguished are regulatory policies, financial incentives and information policies. A number of possible combinations of stimulating RES policies with energy performance regulations that do not yet exist are mentioned. By means of listing pro’s and con’s of the different options possible, it is possible to compare approaches. The contextual and methodological framework for a RES oriented Energy Performance Building Code hopes to provide the essential information for (re)designing energy performance regulations in such way that a maximum encouragement for RES can be provided when implementing energy performance regulations.
Acknowledgements
The results were gathered in the framework of an Altener project and based on the work done in the Build-On-RES project. The authors want to thank the following persons for their co-operation and contributions in the Build-On-RES project: Claudia Boon (OTB Research Institute, The Netherlands) Roel De Coninck (3E, Belgium) Bart Poel and Gerelle van Cruchten (EBM Consult, The Netherlands), Linda Sheridan and Michelle Foster (University of Liverpool, United Kingdom) and Carol Buscarlet (CSTB, France). More information about the Build-On-RES results can be found at www.buildonres.org
References
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