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Widok ИДЕЯ ПОРЯДКА И ЕЁ ВОПЛОЩЕНИЕ В ЖАНРОВОЙ ТРАДИЦИИ ДРЕВНЕЙ РУСИ

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ISSN 1509-1619

Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪ ɒɭɧɤɨɜ

Ʉɟɦɟɪɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜ

ɂȾȿə ɉɈɊəȾɄȺ ɂ ȿȬ ȼɈɉɅɈɓȿɇɂȿ ȼ ɀȺɇɊɈȼɈɃ ɌɊȺȾɂɐɂɂ ȾɊȿȼɇȿɃ Ɋɍɋɂ

Key words: genre, Russian medieval literature, ceremonial and artistic texts

Ʉɚɤ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɦɢɪ Ⱦɪɟɜɧɟɣ Ɋɭɫɢ – ɷɬɨ ɨɫɨɛɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɜɨɩɥɨɳɟɧɨ ɦɢɪɨɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɜɟɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɨ ɛɨɠɟɫ- ɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɭɦɟ. ɂ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɣ, ɥɟɠɚɳɟɣ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɦɢɪɨɩɨɧɢɦɚ- ɧɢɹ ɚɜɬɨɪɚ Ⱦɪɟɜɧɟɣ Ɋɭɫɢ, ɛɵɥɚ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ „ɱɢɧ”. Ʉɚɤ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɸɬ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧ- ɧɵɟ ɦɟɞɢɟɜɢɫɬɵ, ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ „ɱɢɧɚ” ɩɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɟ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɫ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɟɦ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɮɢɤɫɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɭɠɟ ɜ ɪɚɧɧɢɯ ɤɧɢɠ- ɧɵɯ ɬɟɤɫɬɚɯ. ȼɨɣɞɹ ɜ ɪɭɫɫɤɭɸ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ, ɜɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɢ, ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ „ɱɢɧɚ”

ɛɭɞɟɬ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɫɟɦɢ ɜɟɤɨɜ ɞɨ XVII ɫɬɨɥɟɬɢɹ ɜɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɟɦ ɤɧɢɠɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ.

Ʉɚɤɨɟ ɬɨɥɤɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɸ „ɱɢɧ”, ɩɨɥɢɫɟɦɢɱɧɨɦɭ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɩɪɢ- ɪɨɞɟ? ȿɞɢɧɨɝɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɧɚɭɤɟ ɧɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ. Ɍɚɤ, Ʌɸɞɦɢɥɚ ɑɺɪɧɚɹ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ1 ɫɫɵɥɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɂɡɦɚɢɥɚ ɋɪɟɡɧɟɜɫɤɨɝɨ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɚɤɚɞɟ- ɦɢɤɨɦ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɨ 14 ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ: ‘ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ’, ‘ɩɨɞɱɢɧɟɧɢɟ’, ‘ɩɨɫ- ɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ’, ‘ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ’, ‘ɭɫɬɚɜ’, ‘ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ’, ‘ɞɨɥɠɧɨɫɬɶ’, ‘ɫɚɧ’, ‘ɫɨɧɦ’ ɢ ɞɪ.

Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɪɭɝɨɟ: ɤɚɤɢɦ ɛɵ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɨɬ- ɬɟɧɤɨɦ ɧɢ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɥɨ ɷɬɨ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ, ɥɸɛɨɣ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜɨɩɥɨɳɚɥ ɜ ɫɟɛɟ ɢɞɟɸ ɛɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɨ ɜ ɤɧɢɠɧɨɦ ɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɨɫɨɛɵɯ ɤɚɧɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɟɦɨɜ. Ɉɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɱɢɧɭ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɛɨɝɨɭɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɭ ɡɟɦɧɨɣ ɦɢɪ, ɨɫɧɨ- ɜɨɣ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɹ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɣ, ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɜɨɩɥɨɳɚɸɳɚɹ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɤɪɚɫɨɬɟ ɢ ɝɚɪɦɨɧɢɱɧɨɣ ɫɨɪɚɡɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ.

ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɜ Ⱦɪɟɜɧɟɣ Ɋɭɫɢ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ „ɱɢɧ” ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɟɳɟ ɢ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɟɣ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɫɧɨɝɨ. ɉɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɨɦ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬ

1 Ʌ.Ⱥ. ɑɺɪɧɚɹ, Ɉ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɢ „ɱɢɧ” ɜ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɟ XVII ɜɟɤɚ, ɜ: Ɍɪɭɞɵ ɨɬɞɟɥɚ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ, ɬ. 47, ɋɚɧɤɬ-ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝ 1993, ɫ. 343–356.

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ɉɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɥɟɬ – ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɛɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɥɢɬɭɪɝɢɢ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɪɢ- ɫɭɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ ɩɨɫɥɵ ɤɧɹɡɹ ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪɚ:

ɂ ɩɪɢɲɥɢ ɦɵ ɜ Ƚɪɟɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɡɟɦɥɸ, ɢ ɜɜɟɥɢ ɧɚɫ ɬɭɞɚ, ɝɞɟ ɫɥɭɠɚɬ ɨɧɢ Ȼɨɝɭ ɫɜɨɟɦɭ, ɢ ɧɟ ɡɧɚɥɢ ɦɵ – ɧɚ ɧɟɛɟ ɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɡɟɦɥɟ: ɢɛɨ ɧɟɬ ɧɚ ɡɟɦɥɟ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɡɪɟɥɢɳɚ ɢ ɤɪɚɫɨɬɵ ɬɚɤɨɣ, ɢ ɧɟ ɡɧɚɟɦ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɨɛ ɷɬɨɦ, – ɡɧɚɟɦ ɦɵ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɟɛɵɜɚɟɬ ɬɚɦ Ȼɨɝ ɫ ɥɸɞɶɦɢ, ɢ ɫɥɭɠɛɚ ɢɯ ɥɭɱɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ. ɇɟ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɦɵ ɡɚ- ɛɵɬɶ ɤɪɚɫɨɬɵ ɬɨɣ, ɢɛɨ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ, ɟɫɥɢ ɜɤɭɫɢɬ ɫɥɚɞɤɨɝɨ, ɧɟ ɜɨɡɶɦɟɬ ɩɨɬɨɦ ɝɨɪɶɤɨɝɨ; ɬɚɤ ɢ ɦɵ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɭɠɟ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɠɢɬɶ2.

ɋɬɨɢɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɷɫɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɚ ɬɨɪɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɰɟɪ- ɤɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɹɞɚ ɫɬɚɥɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɦ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɦ ɜ ɜɵɛɨɪɟ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɜɟɪɵ ɤɢɟɜɫɤɢɦ ɤɧɹɡɟɦ, ɢ ɬɨ ɩɟɪɜɨɟ ɜɩɟɱɚɬɥɟɧɢɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɥɚ ɥɢɬɭɪɝɢɹ, ɩɪɨ- ɱɧɨ ɭɤɪɟɩɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɢ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ. Ɂɨɥɨɬɨɮɨɧɧɵɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɵ ɯɪɚɦɚ ɫɜ.

ɋɨɮɢɢ ɜ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɩɨɥɟ, ɬɚɤ ɩɨɪɚɡɢɜɲɢɟ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɨɜ, ɮɚɜɨɪɫɤɢɦ ɫɜɟɬɨɦ ɨɫɜɹɬɹɬ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɭɸ ɬɵɫɹɱɟɥɟɬɧɸɸ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɸ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ. ɋɢɦɜɨɥɢɤɭ ɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɡɨɥɨɬɚ ɜ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɟ ɜ ɫɜɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɫɧɨ ɪɚɫɤɪɵɥ ɋɟɪɝɟɣ Ⱥɜɟɪɢɧɰɟɜ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ Ɂɨɥɨɬɨ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɨɜ ɪɚɧɧɟɜɢɡɚɧ- ɬɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ3, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɪɨɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɦɵɫɥɨɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɚ. ɗɬɨ ɢ „ɨɛɪɚɡ ɫɜɟɬɚ ɤɚɤ ɢɫɬɢɧɵ ɢ ɫɥɚɜɵ”, ɢ „ɨɛɪɚɡ ɛɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɣ, ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɟ”, ɢ ɫɢɦɜɨɥ ɪɚɹ, ɧɟ ɡɧɚɸɳɟ- ɝɨ „ɩɨɪɱɢ ɝɪɟɯɚ ɢ ɩɨɪɱɢ ɬɥɟɧɚ; ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɡɨɥɨɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɚɹ ɦɟɬɚɮɨɪɚ ɞɥɹ ɞɟɜɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɧɟɬɥɟɧɢɹ”, ɢ ɫɢɦɜɨɥ „ɫɚɦɵɯ ɛɥɢɫɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ, ɫɚɦɵɯ ɢɡɹɳɧɵɯ, ɫɚɦɵɯ ɩɪɚɡɞɧɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɠɟɣ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɢɤɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ”.

ɉɟɪɜɵɟ ɨɪɢɝɢɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɞɚɸɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠ- ɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɛɟɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɣ ɚɜɬɨɪ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɧɨ ɩɪɢɧɹɥ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɭɸ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɸ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɜ ɡɟɦɧɨɦ ɦɢɪɟ ɛɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɪɚɫɨɬɵ ɢ ɫɬɪɟɦɢɥɫɹ ɤ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɸ ɢ ɜɨɫɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɸ ɟɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɫɨɛɵɯ ɤɚɧɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɟɦɨɜ. Ɍɚɤ, ɜ ɋɥɨɜɟ ɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɟ ɢ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɬɢ ɦɢɬɪɨɩɨ- ɥɢɬ ɂɥɚɪɢɨɧ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ ɢɞɟɸ ɛɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɬɜɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɬɥɟɧ- ɧɨɝɨ ɦɢɪɚ, ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɟɝɨ ɤ ɢɞɟɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ, ɝɚɪɦɨɧɢɱɧɨɦɭ ɦɢɪɨɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɭ,

„ɱɢɧɧɨɫɬɢ”. ɉɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɷɬɨ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɞɥɹ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɷɬɢɤɢ ɩɪɢɟɦɨɦ „ɫɢɦɜɨɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɢɡɦɚ”4, ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɥɟɠɢɬ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɚɧɬɢɬɟɡɵ, ɧɨ ɢ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɢ ɢɦɟɧɢ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɝɟɪɨɹ – ɤɧɹ- ɡɹ ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪɚ. Ɂɚɦɟɧɚ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɨɝɨ (ɹɡɵɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ) ɢɦɟɧɢ ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪ ɝɪɟɱɟɫɤɢɦ (ɯɪɢɫɬɢɚɧɫɤɢɦ) ɢɦɟɧɟɦ ȼɚɫɢɥɢɣ ɜ ɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬ ɟɳɟ ɨɞɧɭ ɜɚɠɧɭɸ ɢɞɟɨ- ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ. ɍɱɢɬɵɜɚɹ ɬɨɬ ɮɚɤɬ, ɱɬɨ ɋɥɨɜɨ ɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɟ ɢ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɬɢ ɚɞɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɨ „ɧɟ ɧɟɫɜɟɞɭɳɢɦ […], ɧɨ ɫ ɩɪɟɢɡɛɵɬɤɨɦ ɧɚɫɵɬɢɜɲɢɦɫɹ ɤɧɢɠɧɨɣ ɫɥɚɞɨɫɬɢ”, ɢɦɹ ȼɚɫɢɥɢɣ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɫ ɪɹɞɨɦ ɢɦɟɧ

2 ɉɨɜɟɫɬɶ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɥɟɬ, ɩɨɞɝ. ɬɟɤɫɬɚ, ɩɟɪɟɜ. ɢ ɤɨɦɦɟɧɬ. Ɉ.ȼ. Ɍɜɨɪɨɝɨɜɚ, ɜ: Ȼɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɚ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ Ⱦɪɟɜɧɟɣ Ɋɭɫɢ, ɬ. 1: XI–XII ɜɟɤɚ, ɋɚɧɤɬ-ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝ 1997, ɫ. 155.

3 ɋ.ɋ. Ⱥɜɟɪɢɧɰɟɜ, ɉɨɷɬɢɤɚ ɪɚɧɧɟɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ, ɋɚɧɤɬ-ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝ 2004, ɫ. 404–425.

4 Ɍɟɪɦɢɧ Ⱦɦɢɬɪɢɹ Ʌɢɯɚɱɟɜɚ. ɋɦ. Ⱦ.ɋ. Ʌɢɯɚɱɟɜ, „ɋɥɨɜɨ ɨ Ɂɚɤɨɧɟ ɢ Ȼɥɚɝɨɞɚɬɢ” ɂɥɚɪɢɨɧɚ, ɜ: idem, ɂɡɛɪaɧɧɵɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɜ ɬɪɟɯ ɬɨɦɚɯ, Ʌɟɧɢɧɝɪɚɞ 1987, ɬ. 2, ɫ. 31.

(3)

ɯɪɢɫɬɢɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɫɜɹɬɢɬɟɥɟɣ5, ɫɪɟɞɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɨ ɢ ɢɦɹ ȼɚɫɢɥɢɹ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɝɨ, ɚɜɬɨɪɚ ɤɧɢɝɢ Ȼɟɫɟɞɵ ɧɚ ɒɟɫɬɨɞɧɟɜ. Ʉɧɢɝɚ, ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɧɚɹ ɜ IV ɜɟɤɟ, ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬ ɭ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɚɧɢɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɛ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɢɪɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ:

ɂ ɰɟɥɵɣ ɦɢɪ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɣ ɢɡ ɪɚɡɧɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ, ɫɜɹɡɚɥ Ɉɧ ɤɚɤɢɦ-ɬɨ ɧɟɪɚɡɪɵɜɧɵɦ ɫɨɸɡɨɦ Ʌɸɛɜɢ ɜ ɟɞɢɧɨɟ ɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɜ ɨɞɧɭ ɝɚɪɦɨɧɢɸ…6.

ȼ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪ ɤɧɢɠɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɨɫɦɵɫɥɟɧ ɤɚɤ ɚɩɨɫɬɨɥ, ɞɚɪɨɜɚɜɲɢɣ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɬɶ, ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬ ɜɨɡ- ɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɢ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɚɬɶ ɜɢɞɢɦɵɣ ɦɢɪ ɜɨɡɜɵɲɟɧɧɨ ɢ ɝɚɪɦɨɧɢɱ- ɧɨ („ɱɢɧɧɨ”) ɭɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɵɦ7.

ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɸ „ɱɢɧ” ɫɢɧɨɧɢɦɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɜɵ- ɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɟɳɟ ɢ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ, ɤɚɤ „ɰɟɪɟɦɨɧɢɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ” ɢɥɢ „ɷɬɢɤɟɬɧɨɫɬɶ”

(„ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɷɬɢɤɟɬ”):

ɋɪɟɞɧɟɜɟɤɨɜɵɣ ɤɧɢɠɧɢɤ, ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɹ ɢɥɢ ɩɟɪɟɩɢɫɵɜɚɹ ɬɨ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ, ɫɨ- ɡɞɚɟɬ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɟ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɟ „ɞɟɣɫɬɜɨ”, „ɱɢɧ”8.

ɋɪɟɞɧɟɜɟɤɨɜɵɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɬɟɤɫɬ ɚɜɬɨɧɨɦɟɧ, ɟɦɭ ɩɨɞɱɢɧɟɧɵ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɫɨ- ɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɶ, ɢ ɟɝɨ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɶ. Ʉɪɚɫɨɬɚ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ (ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɦɢ ɫɥɨ- ɜɟɫɧɵɦɢ ɤɥɢɲɟ, ɪɟɱɟɜɵɦɢ ɮɢɝɭɪɚɦɢ) ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɧɟ ɩɨɪɚɠɚɬɶ ɢ ɧɟ ɭɞɢɜɥɹɬɶ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɹ. ɑɢɬɚɬɟɥɶ, ɦɧɨɝɨɤɪɚɬɧɨ ɩɪɨɱɢɬɵɜɚɹ ɨɞɢɧ ɢ ɬɨɬ ɠɟ ɬɟɤɫɬ, ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɦ ɧɟɤɨɟɝɨ ɬɨɪɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɰɟɪɟɦɨɧɢɚɥɚ, ɨ ɱɟɦ ɜ ɫɜɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɢɫɚɥ Ⱦɦɢɬɪɢɣ Ʌɢɯɚɱɟɜ:

Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɠɢɜɟɬ „ɢɞɟɚɥɶɧɨɣ” ɢ ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɶɸ.

ɑɢɬɚɬɟɥɶ ɧɟ „ɜɨɫɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬ” ɜ ɫɜɨɟɦ ɱɬɟɧɢɢ ɷɬɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ, ɨɧ ɥɢɲɶ „ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭ- ɟɬ” ɜ ɱɬɟɧɢɢ, ɤɚɤ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɦɨɥɹɳɢɣɫɹ ɜ ɛɨɝɨɫɥɭɠɟɧɢɢ, ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ ɩɪɢ ɢɡ- ɜɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɬɨɪɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɰɟɪɟɦɨɧɢɢ9.

ɋɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɞɢ ɫɬɨɢɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɪɹɞɨɜɨɫɬɶ („ɱɢɧɧɨɫɬɶ”) ɤɚɤ ɨɞɧɚ ɢɡ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɛɵɥɚ ɨɬɦɟ- ɱɟɧɚ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ, ɧɨ ɢ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɦɢ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɜɟɞɚɦɢ. Ɍɚɤ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɫɜɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɐɜɟɬɚɧ Ɍɨɞɨɪɨɜ ɜ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ ɉɨɷɬɢɤɚ ɜ ɋɋɋɊ10, ɩɪɨ- ɜɨɞɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɉɨɷɬɢɤɢ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ Ʌɢɯɚɱɟɜɚ, ɜɜɨɞɢɬ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ

„ɤɨɞɚ”, ɫɢɧɨɧɢɦɢɱɧɨɟ „ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɦɭ ɷɬɢɤɟɬɭ”. ɋ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ Ɍɨɞɨɪɨɜɚ, ɜɫɹ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɪɭɫɫɤɚɹ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɩɨɞɱɢɧɟɧɚ ɧɚɞɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɧɨɦɭ ɧɚɱɚɥɭ, ɨɫɧɨɜɨɣ

5 Ibidem, ɫ. 32.

6 ȼɚɫɢɥɢɣ ȼɟɥɢɤɢɣ, Ȼɟɫɟɞɵ ɧɚ ɒɟɫɬɨɞɧɟɜ, ɜ: Ɍɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɢɠɟ ɜɨ ɫɜɹɬɵɯ ɨɬɰɚ ɧɚɲɟɝɨ ȼɚɫɢɥɢɹ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɝɨ, ɚɪɯɢɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɚ Ʉɟɫɚɪɢ Ʉɚɩɩɚɞɨɤɢɣɫɤɢɹ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1991, ɱ. 1, ɫ. 25–26.

7 Ʌ.ȼ. Ɉɥɟɧɢɱ, „ɒɟɫɬɨɞɧɟɜɧɨɟ ɦɢɪɨɨɳɭɳɟɧɢɟ” ɜ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɦ ɩɟɣɡɚɠɟ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɨɬ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɜɟ- ɤɨɜɶɹ ɤ ɧɨɜɨɦɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ȼɟɫɬɧɢɤ Ɍɨɦɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɫ. ɭɧɢɜ-ɬɚ 2006, ʋ 22, ɫ. 68.

8 Ⱦ.ɋ. Ʌɢɯɚɱɟɜ, ɉɨɷɬɢɤɚ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ, ɜ: idem, ɂɡɛɪaɧɧɵɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɜ ɬɪɟɯ ɬɨ- ɦɚɯ, Ʌɟɧɢɧɝɪɚɞ 1987, ɬ. 1, ɫ. 360.

9 Ibidem.

10 ɋɬɚɬɶɹ ɛɵɥɚ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɚ ɜ 1972 ɝoɞɭ ɢ ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɚ ɜ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɟ Poétique (1972, ʋ 9).

ɋɦ. ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɟɟ ɨɛ ɷɬɨɦ: Ɏ. Ʌɟɫɭɪ, Ɍɪɭɞɵ Ⱦ.ɋ. Ʌɢɯɚɱɟɜɚ ɜɨ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɫɤɨɦ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɢ, ɜ: Ɍɪɭɞɵ ɨɬ- ɞɟɥɚ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ, ɋɚɧɤɬ-ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝ 1997, ɬ. 50, c. 32–39.

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ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɪɹɞ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɬɟɪɹɟɬ ɫɜɨɸ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɬɟ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɵ, ɤɨɝ- ɞɚ „ɫɬɚɪɵɟ ɤɚɧɨɧɵ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɞ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɜɧɟɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨ- ɪɨɜ, […] ɢ ɜ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɬɨɪɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɪɭɝɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ – ɧɟɩɨɫ- ɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɡɚɩɢɫɶ”11.

Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɜɟɤɨɜɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɩɨɦɢɦɨ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɥɨɫɶ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɤɨ-ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɦ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɨɦ, ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɜɲɢɦ ɤ ɫɦɟɧɟ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɚɪɚɞɢɝɦ, ɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɢ ɫɥɨɜɟɫɧɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ, ɹɜɥɹɥɨɫɶ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɬɨɣ ɪɨɥɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɢɝɪɚɟɬ ɱɢɧ (ɨɛɪɹɞ), ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɣ ɠɚɧɪɨɜɵɟ ɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ.

ȿɫɥɢ ɩɪɨɫɥɟɞɢɬɶ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɭɬɶ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɜɟɤɨɜɨɣ ɫɥɨɜɟɫɧɨɫɬɢ, ɬɨ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɧɵɦ ɠɟɥɚɧɢɟ ɚɜɬɨɪɚ ɜ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɦ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɢ ɤ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɢ, ɩɨɧɢɦɚɟɦɨɣ ɤɚɤ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɚ- ɜɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɜ ɩɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɢ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɢ ɦɢɪɚ, ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɜ ɧɟɦ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɫɚɦɨ- ɝɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ.

Ɂɚɞɚɱɚ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɫɜɨɞɢɥɚɫɶ ɤ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɟɧɢɸ ɡɚɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɛɢɛ- ɥɟɣɫɤɨɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɟɣ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɣ, ɢɞɟɣ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜ, ɫ ɬɟɦ ɱɬɨɛɵ ɱɟɪɟɡ „ɱɢɧ” ɩɪɢɦɤɧɭɬɶ ɤ ɜɵɫɲɢɦ ɫɜɹɳɟɧɧɵɦ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹɦ, […] ɞɨɬɹɧɭɬɶɫɹ ɞɨ „ɛɥɚɝɨɝɨ – ɩɪɟɤɪɚɫɧɨɝɨ”, ɡɚɥɨ- ɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɧɢɯ12.

ɂɞɟɹ ɝɚɪɦɨɧɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɦɢɪɨɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɧɟɟ ɢ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɣ, ɱɟɦ ɠɟɥɚɧɢɟ ɚɜɬɨɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɚɦɨɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɥɢɬɟ- ɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ. Ɉɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɹɪɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɨɜ, ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɡɧɚ- ɱɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɛɵɬɢɹ ɝɚɪɦɨɧɢɢ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ Ʉɢɟɜɫɤɨ- ɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ, XII – ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɬɪɟɬɢ XIII ɜeɤoɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɚ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɸ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɢ ɫɨɡɟɪɰɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɫɧɨɝɨ: ɫɮɟɪɵ ɧɟɛɟɫɧɵɯ ɱɢɧɨɜ („ɐɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɇɟɛɟɫɧɨɝɨ”), ɤɪɚɫɨɬɵ ɩɪɢɪɨɞ- ɧɨɝɨ ɦɢɪɚ ɤɚɤ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɫɲɟɣ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɦɭɞɪɨɫɬɢ Ɍɜɨɪɰɚ.

Ȼɥɟɫɬɹɳɟɟ ɢ ɫɬɪɟɦɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɩɪɟɪɵ- ɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɬɚɪɨ-ɦɨɧɝɨɥɶɫɤɢɦ ɧɚɲɟɫɬɜɢɟɦ, ɩɪɢɧɟɫɲɢɦ ɫ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɬɢ- ɯɢɸ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ, ɧɨ ɢ ɤɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɠɧɟɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ ɢ ɤɪɚɫɨ- ɬɟ, ɡɚɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɜ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɚɯ XIII ɜɟɤɚ (ɋɥɨɜɨ ɨ ɩɨɝɢɛɟɥɢ Ɋɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɡɟɦɥɢ, ɉɨɜɟɫɬɶ ɨ ɪɚɡɨɪɟɧɢɢ Ɋɹɡɚɧɢ Ȼɚɬɵɟɦ ɢ ɞɪ.). ɉɨɥɬɨɪɚ ɫɬɨɥɟ- ɬɢɹ ɪɭɫɫɤɚɹ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɜɨɢɧɫɤɢɦɢ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɹ- ɦɢ, ɨɤɚɡɚɜɲɢɦɢ ɫɜɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɜɫɸ ɠɚɧɪɨɜɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɬɨɣ ɷɩɨɯɢ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɨɛɳɢɦ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɫɬɚɧɟɬ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɠɧɟɝɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ, ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɦɨɝɨ ɭɬɜɟɪɞɢɜɲɟɦɭɫɹ ɯɚɨɫɭ (ɛɟɫɱɢɧɢɸ):

Ɉ, ɫɜɟɬɥɨ ɫɜɟɬɥɚɹ ɢ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɫɧɨ ɭɤɪɚɲɟɧɧɚɹ, ɡɟɦɥɹ Ɋɭɫɫɤɚɹ! Ɇɧɨɝɢɦɢ ɤɪɚɫɨɬɚɦɢ ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɬɵ […] ɂ ɜ ɬɟ ɞɧɢ [...] ɨɛɪɭɲɢɥɚɫɶ ɛɟɞɚ ɧɚ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɚɧ…13,

11 Ɏ. Ʌɟɫɭɪ, ɍɤɚɡ. ɫɨɱ.

12 Ʌ.Ⱥ. ɑɺɪɧɚɹ, op. cit., ɫ. 344.

13 ɋɥɨɜɨ ɨ ɩɨɝɢɛɟɥɢ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɡɟɦɥɢ, ɩɨɞɝ. ɬɟɤɫɬɚ, ɩɟɪɟɜ. ɢ ɤɨɦɦɟɧɬ. Ʌ.Ⱥ. Ⱦɦɢɬɪɢɟɜɚ, ɜ: Ȼɢɛɥɢɨ- ɬɟɤɚ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ Ⱦɪɟɜɧɟɣ Ɋɭɫɢ, ɬ. 5: XIII ɜɟɤ, ɋɚɧɤɬ-ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝ 1997.

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Ɉ ɫɟɣ ɝɪɚɞ Ɋɹɡɚɧɶ ɢ ɡɟɦɥɹ Ɋɹɡɚɧɫɤɚɹ! ɂɫɱɟɡɥɚ ɤɪɚɫɨɬɚ ɟɟ, ɢ ɨɬɨɲɥɚ ɫɥɚɜɚ ɟɟ, ɢ ɧɟɬ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɧɢɱɟɝɨ ɞɨɛɪɨɝɨ ɞɥɹ ɜɡɨɪɚ – ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɵɦ ɢ ɩɟɩɟɥ14.

Ɋɭɛɟɠ XIV–XV ɜeɤoɜ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɟɧ ɜ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ Ɋɭɫɢ ɤɚɤ ɷɩɨɯɚ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɉɪɟɞ- ɜɨɡɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɸɠɧɨɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɪɢɜɟɥ, ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɤ ɜɨɡɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɸ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ, ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɭɬɪɚɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɫ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɚɧɫɤɢɦ ȼɨɫɬɨɤɨɦ, ɚ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ – ɤ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɸ ɜ ɧɟɟ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɪɟɧɟɫɫɚɧɫɧɨɣ ɢɞɟɢ – ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɢɪɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ. Ʉɚɤ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɷɬɚ ɪɟɧɟɫɫɚɧɫɧɚɹ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɩɪɢɪɨ- ɞɟ ɢɞɟɹ ɛɵɥɚ ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ XV ɜɟɤɚ ɨɰɟɧɟɧɚ ɤɚɤ ɟɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ, ɨɩɚɫɧɚɹ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ ɞɥɹ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ, ɧɚɪɭɲɚɸɳɚɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ Ȼɨɝɨɦ ɡɚɤɨɧ ɢ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ, ɢ ɜ ɢɬɨɝɟ ɛɵɥɚ ɨɬɜɟɪɝɧɭɬɚ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ.

ɂɞɟɹ „ɱɢɧɚ” ɜɧɨɜɶ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɤɨɧɰɚ XV–XVI ɫɬɨɥɟɬɢɣ – ɷɩɨɯɟ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɦɨɧɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɡɦɚ (Ʌɢɯɚɱɟɜ), ɞɥɹ ɤɨɬɨ- ɪɨɣ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɞɟɹ ɝɥɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɚ ɬɨɪɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ. ɉɪɢ- ɦɟɪɚɦɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ ɢ Ⱦɨɦɨɫɬɪɨɣ, ɢ ȼɟɥɢɤɢɟ ɑɟɬɶɢ-Ɇɢɧɟɢ, ɢ ɋɬɟɩɟɧ- ɧɚɹ ɤɧɢɝɚ. ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɮɟɪɚɯ ɠɢɡɧɢ (ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɣ) ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧ ɤɚɤ ɫɟɦɢɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɨɛɪɚɡ, ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɤɨɬɨ- ɪɨɝɨ ɥɟɠɢɬ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɤɪɚɫɨɬɵ, ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɟɦɚɹ ɨɫɨɛɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨ- ɥɨɜɢɧɟ XVI ɜɟɤɚ:

ɂ ɜɨɫɫɢɹɥ ɧɵɧɟ ɫɬɨɥɶɧɵɣ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɝɨɪɨɞ Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ, ɫɥɨɜɧɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ Ʉɢɟɜ, ɧɟ ɩɨɫɪɚɦɥɸɫɶ ɠɟ ɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɜɢɧɸɫɶ, ɟɫɥɢ ɫɤɚɠɭ, ɤɚɤ ɬɪɟɬɢɣ ɧɨɜɵɣ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɣ Ɋɢɦ, ɜɨɫ- ɫɢɹɜɲɢɣ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɝɨɞɵ, ɤɚɤ ɜɟɥɢɤɨɟ ɫɨɥɧɰɟ, ɜ ɜɟɥɢɤɨɣ ɧɚɲɟɣ Ɋɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɡɟɦɥɟ, ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɝɨɪɨɞɚɯ ɢ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɥɸɞɹɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɷɬɨɣ, ɤɪɚɫɭɹɫɶ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɥɹɹɫɶ ɫɜɹɬɵɦɢ Ȼɨɠɶɢɦɢ ɰɟɪɤɜɚɦɢ, ɞɟɪɟɜɹɧɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɤɚɦɟɧɧɵɦɢ, ɫɥɨɜɧɨ ɜɢɞɢɦɨɟ ɧɟɛɨ, ɤɪɚɫɭɹɫɶ ɢ ɫɜɟɬɹɫɶ, ɩɟɫɬɪɵɦɢ ɡɜɟɡɞɚɦɢ ɢ ɧɟɡɵɛɥɟɦɵɦ ɩɪɚɜɨɫɥɚɜɢɟɦ ɭɤɪɚɲɟɧɧɨɟ, ɏɪɢɫ- ɬɨɜɨɸ ɜɟɪɨɸ ɭɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɢ ɧɟɩɨɤɨɥɟɛɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɡɥɵɦɢ ɟɪɟɬɢɤɚɦɢ, ɜɨɡɦɭɳɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɰɟɪɤɨɜɶ Ȼɨɠɢɸ15.

„Ɉɛɪɹɞɨɜɚɹ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɚ ɠɢɡɧɢ Ɋɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɥɚ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɫɬɟ- ɩɟɧɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɜ XVI ɜɟɤɟ. Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɜɵɧɭɠɞɟɧɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɜɨɫɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɫɨ- ɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɪɹɞɧɵɯ ɤɧɢɝ, ɱɢɧɚ ɜɟɧɱɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɨ, ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɬɶ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɰɟɪɟɦɨɧɢɢ”16.

XVII ɜɟɤ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɦɭɬɨɣ, ɡɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɥɨ ɢ ɤɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɫɚɦɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ „ɱɢɧɚ”. ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɢ ɞɨɦɚ Ɋɨɦɚɧɨɜɵɯ ɜɧɨɜɶ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɬ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɜɨɡɪɨɠɞɚɬɶ „ɱɢɧ” ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɮɟɪɚɯ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ (ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɣ). əɪɤɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɟɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɵ XVII ɜɟɤɚ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɵ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɟɳɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ XVI ɜɟɤɨɦ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜɵɯ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɣ ɰɟɪɟɦɨɧɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ

14 ɉɨɜɟɫɬɶ ɨ ɪɚɡɨɪɟɧɢɢ Ɋɹɡɚɧɢ Ȼɚɬɵɟɦ, ɩɨɞɝ. ɬɟɤɫɬɚ, ɩɟɪɟɜ. ɢ ɤɨɦɦɟɧɬ. ɂ.Ⱥ. Ʌɨɛɚɤɨɜɨɣ, ɜ: Ȼɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɚ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ Ⱦɪɟɜɧɟɣ Ɋɭɫɢ, ɬ. 5: XIII ɜɟɤ, ɋɚɧɤɬ-ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝ 1997.

15 Ʉɚɡɚɧɫɤɚɹ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ, ɩɨɞɝ. ɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɜ. Ɍ.Ɏ. ȼɨɥɤɨɜɨɣ, ɤɨɦɦɟɧɬ. Ɍ.Ɏ. ȼɨɥɤɨɜɨɣ ɢ ɂ.Ⱥ. Ʌɨɛɚɤɨɜɨɣ, ɜ: Ȼɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɚ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ Ⱦɪɟɜɧɟɣ Ɋɭɫɢ, ɬ. 10: XVI ɜɟɤ, ɋɚɧɤɬ-ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝ 2000.

16 Ⱦ.ɋ. Ʌɢɯɚɱɟɜ, ɉɨɷɬɢɤɚ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ, ɫ. 363.

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ɞɟɣɫɬɜ, ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɱɢɧɨɜɧɢɤɚɦɢ17. ɇɚ ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɜɡɝɥɹɞ, ɫ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪ- ɧɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ, ɨɧɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɶɫɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɸ ɦɚɥɨ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɵɦɢ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɬɟɦɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚɦɢ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɛɟɥɥɟɬɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɟɛɹ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɇɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ (ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɨ Ⱥɜɜɚɤɭɦɚ, ɉɨɜɟɫɬɶ ɨ ɋɚɜɜɟ Ƚɪɭɞɰɵɧɟ ɢ ɞɪ.). ɑɢɧɨɜɧɢɤɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɜɢɞ ɪɢɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜ ɩɪɢɞɜɨɪɧɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɪɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɥɢ ɰɟɪɟɦɨɧɢɚɥɶ- ɧɭɸ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɭ (ɜɟɧɱɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɨ, ɜɵɯɨɞɵ ɰɚɪɟɣ ɢ ɩɚɬɪɢɚɪɯɨɜ, ɩɪɢɞɜɨɪ- ɧɵɟ ɩɪɚɡɞɧɢɤɢ) ɢ ɹɜɥɹɥɢ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɪɚɡɜɟɪɧɭɬɵɟ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɢ ɫ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɬɨɪɠɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɫɥɭɱɚɸ ɨɞɟɠɞɵ, ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɢ ɪɨɥɢ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɚ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɡɞɧɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɚ, ɫ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɟɩɥɢɤ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɪɢɬɭɚɥɚ. ɇɨ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɷɬɚ ɠɚɧɪɨɜɚɹ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ, ɩɨɹɜɥɹɸɳɚɹɫɹ ɜ ɨɝɪɨɦɧɨɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɳɚɹɫɹ ɜɫɟ-ɬɚɤɢ ɤ ɞɨ- ɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɧɢɠɧɨɫɬɢ, ɞɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɜɢɞɟɬɶ ɫɬɪɟɦɥɟɧɢɟ ɚɜɬɨɪɚ XVII ɫɬɨɥɟɬɢɹ ɡɚɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɤɪɚɫɨɬɟ ɜ ɤɧɢɠɧɨɦ ɬɟɤɫɬɟ, ɩɪɢɞɚɬɶ ɟɣ ɩɪɢɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ.

Ɂɚɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɱɢɧɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɨ ɜɫɬɭɩɢ- ɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɚ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɵ XVII ɜɟɤɚ (1656) ɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɱɢɧɚ18 ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɢɹ ɰɚɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɤɨɥɶɧɢɤɚ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɟ. ɉɚɦɹɬɧɢɤ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨ ɛɵɥ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧ ɧɚɦɢ ɜ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɢ „ɍɪɹɞɧɢɤ ɫɨɤɨɥɶɧɢɱɶɹ ɩɭɬɢ” ɤɚɤ ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɵ XVII ɜɟɤɚ.

Ⱥ ɱɟɫɬɶ ɢ ɱɢɧɴ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɟɰɴ ɜɫɹɤɨɣ ɜɟɳɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɢ ɦɚɥɨɣ ɭɱɢɧɟɬɴ ɩɨ ɬɨɦɭ: ɱɟɫɬɶ ɭɤɪɟɩɥɹɟɬɴ ɢ ɜɨɡɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɭɦ; ɱɢɧɴ ɭɤɪɟɩɥɹɟɬ ɢ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɶ; ɭɪɹɞɫɬɜɨ ɠɟ ɭɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɴ ɢ ɨɛɴɹɜɥɹɟɬɴ ɤɪɚɫɨɬɭ ɢ ɭɞɢɜɥɟɧiɟ; ɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɠɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɬɴ ɞɟɥɨ;

ɛɟɡɴ ɱɟɫɬɢ ɠɟ ɦɚɥɢɬɫɹ ɢ ɧɟ ɫɥɚɜɢɬɫɹ ɭɦɴ; ɛɟɡɴ ɱɢɧɚ ɠɟ ɜɫɹɤɚɹ ɜɟɳɶ ɧɟ ɭɬɜɟɪɞɢɬɫɹ ɢ ɧɟ ɭɤɪɟɩɢɬɫɹ; ɛɟɡɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɠɟ ɬɟɪɹɟɬɴ ɞɟɥɨ ɢ ɜɨɡɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɴ ɛɟɡɞɟɥɶɟ. ȼɫɹɤiɣ ɠɟ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɸ ɩɨɱɢɬɚɣ, ɢ ɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɣ, ɢ ɭɡɧɚɜɚɣ, ɚ ɧɚɫɴ ɫɥɚɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɩɨɯɜɚɥɹɣ, ɚ ɧɟ ɨɫɭɠ- ɞɚɣ. ɑɬɨ ɜɫɹɤɨɣ ɜɟɳɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɚ? Ɇɟɪɹɧiɟ, ɫɥɢɱiɟ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧiɟ, ɭɤɪɟɩɥɟɧiɟ; ɩɨ ɬɨɦɴ ɜɴ ɧɟɣ ɢɥɢ ɨɤɨɥɨ ɟɹ: ɛɥɚɝɨɱɢɧiɟ, ɭɫɬɪɨɟɧiɟ, ɭɪɹɠɟɧiɟ. ȼɫɹɤɚɹ ɠɟ ɜɟɳɶ ɛɟɡɴ ɞɨɛ- ɪɵɹ ɦɟɪɵ ɢ ɢɧɵɯɴ ɜɵɲɟɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɯɴ ɜɟɳɟɣ ɛɟɡɞɟɥɶɧɚ ɟɫɬɶ ɢ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬɴ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶɫɹ ɢ ɭɤɪɟɩɢɬɶɫɹ19.

Ɉɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɢ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɚɹ ɫɥɚɜɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɥɚ ɬɟ ɧɨɜɚɬɨɪɫɤɢɟ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ XVII ɜɟɤɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɢɜɟɥɢ

17 ɉɨɞ „ɱɢɧɨɜɧɢɤɚɦɢ” ɦɵ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɟɦ ɨɫɨɛɵɣ ɜɢɞ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɧɢɠɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɨɞɟɪ- ɠɚɥɨɫɶ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɤɚɤɢɯ-ɥɢɛɨ ɬɨɪɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɰɟɪɟɦɨɧɢɚɥɨɜ, ɢɦɟɜɲɢɯ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɟ Ⱦɪɟɜɧɟɣ Ɋɭɫɢ. ȼ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ (XVII ɜɟɤ), ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɢ ɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɡɞɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɪɭɫ- ɫɤɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ, ɤɚɤ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ, ɩɪɨɞɟɥɚɧɧɨɦ ɑɺɪɧɨɣ, ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ ɱɢɧɚ ɫɭɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɧɚɱɢ- ɧɚɟɬ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɮɢɝɭɪɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɛɸɪɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ, ɹɜɥɹɹɫɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɦɚɪɤɟɪɨɦ ɬɟɩɟɪɶ ɭɠɟ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ. ɋɦ. Ʌ.Ⱥ. ɑɺɪɧɚɹ, op. cit., ɫ. 343–356.

ɉɨɡɠɟ, ɭɠɟ ɜ ɷɩɨɯɭ ɉɟɬɪɚ I, ɡɚ ɫɥɨɜɨɦ „ɱɢɧ” ɡɚɤɪɟɩɢɥɨɫɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɟ ɥɟɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ:

„ɡɜɚɧɢɟ, ɩɪɢɫɜɚɢɜɚɟɦɨɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɫɥɭɠɚɳɢɦ ɢ ɜɨɟɧɧɵɦ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɬɚɛɟɥɶɸ ɨ ɪɚɧ- ɝɚɯ”, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ, ɜɥɚɞɟɸɳɢɣ ɬɟɦ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɵɦ ɱɢɧɨɦ, – ɱɢɧɨɜɧɢɤ.

18 Ⱥ.ȼ. ɒɭɧɤɨɜ, „ɍɪɹɞɧɢɤ ɫɨɤɨɥɶɧɢɱɶɹ ɩɭɬɢ” ɤɚɤ ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭ- ɪɵ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɵ XVII ɜɟɤɚ, Ʉɟɦɟɪɨɜɨ 2007, ɫ. 68.

19 Ɍɟɤɫɬ ɰɢɬɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɪɭɤɨɩɢɫɢ: Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɢɣ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɚɪɯɢɜ ɞɪɟɜɧɢɯ ɚɤɬɨɜ. Ɏ. 27.

Ɉɩ. 1. ʋ 52/1.

(7)

ɪɭɫɫɤɭɸ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɤ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɢɹɦ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ, ɩɪɢɜɧɟɫɥɢ ɚɜ- ɬɨɪɫɤɨɟ ɧɚɱɚɥɨ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥɢ ɜɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɪɭɫɫɤɭɸ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɟ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɟ ɢ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ. ɇɚ ɷɬɨɦ ɮɨɧɟ ɨɝɪɨɦɧɵɣ ɩɥɚɫɬ ɰɟɪɟ- ɦɨɧɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɵ XVII – ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɵ XVII ɜɟɤɚ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨ ɫɢɯ ɩɨɪ ɦɚɥɨɢɡɭɱɟɧɧɵɦ. Ɍɚɤ, ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɸɳɟɟɫɹ ɫɟɪɢɣɧɨɟ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɟ Ȼɢɛɥɢɨɝɪɚ- ɮɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɩɨ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ, ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚɟɦɨɟ ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɨɦ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ (ɉɭɲɤɢɧɫɤɢɣ Ⱦɨɦ) ɊȺɇ20, ɞɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɛɟɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɩɨɥɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɥɫɹ ɭɡɤɢɣ ɤɪɭɝ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɣ ɰɟɪɟɦɨɧɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɚɤɬɨɜ – ɱɢɧɵ ɜɟɧɱɚɧɢɹ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɢɯ ɰɚɪɟɣ (XVI–XVII ɜɟɤɨɜ), ɰɚɪɫɤɢɟ „ɩɨɯɨɞɵ” (ɬɨɪɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ-ɰɟɪɟɦɨɧɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɵɟɡɞɵ ɦɨɧɚɪɯɚ ɤɚɤ ɫɜɟɬ- ɫɤɢɟ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɛɨɝɨɦɨɥɶɧɵɟ), ɫɜɚɞɟɛɧɵɟ ɱɢɧɵ21 ɢ ɪɹɞ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ, ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ: ɑɢɧ ɢɡɛɪɚɧɢɹ ɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɚ (1630), ɑɢɧ ɦɢɪɨɜɚɪɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɦɢɪɨɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɢɹ (1624), ɑɢɧ ɢɫɩɨɜɟɞɚɧɢɸ ɫɜɹɬɟɣɲɢɦ ɩɚɬɪɢɚɪɯɨɦ (1630), ɑɢɧɵ ɰɟɪɤɨɜɧɵɟ (1630), ɑɢɧ ɩɟɳɧɚɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɚ (1630), ɑɢɧ ɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ (1655), Ɍɪɢ ɱɢɧɚ ɩɪɢɫɹɝ (1654) ɢ ɞɪ. Ⱥ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɷɬɢ ɠɚɧɪɨɜɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ, ɯɨɬɹ ɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɤ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɬɟɤɫɬɚɦ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɭɜɢɞɟɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɧɢɠɧɢ- ɤɚ ɨ ɤɪɚɫɨɬɟ, ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɸɳɟɟ ɜ XVII ɜɟɤɟ, ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɯɪɢɫɬɢɚɧɫɤɨɟ ɩɨ- ɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ, ɝɚɪɦɨɧɢɢ („ɱɢɧɚ”) ɢ ɯɚɨɫɚ, ɝɪɟɯɚ („ɛɟɫɱɢɧɢɹ”), ɚ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ – ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɷɜɨɥɸɰɢɨɧɢɪɭɸɳɟɟ ɭɠɟ ɜ ɇɨɜɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɢ ɩɪɢɞɚɸɳɟɟ ɰɟɪɟɦɨ- ɧɢɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭ ɬɨɪɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɢɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ, ɤɚɤ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɨɩɢɫɚɧ- ɧɨɦ ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɦ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɟ22 ɱɢɧɚ ɛɪɚɤɨɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɹ ɰɚɪɹ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɹ Ɇɢɯɚɣɥɨɜɢɱɚ 1671 ɝɨɞɚ23. ɂ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɩɟɪɟɩɢɫɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɟɞɚɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɧɟɟ

20 Ȼɢɛɥɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɢɯ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɩɨ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ XI–XVII ɜɜ. ɡɚ 1917–1957 ɝɝ., cɨɫɬ.

ɇ.Ɏ. Ⱦɪɨɛɥɟɧɤɨɜɚ, ɪɟɞ. ȼ.ɉ. Ⱥɞɪɢɚɧɨɜɨɣ-ɉɟɪɟɬɰ, Ɇocɤɜɚ–Ʌeɧɢɧɝɪɚɞ 1961; Ȼɢɛɥɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɩɨ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ, ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɋɋɋɊ. 1958–1967 ɝɝ., cɨɫɬ. ɇ.Ɏ. Ⱦɪɨɛɥɟɧɤɨɜɚ, ɪɟɞ.

ȼ.ɉ. Ⱥɞɪɢɚɧɨɜɚ-ɉɟɪɟɬɰ, Ʌ.Ⱥ. Ⱦɦɢɬɪɢɟɜ, ɱ. 1 (1958–1962 ɝɝ.), Ʌeɧɢɧɝɪɚɞ 1978, ɱ. 2 (1963–1967 ɝɝ.), Ʌeɧɢɧɝɪɚɞ 1979; Ȼɢɛɥɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɩɨ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ, ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɋɋɋɊ.

1968–1972 ɝɝ., cɨɫɬ. ɇ.Ɏ. Ⱦɪɨɛɥɟɧɤɨɜɚ, ɪɟɞ. Ⱦ.Ɇ. Ȼɭɥɚɧɢɧ, ɋɚɧɤɬ-ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝ 1996; Ȼɢɛɥɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɩɨ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ, ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɋɋɋɊ. 1973–1987 ɝɝ., cɨɫɬ. Ⱥ.Ƚ. Ȼɨɛɪɨɜ, Ɇ.Ⱦ. Ʉɚɝɚɧ, ɇ.ɂ. Ɇɢɥɸɬɟɧɤɨ, Ɇ.Ⱥ. ɋɚɥɦɢɧɚ, Ɉ.ȼ. Ɍɜɨɪɨɝɨɜ, ɪɟɞ. Ɍ.Ƚ. ɂɜɚɧɨɜɚ, Ɉ.ȼ. Ɍɜɨɪɨɝɨɜ, ɱ. 1 (1973–1977), ɋɚɧɤɬ-ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝ 1995, ɱ. 2 (1978–1982), ɋɚɧɤɬ-ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝ 1996; Ȼɢɛɥɢɨɝɪɚ- ɮɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɩɨ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ, ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɋɋɋɊ (Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ). 1988–1992 ɝɝ., cɨɫɬ.

Ɉ.Ⱥ. Ȼɟɥɨɛɪɨɜɚ, ɋ.ɗ. Ʉɨɥɟɞɚ, Ɇ.Ⱥ. ɋɚɥɦɢɧɚ, ɋ.Ⱥ. ɋɟɦɹɱɤɨ, Ɉ.ȼ. Ɍɜɨɪɨɝɨɜ, Ɇ.Ⱥ. Ɏɟɞɨɪɨɜɚ, ɪɟɞ.

Ɍ.Ƚ. ɂɜɚɧɨɜɚ, ɋ.Ⱥ. ɋɟɦɹɱɤɨ, Ɉ.ȼ. Ɍɜɨɪɨɝɨɜ, ɋɚɧɤɬ-ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝ 1998; Ȼɢɛɥɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɩɨ ɞɪɟɜɧɟ- ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ, ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ. 1993–1997 ɝɝ., cɨɫɬ. Ɇ.Ⱥ. ɋɚɥɦɢɧɚ, Ɉ.ȼ. Ɍɜɨɪɨɝɨɜ, Ɉ.Ʌ. ɇɨɜɢɤɨɜɚ, ȼ.Ⱥ. Ɋɨɦɨɞɚɧɨɜɫɤɚɹ, ɪɟɞ. ɋ.Ⱥ. ɋɟɦɹɱɤɨ, Ɉ.ȼ. Ɍɜɨɪɨɝɨɜ, ɋɚɧɤɬ-ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝ 2005;

Ȼɢɛɥɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɩɨ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ, ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɜ 1998–2002 ɝɝ., cɨɫɬ. ȼ.Ⱥ. Ɋɨɦɨɞɚɧɨɜɫɤɚɹ, Ɇ.Ⱥ. ɋɚɥɦɢɧɚ, Ɉ.ȼ. Ɍɜɨɪɨɝɨɜ, ɪɟɞ. Ɍ.Ƚ. ɂɜɚɧɨɜɚ, ȼ.Ⱥ. Ɋɨɦɨɞɚɧɨɜɫɤɚɹ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ–ɋɚɧɤɬ-ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝ 2008.

21 ɑɢɧ ɫɜɚɞɟɛɧɵɣ, ɩɨɞɝ. ɬɟɤɫɬɚ, ɩɟɪɟɜ. ɢ ɤɨɦɦɟɧɬ. ȼ.ȼ. Ʉɨɥɟɫɨɜɚ, ɜ: Ȼɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɚ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ Ⱦɪɟɜɧɟɣ Ɋɭɫɢ, ɬ. 10: XVI ɜɟɤ, ɋɚɧɤɬ-ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝ 2000, ɫ. 240–251.

22 Ʉɚɤ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɰɚɪɶ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɣ Ɇɢɯɚɣɥɨɜɢɱ ɛɵɥ ɠɟɧɚɬ ɞɜɚɠɞɵ. ɉɟɪɜɨɟ ɛɪɚɤɨɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɟ ɫ Ɇɚ- ɪɢɟɣ ɂɥɶɢɧɢɱɧɨɣ Ɇɢɥɨɫɥɚɜɫɤɨɣ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɥɨɫɶ ɜ 1648 ɝɨɞɭ. ɋɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɤ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɸ ɛɵɥ ɫɨ- ɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɱɢɧ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɫɦɟɪɬɢ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɫɭɩɪɭɝɢ ɜ 1669 ɝɨɞɭ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɣ Ɇɢɯɚɣɥɨɜɢɱ ɠɟɧɢɬɫɹ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɨ 22 ɹɧɜɚɪɹ 1671 ɝɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɇɚɬɚɥɶɟ Ʉɢɪɢɥɥɨɜɧɟ ɇɚɪɵɲɤɢɧɨɣ, ɩɨ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɫɥɭɱɚɸ ɢ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɧɨ- ɜɵɣ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬ ɫɜɚɞɟɛɧɨɝɨ ɱɢɧɚ.

23 Ʌ.ɂ. ɋɚɡɨɧɨɜɚ, ɋɜɚɞɟɛɧɨɟ ɩɪɢɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɰɚɪɸ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɸ Ɇɢɯɚɣɥɨɜɢɱɭ, ɜ: ɉɨɷɬɢɤɚ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɥɢ- ɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɜ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɤɨ-ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɦ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ, ɇɨɜɨɫɢɛɢɪɫɤ 2008, ɫ. 231–242.

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ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɜɲɢɯ ɱɢɧɨɜ ɧɟ ɟɞɢɧɢɱɟɧ. Ɇɨɠɧɨ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɬɶɫɹ ɤ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɦɭ ɱɢɧɭ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɨɤɨɥɶɧɢɤɢ, ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɢ ɧɟɩɨɫ- ɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɢ ɰɚɪɹ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɹ Ɇɢɯɚɣɥɨɜɢɱɚ, ɜ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɧɟ ɭɜɢɞɟɬɶ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɜɭɯ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɪɟɞɚɤɰɢɣ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ – Ʉɧɢɝɚ, ɝɥɚɝɨ- ɥɟɦɚɹ ɍɪɹɞɧɢɤ: ɧɨɜɨɟ ɭɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɭɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɱɢɧɚ ɫɨɤɨɥɶɧɢɱɶɹ ɩɭɬɢ (1656).

ɇɚ ɩɟɪɜɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɚɯ ɤɧɢɝɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɶ ɞɟɥɚɟɬ ɜɚɠɧɭɸ ɩɨɦɟɬɭ, ɬɟɦ ɫɚ- ɦɵɦ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɹ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɢɧɢɰɢɚɬɢɜɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨ-ɜɢɞɢɦɨɦɭ, ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɜ- ɲɟɝɨ ɩɪɟɠɧɟɝɨ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɚ ɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɨɬ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɦɨɧɚɪɯɚ.

Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɶ, ɰɚɪɶ ɢ ɜɟɥɢɤiɣ ɤɧɹɡɶ, Ⱥɥɟɤɫiɣ Ɇɢɯɚɣɥɨɜɢɱɶ, ɜɫɟɹ ɜɟɥɢɤiɹ ɢ ɦɚɥɵɹ ɢ ɛɟ- ɥɵɹ Ɋɨɫɫiɢ ɫɚɦɨɞɟɪɠɟɰɴ, ɭɤɚɡɚɥɴ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɨɜɨɦɭ ɫɟɦɭ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɭ ɢ ɱɢɧɭ… ɉɪɢɥɨɝɴ ɤɧɢɠɧɵɣ, ɢɥɢ ɫɜɨɣ.

Ⱦɚɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɲɟɫɬɜɢɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɨɜɵɣ, ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɣ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɰɟɪɟɦɨɧɢɚɥɶ- ɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɚ, ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɧ24. ȼɨ-ɩɟɪɜɵɯ, ɨɧ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɧɟ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɨ ɦɟɧɹɸɳɟɦɫɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨ ɪɨɥɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɰɟɪɟɦɨɧɢɚɥɚ ɜ ɩɨɜɫɟɞ- ɧɟɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɨ ɢ ɨɛ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɜ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɢ ɷɫɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɫ- ɧɨɝɨ. ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɪɟɞɚɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɱɢɧɨɜɧɢɤɨɜ ɬɟɤɫɬɵ ɧɚɩɨɥɧɹɥɢɫɶ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɨɜɵɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ, ɧɨɜɵɦɢ ɞɟɬɚɥɹɦɢ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɹɞɨɜɨɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɚ, ɧɨ ɢ ɧɨɜɵɦɢ ɪɢɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɮɢɝɭɪɚɦɢ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɜɲɢɦɢɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢ- ɤɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɪɢɬɭɚɥɚ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɱɢɧɵ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɬɟɤɫɬɵ, ɭɠɟ ɬɹɝɨɬɟɸɳɢɟ ɤ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚɦ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ ɫɨ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɨɫɨɛɨɣ ɩɨɷɬɢɤɨɣ, ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɪɚɦɚɬɭɪɝɢɢ. ȼɨ-ɜɬɨɪɵɯ, ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɚ ɫɚɦɨɣ ɠɚɧɪɨɜɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɱɢɧɚ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɥɚ ɤ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɸ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɨ ɤɪɚɫɨɬɟ, ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɭɬɪɚɱɢɜɚɜɲɟɣ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɭɸ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɢ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɜɲɟɣ ɫɟɤɭɥɹɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɯɚ- ɪɚɤɬɟɪ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɪɨɥɶ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ „ɱɢɧɨɜɧɢɤɨɜ” – ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɣ ɰɟɪɟ- ɦɨɧɢɚɥɨɜ ɢ ɬɨɪɠɟɫɬɜ – ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɧɟɞɨɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɬɶ, ɨɛɪɚɳɚɹɫɶ ɤ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɤɨ-ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ.

Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɩɨɞɜɨɞɹ ɢɬɨɝ ɧɚɲɢɦ ɪɚɡɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹɦ, ɨɬɦɟɬɢɦ ɫɥɟɞɭ- ɸɳɟɟ: ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɷɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɥɨɫɶ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɱɢɧɟ ɤɚɤ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɜɲɟɣ ɫɭɬɶ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɝɚɪɦɨ- ɧɢɢ ɢ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ. ɇɚ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ (ɜ ɞɨɦɨɧɝɨɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɪɭɫ- ɫɤɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ) ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɚɹ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɨɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɵɯ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɣ, ɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɱɟɪɬɚɦɢ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ „ɱɢɧ”, ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɑɺɪɧɨɣ, ɹɜɥɹɥɢɫɶ „ɫɜɹɡɶ ɫ ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧɨɦ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɤɪɚ- ɫɨɬɵ”. ȼ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɠɟ ɷɬɚɩɵ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ „ɱɢɧ”

ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɟɤɢɣ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜ, ɪɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɭɠɟ ɫɨɰɢɚ- ɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ.

24 ɇɚɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɧɚ, ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɚɹ ɠɚɧɪɨɜɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɨɫɥɟ- ɞɢɬɶ ɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ „ɱɢɧɨɜ” – ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɟɳɟɧɢɣ ɰɚɪɟɦ ɇɢɤɨɥɨ-ɍɝɪɟɲɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɧɚɫɬɵɪɹ, ɫɪɚɜɧɢɜ ɩɟɪɜɵɣ „ɩɨɯɨɞ” 8 ɦɚɹ 1647 ɝoɞa ɫ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɫɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɧɚɫɬɵɪɹ ɜ 1668 ɝoɞy, ɜ ɫɰɟɧɚ- ɪɢɣ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɩɨ ɢɧɢɰɢɚɬɢɜɟ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɹ Ɇɢɯɚɣɥɨɜɢɱɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɚ ɰɟɪɟɦɨɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɜ ɩɚɬɪɢɚɪɯɚ Ⱥɧɬɢɨɯɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ Ɇɚɤɚɪɢɹ.

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Summary

The Concept of Order and Its Realization in the Genre Tradition of Old Russia

The article considers the problem of the creation and evolution of aspecific genre of medieval Russian literature – order (a description of court ceremonial). The article identifies the origins of the genre form, its artistic and aesthetic basis, analyzes the evolution of the Russian publishing tradition of book of the 12–17th centuries. Particular attention is drawn to the existence of the called genre forms in the Russian court culture of the 1650s, the era of the reign of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich.

Cytaty

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