Aerospace Polymers are Shaping up: Structural and functional properties can go hand in hand

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Aerospace Polymers are Shaping up

Structural and functional properties can go

hand in hand

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22

_Ti

1969 1933 13

_Al

Wood

6

_C

1960 1983 2002 2005 ₁₃

_Al

2009

6

_C

1903

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A closer look at the materials in use

1903

2010

Steel and wood Aluminum Ceramic Titanium Aluminum glass polymer S n Polymers

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Can structural and functional go hand in hand?

Structural components

Power Plant

Actuators

N O O H H H N O

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The scientific challenges involved!

1-Structural polymers and composites:

High strength and compression stable polymer fibers Tune the Fiber-resin interface

The role of nano reinforcement

In-situ health monitoring

Failure management –self healing

2-Structural polymers for energy generation and storage:

Li-ion batteries

Membranes for fuel-cells

Gas separation and fuel (H₂) storage Polymer-based solar cells

3-Structural polymers with actuating capabilities:

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The fiber component!

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N N H C O C O H n S C C O O N H N N S N H n Rigid H-bonding !kinked" vs Rigid H-bonding Electrostatic interactions

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The resin component!

• High end-use temperature • Chemical inert

• Good adhesion

Sample E’ (GPa) _{at 24}_o_C E’ (GPa) _{at 100}_o_C E’ (GPa) _{at 200}_o_C T_g (o_C)

TA/HQ/IA(50)-5K 4.2 3.5 1.2 220 PPS 2.9 - - 94 Vectra 4.3 1.4 0.3 110 TA/HQ/IA(50) Tm (K-N) = 315 o_C -100 0 100 200 300 400 106 107 108 109 1010 TA/HQ/IA(50)-5K Temperature (0_C)

Storage Modulus (Pa)

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 Tg = 220 0_C Tan D

US Patent 6,939,940 (2005), US Patent 7,507,784 B2 (2009), Macromolecules, 2006, 39(20), 6936. C O C O O O C O C O n

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The resin fiber interface

Finding matching chemistries!

Carbon fiber on a human hair

~ 1 nm

O O C

O

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The resin fiber interface

Finding matching chemistries!

Carbon fiber on a human hair

n

Hyper-branched reactive polymer

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The role of nano reinforcement

Are nano particles a real option as reinforcement material?

No SWCNTs: brittle fracture 2.4 vol% SWCNTs: tough fracture several µm#s 4-6 nm 1 TPa modulus!

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The role of nano reinforcement

208 MPa at 8% strain

• Significant improvement in E#

• Minimal loss in elongation at break • Doubling of the tensile strength • Progress is slow but moves in the right direction

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In-situ health monitoring of composites!

How to add function to structural?

N N O O O O O 3 n BPDA-P3 O 106 107 108 109 101 0 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 Dynamic S to ra g e M o d u lu s (GPa) Tan ! Temperature (oC) " transition # transition (Tg) Tm onset

!Classic" structural polyetherimide

N N O O O O O O O O O O n-Type semiconductor

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In-situ health monitoring of composites!

N N O O O O O O O O O O

Chem Mater. 2004, 16, 966-974; Thin Solid Films 2006, 500, 9-14; J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B. 2006, 24(6),

2653-2658

How to add function to structural?

n-Type semiconductor

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Functional polymers and the space environment

MISSE 3

Long duration space exposure test facility

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Polymer films as used on satelites are vulnerable to AO and UV

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Self-repair capability in space!

0 % PDMS 6 % PDMS 10 % PDMS

ATOX

Self-healing capability of PDMS

demonstrated by formation of glassy layer on each generation of cracks.

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Silicon solar cells!

!polymer-based solar cells?

• Crystalline silicon wafers

• 0.3 mm thick, brittle and heavy

• 99.9999 % pure material

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Polymer-based photovoltaics

O O n MEH-PPV h!

e-• Expensive materials (monomers, catalysts, PCBM)

• Lack of e–_{accepting polymers}

• Challenging synthetic, polymer clean-up and processing step

• Low efficiencies ~ 8%

• Limited life time top electrode due to O

Charge transfer

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• Cheap, simple and affordable chemistry • Use of cheap e-_{acceptor TiO}

2 • One step device preparation

Polymer-based photovoltaics

+

24 h. r.t/N2 S _COH HOC N NH₂ H₂N N N S N n

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Polymer-based photovoltaics

OMe O N N S N n PCBM Th-TPa

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• Cheap, simple and affordable chemistry • Use of cheap e-_{acceptor TiO}

2

• One step device preparation?

Polymer-based photovoltaics

2 µm

SEM meso-porous structure TiO₂ (60% pore volume)+ ODPA-M1

AFM (ODPA-M1)+ Ti(IV)isopropoxide (50/50 wt%)

+ high Tg and thermal stability

+ LC order in order to promote chain-to-chain charge transfer and nano-scale separation + good tunability with respect to opto-

electronic properties

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IKAROS

Interplanetary Kite-craft Accelerated by Radiation Of the Sun (JAXA)

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Poly(ether)imides dielectrics for (opto)electronics

and structural foils

Para-aramids Fibers, composites, ballistics C/LCT

Fibers, ropes, composites

SP2

Are aerospace polymers for aerospace only?

Poly(ether)imides CO₂ management

LCTs Coatings and electronic packaging

Poly(azomethine)s plastic solar cells

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Thou shall appreciate

and enjoy materials

science

A typical TU Delft materials professor

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• Design Synthesis Exercise (DSE) • Hands on laboratory exercises

• Internships at NASA and Boeing

Involve me and I will learn!

Structural

Energy

Actuator

N N S N n N N N N !1 !2

?

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• Design Synthesis Exercise (DSE)

• Hands on laboratory exercises

• Internships at NASA and Boeing

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• Design Synthesis Exercise (DSE) • Hands on laboratory exercises

• Internships at NASA and Boeing

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Infrastructure before!

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Infrastructure after!

Chemistry lab

Physical characterization lab

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Funding and industrial partners

Dutch Space

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!I#ve spend more time than many will believe [making microscopic observations], but I#ve done them with joy!."

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