Fertility and plant nutrition
K A ZIM IER Z M AZUR
F E R T IL IZ A T IO N IN STORAGE W ITH PH O SPH O R IT E M EAL “A N N O FO S”
D ep a rtm en t of A g ricu ltu ra l C h em istry, C o lleg e of A g ricu ltu re, K rak ów . H ead — P rof. Dr. T. L ity ń sk i
P o la n d has no rich p h ospho rite deposits. The lo w -p ercen tag e phos p h o rite of C enom anian d eriv atio n , found on th e m iddle V istu la in the v icin ity of Annopol» is used in a g ric u ltu re in th e form of fine m eal, called “A nnofos” (80% < 0.06 mm) con tain ing 15% P 20 5. In pot e x p e ri m ents, th ese pho sp ho rites w ere found to be a v alu ab le phosphorus fe rtili zer, som ew hat less effective th a n calcined phosphate, b u t ta n ta m o u n t to N o rth A frican (M aroccan an d T unezian) p h o sp horite m eals [2].
As th e fo rm of phosphorus com pounds co n tain ed in ph osphorite m eal is not re a d ily available to plan ts, it is a slow ly acting fertiliz e r. T he longer w ill th e reactio n of th is fe rtiliz e r last, d u rin g w hich tim e th e phosphates, d iffic u lt to dissolve, w ill begin to dissolve u n d e r th e action of variou s soil facto rs an d a m ore av ailab le form for th e p lan ts w ill be produced, th e m ore effective th e action of the fe rtiliz e r is expected to be. H ence th e prob lem issues of not fertiliz in g w ith pho sphorite m eal u n d e r p a rtic u la r p lan ts, b u t in cu m u lativ e doses, a single tim e for th e en tire crop succession (“in sto ra g e ”). In th is w ay, not only w ill th e action of th e ph osphorus fertilizers, w hich dissolve w ith d ifficu lty , be m ore effective b u t also a savings w ill be achieved in th e cost of th e w ork, w hich is low er w h en fertiliz e rs are sp read a single tim e in a jo int dose p rov id ed for sev eral years.
The pro blem of p hosphorus fertiliz e rs “in sto ra g e ” w as an d is an object of in vestig atio n s c a rrie d out in variou s co u n tries [2— 9]. F rom a scientific po int of view , such fertiliz a tio n arouses some reserv atio n s, especially as reg a rd s phospho rite m eals and th erm o p h o sp h ates. A sa ving of tim e a n d w o rk in fa rm m an agem en t, in su ffic ien t q u a n tity of stores fo r fertiliz e rs etc. also speak in fav o u r cases also to p o tassiu m [8].
H ow ever th is m easure still re q u ire s ex p erim en tatio n . L arge differen ces m ay arise in th e b eh av io u r of various fertiliz e rs, tak in g for in stan ce in th e e x tre m e — calcined ph o sp h ate and phosp h orite m eal as depending on th e v ariab le soil an d clim atic facto rs and those connected w ith th e m a n n e r of farm in g itself.
F ield an d m eadow ex p erim en ts, of w hich a syn th esis of the re su lts has been p rese n ted in th is p aper, have show n th a t fertiliz a tio n “in sto ra g e ” w ith ph ospho rite m eal A nnofos and calcined ph osphate w ere e q u ally effective and in c e rtain cases even m ore advantageous th a n th e ir application ev ery y ear.
E X P E R IM E N T S OF F E R T IL IZ A T IO N “IN ST O R A G E ” W ITH P H O SPH O R IT E M EAL IN THE N O R FO LK CROP R O T A T IO N
The e x p e rim e n t in th e crop ro ta tio n w as c a rrie d out on acid (pHKci = = 5.33), sa n d y and fin e -sa n d y loam co n tain in g 2.3 m g P 20 5 an d 7.5 mg K 20 in 100 g of soil according to E gner. The m ean a n n u a l to ta l of p rec ip ita tio n am o u n ted to 689 m m d u rin g 4 y ears. W ithin th e ex p e rim e n ta l period m ore p rec ip ita tio n w as reco rd ed d u rin g tw o y e a rs (I an d III) an d d u rin g th e o th er tw o y e a rs (II and IV) less th a n th e lo n g -te rm m ean. The e x p e rim e n tal field w as a t an a ltitu d e of 300 m above sea level.
The effectiveness of a n n u a l fertiliz a tio n w ith calcined p h o sph ate and p h o sph orite m eal A nnofos w as com pared in th e ex p erim en ts w ith th a t of fertiliz a tio n w ith pho sp h orite m eal a single tim e u n d e r all crop p lan ts of th e ro ta tio n (once ev ery fo u r years). T he ord er of th e p lan ts in th e crop ro ta tio n w as as follows: potatoes, oats, field peas w ith oat for greens, w h eat.
F a rm y a rd m an u re in a q u a n tity of 200 q /h ec tare (under potatoes) and a to ta l of 120 kg N /ha (nitrochalk) and 200 kg K 20 /h a (40% p otash salt) w ere used a single tim e as th e basic fertiliz a tio n . The to ta l of y e a rly doses of ph osphorus and th e dose ev ery 4 y e a rs (“in sto ra g e ”) am o u n ted to 140 kg P 20 5/h a in each case. B oth th e doses of calcined p h o sph ate an d p h o sp h orite m eal w ere com puted on th e basis of th e to ta l ph osphorus co nten t (soluble in h o t aq ua regia).
The av erag e a n n u a l p la n t yield s from th e e n tire ro tatio n , ex pressed in cereal u n its, are given in Tab. 1, an d in Fig. 1; th e m ean increases in each of th e crops d u rin g th e 4 -y ear e x p e rim e n t are p rese n ted in re la tiv e values. The values of th e y ield increases o btained on p hosphorite m eal, w hich w ere com pared in Fig. 1 w ith th e y ield in creases obtain ed on calcined p hosphate, th e value of w h ich w as ad o pted as 100.
T a b l e 1
Average crops and crop in c r e a s e s during the e n t i r e crop r o t a t i o n in c e r e a l u n i t s
F e r t i l i z a t i o n Crops in c e r e a l u n i t s Crop i n c r e a s e s in c e r e a l u n i t s r e l a t i v enumbers Without phosphorus 3 6. S3 -
-Ca lcined phosphate - every yea r 4 0 . 3 2 3 . 3 4 100 .0 0 Rock phosphate meal - every ye ar 3 9 . 7 3 2. 8 0 83 .8 3 Rock phosphate meal - f e r t i l i z e d "in s t o r a g e ” * 3 9 . 8 3 2. 85 85 .3 3 Confidence i n t e r v a l (P - 0 . 5 5 ) - 1 . 2 2
* F e r t i l i z e d Min s to ra ge" - 4 - j e a r dose g iv e n once.
Potatoes-tubers Oat-grain -green massMixture Wheat-grain
- % 86—A-- - - - 81 39 82 95A A -62• Fertilization m Calcined pht -every yea/ • Rock phosp, -ei/ery year a Rock phospi -given „in si •7 6 isphafe hate meal )ate meal lorage "
Fig. 1. A v era g e crop in crea ses of th e sep arate p la n ts (rela tiv e v a lu es) in fo u r -y e a r s ex p e r im e n ts
As in d ic a te d in Fig. 1, th e p h osphorus from ph o sp h o rite m eal w as w ell u tilized by potatoes, field peas an d w in te r w heat, oats rea c tin g th e m ost w eak ly to th is fertiliz e r. T he effects of fertiliz in g “in sto ra g e ” as com pared w ith a n n u a l fertiliz a tio n ap p e ar to be b e tte r for th e c u lti vation of cereals.
IN V E ST IG A T IO N S ON THE D Y N A M IC S OF TH E U P T A K E OF PH O SPH O R U S FROM C ALC INED P H O S P H A T E A N D PH O SPH O R IT E M EAL A N N O F O S
B Y P L A N T S
In v estig atio n s w ere c a rrie d out in 1960 d u rin g w hich th e occurrence and m ag n itu d e of th e d ifferen ces in u p tak in g phosphorus fro m calcined p h osphate and p h ospho rite m eal by p la n ts in th e various phases of
th e ir dev elo pm en t [4] w as stud ied. The ev alu atio n of th ese d ifferen ces w as based on a com parison of th e v alu e of th e ratio of th e to ta l n itro gen co n te n t to th e to ta l phosp h oru s co n ten t in th e p lan ts in v estig ated [1]. The objects of th e in v estig atio n w ere p otatoes (tub ers and leaves), oat, m ix tu re of field peas an d oats an d w in te r w h eat, h a rv e ste d 3 tim es d u rin g th e v eg etation period an d co n ducted d u rin g th e 3rd y e a r of th e e x p e rim e n ts in th e N orfo lk crop ro ta tio n [5]. Sam ples of th e p lan ts w ere g a th e red an d an aly zed from each of th e p a rtic u la r fe rtiliz e r com binations. T he d ates of th e h a rv e sts is given in Tab. 2.
T a b l e 2
Yhe da te s c f the h a r v e s t s
H arvests p o t a t o e s Oat r'ield Dess w ith o a ts (j *h ea t
I ha rv est Ju ly 2o bei:inn ing of blo od ing June 1 t i l l e r i n g June 1 t i l l e r i n g oi j iiiaj J t i x l e r i n g o a t s 1 II ha r v e st Aug-st 24 lower l e a v e s d ie July 6
head i fig Ju ly 6 heading j June 16 blooai ng III ha r v e st Kove.:.óer 24
l u l l v ripe August 4 i u i i y r i c e J uiy I-c 1‘iej.d peas ! August -j l u l l r i p e n e s s
blwOn !
i 1
A sim ilar basic fe rtiliz a tio n (n itrogen-potash) w as used in the e x p e ri m ents on a ll fields, an d th e pho sp h oru s fertiliz a tio n w as diverse. A p art fro m th e contro l series, w ith o u t phosphorus, th e ex p e rim e n ts included a series w ith a n n u a l doses of calcined p h o sp hate an d phosphorite m eal A nnofos and a series in w hich ph o sp h o rite m eal w as used “in sto ra g e ” u n d e r all th e crops in crop ro ta tio n once e v e ry 4 years. The p lan t sam ples w ere g a th e red for in v estig atio n in th e 3rd y e a r of th e application of th is fertilizer.
It w as expected th a t th e d ifferen ces in fertiliz a tio n as reg a rd s the so lu b ility of p h osphorus com pounds w ill have a m ark e d in flu ence on th e chem ical com position of th e p lan ts, especially in th e y ounger phases of th e ir developm ent. It w as also ju dg ed th a t th e p lan ts fro m th e series w ith o u t phospho rus a n d those fertiliz e d w ith n ot rea d ily availab le form s of p h o sp h ate com pounds in th e fo rm of pho sp ho rite m eal w ill have a la rg e r ratio N : P 20 5 th a n th e p lan ts fro m th e series fertilized w ith calcined p hosphate.
The phosph o ru s fe rtiliz e r dose u n d e r potatoes am o u n ted to 50 kg, u n d e r th e rem ain in g p la n ts — 30 kg P 20 5 per h ectare. The doses of both fe rtiliz e rs w ere com pu ted according to th e to ta l p hosphorus content.
Basic fe rtiliz a tio n consisted of n itro c h alk in a dose of 30 kg N p e r h ec ta re u n d e r each of th e p lan ts and 40 p e rc e n t p otash sa lt in a dose of 89 kg K 20 p er h e c ta re u n d e r potatoes an d 40 kg p er h e c ta re u n d e r th e r e m ain ing crops. F a rm y a rd m an u re (200 q/ha) w as also u sed fo r th e potatoes.
The re su lts of th e analyses confirm ed th e supposition th a t th e phos phorus su p p lied to p lan ts w as less in th e series fertiliz e d by phosph o rite m eal com pared to those fertiliz e d by calcined p h osphate. The p la n ts fro m th e series w ith o u t ph osphorus had th e larg est ratio N : P 20 5 an d th e sm allest — those fertiliz e d w ith calcined phosphate. The v alues of th e ratio N : P 20 5 in crops from th e series fertiliz e d w ith p hosp ho rite m eal w ere m ore adventageo u s (lower) w h en using th is fe rtiliz e r “in sto ra g e ”
Fig. 2. A v era g e ratio N : P 20 5 in th e p la n ts ex a m in ed
1 — n o p h o s p h o r u s , 2 — c a l c i n e d p h o s p h a t e — s i n g l e d o s e , 3 — r o c k p h o s p h a t e m e a l — a p p l i e d e v e r y y e a r , 4 — r o c k p h o s p h a t e m e a l g i v e n “ in s t o r a g e » ’.
as com pared w ith th e ratio w ith a n n u a l doses. The larg est differences in th e ratio N : P 20 5 in th e p lan ts of th e p a rtic u la r fertiliz a tio n series occured in th e in itia l period of g ro w th (H arvest I). These differen ces becam e sm aller as th e v eg etatio n period becam e longer. T his is to be seen in Fig. 2, w hich p rese n ts th e m eans of th e rela tio n sh ip s in th e v alues of th e ra tio N : P 20 5 fo r a ll p lan ts in v estig ated . T he g rea test ran g e in th e valu e of th is ratio in th e sam ples of each of th e crops (grow th phase) w as a sce rta in ed in oat an d w h eat, a sm aller one in th e leaves an d tu b e rs of potatoes an d it w as th e sm allest in field peas.
E X PE R IM EN T S ON THE E FFE C T IV E N E SS OF FE R T IL IZ A T IO N “IN ST O R A G E ” W ITH PH O SPH O R IT E M EAL A N N O F O S A N D C ALC IN E D P H O SPH A T E
ON M E A D O W S
The in v estig atio n s w ere conducted in 1959-1961 in 3 localities of the Rzeszów d istrict. The d istan ce betw een th e e x p e rim e n tal points did not exceed 3 km , b u t th e y d iffered fu n d a m e n ta lly as reg a rd s k ind and h u m id ity of th e soil. E x p erim en t 1 w as p erfo rm ed on a fin e -sa n d y m edium clay w ith a low g ro u n d -w a te r level, w hich prod uced a periodic dro u g h t, m ost fre q u e n tly a fte r th e 1st cut. The soil contained 6.7 mg P 20 5 and 6.8 mg K 20 /1 0 0 gram s soil a fte r E gner, 4.83 p ercen t organic m a tte r and p H KCj = 5.9. In e x p e rim e n t 2 soil conditions w ere ad v an tageo us to th e action of th e pho sp h orite m eal: organogenic allu v ia l p eat soil, m oist, w ith p H Kci = 5.6, con tain ed 10.68 p e rc e n t organic m a tte r in a lay e r up to 20 cm deep. It w as poor in available p hosphorus an d potash (5.5 mg P 20 5 and 2.5 mg K 20 /100 gram s soil a fte r Egner). The soil in the ex p e rim e n t 3 (a heavy w a rp soil) h ad a pH KC1 = 6.3, a high g ro u n d w a te r level and co ntained 6.21 p e rc e n t organic m a tte r an d 2.1 m g P 20 5 and 7.3 mg K 20 /1 0 0 g soil a fte r Egner. The average a ltitu d e of th e ex p e rim e n ta l plots am o u nted to ab o ut 200 m, an d th e m ean of th e to ta l p rec ip ita tio n — 685.5 m m (during th e v eg etation period — A pril to S ep tem b e r — 454 mm).
All th e ex p erim en ts w ere u n d e rta k e n in 5 fertiliz a tio n series: w ith o u t phosphorus, calcined p h o sp hate an d A nnofos applied in doses ev ery y e a r an d calcined p h o sphate and A nnofos applied once every th re e
Experiments
Fig. 3. R e la tiv e v a lu e s of crop in crea se w h en fertilized ev ery yea r or “in sto ra g e” (once in th ree years) w ith calcin ed p h o sp h a te and rock p h osp h ate m ea l in th r e e -y e a r
m ead ow fe r tiliz in g e x p erim en ts
a ) — c o m p a r i s o n o f t h e e f f e c t o f f e r t i l i z a t i o n . C r o p i n c r e a s e w h e n c a l c i n e d p h o s p h a t e = 10U;
1 — r o c k p h o s p h a t e m e a l a p p l i e d e v e r y y e a r , 2 — r o c k p h o s p h a t e m e a l g i v e n ,, i n s t o r a g e ”
b ) — c o m p a r i s o n o f s y s t e m s o f f e r t i l i z i n g . C r o p i n c r e a s e w h e n f e r t i l i z a t i o n e v e r y y e a r = 100;
T a b l e 3
A v era g e c r o p s o f hay ^dry m a ss; i'roin th e t h r e e - y e a r meadow f e r t i l i z i n g e x p e r im e n t s
F e r t i l i z a t i o n I - s t e x p e r im e n t I l - n d e x p e r im e n t I l l - r d e x p e r im e n t q /h a cr o p i n c r e a s e q /h a c r o p i n c r e a s e q /h a c r o p i n c r e a s e W ith o u t p h o sp h o r u s 6 1 . 8 - 6 8 . 8 - 5 8 . 7 -C a lc in e d p h o s p h a te e v e r y y e a r 69*5 7 . 7 7 8 .2 9 . 4 70.3 1 1 . 6 R ock p h o s p h a te m ea l e v e r y y e a r 6З .6 6 . 8 77 .7 8 . 9 67 .4 8 . 7 C a lc in e d p h o s p h a te f e r t i l i z e d ''in s t o r a g e ” * 75 .6 13 .8 8 0 . 2 1 1. 4 70.3 11 .6 Rock p h o s p h a te m ea l f e r t i l i z e d " in s t o r a g e " # 72. 5 10 .7 8 2 . 0 1 3 . 2 6 8 . 0 9 . 3 C o n fid e n c e i n t e r v a l IP - 0 . 9 b ) - 2 . 8 8 - 3 . 7 9 - 2 . 4 0 * F e r t i l i z e d Min s t o r a g e " - f u l l f e r t i l i z e r d o se g iv e n on ce e v e r y t h r e e y e a r s
y e a rs “in sto ra g e ” . The y e a rly dose of phosp ho ru s am o u n ted to 50 k g /h ec tare P 20 5 (calculated according to th e to ta l p hosphorus content). A t th e begin nin g of th e ex p e rim e n t, a “sto ra g e ” dose of bo th fe rtiliz e rs m eant fo r th re e years, th a t is 150 k g /h ec tare P 20 5, w as applied in series 4 an d 5. The basic fertiliz a tio n consisted in: 40 p e rc e n t p otash sa lt an d 25 p e rc e n t n itro ch alk . As reg a rd s m in e ral soils, 80 k g /h ec tare K 20 an d 40 k g /h ec tare N w as applied e v ery y e a r in ex p e rim e n ts 1 and 3, an d as reg a rd s th e organo-genic s o il — 120 k g /h ec tare K 20 and 20 k g /h e c ta re N in e x p e rim e n t 2.
Two cuts of h a y w ere h a rv e ste d each y e a r from every ex p e rim e n t. The m ean h a y y ield fro m each of th e e x p e rim e n ta l sta n d s (total of 2 h arvests) are p rese n ted in Tab. 3. In ev ery y e a r of th e e x p erim en ts th e y ields shaped as depen d ing on th e q u a n tity an d d istrib u tio n of p recip itatio n . The h ig h est yield s w ere obtained in th e d ry sta n d (exp. 1) d u rin g w et y e a rs (1960 and 1961) an d on v e ry m oist soils (exp. 2 and 3) a d ry y e a r (1959) w as m ore advantageous.
As in d icated by Tab. 2, th e h ig h est average h a y crops w ere obtained in e x p e rim e n t 2, on an acid and h u m id m eadow . F ertiliz atio n ev ery y e a r w ith calcined ph osph ate and ph osphorite m eal p roduced the sam e effect w h ereas w hen b o th these fertiliz e rs w ere applied “in sto ra g e ” , th e action
of A nnofos w as som ew hat b e tte r.
F ig u re 3 p rese n ts th e efectiveness of fertiliz a tio n w ith phosph orite m eal in re la tio n to th e valu e of calcined p ho sp h ate (A) and a com parison of th e increase in effectiveness of both fertiliz e rs w hen used “in sto ra g e ” (B). In p a rt A, th e averag e values of crop yield increases of 3 y e a rs of
ex p e rim e n ts o b tain ed co nseq u ent to fertiliz a tio n w ith calcined ph osp hate app lied e v e ry y e a r an d “in sto ra g e ” w as adopted as 100 an d to th ese values th e effectiv eness of A nnofos w as re fe rre d w h en applied in th e sam e m an n er. As m ay be seen, p h o sp h o rite m eal gave w ay in a v a rie d degree to th e fe rtiliz e r action of th e cacined p h o sphate irre sp e c tiv e of th e m a n n e r of its application, w ith th e exception of ex p e rim e n t 2 on th e organogenic soil w h ere fertiliz a tio n “in sto ra g e ” w ith A nnofos gave h ig h er yield s (116 percent).
W hen com paring th e m an n e r of ap p ly in g fertiliz e rs — in p a rt В of th e grap h , th e y ield increases con seq u en t to fertiliz in g w ith calcined pho sp h ate and p h o sph o rite m eal in a n n u a l doses w as adopted as 100. As seen, fertiliz a tio n “in sto ra g e ” w ith phosp h orus (ap a rt from calcined p h o sp hate in exp. 3) gave a m ark e d ly b e tte r effect th a n a n n u a l f e r ti lization. T he m ean increase in effectiv en ess (from all th e exp erim ents) of fertiliz a tio n “in sto ra g e ” w ith A nnofos w as h ig h er (137 percent) as com pared w ith fertiliz a tio n “in sto ra g e ” w ith calcined pho sp h ate (128 percent).
R EFER EN C ES
[1] J e n t y s S.: O sto su n k u ilo śc io w y m azotu i k w a su fo sfo ro w eg o w ziarn ie ow sa jako w sk a źn ik u b ra k ó w p o k a rm o w y ch ziem i (On th e q u a n tita tiv e rela tio n sh ip of n itro g en and p h osp h oric acid in oat grain as an in d e x of n u tr itiv e d e fic ie n c ie s in ground). R oczn. N au k R oln., 4, 451, 1909.
[2] L i t y ń s k i T.: W artość n a w o zo w a m ączk i fo sfo r y to w e j. A k tu a ln e za g a d n ien ia n a w o żen ia m in era ln eg o (F ertilizin g v a lu e of p h osp h oric m eal. P r e se n t p rob lem s of m in era l fertiliza tio n ). P art I, 169 pp., W arsaw 1962.
[3] L i t y ń s k i Т., M a z u r K.: N a w o żen ie m ączk ą fo s fo r y to w ą na zapas (F ert iliza tio n “in sto ra g e” w ith p h osp h oric m eal). P ost. N auk R oln., nr 1, 27, 1963. [4] M a z u r K.: B ad an ia nad d y n a m ik ą p o b iera n ia fo sfo ru przez ro ślin y z m ączk i
fo sfo r y to w e j i su p erto m a sy n y (In v estig a tio n s on th e d y n a m ics of p h osphorus u p ta k e b y p la n ts from rock p h o sp h a te m ea l and calcin ed phosphate). A cta A gr. et S ilv ., S eria R oln icza, t. 5, 67, 1965.
[5] M a z u r K.: O cena w a rto ści n a w o zo w ej m ączk i fo sfo r y to w e j A n n o fo s w p ło d o - zm ian ie n o rfo lsk im (E stim ation of fe r tiliz e r v a lu e of rock p h o p sh a te m ea l A n n o fo s in a N o rfo lk Crop R otation). A cta A gr. et S ilv ., S eria R oln icza, 5, 17, 1965.
[6] M a z u r K.: W y n ik i d o św ia d czeń z n a w o żen iem łą k A n n o fo sem . (E xp erim en tal resu lts on fe r tiliz in g m ea d o w s w ith rock p h o sp h a te m e a l A n n ofos). A cta A gr. et. S ilv ., S eria R oln icza, 6/1, 25, 1966.
[7] M i e l n i k ó w T. S., K o s z e l k o w P. N. , O s i p o w a Z. N.: D ozy fo s fo r it- noj m u k i i d litie ln o st ich p o sle d je jstw ija . F o sfo r n y je u d ob rien ija. S b orn ik rabot, s. 119, 1958.
[8] S с h m i d t G.: E rg eb n isse ein er V orratsd ü n gu n g m it P h osp h orsäu re and K ali au f U rg estein sb o d en in N o rd ostb ayern . D ie P h osp h orsäu re, 21, 51, 1961.
[9] S с h m i d t G.: R e n ta b ilitä tsfr a g e ein er 6 - jä h rig en V orratsd ü n gu n g m it T h o m asp h osp h at. D ie P h osp h orsäu re, 21, 142, 1961.
K . M A Z U R
F U M A G E PA R L A PO U D R E P H O SPH O R IT E A N N O F O S PA R A V A N C E
C h a i r e d e C h i m ie A g r i c o l e d e la H a u t e É c o l e d ’A g r i c u l t u r e d e K r a k ó w
R é s u m é
A u cours des o b serv a tio n s m en ées on com para l ’e ffic a c ité du fu m a g e par la p ou d re de p h osp h orite et la b a sip h o sp h a te „ su p erto m a sy n a ”. L a pou d re de p h o sp h o rite dans le s e x p é r ie n c e s a u x ch am p s dans la rotation de N orfolk a p p liq u ée en une dose (une fo is pour le s 4 ans) p rod u it en m o y en n e un a ccro issem en t sem b la b le des réco ltes q u ’ap p liq u é a n n u ellem en t. P ar contre le fu m a g e par a v a n ce dans la cu ltu re des c éréa les é ta it p lu s p ro fita b le q u e le fu m a g e an n u el.
D ans le s o b serv a tio n s sur la d y n a m iq u e du p r é lè v e m e n t du p h osp h ore par le s p la n tes dans d iv erses p h ases de leu r d év elo p p em en t le fu m a g e par la p ou d re de p h osp h orite par a v a n c e fa v o r isa it en une p lu s la rg e m esu re que le fu m a g e a n n u el un p r é lè v e m e n t h a rm o n ieu x du phosp h ore et de l ’azote assu ran t a u x p la n tes une q u a n tité s u ffis a n te d’a lim en t p h osp h oriq u e dans les prem iers sta d es de leu r d é v e lo p p em en t.
A u cours des e x p é r ie n c e s dans les p rairies le fu m a g e par a v a n ce ta n t par la poudre de p h o sp h o rite que par la b a sip h o sp h a te „ su p erto m a sy n a ” é ta it p lu s e ffic a c e q u e le fu m a g e par d oses a n n u elles.
к . M A Z U R
DIE V O R R A T SD Ü N G U N G M IT PO L N ISC H EM R O H PH O SPH A T M EH L „A N N O F O S”
L e h r s t u h l f ü r A g r o c h e m i e , L a n d w i r t s c h a f t l i c h e H o c h s c h u l e , K r a k o w
Z u s a m m e n f a s s u n g
Es w u rd en die U n tersu ch u n g en durchg'eführt, in w e lc h e n m an d ie E ffe k tiv itä t der a lljä h rlich en und V orratsd ü n gu n g m it R o h p h o sp h a tm eh l und p o ln isch em G lü h - p h osp h at („S u p erto m a sy n a ”) verg le ich . D as R oh p h osp h atm eh l in der in n erh a lb der N orfolk F ru ch tw ech sel g efü h rten F eld v ersu ch en , b ei ein m a lig er E in b rin gu n g d e ss e l ben fü r ganze F ru ch tfolg’e (jed e 4 Jahre) gab im D u rch sch n itt ä h n lich e M eh rertäge w ie b ei d essen a lljä h rig en E in b rin gu n g. D ie V orratsd ü n gu n g w ar, d agegen , b eim G etreid ean b au g ü n stig er als die a lljäh rige.
In den U n tersu ch u n g en über d ie D y n a m ik der P h o sp h o ra u fn a h m e durch d ie P fla n zen in v ersc h ie d e n e n E n tw ick lu n g sp h a sen d erselb en , trug die V orratsd ü n gu n g m it R oh p h o sp h a tm eh l im grösserem als die a lljä h rlich e G rade ein er h arm on isch en P h o sp h o r- und S tic k sto ffa u fn a h m e bei, in d em sie den F fla n zen g en ü g en d e P h o sp h o r m en g en in frü h en E n tw ick lu n g sp h a sen sich erte.
In den W iesen v ersu ch en er w ie s sich d ie V orratsd ü n gu n g, so w o h l m it R oh p h os p h atm eh l als auch m it G lü h p h osp h at „S u p erto m a sy n a ”, e ffe k tiv e r als die a lljä h r lich e D üngung.
K . M A Z U R
N AW O ŻEN IE M Ą C ZK Ą FOSFO R YT O W Ą A N N O F O S N A Z A P A S
K a t e d r a C h e m i i R o l n i c z e j W S R , K r a k ó w
S t r e s z c z e n i e
P rzep row ad zon o badania, w k tórych p o ró w n y w a n o e fe k ty w n o ść corocznego i zap asow ego n a w o żen ia m ączką fo sfo r y to w ą i su p ertom asyn ą. M ączka fo sfo ry to w a w d o św ia d czen ia ch p o lo w y ch w p ło d o zm ia n ie n orfolsk im za sto so w a n a jed n orazow o na całe zm ia n o w a n ie (raz na 4 lata) w y w o ła ła p rzeciętn ie pod ob n e zw y żk i p lo n ó w jak przy sto so w a n iu corocznym . N a to m ia st n a w o żen ie na zapas przy u p ra w ie zbóż b yło k o r z y stn ie jsz e od n a w o żen ia corocznego.
W b ad an iach nad d y n am ik ą p ob ieran ia fo sfo ru p rzez ro ślin y w różn3rch fazach
ich rozw oju n a w o żen ie m ączką fo sfo r y to w ą na zapas sp rzyjało w w ię k sz y m stop n iu niż n a w o ż e n ie coroczne h arm on ijn em u p ob ieran iu fo sfo ru i azotu zab ezp ieczając roślin om d o stateczn ą ilość p okarm u fo sfo ro w eg o w e w c z e sn y c h stad iach rozw oju.
W d o św ia d czen ia ch łą k o w y ch za p a so w e n a w o ż e n ie zarów no m ączk ą fo s fo r y to w ą, jak i su p erto m a sy n ą b yło e fe k ty w n ie jsz e od n a w o żen ia d aw k am i corocznym i.
к . М А З У Р У Д О БРЕН И Е Ф О СФ О РИ ТН О Й М У К О Й А Н Н О Ф О С ПРО ЗА П А С К а ф е д р а А г р о х и м и и , В ы с ш а я С е л ь с к о х о з я й с т в е н н а я Ш к о л а , К р а к о в Р е з ю м е П роводили исследован и я, в которы х сравнивали эф ф ек ти в н о ст ь удобр ен и я ф о сф о р и тн о й м укой и супертом асш лаком , вн осим ы х еж ег о д н о или про запас. В п ол евы х опы тах ф о сф о р и т н а я м ука прим ен яем ая в н ор ф ол ьск ом севообороте однократно весь плодосм ен (раз на 4 года) дав ал а в среднем подобны е п р и бавки у р о ж а я , как и при еж егодн ом прим енении. О днако дл я зер н ов ы х культур у д обр ен и е про зап ас ок азал ось эф ф ек т и в н ее еж егодн ого. Согласно и сследован иям по динам ике усв оен и я ф о с ф о р а растениям и в р а з н ы х ф а з а х развити я, уд обр ен и е ф о сф о р и тн о й м укой про зап ас способствовало бол ее гарм оническом у поступлению ф о с ф о р а и азота в растения, л учш е и х обесп ечи вая питательны м и элем ентам и в р ан н и х ст ади ях развития. В лугов ы х опы тах у добр ен и е про зап ас как ф о сф о р и т н о й м укой так и супертом асш лаком бы ло бол ее эф ф ек ти в н ы м , чем уд обр ен и е еж ег о д н о в н оси мыми дозам и.
