Remarks on the group Nummulites laevigatus s.l., with the description of the new species Nummulites hagni

R O C Z N I K P O L S K I E G O T O W A R Z Y S T W A G E O L O G I C Z N E G O A N N A L E S D E L A S O C I E T E G E O L O G I Q U E D E P O L O G N E

T o m ( V o l u m e ) X X X I X — 1S69 Z e s z y t ( F a s c i c u l e ) 1—3 K r a k ó w 1969

R A JK O PA V LO V EC *

REMARKS ON THE GROUP NUMMULITES LAEVIGATUS S.L., WITH THE DESCRIPTION OF THE NEW SPECIES

NUMMULITES HAGNI

(PI. X L V II—L, 5 Figs.)

K poznavanju skupine N um m ulites laevigatus s.I.

z opisom nove vrste N um m ulites hagni

(PI. X L V I I — L, 5 si.)

A b s t r a c t : T h e author stu d ied n u m m u lites from the group N u m m u l i t e s l a e v i ­ g a t us s.l., w h ic h w e r e divid ed in tw o sep a rate groups N u m m u l i t e s l a e v i g a t u s - b r o n g - n i a r t i and N u m m u l i t e s p l a n ul a t us - p u s e hi . T h e r e v isio n of so m e num m uli'tes o f th ese groups w a s m ade. T he n ew sp e c ie s N u m m u l i t e s hag ni from lo w e r L u te tia n beds in T u rk ey w a s d escrib ed . N u m m u l i t e s hagni is th e tra n sitio n a l form b e tw e e n N u m ­ m u l i t e s aff. p r a e l a e v i g a t u s fro m th e p r o file in Cam po and N u m m u l i t e s br it anni cus .

IN T R O D U C TIO N

The large Foram inifera of the group Nummulites laevigatus s.l. are v ery abundant in various beds. Some of the species belonging to this group are characteristic for individual periods, and they are therefore of stratigraphical importance. In spite o f this fact, the group has not been studied sufficiently. The Num mu lites laevigatus ( B r u g u i e r e ) itself has been know n since 1792. It is one of the most abundant repre­

sentatives of the Lower Lutetian fauna in the Paris basin, and also else­

where.

The reason for the hitherto unsufficient knowledge of various species of the group Nummu lites laevigatus s.l. could be chiefly explained by the fact that m ainly isolated species have been studied, and much less the phylogenetic lines. On the other hand, more clear and modern view s of the evolution of the num m ulitic species have been set up only recently.

H owever, only the study of larger groups makes possible the correct establishm ent of individual species and their most correct classification.

TH E G RO UP N U M M U L I T E S L A E V I G A T U S S.L.

A s one of the most significant characteristic of the group Nummulites laevigatus s.l., and particularly of the species Nu mm u lit es laevigatus, its extraordinary variability has been m entioned by numerous p aleon to­

* A d dress: Dr R ajko P a v lo v e c In stitu t za p a le o n to lo g ijo S A Z U , N o v i trg 3, L ju b ljan a, J u g o s la v ia .

logists. B o u s s a c (1911, 61) seated even that Nummulites laevigatus were the most variable species of all Nummulites. Variations of different parts of the test make difficult the determ ination, and involve, on the other hand, much vagueness and error in the study of the phylogenesis of this group. It is undoubtedly true that Nummulites laevigatus and several related species show a high variability, but it seem s, however, that some paleontologists tend to exaggerate this property. As a con se­

quence, different num m ulites were attributed to the same species.

Investigators m ention the high variability of different elem ents of the num m ulitic test (cf. N e m k o v, 1967, p. 149— 150). The m ost variable are its shape, size, number and disposition of granules on the surface, and also the w horls and the chambers. Especially outstanding are the d iffer­

ences in the height of the whorls and in the shape of the chambers.

N e m k o v (1967, p. 150) stated that in the case of the marginal cord of medium thickness the chambers are rhomboidal, alm ost isometric. If the marginal cord is thinner, the whorls are higher, and the chambers of greater height than length. Such forms were named Nummulites laevigatus laxispirus b y de la H a r p e. In the case of the thick m arginal cord, how ever, the length of the chamber exceeds their height. Such num m ulites were called Nummu lites laevigatus paucicameratus (de la H a r p e and R o z l o z s n i k , 1926, p. 82). The enum erated differences are so easily observable that attention w as paid to them, although there never w as much discussion about different distinct species. Everybody was troubled b y the fact that very frequently in the same place tests with high whorls and those w ith low ones occurred. So B l o n d e a u (1965) inspected over 4500 specim ens of the species Nummu lit es laevigatus (from Mont-Gauelon, Septim onts, Le V ivray and Ully-Saint-G eorge~ ;.i France) and carried out detailed biom etric analyses. He compared them also w ith the tests from the W hitecliff-B ay, Isle of Wight. B l o n d e a u concluded (p. 271) that tests w ith high and low whorls occur in France as w ell as in England. He dem onstrated that all his m easurem ents concerned the specim ens betw een the two extrem e forms; w ith other words, he found the transitions betw een the most deviating tests.

The present writer has the follow ing objections to these conclusions.

If one adopts the view that transitions betw een the tests w ith extrem ely low and extrem ely high whorls exist really, then Numvxulites laevigatus represents the only species known up to date showing such extraordinary variability. The w riter’s opinion is, how ever, that a more correct solution was indicated b y S c h a u b (H o 11 i n g e r, L e h m a n n and S c h a u b, 1964), who stated (p. 632) that the species Nummulites laevigatus is not very homogeneous, as there are specim ens w ith flat, large tests w ith som ew hat turned up margins, and those w ith more regular lenticular tests. Although he drew attention, at the same time, to the significance of the height of the whorls, that is to the specim ens w ith high and those with low whorls. In this, S c h a u b maintained his former idea (1951, p. 89), that in num m ulites, the shape of the chambers and septa, the character of spira and the disposition of the columns are more important characteristics than the size and the shape of the test, or the shape of

the axial section.

S c h a u b sim ply distinguished in the group Nummu lites laevigatus two branches, the first one w ith low whorls, and <the second one w ith high whorls. In the first one he placed with the Nummulites laevigatus proper also N. tuberculatus ( B r u g u i e r e ) , N. carpenteri d ’ A r c h i a c

— .2)33 —

et H a i m e, and finally, N. brongniarti d ’ A r c h i a c et H a i m e . In the branch w ith high w horls there are Nummu lit es planulatus L a- m a r c k, N. aquitanicus B e n o i s t, N. manfredi S c h - a u b , N. britan- nicus H a n t k e n and N. puschi d ’ A r c h i a c et H a i m e .

The establishm ent of two distinct phylogenetic lines of the group Nummu lites laevigatus s.l. satisfies also the objection made b y B o u s - s a c (1911), remarking that slightly different representatives of the species N. laevigatus descend from the same period.

With S c h a u b ’ s v iew s on the evolution of the group Nu mmu lites laevigatus does not correspond the conception of N e m k o v (1967, p. 36), who distinguished two distinct groups Nummulites planulatus and N. brongniarti. To the first one he assigned besides N. planulatus also N. exilis D o u v i l l e and N. nitidus de la H a r p e, and to the second one N. aquitanicus, N. laevigatus and N. brongniarti. In this ascribing of different species in groups most objections arises from the fact that N e m k o v placed the species Nummu lites planulatus L a m a r c k which displays high, rapidly evolving whorls, into the same group as N. laevi­

gatus proper which has low whorls and long chambers. Therefore S c h a u b ’ s interpretation is undoubtedly more acceptable, although it might undergo som e m odifications and extensions.

In S c h a u b ’ s separation of the group Nummu lit es laevigatus into two branches it is particularly important that all forms, placed into one of them differ clearly from those in the other branch. The two branches have neither a direct common origin. The final forms (Nummulites brongniarti in the branch w ith low whorls, and N. puschi in the branch w ith high whorls) are very different. Therefore, the author’s opinion is that both branches could not be considered as ,,sub-groups” of a large group, but that there are two entirely distinct groups having possibly their common ancestor som ewhere in the Middle or Early Ilerdian. For the group of num m ulites w ith low whorls and long chambers (H o 11 i n- g e r , L e h m a n n and S c h a u b, 1964, p. 633, pi. 1), I propose the name:

the group Nummulites laevigatus — brongniarti, and for the second one comprising num m ulites with higher whorls and high chambers (H o t- t i n g e r , L e h m a n n and S c h a u b , 1964, p. 635, pi. 2), the name Nummu lites planulatus — puschi. Both groups belong to the subgenus Nummu lites in the N e m k o v ’ s sense (1967).

The writer has based th is discussion of the group Nummu lites laevi­

gatus s.l. on m orphological characteristics of different species only. In the follow ing some light w ill be directed on the physiological side of the problem.

The growth of the num m ulitic test depended on the quantity of the protoplasm. It was influenced by the environm ental conditions, as the temperature of the water, its salinity, depth and others. U ndoubtedly it w as not b y accident that precisely in Lutetian the largest num m ulites occurred; very favourable conditions prevailed then particularly the high tem perature of water. In those tim es the largest num m ulites lived, as for exam ple Nummulites millecaput B o u b e e . It seem s that the quantity of the protoplasm was large too, in spite of numerous whorls (N e m k o v, 1960, p. 57, w rote of num m ulites w ith 10.000 chambers!). Therefore double whorls occurred, to establish the equilibrium betw een the quantity o f the protoplasm and the test (cf. K e c s k e m e t i, 1962,

p.

— 2'5'4 —

low ered whorl in this operculina originated at the time, w hen the volum e of the rapidly growing w horl exceeded the growth of the protoplasm.

Transferring this discussion to the groups Nummu lit es laevigatus- -brongniarti and N. planulatus — puschi, w e come to the follow ing con­

clusions. If all tests of Nummu lites ,,laevigatus” — these w ith high whorls as w ell as those w ith low ones — belong to the same species, there should have been an external cause of different reactions of the protoplasm. First of all the tem perature of water, differences in salinity etc. must be taken in consideration. But this was not the case, as tests w ith low and w ith high whorls occur almost regularly together, in the sam e place and in the same layer, in France, England, Istria, Georgia and elsewhere. Therefore, the different height of the whorls could be explained only b y the processus in the protoplasm, which were entirely normal for one and the other form of num m ulites. C onsequently also this physiological discussion confirms the justification of two distinct phylogenetic lines of Nummulites laevigatus — brongniarti and N. pla­

nulatus — puschi.

TH E G R O U P N U M M U L I T E S P L A N U L A T U S — P U S C H I IN THE U P P E R C U IS IA N A N D IN TH E LOW ER L U T E T IA N

A fter having discussed the general view s on the developm ent of the group Nummulite s laevigatus s.l., us go over to the Upper Cuisian and Lower Lutetian forms of the group Nummu lites planulatus •— puschi.

Thanks to S c h a u b ( H o t t i n g e r , L e h m a n n and S c h a u b , 1964;

S c h a u ' b , 1966), also among those num m ulites the situation became more clear, although in the course of future investigations undoubtedly m any new forms w ill be found.

In the upper Cuisian beds of the Campo profile in Northern Spain, S c h a u b (1966) found the species Nummu lit es manjr edi S c h a u b and N. aff. pvaelqevigatus S c h a u b . Som ew hat younger is the num m ulite from Bracklesham in England, for w hich S c h a u b ( H o t t i n g e r , L e h m a n n and S c h a u b , 1964, p. 634; S c h a u b , 1966, p. 374) assumed the H a n t k e n ’ s name Nummu lit es britannicus.

A ll these num m ulites are very similar. Num mu lit es man jredi and N. aff. praelaevigatus have very thin tests, and N. britannicus a som e­

what thicker one. Num mu lites manjredi is sm aller than N. britannicus.

But above all the three forms differ in their equatorial sections. In N. manjredi three parts can toe distinguished: 4 to 7 internal w horls are disposed sim ilarly as in the species N. planulatus. The middle whorls are much higher, but th ey are not augm ented much. The external whorls are less regular and ordinarily even som ewhat lowered. Likew ise, also the shape of the chambers is changing. Inner whorls have high chambers, the m iddle ones som ewhat longer ones, although still higher than longer, and in the external w horls the chambers tend to be isom etric.

Nu mmu lites britannicus displays more regular whorls and chambers than Nummulite s manjredi. S till more regular and low er w horls are present in Nummu lites aff. praelaevigatus. Chambers are longer, and in the external whorls longer than higher.

S c h a u b (1966, p. 375) m entioned that Nummu lit es aff. pra elaevi­

gatus from Campo can be distinguished from N. praelaevigatus already by its size. Also it can not be associated w ith N. manjredi. Therefore, I am convinced that w e have to deal w ith a new species.

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In the literature, num erous representatives of the Nu mm u lites ,,lae- vigatus” were described, and m any o f them could be attributed, un­

doubtedly, to the group Nummu lites planulatus — puschi. It is w ell known (cf. S c h a u b, 1966, p. 374) that Numm u lit es laevigatus var.

laxispira (D e l a H a r p e — R o z l o z s n i k , 1926, p. 82) is in fact N. britannicus. Also B o u s s a c ’ s (1911) N. laevigatus from Brackles- ham (pi. 2, fig. 16 and 18) belongs to N. britannicus. The same holds also for B l o n d e a u ’ s (1965) specim ens from W hitecliff-B ay on the Isle of Wight, England. I am further convinced, that also several num m ulites from France are not the proper N. laevigatus (pi. 4, fig. 3, 5), although it is not easy to decide to w hat species they belong.

The forms w ith high w horls can be found also among some num m u­

lites from the Soviet Union ( N e m k o v , 1967). Anyhow, the specim ens on pi. 13, fig 10 and 11 are not Nummulites laevigatus. U nfortunately, in their equatorial sections the central part is not clear enough to enable the observation of the disposal of whorls. However it is clear that the w horls are too high for N. laevigatus, and the chambers too short. The sam e holds also for the specim en on fig. 5, which represents the form B, and not A. Judging upon the internal whorls of the planulatus type, and upon the high middle whorls, this specim en resem bles to a high degree the species Nummu lites manfredi. It displays, how ever, longer chambers than the S c h a u b ’ s species.

R

---NUMMULITES . HAGNI N. SP (HOLOTYPUS)

--- NUMMULITES AFF. PRAELAEVIGATUS (SCHA UB 1966, 5 6 8 , FIG. 6 c ) ---NUM M ULITES BRITANNICUS (SCHAUB 1966, 5 6 9 , FIG. 7a )

/ W \

F ig. 1. D iagram of th e w h orls cou rse I -^ -J of som e sp e c ie s of th e group N u m m u l i t e s p l a n u l a t u s — puschi . W — num ber of w h orls; R — radius

— 2i56 -

Also the Bulgarian specim ens of Nummu lites laevigatus ( B e l m u - s t a k o v, 1959, pi. 8, fig. 17, pi. 9, fig. 1— 2) are not proper representativ­

es of this species. U um m ulites on the plate 8, fig. 17, has the character­

istics of the species N. manjredi, w hereas that on the plate 9, fig. 2 is difficult to classify. The Bulgarian num m ulites belong among the sm aller

specimens of this species.

Let us consider also the Friulian representatives of the species N u m ­ mulites laevigatus, described by D a i n e 11 i (1915). In shape and regular whorls some of them resem ble very m uch the specim ens from Campo which S c h a u b described as N. aff. praelaevigatus. The septa of the Friulian num m ulite are more bent. Undoubtedly the D a i n e l l i ’ s specim ens are not proper Nummu lites laevigatus, and alm ost certainly

they belong to several species.

The w riter has exam ined also several num m ulites from Turkey; they resemble much the m entioned species from the group N um mu lites planu­

latus — puschi, although th ey can be distinguished from them by sever­

al characteristics. The septa are bent more than in N um m u lit es manjredi, the whorls are more regular, but low er than in the species N. britannicus.

The tests are larger than in N. aff. praelaevigatus. Therefore th e author describes these num m ulites in the follow ing chapter as a new species Nummulite s hagni.

Sim ilar characteristics as Nummu lites hagni are shown also by the specim ens from Sorde-l’Abbaye in Southern France, called by S c h a u b (1963, p. 184, pi. 2, fig. 3— 5) Nummu lit es aff. laevigatus. The two speci­

mens from the Soviet Union, shown by N e m k o v (1967) on pi. 13, fig. 10— 11, resemble less the species Nummu lit es hagni.

In consequence of this discussion, the follow ing synonym ies can be erected, lacking, how ever, perfection.

a) N ummulites manj red i S c h a u b :

N u m m u l i t e s l a e v i g a t u s B r u g u i e r e — B e l m u s t a k o v , 1959, pi. 8, fig. 17,

? pi. 9, fig. 2.

N u m m u l i t e s nov. sp., R osazzo — H o t t i n g e r , L e h m a n n and S c h a u b , 1964, p. 634, pi. 2.

N u m m u l i t e s m a n j r e d i nov. sp. — S c h a u b , 1966, p. 371— 375, fig . 6a— b, 9, pi. 4, fig . 11— 14, pi. 5, fig . 1— 4, pi. 6, fig . 1— 3.

cf. — N u m m u l i t e s l a e v i g a t u s ( B r u g u i e r e ) — N e m k o v , 1967, pi. 13, fig . 5.

b) Nummu lites britannicus H a n t k e n

N u m m u l i t e s l a e vi g a tu s B r u g u i e r e — B o u s s a c , 1911, p. 63, pi. 2, fig . 16— 18.

N u m m u l i n a l a e v i g a t a var. l a xi sp i ra n. var. — D e la H a r p e — R o z l o z s n i k , 1926, p. 82.

N u m m u l i t e s „ b r it a n ni c u s” H a n t k e n — H o t t i n g e r , L e h m a n n and S c h a u b , 1964, p. 634, pi. 2.

N u m m u l i t e s l a e vi g a tu s B r u g u i e r e — B l o n d e a u , 1965, pi. 4, fig. 1.

c) N ummu lites aff. praelaevigatus S c h a u b ( = new species?)

N u m m u l i t e s a ff. p r a e l a e v i g a t u s S c h a u b — S c h a u b , 1966, p. 375, fig. 6c— d, pi. 6, fig. 4— 8.

cf. — N u m m u l i t e s l a e v i g a t u s B r u g u i e r e — D a i n e l l i , 1915, p. 179— 183 partim , pi. 20, fig . 1—5, ? 11— 13.

d) N ummulites hagni n.sp.

N u m m u l i t e s a ff. l a e v i g a t u s ( B r u g u i e r e ) — S c h a u b , 1963, p. 984, pi. 2, fig . 3— 5.

? — N u m m u l i t e s l a e v i g a t u s ( B r u g u i e r e , 1792) — N e m k o v , 1967, pi. 13, fig. 10— 11.

— <2)57 —

The strattigraphic position of the m entioned species is the following:

N ummu lites manjredi and N. aff. praelaevigatus are from the Upper Cuisian, N. britannicus and N. hagni are from the Lower Lutetian.

Nummulit es hagni n. sp.

(PL X L V II—'L, T e x t-fig s . 2 - ^ , 5 d— g)

H o l o t y p u s : the forms B, inv. no. 2716 (TR-20) in the collection of the Institute of Paleontology SAZU, Ljubljana.

P a r a t y p i : forms B, some specim ens .in the same collection as the holotype, the rest in the collection of the Bayerische Staatssam m lung für Paläontologie und historische G eologie in Munich (the form A has not been found).

L o c u s t y p i c u s : Turhal, at the entrance to the adit of the antim ony mine about 5 km northeast of the town, appr. 100 m to the w est of the road Turhal — Dazmana (more details in the text, p. 260).

S t r a t u m t y p i c u m : Lower Lutetian.

D i a g n o s i s : The new species resem bles in the disposition of the whorls the species Nummu lites aff. praelaevigatus S c h a u b from Campo ( S c h a u b , 1966, p. 375, fig. 6c, pi. 6, fig. 4) and in the ishape of chambers and septa the species Nummu lit es britannicus H a n t k e n.

R

Fig. 2. D iagram of the w h o rls course n ew sp ecies N u m m u l i t e s hagni.

T R -2 (No. 2717) — th e test w ith th e regu lar w h o rls; T R -24 (No. 2722) and TR-28 (No. 2723) — 'the te s t w ith so m eth in g m ore irreg u la r w h orls; W — nu m b er of

w h orls; R — radius

17 R o c z n i k G e o l o g i c z n y t o m X X X I X

— 258 —

D e r i v a t i o n o m i n i s : after dr. Herbert H a g n, professor at the Munich U niversity.

D e s c r i p t i o n : The shape and the surface of the test: The test is very thin, often sligh tly undulated, gradually increasing in thickness to­

wards the center. U sually it is distin ctly thickened in the central part, conforming w ith the observations of S c h a u b (1966, p. 372) on the tests of the species Nummulites manfredi. The outer rim of the test is rather sharp. D 1 = 2,7 to 4,2 mm.

Fig. 3. N u m m u l i t e s hag ni n. sp., B -form , L ow er L u tetia n , T u rh al in T urkey.

No. 1260/1 — a x ia l sectio n

Fig. 4. N u m m u l i t e s ha g ni n. sp., B -fo rm , L o w er L u tetia n , T u rh al in T urkey.

No. 1247/2 — part of eq u atoria l section

On the surface, undulated or sickle-shaped septal lines are observ­

able, and between them not very frequent granulae. Also the „trabe- cules transverses” are seen.

The axial section: The whorls are compressed one to the other. In the central part, strong columns are frequent, becoming more rare to­

wards the periphery. No columns are present in the external whorls.

The equatorial section: In the inner whorls, there are still some characteristics of the planulatus type to be seen, although less expressive as e.g. in the species Nummulites manfredi or N. aff. praelaevigatus from Campo. The whorls are more regularly elevating as in the species N. manfredi, but less than in N. britannicus. External whorls are som e­

what lowering. Larger specim ens display 16 to 18 whorls.

The chambers in the inner whorls are much higher than long. In the middle whorls they elongate, although the height still predom inates over the length. Towards the external whorls the chambers become longer, and they approach isom etric shape. Chambers w ith length exceeding their height can often seen. The roof of the chambers is slightly bent.

A foot is present at the base of a septum. The septa are slightly bent

1 A ll d esig n a tio n s in th e description are m ad e co n fo rm in g ly to the proposition m ad e by D e Z a n c h e , P a v l o v e c and P r o t o D e c i m a, 1967, p. 217—221 (in the abstract, p. 245— 247).

— 259 —

Fig. 5. T he d isp o sition of th e w h o rls in som e tests of the group N u m m u l i t e s p l a ­ nul at us — puschi, B -form s. a — N u m m u l i t e s m a n j r e d i S c h a u b ( S c h a u b , 1966, fig . 6a); b — N u m m u l i t e s b ri ta nni cus H a n t k e n ( S c h a u b , 1966, fig. 7a); c — N u m m u l i t e s a ff. p r a e l a e v i g a t u s S c h a u b ( S c h a u b , 1966, fig. 6c); d — N u m m u ­ l ites hagni n. sp. (TR-4, No. 27'21) — test w ith r e la tiv e h igh w h o rls, sim ila r to th e sp e c ie s N. b r i t a n n i c u s ; e — N u m m u l i t e s hagni n. sp. (TR-20, No. 2716) — h olo ty p u s;

f — N u m m u l i t e s hagni n. sp. (TR-8, No. 2720); g — N u m m u l i t e s hag ni n. sp. (TR-24, No. 2722)

— 2 6 0 , —

in the inner whorls; towards the external ones they incline successively more and more, so that they are already strongly inclined in the last whorls.

C o m p a r i s o n : Nummu lit es hagni resem bles the species. N. m a n ­ jredi, N. britannicus, and N. aff. praelaevigatus from Campo. In the dispo­

sal of the w horls it is approaching the species N. aff. praelaevigatus. H ow ­ ever, several specim ens have been found displaying much more irregularly

disposed whorls, approaching in that the species N. britannicus. N ever­

theless, in N. hagni the disposal of whorls, described by S c h a u b (1966, p. 373) for the species N. manjredi, is not observable.

In its size Nummu lites hagni corresponds to N. britannicus. The spe­

cim ens from Turhal have Dm from ;16,2 to 20,5 mm, w hereas in N. bri­

tannicus Dm is from 12 to 24 mm ( S c h a u b , 1966, p. 374). Nummu lit es manjredi is sm aller (Dm from 10 to 17 mm; S c h a u b , 1966, p. 374).

The chambers of Nummu lites hagni are as rule shorter than in N u m ­ mulites aff. praelaevigatus, and som ewhat longer than in N. britannicus.

As the whorls are low er than in N. britannicus, the im pression of denser septa is observable in N. hagni.

All this leads to the conclusion that Nummulites hagni resem bles in part the species N. aff. praelaevigatus from Campo, and partly the species N. britannicus. Nummu lites aff. praelaevigatus is an Upper Cui­

sian form, and N. britannicus a Lower Lutetian one. Of all the mentioned species Nummu lites manjredi from the Upper Cuisian displays the most of characteristics of the whorls of the planulatus-aquitanicus type. There­

fore in the opinion of the writer they all could not originate directly from each other. In his opinion, the developm ent passes in the follow ing direction: Nummulites praelaevigatus — N. aff. praelaevigatus from Campo — N. hagni — N. britannicus. Numulites manjredi takes part of a distinct branch, perhaps originating from N. aquitanicus, or from other forms, as for exam ple N. aff. planulatus from Campo ( S c h a u b ,

1966, p. 368, fig. 6e).

M a t e r i a l : The geologist dr. Rudolf H ö 11 from Munich collected in Turkey several years ago some Palaeogene fossils which are now con­

served in the Bayerische Staatssam m lung für Paläontologie und histori­

sche Geologie in Munich. The author inspected the m aterial for the first time in 1963 as the scholar of the Alexander von Humboldt Institution, when working in the Institut für Paläontologie und historische Geologie in Munich w ith prof. dr. Herbert H a g n (Director prof. dr. Richard D e h m). To all these geologists I owe m y gratitude for the kind authori­

zation of the publication, for their precious advices, as w ell as for all their aid to m y work.

During a visit to the Naturhistorisches Museum in Basel I discussed the num m ulites collected by dr. R. H ö 11 in Turkey, also w ith prof.

dr Hans S c h a u b , to whom I w ant also to express m y sincere thanks for his precious suggestions.

I have completed m y studies of these num m ulites in the Institute of P aleontology at the Slovene Academ y of Sciences and Arts in Lju­

bljana, w here a part of the m aterial is deposited.

D a t a o n t h e f i n d i n g p l a c e :

Among the m aterial from Turkey, there w ere foram inifers, molluscs and corals. It was collected near Turhal, at the entrance of an addit of a sm all antim ony m ine some 5 km NE from Turhal, approxim ately 100 m eters w estw ards of the road Turhal — Dazmana, at the altitude of

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ca. 1000 m above sea level (these and the follow ing data concerning the finding place originate from a letter by dr R. H o 11 of 10th July, 1968).

Turhal lies approxim ately 280 km ENE of Ankara, about in the middle betw een the tow ns Samsun at the Black Sea and Sivas at the Kizilirmak river.

The Eocene beds are transgreding over Perm ian shales and diabases.

They are preserved only in sm all remainders w hich at Dazmana reach c. 30 m in thickness. In the base conglom erate, thick up to 50 cm, predom inate diabase, quartz and lim estone pebbles, and fragm ents of the shales. In this layer, the follow ing fauna was determ ined by the writer:

Stylocoenia taurinensis (M i c h e 1 i n), Discocyclina div. sp., Nu mmu lit es partschi de la H a r p e and N. cf. burdigalensis de la H a r p e.

A lthough the enum erated fauna is not sufficien tly characteristic for a more detailed age determ ination, it could be nevertheless attributed to the Eocene. The num m ulites from the basal conglom erate suggest the Lower Eocene, whereas the species Stylocoenia taurinensis was found most frequently in the som ew hat younger beds. Therefore the conclusion could be suggested that the fauna in the basal conglom erates has been redeposited.

The basal conglom erates are overlain by sandy marls and sands w ith som e intercalations containing hard lim estone nodules. In these beds the fossils are abundant. Among then I determ ined Styloph ora cf. conferta R e u s s, Turritella imbricataria L a m a r c k and Clavilithes sp., resem ­ bling the species C. macrospira C o s s m a n n . Besides this fauna, also numerous tests of Nummu lites hagni n. sp. have been found.

The m acrofauna from the beds overlying the basal conglom erate is of Middle Eocene age.

A g e : Unfortunately, for the beds with Nummu lites hagni w e do not dispose w ith more detailed data on the overlying and the underlying strata. The conglom erate underlying the layer w ith the new species contains macrofauna indicating Lutetian age. The Lutetian fauna occurs also in the bed w ith Nummu lites hagni. In consequence of the preceding discussion, Nummu lites hagni is younger than N. aff. praelaevigatus from Campo, found in Upper Cuisian. Following,Nummu lites hagni represents the low er part of Lutetian. This age is supported also by the S c h a u b ’ s (1963, p. 984) Nummulites aff. laevigatus from the series of Sorde-l’Ab- baye, w hich the author attributes to the species N. hagni. It was nam ely found in the Lower Lutetian beds, in the zone w ith the species N u m m u ­

lites gallensis H e i m , thus just on the base of the Lutetian.

I n s t i t u t za p a l e on t o l og i j o S A Z U N o v i t rg 3, L j u b l j a n a , J u g o s l a v i j a

REFER EN C ES

B e l m u s t a k o v E. (1959), G olerni foram iniferL Iskopaem . fa u n a Bolg., 6 — P a leo g en , B olg. akad. n a u k , 1, 80, pi. 1— 20. S ofija.

B l o n d e a u A. (1965), E'tude b io m etriq u e et s ta tistiq u e de N u m m u l i t e s l a e v i g a t u s B r u g u ie r e dans le s b a ssin s de P aris et du H am p sh ire. Im p lica tio n s str a tig r a p h i-

q u es. Bull. Soe. Geol. France 7, 7, 268—272, pi. 4. P aris.

B o u s s a c J. (1911), E tudes P a le o n to lo g iq u e s su r le N u m m u litiq u e A lp in . M e m.

s e r v. e x pl . c a r te geol. France. 1— 438, pi. 1— 22. P aris.

D a i n e l l i G. (1915), L ’E ocen e F riulan o. M e m. geogr., 1— 721, Tav. 1— 56, 1 carta.

F iren ze.

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D e l a H a r p e P. and R o z l o z s n i k P. (1926), M a teriau x pour serv ir ä une m onograiphie des N u m m u lin es and A ssilin e s. A m. kir. Föl dt . Int ez. Ev k. , 27,

1—'102. B udapest.

D e Z a n c h e V., P a v l o v e c R . and P r o t o D e c i m a F. (1967), M ik ro fav n a in m ik r o fa c ie s iz eo cen sk ih flis n ih p ia sti pri U stju v V ip a v sk i d olin i, JZ S lo v en ija .

R a z p r a v e IV. razr. Sazu, 10, 205— 263, pi. 1— 17. L jubljana.

H o t t i n g e r L., L e h m a n n R. and S c h a u b H. (1964), D o n n ees a c tu e lle s sur la b iostra tig ra p h ie du N u m m u litiq u e M editerranean. M e m. B.R.G.M., 28 (Col- loq u e P a leo gen e), 611— 652, 1 suppl. Paris.

K e c s k e m e t i T. (1962), P a th o lo g isc h e E rsch ein u n g en an N u m m u liten . Ann.

hi s t. -nat ur . Mus. nat. Hung., min. paleontol., 54, 73— 84. Budaipest.

N e m k o v G. I. (1960), D im orfizm u n u m m u litov. V op r os i m ik r op a l e o n t o l . , 3, 50—

— 66, M oskva.

N e m k o v G. I. (1S67), N u m m u litid i S o v etsk o g o S oju za i ih b io stra tig ra fiö esk o e znacenie. M os k o v . obsc. ispit. pr ir odi , nov. ser. 16, 20, 1— 318, pi. 1— 14, 1 priloz.

M oskva.

P a v l o v e c R. (1966), K ta k so n o m iji n u m u litin . Op e rc u li na e x i l i f o r m l s n. sp. iz p a leo gen a v juzni S lo v e n iji. R a z p r a v e IV. razr. Sazu, 9, 253— 297. L ju b ljan a.

S c h a u b H. (1951), S tra tig ra p h ie und P a lä o n to lo g ie der S c h lie r e n fly sc h e s m it b e ­ son d erer B erü ck sich tig u n g der p a le cc a e n e n und u n tereo ca en en N u m m u liten und A ssilin en . S ch w eiz, p aläontol. A bh., 68, 1— 222, T af. 1— 9, 1 T a b elle. B asel.

S c h a u b H. (1963), Zur N u m m u liten fa u n a des M itteleo zä n s von S o r d e -l’A b b aye (L andes, Frankreich). Ecl. geol. He Id., 56, 973— 999, Taf. 1— 12. B asel.

S c h a u b H. (1SG6), U b er die G ro ssfo ra m in iferen im U n te r e o ca e n von Cam po (O ber-A ragonien ). Ecl. geol. Helv., 59, 355— 377, Taf. 1— 6. B a sel.

POVZETEK

Vrsto Nummulites laevigatus so im eli za obli'ko z izredno sprem inja- jocimi se elem enti hisice. B o u s s a c (1911) jo je oznacil kot najbolj variabilnega num ulita sploh. Razlike se kazejo predvsem v visini zavojev in obliki kamric. Zato so vrsti Nummu lit es laevigatus pristevali num ulite z enakimi ali vsaj zelo podobnimi povrsinami in oblikam i hisic, ki pa imajo bodisi nizke, bodisi visoke zavoje in razlicne oblike kamric.

Po podrobnejsem preucevanju skupine Nummulites laevigatus s.l. je prisel S c h a u b ( H o t t i n g e r , L e h m a n n in S c h a u b , 1964) do prepricanja, da sta se razvijali dve sam ostojni veji. Vendar so po mojem mnenju razlike med obema vejam a tako velike, da obeh vej ni mogoce im eti za eno samo skupino Nummulites laevigatus, ampak za dve sam o­

stojni skupini. Zanju predlagam imeni: skupina Nummulites laevigatus

— brongniarti (za hisice z nizkimi zavoji in sorazmerno dolgim i kamri- cami) in skupina Nummulites planulatus — puschi (za hisice z visokim i zavoii in sorazmerno visokim i kamricami). Obe skupini spadata v podrod Num.mulites (v sm islu N e m k o v a, 1967).

Da num ulitov z nizkimi in num ulitov z visokim i zavoji ni mogoce zdruzevati, dokazujejo tako morfoloske razlike, kakor tudi fiziolosko de- lovanje protoplazme. Na rast hisice je vplivala mnozina protoplazme, ta pa je bila odvisna od zunanjih faktorjev (temperature in najbrz tudi drugih znacilnosti morske vode). N um ulite z visokim i in num ulite z niz­

kimi zavoji najdemo v stevilnih nahajaliscih od Francije do Kavkaza v istih plasteh, torej so im eli eni in drugi enake zivljenjske pogoje. Zato v.’.-nrtnji vplivi niso povzrocili razlicne rasti, ampak je bila rast hisice

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v teh primerih odvisna od fiziolośkega delovanja, znaćilnega za posam ezne vrste.

Podrobneje sem raziskoval nekatere zgornjecuisijske in spodnjelute- cijske vrste iz skupine Nummu lites planulatus — puschi. Te so N u m m u li ­ tes manfredi, N. aff. praelaevigatus iz Campa (S c h a u b, 1966) in N. bri-

tannicus. Med seboj se loćijo deloma po velikosti hiśic, śe bolj pa po raz- lićnem poteku zavojev in obliki kamric. Nummulites manfredi ima no- tranje zavoje śe podobne k ot so pri vrsti N.planulatus. Srednji zavoji so mnogo visji, toda ne naraśćajo mnogo. Zunanji zavoji so nepravilnej- śi in se vecinom a celo nekoliko zniżajo. Zavoji pri Nummu lites britanni- cus potekajo pravilneje kot pri N. manfredi, enakomernejśe pa so tudi kamrice. Nummu lites aff. praelaevigatus ima śe pravilneje potekajoće in predvsem niżje zavoje kot obe omenjeni vrsti, daljSe pa so tudi kamrice.

Preprićan sem, da je Nummu lites aff. praelaevigatus iz Campa nova vrsta.

Narejena je bila delna revizija nekaterih num ulitov, opisanih kot Nummu lites laevigatus.

Preuceval sem tudi num ulite, ki jih je iz bliżine Turhala v Mali Aziji (Turćija) prinesel dr. R. H o l i iz Miinchna. Po poteku zavojev so mnogi med njim i podobni vrsti Nummu lit es aff. praelaevigatus iz Campa, ne- kateri pa se po precej nepravilnih zavojih pribliżujejo vrsti Nummu lites britannicus. Kamrice pri num ulitih iz Turćije so krajśe kot pri N u m m u ­ lites aff. praelaevigatus, toda na splośno nekoliko daljśe kot pri N. br i­

tannicus. Zaradi teh razlik opisujem num ulite iz Turćije kot novo vrsto Nu mm u lites hagni.

Ker je Nummulites hagni deloma podoben obliki N. aff. praelaevigatus iz Campa, deloma pa N. britannicus, ga imam za prehodno vrsto med tema numulitoma. N ummu lites britannicus je spodnjelutecijski, N. aff. p ra e­

laevigatus pa zgornjecuisijski. Nummu lites hagni kot prehodna oblika med obema je torej lahko iz najvisjega cuisija ali iz najstarejśega lu te- cija. Ker pa pristevam vrsti N um mu lit es hagni tudi obliko, opisano kot N. aff. laevigatus iz spodnjelutecijskih piasti v profilu Sorde-l’Abbaye (S c h a u b, 1963), spada N. hagni med spcdnjelutecijsko favno. Skromna makrofavna, ki spremlja num ulite iz Turhala, potrjuje srednjeeocensko starost.

E X P L A N A T IO N OF PL A T E S P la te X L V II— L

N u m m u l i t e s hagni n. sp., B -fo rm s, L o w er L u tetian . T u rh al in T u rk ey.

P la te X L V II Fig. 1. H olotyp u s, No. 2716 (TR-20)

Fig. 2. No. 2717 (TR-2)

P la te X L V II I Fig. 1. No. 2718 (TR-16)

F ig. 2. No. 2719 (TR-9) — su rfa ce and sep ta l file m e n ts P la te X L IX

F ig. 1. No. 2720 (TR-8) F ig. 2. No. 2721 (TR-4)

P la te L Fig. 2. No. 1247/1

F ig. 2. No. 1247/2

R o c z n ik Pol. T o w . Geol., t. X X X I X z. 1— 3 Tabl. X L V I I

R , P a vlo ve c

R o c z n ik Pol. T o w . Geol., t. X X X I X z. 1— 3 ТаЫ. X L V I I I

R. P a vlo ve c

R o c z n ik Pol. T o w . Geol., t. X X X I X z. 1— 3 Tabi. X L I X

R. P a vlo ve c

R . P a vlo ve c