UNIVERSITY OF WARMIA AND MAZURY IN OLSZTYN

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PUBLISHER UWM

UNIVERSITY OF WARMIA AND MAZURY IN OLSZTYN

Polish

Journal Natural of

Sciences

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OLSZTYN 200

1 08)

8

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EDITORIAL BOARD

Janusz Falkowski (Editor-in-chief), Eugeniusz Biesiadka, Jan Glogowski, Ryszard Zadernowski, Hans Harms (Germany), Vaclav Matousˇek (Czech Republic),

Juraj Mlynek (Slovak Republic)

Executive editor Agnieszka Orłowska-Rachwał

The Polish Journal of Natural Sciences is indexed and abstracted in Biological Abstracts and Biosis Previews

The Journal is also available (from volume 22) in electronic form. The online edition is hosted by MetaPress (www.metapress.com) in partnership with Versita

(www.versita.com)

PL ISSN 1643-9953

©Copyright by Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Warmińsko-Mazurskiego Olsztyn 2008

PUBLISHER UWM OLSZTYN

Address ul. Jana Heweliusza 14 10-718 Olsztyn-Kortowo, Poland

tel.: (48) (089) 523-36-61 fax: (48) (089) 523-34-38 e-mail: wydawca@uwm.edu.pl

Ark. wyd. 20,9 ark. druk. 17 Druk – Zakład Poligraficzny UWM w Olsztynie

zam. nr 135

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Agriculture

K. GONDEK, M. KOPEĆ– Studies on the Contents and Amounts of Microelements Taken up by Meadow Sward in Conditions of Long-Term and Diversified Mineral Fertilization as to the Sward Fodder Value . . . . 1 M. ŁAPIŃSKI, A. PSZCZÓŁKOWSKA, T. KULIK, A. OKORSKI, J. OLSZEWSKI, G. FORDOŃSKI, J. ADAMIAK

– Detection of Some Fungal Pathogens in Crops Using the Scar Assays . . . . 16 A. OKORSKI, J. OLSZEWSKI, A. PSZCZÓŁKOWSKA, T. KULIK– Effect of Fungal Infection and the

Application of the Biological Agent EM 1^TMon the Rate of Photosynthesis and Transpira- tion in Pea (Pisum Sativum l.) Leaves . . . . 35 M. OLSZEWSKA– Gas Exchange Parameters in Festulolium Braunii (K. Richt.) A. Camus Grown

in Mixtures with Legumes Depending on Multiple Nitrogen Rates . . . . 48

Animal Breeding and Husbandry

E. JASTRZĘBSKA, A. TOMCZAK– Influence of Biometric Parameters and Bonitation of Cold- -Blooded Stallions on the Results of Performance Tests . . . . 73 K. KIEŁCZEWSKA, M. CZERNIEWICZ, A. KRUK – A Comparative Analysis of the Technological

Usability of Milk of Jersey and Holstein-Friesian Cows . . . . 91

Environmental Management

B. MICHALEC– Study of Bed Forms in a River and a Small Water Reservoir . . . . 99

Environmental Protection

R. GŁAŻEWSKI, G. WIŚNIEWSKI – The Effect of Allochthonous Organic Matter on Changes in Optical Properties of Recultivated Lake Kortowskie Waters . . . . 110 J. JANKOWSKA, I. ZMYSŁOWSKA– Fluctuations in Counts of Some Microorganisms in Lake Water

Caused by the Herbicide Roundup 360 SL . . . . 121 R. KALBARCZYK, E. KALBARCZYK – Concentration of Gas and Particulate Air Pollutants

in Suwałki Analysed in Relation to Meteorological Conditions . . . . 134 E. LALKE-PORCZYK, M. SWIONTEKBRZEZINSKA, W. DONDERSKI– The Importance of the Sand-Reed

Filter in the Domestic Sewage Treatment . . . . 152 M. SWIONTEKBRZEZINSKA, E. LALKE-PORCZYK, W. DONDERSKI– Shrimp Waste as a Respiration

Substrate for Soil Microflora of the Chełmżyńskie Lake Watershed . . . . 164

Fishery

K. TARGOŃSKA, D. KUCHARCZYK, A. MAMCARZ, J. GLOGOWSKI, S. KREJSZEFF, M. PRUSIŃSKA, K. KUPREN– Influence of Individual Variability in the Percentage of Motile Spermatozoa and Motility Time on the Survival of Embryos of Chosen Fish Species . . . . 178

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Food and Nutrition Sciences

B. BRZOZOWSKI, K. DAWIDZIUK, W. BEDNARSKI– Gliadin Degradation by Proteases of Fusarium Genus Fungi in Different in Vivo and in Vitro Conditions . . . . 188 M. CZERNIEWICZ, K. KIEŁCZEWSKA, W. BRANDT– The Effect of Storage on the Quality of Raw Milk

Subjected to Vibration . . . . 207 M. KARWOWSKA, Z.J. DOLATOWSKI – Physicochemical and Sensory Characteristics of Meat

Products with Buckwheat and oat Extrudates, Starch and Soybean Protein Addition . . 219 H. PANFIL-KUNCEWICZ, Ł. ŁANIEWSKA-TROKENHEIM, A. KUNCEWICZ, T. ZIÓŁKOWSKI – Effect

of Packaging Method and Cold Storage of Tvorog on L. Monocytogenes and Post-Pasteuri- zation Contamination Bacteria . . . . 232 R. PIETRZAK-FIEĆKO, S.S. SMOCZYŃSKI– The Content of Cesium 137 in Human Milk and Infant

Formulas . . . . 242 Z. ŻEGARSKA, B. PASZCZYK, Z. BOREJSZO– Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA) and Trans C18:1

and C18:2 Isomers in Fat of Some Commercial Dairy Products . . . . 248

Veterinary Medicine

A. POMIANOWSKI, S. LEW, Z. KULETA, A. SNARSKA, A. KASPROWICZ– Peritoneal Dialysis in a Dog with Acute Renal Failure Caused by the Infection with Babesia Canis . . . . 257

SPIS TREŚCI

Rolnictwo

K. GONDEK, M. KOPEĆ – Badania zawartości i ilości pobranych mikroelementów przez ruń łąkową w warunkach długotrwałego i zróżnicowanego nawożenia mineralnego w aspekcie jej wartości paszowej . . . . 1 M. ŁAPIŃSKI, A. PSZCZÓŁKOWSKA, T. KULIK, A. OKORSKI, J. OLSZEWSKI, G. FORDOŃSKI, J. ADAMIAK

– Wykrywanie niektórych patogenów grzybowych z wybranych roślin uprawnych metodą SCAR . . . . 16 A. OKORSKI, J. OLSZEWSKI, A. PSZCZÓŁKOWSKA, T. KULIK– Wpływ infekcji grzybowej oraz aplikacji

biologicznego preparatu EM 1^TMna intensywność fotosyntezy i transpiracji liści grochu siewnego (Pisum Sativum L.) . . . . 35 M. OLSZEWSKA – Wskaźniki wymiany gazowej Festulolium Braunii (K. Richt.) A. Camus

w mieszankach z motylkowatymi na tle zróżnicowanego nawożenia azotem . . . . 48

Chów i Hodowla Zwierząt

E. JASTRZĘBSKA, A. TOMCZAK– Wpływ parametrów biometrycznych i bonitacji ogierów zimno- krwistych na wynik prób dzielności . . . . 73 K. KIEŁCZEWSKA, M. CZERNIEWICZ, A. KRUK– Porównanie przydatności technologicznej mleka

krów rasy jersey i holsztyńsko-fryzyjskiej . . . . 91

Kształtowanie Środowiska

B. MICHALEC– Badania form dennych w rzece i małym zbiorniku wodnym . . . . 99

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Ochrona Środowiska

R. GŁAŻEWSKI, G. WIŚNIEWSKI – Wpływ allochtonicznej materii organicznej na zmiany właściwości optycznych wód rekultywowanego jeziora kortowskiego . . . . 110 J. JANKOWSKA, I. ZMYSŁOWSKA– Zmiany liczebności wybranych grup drobnoustrojów w wodzie

jeziornej pod wpływem herbicydu Roundup 360 SL . . . . 121 R. KALBARCZYK, E. KALBARCZYK – Stężenie gazowych i pyłowych zanieczyszczeń powietrza

w Suwałkach analizowane w zależności od warunków meteorologicznych . . . . 134 E. LALKE-PORCZYK, M. SWIONTEK BRZEZINSKA, W. DONDERSKI – Znaczenie filtra piaskowo-

-trzcinowego w procesie oczyszczania ścieków bytowo-gospodarczych . . . . 152 M. SWIONTEKBRZEZINSKA, E. LALKE-PORCZYK, W. DONDERSKI– Odpady krewetkowe jako substraty

oddechowe dla mikroflory glebowej zlewni Jeziora Chełmżyńskiego . . . . 164

Rybactwo

K. TARGOŃSKA, D. KUCHARCZYK, A. MAMCARZ, J. GLOGOWSKI, S. KREJSZEFF, M. PRUSIŃSKA, K. KUPREN– Wpływ indywidualnej zmienności odsetka ruchliwych plemników i czasu ruchu na przeżywalność embrionów u wybranych gatunków ryb . . . . 178

Nauka o Żywności i Żywieniu

B. BRZOZOWSKI, K. DAWIDZIUK, W. BEDNARSKI – Degradacja gliadyn przez proteazy grzybów z rodzaju Fusarium w warunkach in vivo oraz in vitro . . . . 188 M. CZERNIEWICZ, K. KIEŁCZEWSKA, W. BRANDT – Wpływ przechowywania na jakość mleka

surowego poddanego wibracji . . . . 207 M. KARWOWSKA, Z.J. DOLATOWSKI– Charakterystyka fizykochemiczna i sensoryczna wyrobów

mięsnych z dodatkiem ekstrudatu gryki i owsa, skrobi oraz białka sojowego . . . . 219 H. PANFIL-KUNCEWICZ, Ł. ŁANIEWSKA-TROKENHEIM, A. KUNCEWICZ, T. ZIÓŁKOWSKI – Wpływ

sposobu pakowania i chłodniczego przechowywania twarogu na L. Monocytogenes i bakterie pochodzące ze skażenia popasteryzacyjnego . . . . 232 R. PIETRZAK-FIEĆKO, S.S. SMOCZYŃSKI– Zawartość cezu 137 w mleku kobiecym i modyfikowanym

mleku dla niemowląt . . . . 242 Z. ŻEGARSKA, B. PASZCZYK, Z. BOREJSZO – Kwas linolowy o wiązaniach sprzężonych (CLA)

i izomery trans C18:1 i C18:2 w tłuszczu wybranych handlowych produktów mleczarskich 248

Medycyna Weterynaryjna

A. POMIANOWSKI, S. LEW, Z. KULETA, A. SNARSKA, A. KASPROWICZ– Dializoterapia otrzewnowa u psa z ostrą niewydolnością nerek wywołaną zakażeniem babesia canis . . . . 257

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POLISH JOURNAL OF NATURAL SCIENCES

Abbrev.: Pol. J. Natur. Sc., Vol 23(1): 1-15, Y. 2008

DOI 10.2478/v10020-008-0001-7

STUDIES ON THE CONTENTS AND AMOUNTS OF MICROELEMENTS TAKEN UP BY MEADOW

SWARD IN CONDITIONS OF LONG-TERM AND DIVERSIFIED MINERAL FERTILIZATION

AS TO THE SWARD FODDER VALUE

Krzysztof Gondek, Michał Kopeć

Chair of Agricultural Chemistry Agricultural University in Cracow

K e y w o r d s: long-term experiment, mineral fertilization, meadow sward, microelements.

A b s t r a c t

Variability of soil conditions caused by long-term and diversified mineral fertilization obviously modifies trace element availability to plants. In conditions of soil exhaustion of available element forms research was undertaken to determine the differences in accumulation of these elements in meadow sward in view of its fodder quality. The research results presented in this paper are a synthesis of the 10-year investigations (1995-2004) conducted as the fertilization experiment at Czarny Potok (Poland). Liming significantly diminished the soil acidification, however the soil hydrolytic activity changed more dynamically. The highest annual yields in 1995-2004 reaching about 7.5 Mg of dry matter per 1 ha were obtained on the object fertilized with 180 kg N ha^-1 against PK background in the limed series. Applied fertilizer combinations or liming did not cause any major changes in the sward copper concentrations after Cu supplement to the soil in 1994. However, the content did not meet the animal nutrition needs. Similarly, mean content of iron in the sward did not fulfil the animal demand for this element. Generally, a lack of significant differences in this element concentrations in swards from individual treatments, despite diverse fertilization may be caused by a considerable simplification of botanical composition of the studied habitat. Definitely lower concentration of manganese in the sward from the limed series resulted from limiting its availability in soil due to increased soil reaction. However, assessed values of this element exceeded optimal level in view of the analysed biomass fodder use. Liming visibly decreased the zinc concentration in the sward, which contained 29% less of this element in comparison with the biomass from non-limed series.

Address: Krzysztof Gondek, Agricultural University in Cracow, Al. Mickiewicza 21, 31-120 Kraków, tel. 48 (012) 662 43 46, e-mail: kgondek@krakow.pl

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BADANIA ZAWARTOŚCI I ILOŚCI POBRANYCH MIKROELEMENTÓW PRZEZ RUŃ ŁĄKOWĄ W WARUNKACH DŁUGOTRWAŁEGO I ZRÓŻNICOWANEGO

NAWOŻENIA MINERALNEGO W ASPEKCIE JEJ WARTOŚCI PASZOWEJ

Krzysztof Gondek, Michał Kopeć Katedra Chemii Rolnej Akademia Rolnicza w Krakowie

S ł o w a k l u c z o w e: doświadczenie wieloletnie, nawożenie mineralne, ruń łąkowa, mikroelementy.

A b s t r a k t

Zmienność warunków glebowych, spowodowana długotrwałym i zróżnicowanym nawożeniem mineralnym, bardzo wyraźnie modyfikuje dostępność pierwiastków śladowych dla roślin. W warunkach wyczerpania się w glebie przyswajalnych form mikroelementów podjęto badania mające na celu określenie różnic w ich nagromadzeniu się w runi łąkowej pod kątem jej paszowego przeznaczenia.

Prezentowane wyniki badań stanowią syntezę 10-letniego (1995-2004), długotrwałego doświadczenia nawozowego w Czarnym Potoku (Polska). Wapnowanie istotnie zmniejszyło zakwaszenie gleby, przy czym dynamiczniejszym zmianom niż pH podlegała jej kwasowość hydrolityczna. Największe roczne plony, w latach 1995-2004 sięgające ok. 7,5 Mg suchej masy na 1 ha, stwierdzono w obiektach nawożonych 180 kg N ha^-1na tle PK w serii wapnowanej. Zastosowane kombinacje nawozowe, jak również wapnowanie, nie spowodowały znaczących zmian zawartości miedzi w runi po doglebowym zastosowaniu tego składnika w 1994. Zawartość miedzi, a także żelaza nie zaspokajała potrzeb pokarmowych zwierząt. Na ogół brak istotnych różnic w ilości tego pierwiastka w runi z po- szczególnych obiektów, pomimo zróżnicowanego nawożenia, może być spowodowany znacznym uproszczeniem składu botanicznego badanego siedliska. Zdecydowanie mniejsza koncentracja man- ganu w runi z serii wapnowanej była wynikiem ograniczenia jego dostępności w glebie w wyniku podwyższenia odczynu, niemniej oznaczone zawartości tego pierwiastka przekraczały optymalny poziom pod względem paszowego przeznaczenia badanej biomasy. Zabieg wapnowania wyraźnie ograniczył w runi zawartość cynku, która zawierała średnio o 29% mniej tego składnika w stosunku do biomasy z serii niewapnowanej.

Introduction

Plants are the most important food chain link on the way of trace element translocation from soil to animal and human organisms. Even a possibility of balancing elements in food mixtures does not diminish the microelement importance. Their optimal concentrations in fodders fluctuate widely depending on plant species, contents of other elements and their interrelations, but also on concentrations of elements in soil (BRU¨_MMERet al. 1986).

Microelement deficiency in plant causes a reduction and even inhibition of enzyme activity, the functioning of which is specifically connected with their presence. Inhibition of specific enzymatic reactions caused by element deficiency leads to disturbances in biochemical and physiological processes, which negatively influences growth and development of plants (PRASAD1995, RU¨_EG- SEGGERet al. 1991).

Krzysztof Gondek, Michał Kopeć 2

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Apart from their positive effect on living organisms including plants, microelements may cause a number of toxic effects, among others disturb- ance in the uptake, transport and assimilation of other nutrients, which results from the competition for the absorption site on the root surface or forming nonavailable complexes (BURZYŃSKI, BUCZEK1989). Trace elements may modify physical and biochemical properties of plasma membranes and actively participate in the process of ion uptake. Therefore the knowledge and skill of microelement application in case of their hidden deficiency are very important.

Obtaining fodder with good quality parameters is one of major goals of agriculture, conditioning proper growth, development and productivity of animals. The effect of fertilization on the nutrient content in plants, including microelements is a systematically researched phenomenon (BUKOVIĆ et al.

2003, DVORˇA´ Ket al. 2003, GONDEK, FILIPEK-MAZUR2005), because a considerable influence of soil environment on availability of these elements causes that often it is difficult to reach and maintain the proper level of these elements in biomass.

Changeability of soil conditions caused by long-term and diversified mineral fertilization most visibly modifies element availability to plants.

In conditions of soil depletion of available microelement forms, research was conducted to determine the differences in accumulation of these elements in meadow sward in view of its being intended for fodder.

Material and Methods

The experiment has been localized at Czarny Potok near Krynica (20^o8’’E;

49^o4’’N), on the elevation of about 720 m a.s.l. at the foot of Jaworzyna Krynicka Mt. in the south-eastern massif of the Beskid Sądecki, on the slope with 7^o inclination and NNE aspect. The experiment was set up in 1968 on a natural mountain meadow of Nardus stricta L. and Festuca rubra L. type, with considerable share of the dicotyledonous. The soil belonged to acid brow soils developed from the Magura sandstone with a texture of light loam (1-0.1 mm – 40%; 0.1-0.02 mm – 37%;>0.02 mm – 23%) and with characteristic three genetic horizons: turf – AhA (0-20 cm); browning – Ambr (21-46 cm) and parent rock BbrC (47-75 cm). Detailed data about the experiment were presented in a former paper (KOPEĆ2000).

Since autumn 1985 the experiment has been conducted in two series; non- -limed and limed – at the same level of fertilization. Liming was repeated in 1995. The first liming was conducted with a dose computed on the basis of 0.5 Hh value and in the second full hydrolytic acidity was considered (Hh).

Studies on the Contents... 3

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In the periods of 1974-1975 and 1993-1994 mineral fertilization was discontinued and the experiment was limited to an assessment of the sward yield and its chemical composition.

The experiment comprises 8 objects in 5 replications (Table 1), where unilateral nitrogen or phosphorus fertilization was applied (90 kg N or 90 kg P₂O₅ha^-1) against PK background (90 kg P₂O₅ha^-1and 150 kg K₂O ha^-1), with nitrogen in two forms ( ammonium nitrate and urea) and in two doses (90 and 180 kg N ha^-1). In the 1968-1980 period phosphorus and potassium fertilizers were applied in the autumn. Since 1981 the fertilizers have been applied in spring, but potassium (1/2 of a dose) was supplemented in the summer after the first cut. During the 1968-1973 period thermophosphate was used, while since 1976 triple superphosphate. Throughout the experiment nitrogen fertilizers were applied at two dates: in spring 2/3 of the annual dose at the stage of vegetation start and 1/3 of a dose about two weeks after the first cut harvesting. In 1994 regenerative fertilization was applied with 10 kg Cu and 8 kg Mg ha^-1. During the 2000-2004 period foliar fertilization was applied twice with 2 dm³ ha^-1 of Mikrovit-1 microelement fertilizer, which contains:

23.3 g Mg, 2.3 g Fe, 2.5 g Cu, 2.7g Mn, 1.8 g Zn, 0.15 g B and 0.1 g Mo per 1 dm^-3. The amounts of elements introduced with this fertiliser were small in relation to the quantities absorbed by the sward, except for copper, as its amount applied constituted several dozen of annual amount removed with yield.

Table 1 Scheme of fertilization in static experiment in Czarny Potok (Poland)

Annual nutrient rate in 0 Ca and + Ca (kg ha^-1)

P K N

Fertiliser objects Nitrogen form

A PK 39.24 124.5 –

B 90 kg N a.n. + PK 39.24 124.5 90 ammonium nitrate

C 180 kg N a.n. + PK 39.24 124.5 180 ammonium nitrate

D 90 kg N u. + PK 39.24 124.5 90 urea

E 180 kg N u. + PK 39.24 124.5 180 urea

F 90 kg a.n. – – 90 ammonium nitrate

G 90 kg P 39.24 – –

H no fertilization – – –

a.n. ammonium nitrate; u. urea; 0 Ca unlimed series; + Ca limed series

The meadow at Czarny Potok was used as a two-cut hay meadow. Apart from fertilization, cultivation measures constituted a background for the fertilization on each object.

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The season of vegetation in the area of the experiment lasted from April till September (150-190 days). The meteorological conditions (Table 2) in the area where the experiment was located point to a considerable variability of precipitations.

Table 2 Parameters of statistical schedule of precipitation and temperatures for period 1995-2004

Precipitation (mm) Temperature (^oC)

I-XII IV-IX I-XII IV-IX

Parameter

Arithmetical mean 993.9 662.0 5.90 12.45

Standard deviation 243.8 151.1 1.01 0.70

Range 25-75% of cases 829-1182 602-716 5.60-6.52 11.9-13.0

The research results presented in this paper are a synthesis of 10 years of the experiment duration from 1995 till 2004. The yields of meadow sward were weighed in each year of the experiment and assessed twice; the first cut (at the turn of June and July) and second cut (at the beginning of September).

In plant material with natural water content dry matter was assessed after drying in a dryer with hot air flow (at 70^oC). Further chemical analyses were conducted on the dried and ground material. The content of selected microelements (Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn) were determined in the plant samples after sample mineralization in a muffle furnace (at 450^oC for 5 hrs) and dissolving the ashes in diluted nitric acid (1:2). In the extracts prepared in this way, the contents of analysed microelements were assessed by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) in Philips PU 9100X apparatus (OSTROWSKAet al. 1991).

After the second cut harvesting soil was sampled for analyses from the 0-10 cm horizon of each object. The standard physico-chemical properties were assessed in the soils: the reaction in 1 mol dm^-3KCl solution by potentiometer with soil to solution ratio 1:2.5 and hydrolytic acidity after extraction (for 1 hour) with 1 mol dm^-3CH3COONa with the soil to solution ratio maintained 1:2.5 (OSTROWSKAet al. 1991).

The obtained results were subjected to statistical analysis with ANOVA and the significance of differences between arithmetic means were estimated by Fisher test (STANISZ 1998). The chemical analyses were conducted on samples constituting weighed means from four replications (Analiza...

PN-83/R-04012.00). On the basis of obtained results extreme contents of individual elements were determined for the analysed period and standard deviation was computed. All chemical analyses were performed in two simultaneous replications. The results of chemical analysis were considered reliable if standard error (RSD) estimated for two replications did not exceed 5%.

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Results and Discussion

Liming repeated before the research period significantly decreased soil average pH values (for 10 years). In the soil from the non-limed series the values fluctuated between 3.75 and 4.39 (Figure 1) depending on the object.

The lowest values of the soil reaction were measured in soil from the objects receiving a larger nitrogen dose (180 kg N ha^-1against PK background). This relationship was not detected in the soil of limed series, where the differences between soil pH on treatments were not statistically significant and ranged between 5.65 and 6.06 depending on the treatment. Considering the logarith- mic scale, changeability of this series was considerably smaller than in the non-limed series. In the former research on the same experimental objects (KOPEĆ 2000) similar relationships of the soil reaction were found since the beginning of the experiment, whereas changes of pH value in time point to systemically deepening acidification.

b

cd

a

bc a

bc

d e

a a a a a a a a

3.5 4.5 5.5 6.5

0 Ca + Ca

pH PK PK+N1a.n. PK+N2a.n. PK+N1u. PK+N2u. N1a.n. P nofertilization

Fig. 1. Mean soil reaction in periods 1995-2004 year

a.n. ammonium nitrate; u. urea; 0 Ca unlimed series; + Ca limed series a, b, c... – homogeneous groups according to the test LSD Fisher

As a result of performed liming greater changes of the soil hydrolytic acidity occurred in comparison with its pH (Figure 2). The value of this parameter in soil of the non-limed series was between 5.09 and 7.85 cmol (+) kg^-1. The lowest values of hydrolytic acidity were found in the soil of object unilaterally

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fertilized with phosphorus (5.44 cmol(+)kg^-1) and on the non-fertilized object (5.09 cmol(+)kg^-1). The difference in relation to the other objects of the non-limed series was significant. Double soil liming caused that the average for 10 years of research values of hydrolytic acidity were significantly lower. The values of potential acidification (Hh) for soil of the limed series were between 1.81 and 2.38 cmol(+)kg^-1, depending on the object. The highest values of hydrolytic acidity in the soil of this experimental series were assessed on the object receiving 90 kg N ha^-1 (as ammonium nitrate) against PK background and in the soil of the object unilaterally fertilized with nitrogen. A positive effect of repeated liming on the soil reaction was corroborated by other authors (THURSTON et al. 1976).

0 Ca + Ca

PK PK+N1a.n. PK+N2a.n. PK+N1u. PK+N2u. N1a.n. P nofertilization

a a b c b c

b b

ab ab ab b

a ab ab

ab

0 2 4 6 8 10

cmol(+)kg-1

Fig. 2. Mean hydrolitic acidity value in periods 1995-2004 year a.n. ammonium nitrate; u. urea; 0 Ca unlimed series; + Ca limed series

a, b, c... – homogeneous groups according to the test LSD Fisher

Many-year systematic mineral fertilization led to significant differences in meadow sward yields on individual treatments (Figure 3). Computed values of variability coefficient for the yields during the discussed period were relatively small and for two series fell within the 15-25% range. Stabilisation of yielding was so big that despite cultivation measures, including microelement treatment applied on the entire field, no significant differences were revealed between objects fertilized with ammonium nitrate and urea for either of the

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nitrogen doses used against PK background in both series. It results from the botanical composition of sward on these objects and degradation of the grassland caused by PK+180 kg N ha^-1fertilization.

0 Ca + Ca

PK PK+N1a.n. PK+N2a.n. PK+N1u. PK+N2u. N1a.n. P nofertilization

0 2 4 6 8

Mgd.m.ha-1

a bc

d d d d

c

a ab bc d

d d d

c

ab

Fig. 3. Sum of yields of meadow in periods 1995-2004 year a.n. ammonium nitrate; u. urea; 0 Ca unlimed series; + Ca limed series

In 1995-2005 period the largest yields, on average reaching 7.5 Mg dry matter per 1 ha, were obtained from the objects fertilised with 180 kg N ha^-1 against PK background in the limed series. The yields of meadow sward dry matter in the non-limed series, fertilised with the same nitrogen dose were on average 11% lower. Strong soil depletion caused by the unilateral nitrogen or phosphorus fertilization much more badly affected the meadow sward biomass yield (irrespective of the experimental series) in comparison with the object receiving PK fertilisers. The two-factor analysis of variance revealed no significant differences in yield between the experimental series (0 Ca; + Ca) during the presented period of investigations (1994-2004). The crop yields, including meadow sward, remain in strict relationship with habitat and agrotechnical factors. It seems impossible to find a simple correlation between the dose of fertilizer component and the amount of crop yield. Plant reaction to fertilization is a resultat of many factors and depends primarily on the habitat fertility (MAHALIet al. 1992). On the basis of yields obtained during the 10-year period of the experiment their great stabilisation may be observed on individ-

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ual objects resulting mainly from the stabilized botanical composition.

A lack of significant differences between the biomass yields from the objects receiving 90 kg and 180 kg N (irrespective of nitrogen form) point to a destabilisation of the ratio of aboveground grassland biomass yield amount and the root and stolon biomass yield. The quantity of water and nutrients accumulated in the root layer conditions plant survival under unfavourable conditions. Intensive fertilization, particularly with nitrogen leads to shallowing the soil layer penetrated by the roots seeking nutrients and water. This phenomenon may be magnified by physical processes occurring in soil as a result of increase fertilization rate (SIEGEL- -ISSEM et. al 2005). Obtaining comparable biomass yield from objects fertilised with a single and double dose of nitrogen may point to a positive balance of this component in soil, which unused may migrate into the soil profile and in extreme cases find its way to ground waters.

During the period of the experiment the lowest copper contents were assessed in the object unilaterally fertilised with phosphorus, irrespective of the experimental series (Table 3). The content ranged between 2.99 mg and 6.80 mg kg^-1 d.m. The highest content of this element was detected in the sward from 180 kg N treatment (irrespective of nitrogen form) against PK background of the non-limed series. Slightly smaller content of this element were assessed in the sward from the object unilaterally fertilized with nitrogen.

Copper contents in plants changed dynamically. A considerable portion of this element became retained in the root system, which in a significant way limits copper transport to the biomass which is the source of animal fodder. The optimum copper concentration in fodder ensures the proper development and productivity of farm animals (ENJALBERT et al. 2002). None of the applied fertiliser combinations or liming caused any changes in the sward copper contents which would not meet animal nutritional demand (ANKE 1987) of 8-10 mg Cu kg^-1.

In the non-limed series the quantities of absorbed copper were generally larger in comparison with the limed series, despite smaller yields, which resulted on the one hand from the higher concentration of this element in a smaller yield and on the other hand from better availability of copper at lower soil reaction (Table 3).

Iron may occur in large quantities, which particularly in pasture fodders may often exceed animal demand for this element.

According to ANKE (1987) the optimal level of iron in fodder should be between 150 and 400 mg kg^-1d.m. Mean iron concentrations in the analysed meadow sward did not meet the animal requirement for this component. In the sward from the non-limed series the iron contents ranged between 61.7 mg and 92.0 mg kg^-1 d.m. and in the limed series sward between 66.9 mg and

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Table 3 Statistic parameters of the copper content and uptake in the meadow sward in periods

1995-2004 year

Content (mg kg^-1d.m.) Uptake (g ha^-1)

0 Ca + Ca 0 Ca + Ca

Fertilizer objects Statistic parameter

A PK aritmetic mean 5.17^ab 4.54^a 26.1 23.5

standard deviation 1.13 0.84 9.9 5.5

min. – max. 3.60-6.90 3.00-5.90 10.9-40.3 15.7-32.3 B PK + N1 a.n. aritmetic mean 5.27^ab 4.79^abc 35.2 33.1

min. – max. 4.13-6.89 3.00-6.00 19.1-54.0 17.2-54.2

C PK + N_{2 a.n.} aritmetic mean 5.97^b 5.53^bc 39.8 40.9

min. – max. 4.86-7.56 3.84-6.96 25.3-69.7 24.2-58.8

D PK + N1 u. aritmetic mean 5.07^ab 4.71^ab 34.6 32.0

min. – max. 3.73-6.92 3.11-5.90 20.8-61.6 20.3-48.8

E PK + N2 u. aritmetic mean 5.97^b 5.27^bc 41.5 41.2

min. – max. 3.56-8.79 3.85-7.05 16.2-79.8 23.4-70.1

F N1 a.n. aritmetic mean 5.63^ab 5.57^c 23.5 24.2

min. – max. 3.93-7.30 3.85-7.44 12.9-36.2 11.9-36.1

G P aritmetic mean 4.72^a 4.26^a 17.6 14.7

min. – max. 3.75-6.80 2.99-5.73 11.8-27.4 9.2-18.7 H No fertilization aritmetic mean 5.04^ab 4.68^ab 14.1 13.2

min. – max. 3.82-7.70 3.05-6.38 7.9-22.9 7.8-20.3 a.n. ammonium nitrate; u. urea; 0 Ca unlimed series; + Ca limed series

95.8 mg kg^-1 d.m. (Table 4). The highest content of this component was characteristic for the sward from objects fertilized with 180 kg N as ammonium nitrate against PK background. Presented average iron contents for the 10 year period of investigations and for two cuts were characterised by considerable dynamics, as revealed by intervals of extreme contents. Gen- erally, no significant differences in this element content in swards from individual treatments were registered. One of the causes may be simplification of the sward botanical composition in unilaterally fertilized objects. Intensive fertilization, maintained on the same level for many years led to floristic changes leading to domination of a small number of species reacting by a fast increase in productivity and with better survival ability in conditions of competitiveness at the simultaneous recession of less productive plants

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(KOPEĆ2000). On the other hand in soils with sufficient amounts of available iron the plant root system absorbs it relatively easily therefore iron concentration assessed in the sward of discussed experiment may testify a depletion of more easily available forms of this element. Such situation was observed on objects where the yield was stimulated by nitrogen doses causing acidification and mobilisation of bigger amounts of iron available to plants.

Table 4 Statistic parameters of the iron content and uptake in the meadow sward in periods 1995-2004 year

0 Ca + Ca 0 Ca + Ca

A PK aritmetic mean 77.2^ab 78.6^a 361 399

standard deviation 25.1 31.6 78 149

min. – max. 45-121 45-131 258-510 223-675

B PK + N1 a.n. aritmetic mean 69.7^ab 67.7^a 475 464

min. – max. 46-143 46-96 238-1161 290-733

C PK + N2 a.n. aritmetic mean 92.0^b 95.8^a 611 714

min. – max. 49-276 47-214 250-1173 335-1643

D PK + N_{1 u.} aritmetic mean 81.0^ab 70.4^a 536 491

min. – max. 53-151 42-165 341-876 212-1303

E PK + N2 u. aritmetic mean 79.2^ab 84.3^a 519 606

min. – max. 47-121 49-145 302-796 334-1071

F N1 a.n. aritmetic mean 61.7^a 66.9^a 259 294

min. – max. 34-84 31-150 118-486 119-758

G P aritmetic mean 76.1^ab 80.3^a 280 297

min. – max. 41-130 34-189 121-447 87-873 H No fertilization aritmetic mean 79.7^ab 73.7^a 220 205

min. – max. 30-144 20-157 70-339 53.7-386 a.n. ammonium nitrate; u. urea; 0 Ca unlimed series; + Ca limed series

The amounts of iron taken up with the yield were far more dynamic than its sward concentrations (Table 4). In extreme cases, at fertilization with bigger nitrogen doses in both series (0 Ca and + Ca) the quantity of absorbed iron exceeded 1 kg ha^-1. Much smaller amounts of iron were taken up from PK treatments and unilaterally fertilized with nitrogen or phosphorus. It was mainly conditioned by a smaller sward yield.

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Changes of manganese concentrations in sward were also dynamic over the discussed 10-year period (Table 5). Differences between arithmetic mean contents of this element in treatments and the control were between 24 mg and 56 mg Mn kg^-1d.m. in the non-limed series and between 5-22 mg Mn kg^-1d.m.

in the limed series. Definitely lower manganese concentration in the limed series sward resulted from limiting its availability in soil because of increased soil reaction, however manganese content assessed in this series exceeded optimal values (60 mg Mn kg^-1 d.m.) in respect to the analysed biomass designation for fodder (ANKE 1987).

Table 5 Statistic parameters of the manganese content and uptake in the meadow sward in periods

1995-2004 year

0 Ca + Ca 0 Ca + Ca

A PK aritmetic mean 197^ab 116^a 945 558

standard deviation 65 118 345 472

min. – max. 64-276 34-418 337-1646 182-1546

B PK + N1 a.n. aritmetic mean 196^ab 129^a 1286 822

min. – max. 77-271 42-457 604-2192 382-2359

C PK + N2 a.n. aritmetic mean 193^ab 103^a 1232 699

min. – max. 61-256 36-319 571-1823 329-1633

D PK + N1 u. aritmetic mean 167^ab 104^a 1107 671

min. – max. 70-267 35-304 420-2023 294-1977

E PK + N2 u. aritmetic mean 199 107^a 1280 725

min. – max. 59-296 40-357 538-2024 391-2001

F N1 a.n. aritmetic mean 179^ab 116^a 749 495

min. – max. 77-252 49-276 380-1448 225-1277

G P aritmetic mean 171^ab 112^a 636 414

min. – max. 51-247 42-320 209-1158 130-1131

H No fertilization aritmetic mean 143^a 107^a 398 302

min. – max. 69-215 35-356 194-585 113-1089 a.n. ammonium nitrate; u. urea; 0 Ca unlimed series; + Ca limed series

Like in the case of iron, also manganese uptake by sward was larger in the non-limed series. The largest uptake considerably exceeding 1 kg Mn kg^-1was registered on the treatments with 90 kg and 180 kg N against PK background

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(Table 5). On the objects receiving unilateral fertilization tendency for removal of smaller manganese amount with yield was observed, which might hare resulted not only from significantly smaller yield, but also from simplification of the sward botanical composition. The quantities of manganese absorbed on the objects of the limed series were between 24% (on the control) and 43% (on 190 kg N + PK treatment) smaller than in the non-limed series.

Diversification of zinc concentrations in the meadow sward was considerable (Table 6). The largest amounts of this element (irrespective of the experimental series) were found in the sward unilaterally fertilised with nitrogen or phosphorus and in the control. The obtained contents differed significantly from zinc concentrations in the other treatments.

Liming visibly limited zinc concentrations in sward which on average had by 29% less Zn in comparison with sward of the non-limed series. It was caused

Table 6 Statistic parameters of the zinc content and uptake in the meadow sward in periods 1995-2004 year

0 Ca + Ca 0 Ca + Ca

A PK aritmetic mean 36.2^abcd 23.9^ab 177 121

min. – max. 29.5-43.1 12.2-36.5 122-249 74-173

B PK + N1 a.n. aritmetic mean 33.0^a 24.8^ab 218 169

min. – max. 26.8-38.2 16.8-38.3 143-293 96-215

C PK + N2 a.n. aritmetic mean 34.1^ab 23.7^ab 229 173

min. – max. 26.3-49.8 15.5-33.4 123-459 97-227

D PK + N1 u. aritmetic mean 33.75^a 22.3^a 232 150

min. – max. 21.5-59.1 15.9-34.5 142-526 97-253

E PK + N2 u. aritmetic mean 34.5^abc 23.0^ab 227 167

min. – max. 27.4-44.7 17.0-34.3 155-368 107-239

F N1 a.n. aritmetic mean 40.4^cd 32.1^c 168 137

min. – max. 31.2-48.6 22.2-42.5 87-248 74-213

G P aritmetic mean 40.1^cd 28.5 149 100

min. – max. 30.3-53.1 20.5-40.6 109-214 64-166

H No fertilization aritmetic mean 41.2^d 31.3^c 115 87

min. – max. 26.6-53.4 21.2-42.6 63-158 52-119 a.n. ammonium nitrate; u. urea; 0 Ca unlimed series; + Ca limed series

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by the increase in the soil reaction by almost 2 pH units, which undoubtedly affected limiting the amount of zinc available forms (BASTA et al. 2005).

30 mg Zn kg^-1is considered to be the optimal zinc concentration in the meadow sward fodder.

As in the case of formerly discussed elements which resulted from crop yield amount, the quantity of zinc absorbed by the sward was higher on objects where doses of 90 kg and 180 kg N kg^-1 against PK background were used (Table 6). The dynamics of absorbed zinc amount was fluctuating greatly during the discussed experimental period.

The research has demonstrated that at systematic and long-term fertilization the yields from grassland stabilise and as a result of microelement depletion their concentrations in fodder diminish. Particularly in the management system combined with liming these deficiencies are often hidden.

They do not affect meadow sward development but decrease its fodder value. Microelement deficiencies hidden due to its depletion lead to problems with obtaining satisfactory yields at increased fertilization rate. Fertilization must consider the shaping of soil properties which would also improve its microelement abundance allowing to obtain satisfactory yields with microelement concentrations which at least may be considered medium.

Such arrangement will allow for sustainable farming and preventing soil degradation of any kind.

Conclusion

1. Liming significantly diminished the soil acidification, however the soil hydrolytic activity changed more dynamically.

2. The highest annual yields in 1995-2004 reaching about 7.5 Mg of dry matter per 1 ha were obtained on the object fertilized with 180 kg N ha^-1 against PK background in the limed series.

3. Applied fertilizer combinations or liming did not cause any major changes in the sward copper concentrations after Cu supplement to the soil in 1994.

However, the content did not meet the animal nutrition needs. Similarly, mean content of iron in the sward did not fulfil the animal demand for this element.

Generally, a lack of significant differences in this element concentrations in swards from individual treatments, despite diverse fertilization may be caused by a considerable simplification of botanical composition of the studied habitat.

4. Definitely lower concentration of manganese in the sward from the limed series resulted from limiting its availability in soil due to increased soil reaction. However, assessed values of this element exceeded optimal level in view of the analysed biomass fodder use.

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5. Liming visibly decreased the zinc concentration in the sward, which contained 29% less of this element in comparison with the biomass from non-limed series.

Translated by ELŻBIETAKUGIEL

Accepted for print 27.08.2007

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