A new approach to the design of anchoring systems for merchant ships

(1)

20

hr'i.ry

:1

IIVThT

ILaboratorhim voor 8IeepahydromechanIca Archief &oweg 2.2828 CD D&ft 'L Ota.?&7s_ oia

NFW i I kO(-ic..I-I (0 iHE. LE-i r'J oF

rNCHOR :[N SY3TEM5

MEFiNT

by

Br ink,

Msc.

U i::i ft)

Nvi:J.,

1i:1tt

M..!i:.:ns I'1 N

(2)

Introduction

TIe new

poii cri the i:ie

i.ciri

of

. ncj

sy'stems for me

rit

Ii :i. ps

I

.

b..ei:I on the

re%'j 1.

of

ni

:Lrivei;tij.ti or lnto

the

vai id:i.ty of

the "rLi].ee

of iTh'jmh

r,ir].rer

tr;:icij.-ttOTi Ii. ly I 1< C bC.) iIc ('1 Ii I lit LI 0

fI Iii

d Loniij ih I Ti

I or

rI

I I

The i ntvc.:.?1t 1 q;t :i on

a;

I nist I q.atecl by

the reommeridiit:L oris

on

.c- Fp arihoririq of sh Ips nide by the

Merniti le Mar' :1 ne Ir' :LbI..InI.1 1.

of ti uc N( I icr I

Tid . t.pr 1 I i i Tirp ii ry

i lii

) LI ic rh

t.cr

r

II

ni/ L M ss1.u15 i ri -o.

/

prr oris

1 c L LI o Li I L u I L di. sai ..or ;..iJ. so

i:rcmpted the

N.etho.r 1 arids SIi :1. pp i ric

to

ppro.:Ir the

Nether 1 :nds Th

:i. p.i.stors

ISSOt I .itIoni

w :ith the

i crp U - t Lo Iii I orm LI im

Oil U

pr OTVr o I

H ioi i m nihc i .> n

tlio

iotIic:Is

ti-iey '..iso t-o doterm :1. rio

the

required :Lerith

o

;.lnI(.c)r' hziinr

The roe.ornmer:d.t 1 0TF5 nvde

by the

t;iint....i.e. M.ir' :1. re ii' :1. b'..iria I

1IE? I.1- C)+ t

t

cItov'ni. Ti(, tIiE

r'?'::!'.J :i i'o:l :I.e.ti<iLli of

ihtIic'

r.l"iZl i.

1 nivost 1 cj. ti on :i. T1t0 the. IJS.? o f

ti"I.? L:>1'nit d..iy

coii....

II itt

i Ltc_l irio I o'jy

to

i L I I I ri p m i1 1 I i ''0111

iIo

.i Li j I ci i Ii l 1(1' 101 I Ii )dVO1 0

'o iLl'

conid :i t:L oris

:1:

tIe ':c)'..I..'F

cf

:Iio irivosti. ci.it:i. CDflS 1

l:e:

_1:10 '.J. e.

tlu? (.D i:II? '' r 1. 's ': I:1:i.jiiib .I"iC)I..I 1 :I l:e $)I: lnu:lc) ted 1 ii

+iVOl..Il ci f '.:loterri:i. ni :i. niq the reqi..i :i rei.:i :1. ri 3. TYlth I:y

ie.ris of tlo

t:eni:ry

iiJ1tionis

ttie

desi. cni ph :iiosoi:hy

of

ri'hor 1 ric.J

'sterns for

mer-ihinit sI I p's roqu ire's i..ipdt:i. nuq

I1IO .'I::i..:ic:? 11. ai':Iclros's .i

cf Ui

ri's wh:i.Thi :I.e/.:I to I±,

new

_II

DIl'.:Ii tIieni :li.ve .i cIier.l.1 3. des'.r' :i.pi::i. or of

the

los :i. qri

Ph i. 1. o;ophy , fo]. 1 cted by 'sc:rne

eI:s c+ thP

hc:' 1. CII. niCi power o

I:Ii?

iyi'.Ici'

iiu:I .L(I.. 1. I: :i. on Il:)de .1 inii.:I :i. Ii..1 :1. .1. ¶,/ .1.1 '(DT;:Li..I 1 Equipment number

to des :1. e.:jrt

of the

TKIIOr 1 ri'.:j 'system I.'s

b;ised on

Ltie

2.1] :Li.j L

t:i on of

the oqi..iipmenit ni'..imber Lii :1 th th :1. s Is determ:i.-ne:I

I u( lii ImKol uid Iii

01 Ho .lTv I it1

ilid

I. 0

Lot ii

J 'TiJ( Ii

di

liii

otor ;Td

qr'do of the sti.jd

Link

Ii;Ini

For

the bower .nichors

Iiio qnior;ii:L form of the nu..irriber

Is

l:::CILI:i. ii1?T,t nii..iiii:>ei' CI :i. :i.' :i.

<1:1. 1. :i. ni

ii:i':i.t

tcii

Il'.VlliV'50

:i. ri ru2

(3)

1 thioucih i:ie ru..

I:er

I::. k.es :1 rito ccci..ITit fl1.51

0 f ttie

i.h p so

1. rudi EtJ. y the ± riert:i.

rud

to

some

it the

_{e<posed to}

w:i. rid :1. t

doe; rot

q:t. ye riy t.iu..i :Ld.rurie or

1:1 the fc's which

h.ve to

he de. it w:i. th

i..irr:ier v.y' . oujs eriv :1. rorinierit:i corif:iJ. t otis

rior.L S .riy

çJi..L (J1i.c çj:i. yen cjii i: :1 Ti::j

j::'er'

tIi

rilor'

The ..)bc)ve I:e :i. rc tI"ie m.:i. ru i'0.uS0TuS wh:i. cI J. tC) 1Iie Tuc:''

pprar.I-i

The design philosophy

The pi'oosed phi 1 osc)pIiy I

b;ised

on the FDc:t that...ue

ruchor--:1. ru'. system :1 s ; system '.ompr' :1 s:inI] _Ltie

nu'.oi'

_t1ie _{:i. Ii,}

ttie

w i rid 1 ass,

the cha :i Ti stopper'

arid the

WI. rid]. ais coritro 1 system

orce the res'.1trt for::e

:ierier;ite<:! I:y w :1 rid,

cLil' rents arid waves

I'rowru (I uC. uii I e. it.i rJTRi-J i ri i ,'rui 'I 1ii _c n I..Ii Tuoi-Iia I

eriq:Lrueer1riç

Lice

Tc: :Ic) 10, +: c: de'

i. i'ti fy

I..:Ar:j ; ]. Ii 1.5 >;1)E?:i on how m;.:r :1. nier' i.ise

tIi

''I::em, :t is 'qi..i i. r?d iii :1 s i. s ma :. ni y

1ic i..I:? c.l: _tI'1e.

_.iiitc:n

<:1'...i tu/.

bi't:t

:i. rt .:iri:I '.11.

I'tIiirq;

I-i.av I rucj .ri'.:Ic)1' ::I'_ir :i. ai:Iv(:'I'c? :1.f :1. c:rs

tiie i.a< :1 mi.Jm CJ 'oi.jnud :c- d wi : L si: ani'.:hjcn- i. niçi

ttie

:e1'I:i. 1 e e :1. iL>,e? .?;the/J to '.:h'oi:> ri.iic:'i

k:i.ri;i :1.1:

J;.L (Jr tI"ie nia 1 m.im w1i:c?1 depth th&? :i. p r

ar'.or

1hi :1. '.:leJfruds or

I:t"ie t:a I.

.'..i :i. 1 .:tb :L :i. c?i:!tii of ciia 1. ri

]: r:c)'L3.uTit Fc:'r

ti':a I e.:i_i].

. or

c f tlu

C)i'c? or, Ltie w :1. rid .1 ass,

i:>r'a 'Se aid dia :1. ii stoJper'

i. is tie .iris

1. ri wh :i. cl-i tl-iey are. '.ised

Iii:'

ftI? as Fo:I. :i:f.;

ci'op

1i :inichc)r'

frc'r

a c(ta1.

"ie i. jItao'e sed :iri.:I

i:ii(?r Ii':: :L:i IIic.? ci-i; :1. ii ., 1 I:Ii t:hie, I

'.Ie

i(:?

.1ii.Ii0'

:1

ri ti i(.' S u1'crI fIi'.iEIi i. I I y -iy i ii i c I

ii ii

I i I 1i

tI"ie ra I'S(. i. 1. k :1 n:; I:Iic sii :1. p nd '..i]. Li. iiiate :i.

'1riqtii?

Ii.11.ru

c,iL!...Iie l:>ii.e

ieni isi..ifF:i.c.:iertt c:ii.i:iTi :iis

I:kJ1(::l c:u.jt 1c) tic)].:l

tIic

1sii:i.i: Lii I:iJs:Lt:i.:Jni

si. f:i.ci. erit ...3 Wa]. k the

an'd-ic'r out...a

_{cer'ta ± ri}

ciepf:h arid tarisfer

tip load to the brake then dr'oj:

t:he

:iricI:r

.:inid r':i. ni 1sIii.1: tc:

iiIici'

.)s

i"ic?ri .d(? ii :1 nic alt

1it: ri:r' ris ±c-r tie cIia :1 ri

!. oad

fi'cim ttie

a ke tc:i ...ie w :i. nicki. s eave

shcrt:

bi'k the

1ui"or

From t.1ie i?.id SO :i. :i

and Uteni :L hc)m sa :i.

:1. :':i. enit...a i..e

:c.'

:i. :fr: an:

anchor I r

e::.ti'piïie

:L 'r.DrtIerut;3 :i. cDr'.:! :t. ors

li-to Four

ways in

th:i.ch the ':i.nic::l:i;.:isis

:i.s ud ish(DW

Ie

impc ...

(4)

THE ANCHORLINE CALCULATION MODEL Figure No.1. Fg F S = Wind force F- = Wave force = Current force

F = Holding Power Anchor

(5)

w. rid lass The same .pp.L :1 es

the

hai. n s:

per

wh i '.!i car be

'..iseci to r'eJ. i. eve tIie wi rid 1. 1 ii Ito. s

:L:Iiai,1 d

be

ret em ered tt-i;..vI:

the

moment

the stopper

Is

j.nied the

:i 1

chai ri 1 o.Ed i. s .1 mme:I:i. abe3. y b aris ferred to the I:ra ke

The holding power of the anchor

There are two aspects wI-d. ch

I nf I. 'Jerice the cho:i ce of

an anchor

for a sii ip

The

f:L r ..1st he ho L d :Lri

power and ...le second

force required to break the embedded anchor from seabed

complete

cii f fererit aspect Is the

: rif'.L 'jerice oF

the shape oF

the anchor on the ho]. di ric power

:1.1st d :t.q<J:Lnr. :L tse 1 1

1 rito the seabed,

so :1 1 penetrates between

the. 'F]. u kes

arid the shank

_{Depend]. r,çJ}

on the

_{proI:ert :i. es o F the}

1. arid ...ie

shape of

the

flukes

so :1 1 may

i:ome

c:I.cDcjcied

between, shai', k arid ' :i. ukes arid

so obstr'..ict

p (,

:i. or of

the

'F 1....ikes,

coriseqijent lv the

anchor I:ecomes a

. 1 arqe 1. 'imp oF

SC)]. ], wh icr: easi. J. y

breaks out

wl'ien,

tt,.

1 :i. :1. rId

'force exceeds

the so i L

J:ressi..ire

The fact...ie free ro't:at:i. or, of the

'F]. '.ikes may be hampered

by ba:I 1 y shaped 'FLu kes :i.s cars :1 dered i::o be an i...wanted j:r'oie...

ty of

the anchor as

:i. t

"...ect :L\J a ffects the

ho]. di r:c c>owr of

the ar,clior' hence the safety of the 51i ip

y tIi(

l'io.1. ci:,. T'iCt power 0+

the

ani'.har 1 q:i. yen a

i ear.. Lr' .) t I iP Ii I I I U I I ,CD1 I Ti .- I

,i iqi-.I

TiJ r 'ii I ir- I (i it Tilt IL) I 1 I IT:' t I (: Cj ti if i:i-i

we.i qht i'i"i :i. :1 s CDT' p.:irt: .1. y ti' '..I :i, Ti

tiie

f :i rst p .i. ace

the '.,inderwater m;:,ss we:i. qht' :,. s ,

due to ti"ie Arch :1 medes 1 w

, 1. ess than, the mass we:i. cji"it :t. ri a :1 r

In the second p1 ace

arid t'h :1. ':is

'far more

:i. mportanit t'he

ho:i. di nij powe r:isa

'F:...ct :1.01',

soiL press'..Ire wh rich

is mob :1. 1 1 sed when a :>'..i 1...1. nici 'Fc:U",

acts or,

the anicr'uoi' shackle

air:'t: 'D .: _{v:i. ew} :i. 'I': :i. e+':"eI'e 1 y I....ia'i: :1. s

i:::,I:

n.D q:.i :1 rement's an :hC? hal ci :1. rid power a 'F 511 i,p ' s aT'ichol"'s

::).,

I r'ic,l, i.,ided

in 'bIe "

'u 1, .i'in,d 1 eci:i, s]. at :i. or, '1' he moi'e so beca'.,ise i.!: can; eas:i..iy be sh:awn, thaI.:...a

hold ira power 0+ the

i I ' 1. a i Ti rtp ii I

i ir

i im 'i & I h i ' 'I iTi I I c ',iai,c -''I,r'ed J::.y the er'v :t. 1"oT'it eniba 1. 'I' CDrc')s

pr':pe:"

chCD:I, ''

a 'F a 511 :i. p ai'c:I"ioi" car anti. y b&, macfe a'f't'ei" a ca]. ciJJ. at :i. CDI': 0 'f

the

'esul'barit force

The anchor line calculation model

Ii-C? lc'..i 1;..i'b:i. ':DT'i nlCD':IC-? :i nii,is'b j :L .i,'t::i",e 'i"e,:ii.J i t"&?di L er'ij'bi- CD f c,:i"i; :i, Ti

.TinI?.:i

i''.,ib

't:l"ic': i:>i:i,11 CDni 'I'i:i.I"i t'I, :i.di'J.'b/ c)'f 'bl-i.?

]...i:'cci 1. erici'I:i-i :ani b': tl: :1. s

I

i':C)WT'i :, ri

'ii

iJr'a no

i'I-,e 'F:i. :'Ji"e I T'idi:L 1:i'tr'C 'i'":;i'h 'ti"e r,c ,i, dl]. nd .ewer 0+ 't'i":C an:cI"iC::'r IIJSt

I:e:Ln :':li,.I :1....'I. i:i" i'..int ,,:L 'l::I"u 'I::l"iC :iar'i(':?1"T.1'b:dI

:'

I::i":e ::..,.i.

t'i':ei':'t. 1, ccDr.d :i. 'I:':i. onis

T!'i"s'f'or'a t'ha

c,:.,D l,c',,I Lal: loT', m:,.ist: bD based CDT':

(6)

'I 0 F a F. a z A z 0 .1 ANCHORLINE SHAPES 1 z - -j'--.-- - -.. .- - - . --s'--' - - - F h 1

-

-x

= q.l.f x 0 0 S lack ip 1

OA

x o _L Ultimate slack F F V. 0 '---'---

-i---F

h F F V Fully developed Figure no.2 C

(7)

-WIND- ,CU1RENT-,WAVE- AND HORIZONTAL CHAINFORCE ON A SHIP AT ANCHOR wind force current force wave force a,b h horizontal component ëhain force velocity ship length between perpendiculars breadth coordinates hawse pipe coordinate centre of gravity ; Course O : angle attackwav Wind anglë O : angle current C Figure nO.3

(8)

600

400

-200

FORCE/ DISPLACEMENT DIAGRAM CONTAINERSd

57 8

10 .. 12 Beaufort scale 9 6 3 displacement in m. Figure no.4 waterdepth Wind: direcion force current direction force anchor : : : : : : 20 m North

6-9B

2200 I kn port 0 kN 800

I, _rn/sec _{Wind velocity}

Holding power factor 12 15 25 35 40 0 - - I -0 2 4 6 8 - 10 12 14 16 18 20

(9)

5

the

ril-ior' chk t. ri

-lc- C)ri

tie

:i. p -:-:ri\.' ::. r'c:ririr1.i].

Uie -Fci'e.s or tiie ciiiri itop:er' or- w :L nd 1

Of iriesi:

r'e I:li-:-

v:.n-' :1 otis siips

o-F -IThe .-iru

i-or

in

c'I-u :1.

n be

expected when

zt sh:i. p :1. ;-( yichor i..Jsi..i..:j 3. 3. y her' :ire

-F ± ye o-F wh:L c1i ti-tree

re

howri :i. ri -F :1.

ure rio 2

Fo ic c1ci.j

L.-t ion

ino.:Ie 1 :i. s o-F :i. nitc-?res....he -Fu 1. 3. y i.:ievc-?ic:ped sl-iape wh:i.

1 ut icri Li 'TiV1

oniiriiL.

I

rrii1 I

iori

iiv

i i

s'Jch ;ilri c-?xteI-i-L- th--t-. 3.1

u-F the ch;-,:i n Is

3. ::. -Fted -From se;bed ...

the cri:t

t seabed

:i. S I:anii.3ent

the

ricIior sI-ick 1

L -b

is

trznis:i t :LorI I:etwee.ni si. zic k

inid t;ut

The t;iijt

;.ir,d u 1. tim:ite t;;:iijt

wh :i. ch ;.r'e riot: si-own

:ur when

cry :1 r'nicnit;.1

cor-id...

t i_onis hivc

-Furthe ' :i.iicr'c;aiscd cI--i. :i. ni :1. p..: :i. led ti

it

nid

:Lc-d

-it

ftc

T-ici-ior end

under

nt .irie 1 e

witi-

se-abed

j1i- ':' :n L y I i(V'( I i -i( I t Ie ii uhi1 O1i(Ti I o I I ( ii

-Fc:'cc

;t

i::hc-: iir.:Iior' I'-. .init:I -I:i-ic C) -F ii'.ii I'- :Lni<:i i::i-ic

irici"uor' -Fr'-rjm -tiie o :1. 1.

i.rs

IniL:Ii-:-? i_il :i. i,riL- t;KiI..IL:

Ltit-? r..i ---.Ln i. 1:'i :icIiiI: ..inci I:::i:i1iL: 1 ::ir':icie:i :1. n:i -:.)nI

iC--(i:-?:i::'cI

-:.,'eni

;J 1 y :icve 1. c)t:(--'.:i aini'.:i l:;:ii..jt: C1?S

-ih-

-i-f: :1 or-i model j yLiiu

ii:rir'y

eqij;i::I. or-v

to

cr11 1.

tI--ic 3. cr-'.:jtl-- o -F ti--ic -F..:]. ].y deve 1. oped sh.ipc o -F the ci-i;i :1. ni .ind

1 J 1 1 I ru- I I iC ' L id I Ii I j fi d ft i Ijc m urn Ti

tiit-:. c:::i:-F-F:i::i?T-iLi -F:ii...i:i in ''-1i':i.c:'.jr i.ii:]. :i.:.niL::LC:ni.,

i-i± c It?I:IitDcI ---ic ''i-i.ini :1 nicit- :L o1i-, -ri :t::ur'c .r:cIirict-::1

:1. ri: . 01 metiiod 1 in' t:-x:jT.J :1. 'ed , II-ic-- ci:u:jJ. :1. i:r' :1. i_tm o-F-Fc)rccs +0 _ :L

-i1c)l11 r::ij:JIn.t 1-ic.:) 3

Thc c.or'd :1 T-irtc-:-?

b :is

a -F i r-i-t-erest :1. ii]. y itc;.i'..i-:-

-r

:1.

sri i. ps ---ic h;iwnc. p i. t:x-:-?in

i'c:i.oc;.i!::cd

-For' -From -ftc cer-i-Lc 1. 1 nit-? a -F

lie sI"i :i. p Tt--ic-:, iniei-i-L- criused by ti-ic coc:ur'd:i. riote cr.ini

riot

bt-?

1 Af1 i'.1-s( ) I I '-

I i.-ii'

1 ici ( I I I I (A

ii'

:i. ;p_n-'E-? TIC)

j

cji.vti:. he

o'itcoiiie

: -F I ::'_I :i -rut ion For

I--iyl::c:----ttict :1. :i. coy-ito i ncr sh 1 I: a-F wIi :1 cl--i tic cs-b :1 it-cd d :i meris :i orii; wc-:-?rc

28 r

_{m x 32, 3 ri}

_2:1. _Ci _Iii _{x :13, 6 m ,} _{1 t} _wos _{3. oo-:Icd with -Four}

oF cc)n-L:o :i ncrs or deck , f-iri OTic.hC)i' ± bI-- :i. mpi'ovcd 1-io 3. d:i_ri copoc :1.

y hid 1 Iii I t)1 ) All J I i

ii- td

ii

ii ii ii

u-ui _i cit ilii t 1

76 rum ori:i .#in LJ3 quo :1 1 -I:y w :i. th -ri mo-n-s a -F :1.22 Ko./m FL.l1--I:it:i-. :i.

'-ri-n- :u1i.Jmc:I ti-io-I.---ic -n-h :1. p rn at: anicht:)i':LTi a r'c-isor-i.r.ib 1. c iiiie

1---?ref:t oricIic:)ro.cJt-? w I nit:) waves From is c::-tonlp :t c :1 f.:i. s c I ear'

ti--at

-For a wi rid 1- or-ce 9 accc)r-d:I. ruq t:o t:hc sc;:u 3.c o-F Beau -For-t- Onid

ni -'..:i' rer-it o -F

or-ic ky-it tt-ierc

± s riot- mud--i r'crnervc i.e -F-1 -Lci o-n.c :1.

:i.)t:

j1--(:)ijnu,:i -I:-i--i-: t::':LT-it c:)- (-:/:i..J:i. 1

. -L-- :1 -t-i--u:-?

. -iiI-I: on

tiic ar--id--or cl-ia iT

IiI

i.fl-'5

I,ii it Ti I I ii._ l ii J '

'Ii 'i

iifJ,

r'

iiij

-iiid y r''i

ii

I' ii

I i'i Li R C

mu::uI: LOT-us ttic sh :1 p rnavn.. -zir i.inud a cci trr in 1 ocat :1 on and -::iraqs t:hc

lilt

it .)(i'1 I hut i I I I i I j cI _{1I R1u} _{Li ii.} I i--i iii ' I _cit 1 Ii iPi I

i r':Lln k I:l-i;.rI:.---it-? din :1. ru brea k- a r t:i--ie Ol-i Thic:)i--

ntarts ba croci

-Ui:> tt:iniow :it bus L->ccn rI--iownu bi---I:.-

it

:i.s pt:-n- 1 I:> .1 c -bC: detcrrn:i. 0ie

bbi-?

-Ft:i-'

'::)ri

bii-

hIiliC)i '.::bii:i.nu uiTi:t:.s v.r.1i-':Lu:Du..hin ?Ti'v':I.h'':iiIli?TiiZi.

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