Investigations of temperature distribution in metallic glasses fabrication process

(1)

Research paper

and Manufacturing Engineering and Manufacturing Engineering

Investigations of temperature distribution in metallic glasses fabrication process

A. Januszka ^a,*, R. Nowosielski ^a, A. Pusz ^b

a Division of Nanocrystalline and Functional Materials and Sustainable

Pro-ecological Technologies, Institute of Engineering Materials and Biomaterials, Silesian University of Technology, ul. Konarskiego 18a, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland

b Division of Metal and Polymer Materials Processing, Institute of Engineering Materials and Biomaterials,

Silesian University of Technology, ul. Konarskiego 18a, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland

* Corresponding e-mail address: anna.januszka@polsl.pl Received 17.10.2013; published in revised form 01.12.2013

Manufacturing and processing

AbstrAct

Purpose: The goal of paper is investigations of temperature distribution which is appearance during fabrication process of metallic glasses. In present work particular attention focused on system for registration of temperature distribution.

Design/methodology/approach: Bulk metallic glasses in the composition as the following: Fe₃₆Co₃₆B_19.2Si_4.8Nb₄ were fabricated by the die casting method. Distribution of temperature was carried out by a prototype measure system. Investigations were realized for casting process of the samples in form of rods with diameter 2, 3 and 4 mm. Temperature distributions were executed for series of samples. Moreover, investigations also enclosed structure characterization tested by X-ray diffraction and SEM.

Findings: On the base of temperature distribution curves it can be observed that during casting of metallic glasses a temperature gradient have been occur. It should be note that prototype system allows to measure temperature only in cooper mould not inside of sample. Diffraction patterns confirmed that structure of tested samples was amorphous. Electron microscope observations revealed fracture morphology which is characteristic fore glassy structure.

Practical implications: Analysis of temperature during casting process plays an important role in effective fabrication of metallic glasses. Cooling rate can be estimated on the base of results these analyse. Knowing the cooling rate, it could be possible to determine the glass forming ability of studied alloy.

Originality/value: Investigations which have been taken in present work are novelty for the sake of optimization of casting process not only for metallic glasses, but also for nanocrystalline engineering materials.

Keywords: Bulk Metallic Glasses; Cooling rate; Temperature distribution; Temperature measurement; Casting Reference to this paper should be given in the following way:

A. Januszka, R. Nowosielski, A. Pusz, Investigations of temperature distribution in metallic glasses fabrication process, Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering 61/2 (2013) 360-366.

Metallic glass is a metal or alloys which exhibit amorphous structure. There is no one precisely definition of “amorphous structure”. Generally, we could say that material have amorphous structure when size of arrangement area is no bigger than 1 nm. But for obtaining an amorphous structure molten alloy (or metal) must be cooling with high rate [1-4]. Those conditions caused that nucleation and growth of crystallite are not occur and structure of material remains structure of liquid. Assurance of demand cooling rate depends on few factors e.g: chemical composition of alloy and its temperature of melting point or technology of production of metallic glass. Among fabrication methods of metallic glasses it could be distinguished melt spinning, centrifugal casting, pressure die casting (into copper mould), suction casting [3, 5-9]. Cooling conditions are different in each method, however, in melt spinning method alloy have contact with copper barrel on one side. In this method it could be possible obtain metallic glass in form of thin ribbons. In centrifugal casting method thanks to centrifugal force the samples in the form of ring could be formed. Suction casting method using system of vacuum pump for introducing molten alloy into copper mould. Often, for fabrication bulk metallic glasses in the form of rods or plates pressure die casting method is using. This technique was described in next chapter. In every fabrication method it is very difficult to set directly the cooling rate. That is why there is necessary to realized many tests of casting and optimization of casting conditions [2,3,6].

Fig. 1. Critical cooling rate for conventional and bulk metallic glasses [3,5]

Fe based metallic glasses are attractive for many engineering applications because of their ultrahigh strength, excellence corrosion resistance and relatively low cost of material [10-14].

Fe-based metallic glasses could be produced as conventional or bulk form. It should be known that preparation of conventional metallic glass required cooling rates of about 10⁴-10⁶ K/s but for bulk metallic glasses cooling rate may be equal only 10³ K/s [1, 3-5, 14]. However, it is also dependent on chemical composition of alloy. For multicomponent alloys cooling rate may be lower.

In this work authors successfully cast the Fe36Co36B19,2Si4,8Nb4

bulk glassy rods and realized the temperature measurements which could be helpful to determination cooling rate of bulk metallic glasses.

2.1. Casting

In order to realization of casting process, first the master alloy with chemical composition Fe36Co36B19,2Si4,8Nb4 (Table 1) was prepared. Pure elements were mixed and melted by induction technique. To better homogeneity process of melting was made few times. Moreover, it was realized in protective atmosphere (Fig. 2).

Table 1.

Shape, purity and composition of alloying elements Elements Shape Purity

[%] Composition

at. [%] mass. [%]

Fe solid

particles 99.75 36 41.53

Co flat solid

particles 99.89 36 43.83

B pieces 99.9 19.2 4.29

Si pieces 99.9 4.8 2.67

Nb powder 99.85 4 7.68

Fig. 2. Scheme of master alloy preparation

Next, alloy ingot was crushed and put into quartz crucible in order to sample casting. Samples were performed by pressure die casting. Alloy which was put into crucible was melted and thanks to gravitation force and argon pressure, injected into mould (Fig. 3).

2.2. Temperature measurement

In order to measure change of temperature during bulk metallic glasses fabrication the prototype system was created. (Fig. 4). A basic component of system were termoelements type K standardized in Poland, which could be used for temperature measurement range up to 1100°C. The other components of system are:

x digital temperature gauges, x digital-analog card, x PC with software.

(2)

1. Introduction

Metallic glass is a metal or alloys which exhibit amorphous structure. There is no one precisely definition of “amorphous structure”. Generally, we could say that material have amorphous structure when size of arrangement area is no bigger than 1 nm. But for obtaining an amorphous structure molten alloy (or metal) must be cooling with high rate [1-4]. Those conditions caused that nucleation and growth of crystallite are not occur and structure of material remains structure of liquid. Assurance of demand cooling rate depends on few factors e.g: chemical composition of alloy and its temperature of melting point or technology of production of metallic glass. Among fabrication methods of metallic glasses it could be distinguished melt spinning, centrifugal casting, pressure die casting (into copper mould), suction casting [3, 5-9]. Cooling conditions are different in each method, however, in melt spinning method alloy have contact with copper barrel on one side. In this method it could be possible obtain metallic glass in form of thin ribbons. In centrifugal casting method thanks to centrifugal force the samples in the form of ring could be formed. Suction casting method using system of vacuum pump for introducing molten alloy into copper mould. Often, for fabrication bulk metallic glasses in the form of rods or plates pressure die casting method is using. This technique was described in next chapter. In every fabrication method it is very difficult to set directly the cooling rate. That is why there is necessary to realized many tests of casting and optimization of casting conditions [2,3,6].

Fig. 1. Critical cooling rate for conventional and bulk metallic glasses [3,5]

Fe based metallic glasses are attractive for many engineering applications because of their ultrahigh strength, excellence corrosion resistance and relatively low cost of material [10-14].

Fe-based metallic glasses could be produced as conventional or bulk form. It should be known that preparation of conventional metallic glass required cooling rates of about 10⁴-10⁶ K/s but for bulk metallic glasses cooling rate may be equal only 10³ K/s [1, 3-5, 14]. However, it is also dependent on chemical composition of alloy. For multicomponent alloys cooling rate may be lower.

In this work authors successfully cast the Fe36Co36B19,2Si4,8Nb4

bulk glassy rods and realized the temperature measurements which could be helpful to determination cooling rate of bulk metallic glasses.

2. Experimental technique

2.1. Casting

In order to realization of casting process, first the master alloy with chemical composition Fe36Co36B19,2Si4,8Nb4 (Table 1) was prepared. Pure elements were mixed and melted by induction technique. To better homogeneity process of melting was made few times. Moreover, it was realized in protective atmosphere (Fig. 2).

Table 1.

Shape, purity and composition of alloying elements Elements Shape Purity

[%] Composition

at. [%] mass. [%]

Fe solid

particles 99.75 36 41.53

Co flat solid

particles 99.89 36 43.83

B pieces 99.9 19.2 4.29

Si pieces 99.9 4.8 2.67

Nb powder 99.85 4 7.68

Fig. 2. Scheme of master alloy preparation

Next, alloy ingot was crushed and put into quartz crucible in order to sample casting. Samples were performed by pressure die casting. Alloy which was put into crucible was melted and thanks to gravitation force and argon pressure, injected into mould (Fig. 3).

2.2. Temperature measurement

In order to measure change of temperature during bulk metallic glasses fabrication the prototype system was created.

(Fig. 4). A basic component of system were termoelements type K standardized in Poland, which could be used for temperature measurement range up to 1100°C. The other components of system are:

x digital temperature gauges, x digital-analog card, x PC with software.

1. Introduction 2. Experimental technique

2.1. casting

2.2. temperature measurement

(3)

Research paper

362 A. Januszka, R. Nowosielski, A. Pusz

Fig.

temp and In moul16, 3 read that moultermo destr termo Befowere castin whicdata (on d Timemoul castin

2.3.

out uS data in 2ș

Fig. 3

4. Schematic il perature meters;

nvestigations w 4 mm. Measure ld. Points were 39, 62 and 85 m

at a distance eq temperature wa ld. Measuremen oelement will b royed during

oelement inside re measurement e milled on inte

ng process was h enables meas was started distance 16 mm e of measureme

ld was disassem ng, installation o

. Structure c

Structure analysi using X-ray diff of diffraction lin ș range from 40

3. Schematic illu

llustration of sy 9 - analog-digita were realized for ements were do arranged along mm from top of

qual to 4 mm fr as measure not nt method foll be located insi casting. Add e alloy could d t, termoelements ernal side of o started. Simult surements was a when temperat from top of the ent equals 3s. A mbled in order

of termoelement

characteriz

is of the sample fractometer (XR nes was recorde

° to 90°. The fr

ustration of the p

stem to measur al card; 10 - PC w r samples with one in four poi mould, within th

the mould. Tem rom sample core into the sampl lows from fact ide molten allo ditionally, a disturb solidifica

s were put into g one half of mou taneously, comp activating. The r ture on first

mould) reach sp After registratio to remove sam ts was necessary

ation

e in as-cast stat RD) with CoKĮ r ed by “step-scan racture morpholo

pressure die casti

ring temperature with software diameter 2, 3 nts of copper he distance of mperature was e. This means e but only in t, that if the oy, it will be presence of ation process.

grooves which uld. Next the puter software registration of termoelement pecified value.

on the copper mple. For next

again.

te was carried radiation. The nning” method ogy of casting

ing method used

e distribution: 1

samples in analysed us

3. Resu

On the curves we temperatur repeatable temperatur all measur 85 mm from that for sa occurs on inlet and th the temper is no influe to better co temperatur distance 1 much more

Fig. 6 3 mm. As measuring higher than temperatur

d for fabrication

, 2, 3, 4 - term

the form of rod sing scanning ele

ults and d

e base of tem ere draw. Each re for three m conditions.

re measurement ring points wit m top of the mo ample with diam

the distance 1 he influence of rature may incre ence of water c ooling. The cur re reaches abo

6 mm tempera e lower.

shows the cool could be seen start for the f n for 2 mm. In re reaches about

of bulk metallic

moelements type

ds with diamete ectron microscop

ata analy

mperature meas h curve was a measurements w

Figures 5-7 ts. For each dia

hin the distanc ould) are shown meter 2 mm th 6 mm (Fig. 5a f molten alloy w ease in this poin chamber which

ves were stabil out 50°C. Onl ature was still

ling curves for for this sampl first point (for

n last point (fo t 350°C on the s

c glasses

K; 5, 6, 7, 8 -

er 2, 3 and 4 mm pe (SEM).

sis

surement the c assign by aver

which is reali present resu meter four curv ce of 16, 39, n. It could be ob he highest temp a). Because of

which was in c nt. Additionally

are in mould in ized after 0,75s ly for point

higher and dec sample with di le temperature a distance 16 m or a distance 8

start.

- digital

m were

cooling rage of ized in ults of ves (for 62 and bserved perature near to crucible y, there n order s, when on the creased iameter on the mm) is 85 mm)

3. results and data analysis

2.3. structure characterization

Fig. samp39 m

5. Cooling curv ple with diamet mm, c) distance 6

ves determinated ter 2 mm: a) d 62 mm, d) distan

d in four measur distance 16 mm nce 85 mm

ring points for

m, b) distance Fig. 6. Coo sample wit 39 mm, c) d

oling curves dete th diameter 3 m distance 62 mm,

erminated in fou mm: a) distanc

d) distance 85 m

ur measuring po e 16 mm, b) d mm

oints for distance

(4)

Fig.

temp and In moul16, 3 read that moultermo destr termo Befowere castin whicdata (on d Timemoul castin

2.3.

out uS data in 2ș

Fig. 3

4. Schematic il perature meters;

nvestigations w 4 mm. Measure ld. Points were 39, 62 and 85 m

at a distance eq temperature wa ld. Measuremen oelement will b royed during

oelement inside re measurement e milled on inte

ng process was h enables meas was started distance 16 mm e of measureme ld was disassem ng, installation o

. Structure c

Structure analysi using X-ray diff of diffraction lin ș range from 40

3. Schematic illu

llustration of sy 9 - analog-digita were realized for ements were do arranged along mm from top of

qual to 4 mm fr as measure not nt method foll be located insi casting. Add e alloy could d t, termoelements ernal side of o started. Simult surements was a when temperat from top of the ent equals 3s. A mbled in order of termoelement

characteriz

is of the sample fractometer (XR nes was recorde

° to 90°. The fr

ustration of the p

stem to measur al card; 10 - PC w r samples with one in four poi mould, within th

the mould. Tem rom sample core into the sampl lows from fact ide molten allo ditionally, a disturb solidifica

s were put into g one half of mou taneously, comp activating. The r ture on first

mould) reach sp After registratio to remove sam ts was necessary

ation

e in as-cast stat RD) with CoKĮ r ed by “step-scan racture morpholo

pressure die casti

ring temperature with software

diameter 2, 3 nts of copper he distance of mperature was e. This means e but only in t, that if the oy, it will be presence of ation process.

grooves which uld. Next the puter software registration of termoelement pecified value.

on the copper mple. For next

again.

te was carried radiation. The nning” method ogy of casting

ing method used

e distribution: 1

samples in analysed us

3. Resu

On the curves we temperatur repeatable temperatur all measur 85 mm from that for sa occurs on inlet and th the temper is no influe to better co temperatur distance 1 much more

Fig. 6 3 mm. As measuring higher than temperatur

d for fabrication

, 2, 3, 4 - term

the form of rod sing scanning ele

ults and d

e base of tem ere draw. Each re for three m conditions.

re measurement ring points wit m top of the mo ample with diam

the distance 1 he influence of rature may incre ence of water c ooling. The cur re reaches abo

6 mm tempera e lower.

shows the cool could be seen start for the f n for 2 mm. In re reaches about

of bulk metallic

moelements type

ds with diamete ectron microscop

ata analy

mperature meas h curve was a measurements w

Figures 5-7 ts. For each dia

hin the distanc ould) are shown meter 2 mm th

6 mm (Fig. 5a f molten alloy w ease in this poin chamber which

ves were stabil out 50°C. Onl ature was still

ling curves for for this sampl first point (for

n last point (fo t 350°C on the s

c glasses

K; 5, 6, 7, 8 -

er 2, 3 and 4 mm pe (SEM).

sis

surement the c assign by aver

which is reali present resu meter four curv ce of 16, 39, n. It could be ob he highest temp a). Because of

which was in c nt. Additionally

are in mould in ized after 0,75s ly for point

higher and dec sample with di le temperature a distance 16 m or a distance 8

start.

- digital

m were

cooling rage of ized in ults of ves (for 62 and bserved perature near to crucible y, there n order s, when on the creased iameter on the mm) is

85 mm) Fig.

samp39 m

ring points for

m, b) distance Fig. 6. Coo sample wit 39 mm, c) d

oling curves dete th diameter 3 m distance 62 mm,

erminated in fou mm: a) distanc

d) distance 85 m

ur measuring po e 16 mm, b) d mm

oints for distance

(5)

Research paper

364 A. Januszka, R. Nowosielski, A. Pusz

Fig.

samp39 m

ring points for m, b) distance

with diam were draw measureme samples di point for a point (for a It is clearl sample th significant course, wh temperatur mould. Th water durin alloy is d measureme places whi

The X- as-cast Fe diffraction and 4 mm the amorph

The su investigate A present w show micr fracture th classified a and “smoo result of process or part of sam

Fig. 8. X-r rods in as-c

4. Conc

The goa temperature glasses.

eter 4 mm. Fi wn on the base ents start temp ameters and it i distance 16 mm a distance 85 m ly should be no he temperatur

role plays in t hich heats the co re distribution r he presence of

ng casting proc different in di ent). A water ca

ch are near the -ray diffraction

36Co36B19,2Si4,8N patterns (Fig. 8 show the broa hous structure urface fracture ed by SEM m

work shows onl rographs of a hat is regular f as mixed fractu oth” areas [15]

different coo maybe differen mple.

ray diffraction p cast state with di

clusions

al of investigatio e distribution

g. 7 presents c of the results f erature obtain is equaled abou m and about 380

ote that with cm).

e distribution this case amoun opper mould. A results is also a cooling chamb ess, cause that fferent parts aused the better

water chambers investigations Nb4 samples w 8) of tested rods ad diffraction h e morphology method at diff ly selected micr s-cast glassy for amorphous ure with two re ]. Different mo

ling condition nt state of amorp

patterns of Fe36C ameter 2, 3 and

on in a present w during casting

cooling curves for those test.

highest value t 440°C for me 0°C for last me change of diam n is different nt of molten al An important as a geometry of ber in which fl temperature of of mould (poi r cooling condit s. reveal that the were amorphou

s with diameter halo characteris

of glassy rod ferent magnific rographs. Figur

rods. Tests re structure. It co gions: “vein” p orphology coul ns during fabr phous structure

Co36B19,2Si4,8Nb4

4 mm

work was measu process of m

which On the of tree asuring asuring meter of t. The lloy, of spect of casting ow the molten ints of tions in studied us. The r of 2, 3 stic for ds was cations.

es 9-11 eveal a ould be patterns ld be a rication e in this

4 glassy

uring of metallic

4. conclusions

Fig. Fe36C diam

9. SEM mic Co36B19,2Si4,8Nb4

meter 2 mm, mag

10. SEM mi Co36B19,2Si4,8Nb4

meter 3 mm, mag

meter 4 mm, mag

crograph of th

4 amorphous gn. 4000x

icrograph of th

he fracture mo rod in as-cas

orphology of st state with

fabrication depended measuring p the mould, also divers a framewor knowing a alloys syste The str the form o samples ex XRD inv However, typically fo be assume amorphous may testify regions of s

Referen

[1] K.J. param Metal 2377- [2] R. Za 1994 [3] C. Su

Press [4] A. Ja

bulk m and M [5] R. B

alloys 44/1 ( [6] R. No prepa Achie 48/2 ( [7] Ch. C

alloys and E [8] W. P bulk m [9] S. LeComp

from Mater [10] M. S N. Va magnJourn [11] S. Le additi and m

of Fe36Co36B on diameter points were loca

and in every po sified. Measure rk of present inv cooling rate fo ems.

ructure characte of rods with dia

xhibit amorpho estigations inc

a SEM obser or glassy structu d that in cross s. On the micro y about differe sample.

nces

Laws, B. Gu meters on the cri llurgical and M -2387.

allen, The physic (in Polish). uryanarayana, A

, 2011. anuszka, Nowos

metallic glasses Manufacturing E abilas, R. Now s, Archives of (2010) 5-27. owosielski, R. B ared by centri

evements in Ma (2011) 153-160. Chang, B. Shen s in the (Fe,Co,N Engineering A 44

ilarczyk, Prepar metallic glasses pounds 2014 (in esz, Preparation

high purity and rials Science and Stoica, R. Li, A an Steenberge, netic properties nal of Alloys and

esz, R. Babilas, ion on glass form magnetic proper

B19,2Si4,8Nb4 b of casting sa ated for differen oint the distribut ements which vestigations coul or analyzed allo erization of sam ameter 2, 3 and us structure. It cluded only rvation shows ure. On the base s section of sam

graphs, it could ent fracture me

un, M. Ferry, tical casting size Materials Transa cs of amorphous A. Inoue, Bulk sielski, Specific

, Journal of Ach ngineering 2014 wosielski, Iron-b f Materials Scie Babilas, Fe-base

ifugal casting aterials and Man n, A. Inoue, Sy Ni)-B-Si-Nb sys 49-451 (2007) 2 ration and chara in form of plate

press). of Fe-Co-based d industrial raw d Engineering 48 A. R. Yavari, G D.R. Romera, of FeCoBSiNb d Compounds 50 R. Nowosielsk ming ability, the rties of Fe-Co-b

bulk metallic mple. Moreove nt distances from tion of temperatu were realized ld be good begin y and also for mples in as-cast d 4 mm reveal t should be no surface exami fracture morp e SEM results i mple structure d be seen bands echanism in pa

Influence of e of bulk metalli actions A 40A

solids, PWN, W metallic glasses

heat investigat hievements in M 4 (in press). based bulk amo

ence and Engi d bulk metallic method, Jour nufacturing Engi ynthesis of bulk stem, Materials

39-242. acterization of Z e, Journal of Allo d bulk amorphou materials, Arch 8/2 (2011) 77-88 G. Vaughan, J.

Thermal stabil bulk metallic 04S (2010) 123-1 ki, Influence of ermal stability, st based BMGs, Di

glasses er, the m top of ure was within nning to

another state in that all ted the ination. phology it could is also s which articular

casting ic glass, (2009) Warsaw, s, CRC tions of Materials orphous ineering

glasses rnal of ineering k glassy Science Zr-based oys and us alloy hives of 8. Eckert, ity and glasses, 128.

copper tructure iffusion

(6)

Fig.

samp39 m

ring points for m, b) distance

Temper with diam were draw measureme samples di point for a point (for a It is clearl sample th significant course, wh temperatur mould. Th water durin alloy is d measureme places whi

The X- as-cast Fe diffraction and 4 mm the amorph

The su investigate A present w show micr fracture th classified a and “smoo result of process or part of sam

Fig. 8. X-r rods in as-c

4. Conc

The goa temperature glasses.

rature measurem eter 4 mm. Fi wn on the base ents start temp ameters and it i distance 16 mm a distance 85 m ly should be no he temperatur

role plays in t hich heats the co

re distribution r he presence of

ng casting proc different in di ent). A water ca

ch are near the -ray diffraction

36Co36B19,2Si4,8N patterns (Fig. 8 show the broa hous structure

urface fracture ed by SEM m

work shows onl rographs of a hat is regular f as mixed fractu oth” areas [15]

different coo maybe differen mple.

ray diffraction p cast state with di

clusions

al of investigatio e distribution

ment was carrie g. 7 presents c of the results f erature obtain is equaled abou m and about 380

ote that with cm).

e distribution this case amoun opper mould. A results is also a cooling chamb ess, cause that fferent parts aused the better

water chambers investigations Nb4 samples w 8) of tested rods ad diffraction h e morphology method at diff ly selected micr s-cast glassy for amorphous ure with two re ]. Different mo

ling condition nt state of amorp

patterns of Fe36C ameter 2, 3 and

on in a present w during casting

ed out also for cooling curves for those test.

highest value t 440°C for me 0°C for last me change of diam n is different nt of molten al An important as a geometry of ber in which fl temperature of of mould (poi r cooling condit s. reveal that the were amorphou

s with diameter halo characteris

of glassy rod ferent magnific rographs. Figur

rods. Tests re structure. It co gions: “vein” p orphology coul ns during fabr phous structure

Co36B19,2Si4,8Nb4

4 mm

work was measu process of m

sample which On the of tree asuring asuring meter of t. The lloy, of spect of casting ow the molten ints of tions in studied us. The r of 2, 3 stic for ds was cations.

es 9-11 eveal a ould be patterns ld be a rication e in this

4 glassy

uring of metallic

Fig.

Fe36C diam

Fig.

Fe36C diam

Fig.

Fe36C diam

9. SEM mic Co36B19,2Si4,8Nb4

meter 2 mm, mag

meter 3 mm, mag

meter 4 mm, mag

crograph of th

icrograph of th

he fracture mo rod in as-cas

orphology of st state with

The pr fabrication depended measuring p the mould, also divers a framewor knowing a alloys syste The str the form o samples ex XRD inv However, typically fo be assume amorphous may testify regions of s

Referen

[1] K.J.

param Metal 2377- [2] R. Za 1994 [3] C. Su

Press [4] A. Ja

bulk m and M [5] R. B

alloys 44/1 ( [6] R. No prepa Achie 48/2 ( [7] Ch. C

alloys and E [8] W. P

bulk m [9] S. LeComp

from Mater [10] M. S N. Va magnJourn [11] S. Le additi and m

resent results h of Fe36Co36B on diameter points were loca

and in every po sified. Measure rk of present inv cooling rate fo ems.

ructure characte of rods with dia xhibit amorpho

estigations inc a SEM obser or glassy structu d that in cross s. On the micro y about differe sample.

nces

Laws, B. Gu meters on the cri llurgical and M -2387.

allen, The physic (in Polish).

uryanarayana, A , 2011.

anuszka, Nowos metallic glasses Manufacturing E abilas, R. Now s, Archives of (2010) 5-27.

owosielski, R. B ared by centri

evements in Ma (2011) 153-160.

Chang, B. Shen s in the (Fe,Co,N Engineering A 44

ilarczyk, Prepar metallic glasses pounds 2014 (in esz, Preparation high purity and rials Science and Stoica, R. Li, A

an Steenberge, netic properties nal of Alloys and

esz, R. Babilas, ion on glass form magnetic proper

have shown th B19,2Si4,8Nb4 b of casting sa ated for differen oint the distribut ements which vestigations coul or analyzed allo erization of sam ameter 2, 3 and us structure. It cluded only rvation shows ure. On the base s section of sam

graphs, it could ent fracture me

un, M. Ferry, tical casting size Materials Transa cs of amorphous A. Inoue, Bulk sielski, Specific

, Journal of Ach ngineering 2014 wosielski, Iron-b f Materials Scie Babilas, Fe-base

ifugal casting aterials and Man n, A. Inoue, Sy Ni)-B-Si-Nb sys 49-451 (2007) 2 ration and chara in form of plate

press).

of Fe-Co-based d industrial raw d Engineering 48 A. R. Yavari, G D.R. Romera, of FeCoBSiNb d Compounds 50 R. Nowosielsk ming ability, the rties of Fe-Co-b

at temperature bulk metallic

mple. Moreove nt distances from tion of temperatu were realized ld be good begin

y and also for mples in as-cast d 4 mm reveal t should be no surface exami fracture morp e SEM results i mple structure d be seen bands echanism in pa

Influence of e of bulk metalli actions A 40A

solids, PWN, W metallic glasses heat investigat hievements in M 4 (in press).

based bulk amo ence and Engi d bulk metallic method, Jour nufacturing Engi ynthesis of bulk stem, Materials

39-242.

acterization of Z e, Journal of Allo d bulk amorphou materials, Arch 8/2 (2011) 77-88 G. Vaughan, J.

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