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Częstość występowania asymetrii żuchwy u dzieci w wieku 8-12 lat, wymagających leczenia ortodontycznego

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4. Wyniki 

(36)

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po- miar

strona min. max. x Me SD x P-L SD

P-L

p

CL P 59,81 95,73 78,50 78,36 6,19

-0,38 4,30 0,246 L 58,82 93,63 78,83 79,73 6,07

RW P 21,32 35,37 27,86 27,60 2,95

0,53 1,64 <0,000*

L 20,63 34,71 27,33 27,13 2,84

CH P 25,78 41,43 33,49 33,26 3,04

-0,39 1,67 <0,000*

L 25,91 42,72 33,87 33,73 3,22

RH P 38,24 63,82 51,23 51,11 4,40

-0,90 2,21 <0,000*

L 38,25 66,02 52,13 52,63 4,97 7HVWW6WXGHQWDSR]LRPLVWRWQRĞFLĮ 

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(37)

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pomiar min. max. x Me SD

IA CL -0,08 0,08 -0,00 -0,00 0,03

IA RW -0,08 0,09 0,01 0,01 0,03

IA CH -0,10 0,10 -0,01 -0,00 0,03

IA RH -0,08 0,04 -0,01 -0,01 0,02

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4. Wyniki 

(38)

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pomiar strona

x SD

Dziew- p czynki n=121

Chłopcy n=102

Dziew- czynki n=121

Chłopcy n=102

CL P 77,33 79,89 6,39 5,67 0,002*

L 77,35 80,59 6,31 5,28 <0,000*

RW P 27,52 28,19 2,99 2,88 0,093

L 27,02 27,59 2,90 2,76 0,137

CH P 33,21 33,84 2,70 3,33 0,122

L 33,52 34,33 2,92 3,47 0,060

RH P 50,52 52,11 4,12 4,58 0,007*

L 51,42 52,98 4,70 5,03 0,018*

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