* Institute of Mathematics, Pedagogical University of Cracow, Kraków, Poland; gkrech@up.krakow.pl.
GRAŻYNA KRECH*
AN INVESTIGATION OF THE APPROXIMATION OF FUNCTIONS OF TWO VARIABLES BY THE POISSON
INTEGRAL FOR HERMITE EXPANSIONS
APROKSYMACJA FUNKCJI DWÓCH ZMIENNYCH CAŁKĄ POISSONA ZWIĄZANĄ Z WIELOMIANAMI HERMITE’A
A b s t r a c t
This paper presents a study of the approximation properties of the Poisson integral for Hermite expansions in the space Lp. The rate of convergence of functions of two variables by these integrals is established.
Keywords: rate of convergence; Poisson integral; Hermite expansions, positive linear operators S t r e s z c z e n i e
Artykuł poświęcony jest własnościom aproksymacyjnym całek Poissona związanych z wielo- mianami Hermite’a. Udowodniono twierdzenie o rzędzie zbieżności funkcji dwóch zmiennych w przestrzeni Lp tymi operatorami.
Słowa kluczowe: promień zbieżności, całka Poissona, wielomiany Hermite’a, dodatnie opera- tory liniowe
TECHNICAL TRANSACTIONS FUNDAMENTAL SCIENCES
3-NP/2014
CZASOPISMO TECHNICZNE NAUKI PODSTAWOWE
1. Introduction
Let 1 ≤ ≤ ∞p , we denote by Lp(R2) the set of all the Lebesgue measurable functions f defined on R2 such that
−∞
∞
−∞
∫ ∫
∞ | ( , ) |f t t1 2 pdt dt1 2< ∞ if 1 ≤ < ∞p , and if p = ∞ we require f to be bounded almost everywhere on R2.In this paper, we present approximation properties of the Poisson integral A in the space Lp(R2), 1 ≤ ≤ ∞p defined by:
A f r y y( ; , , ) =1 2 r K r y z K r y z f z z dz dz( , , ) ( , , ) ( , )1 1 2 2 1 2 1 2, 0
−∞
∞
−∞
∫ ∫
∞ << < 1,rwhere:
K r y z r h y h z
n
n n n
( , , ) = ( ) ( )
=0
∑
∞ = (11 ) 12 112
1 ,
2 1 2
2
2 2 2
π − 2
( )
− ⋅+
−
(
+)
+ −
r
r
r y z ryz
exp r
h xn( ) = 2 !nn x H xn
2 ( )
1
2 2
(
π)
− exp− and Hn is the n th Hermite polynomial (see [11]). The norm in Lp(R2) is given by:
|| ||
s
f f t t dt dt p
p
p p
t t
= | ( , ) |1 2 1 2 , 1 < ,
1
( 1, 2 ) 2
−∞
∞
−∞
∞
∈
∫ ∫
≤ ∞
R
uup ess f t t| ( , ) |,1 2 p= .∞
Some convergence theorems, the Voronovskaya formula, and a boundary value problem for the integral A were presented in [5]. The following result was proved (see [5]):
Theorem 1 Let y=( , )y y1 2 ∈R2 and f = +f1 f2,where f1∈ R , fL1( )2 2∈L∞( )R .2 If f is continuous at y, then:
lim ( ; , ) ( ),
( , ) ( , )r y y A f r y f y
→ − =
1 y= ( , ).y y1 2
In this paper we shall give an order of approximation of functions belonging to Lp(R2) by the operator A. It is worth mentioning that approximation properties of Poisson integrals for orthogonal expansions and their various modifications were also studied in [4, 12, 6–10], in one and two dimensions.
Some auxiliary results, which will be needed in the next part of this paper, are now presented. It is clear that A f r y y( ; , , ) = ( ; , ) ( ; , )1 2 rA f r y A f r y1 1 2 2 for f f1, 2∈Lp( )R and such thatf z z( , ) = ( ) ( )1 2 f z f z1 1 2 2 , where A f r y( )( , ) = ( ; , ) =A f r y K r y z f z dz( , , ) ( ) , 0 < < 1.r
−∞
∞
∫
The operator A is linear and positive. Basic facts on positive linear operators and its applications can be found in [2, 3].
In paper [7], we can find the following equalities:
A r y
r
r r y (1; , ) = 2
1
1 2
1
1 ,
2
1/2 2
2 2
+
− ⋅ −
+
exp
A r y
r
r r y ( m y; , ) = 2
1
1 2
1
, 2 1
1/2 2
2 2
φ +
− ⋅ −
+
exp
×
−
− ⋅ −
+
− −
∑
p m
p
m p
p
m p
m p
r r
r
=0
2 2
2
( )!
( 2 )!2 1 1
(1 )22
2 2
1+
−
r y
m p
for 0 < r < 1, y R∈ , where [a] denotes the integral part of a R∈ and ϕm y, ( ) = (z z y− )m. From the above, we have the following result in the bivariate case.
Lemma 1 Let ϕn yi, ( , ) = (z z1 2 z yi− i)n, y zi, ∈ ,i R i = 1, 2, n N∈ . It holds
A
(
ϕ1,yi ; , ,r y y1 2)
≤1+2rr2⋅11−+rr22+(1( 1)r+−r2 2)4 yi212exp− ⋅12 11−+rr22(
y122+y22)
(1)for 0 < r < 1.
Proof. Using Hölder’s inequality, we get:
A
(
φ1, 1y ; , ,r y y1 2)
≤ rK r y z K r y z dz dz( , , ) ( , , )1 1 2 2 1 2−∞
∞
−∞
∫ ∫
∞11 2
× −
−∞
∞
−∞
∫ ∫
∞rK r y z K r y z( , , ) ( , , ) |1 1 2 2 z1 y1|2dz dz1 21
2= 1; , ,1 2 12 2, 1; , ,1 2
1
A r y y
( )
A y r y y 2( )
⋅( (φ ) )
(2) for ( , )y y1 2 ∈R2 and 0 < r < 1. We have (see [5]):
A r y y r
r
r
r y y (1; , , ) = 2
1
1 2
1
1 ,
1 2 2
2 2 12
22
+ − ⋅ −
+
(
+)
exp
A
(
φ2,yi; , ,r y y1 2)
= 21 11 11
1 2
1
2 1
2 2
4 2 2
2 2
2 12
r r
r r
r
r y r
r y + i
−
+ +
(
−)
(
+)
− ⋅ −
+ +
exp
(
yy22)
,i = 1, 2.From this and (2) we obtain (1) for i = 1. Analogously, we calculate (1) for i = 2.
2. Rate of convergence
In this section, we give an order of approximation of function of two variables in the space Lp.
We achieve this using the modulus of continuity ω( ; , )f δ δ1 2 , δ δ1, 2> 0 of f L R∈ ( )p 2 defined as follows:
ω δ δ
δ δ
( ; , ) =1 2 ( , )
0< 1 1
0< 2 2 ( 1, 2 ) 2 1 1 2 2
f f y h y h f
h
h ≤ y y
≤
{
∈ + + −sup sup
R
(( , ) .y y1 2
}
First, we prove the following lemma, which we will use in the proof of the approximation theorem.
We shall apply the method used in [12].
Lemma 2 Let f C R∈ 1( )2 ∩L Rp( )2 , 1 ≤ ≤ ∞p . Therefore
A f r y y
(
; , ,1 2)
− f y y A r y y( , ) 1; , ,1 2(
1 2)
≤1+2 2 − ⋅12 11−+(
+)
2 2 12
22
r r
r
r y y exp
× −
+ + −
+
∂
∈ ∂ 1
1
( 1) (1 )
( , )
2 2
4 12 2 2
1 2
( 1, 2 ) 2
1 2
r r
r y
r
f y y
y y R y sup
11
+ −
+ + −
+
∂
∈ ∂ 1
1
( 1) (1 )
( , )
2 2
4 22 2 2
1 2
( 1, 2 ) 2
1 2
r r
r y
r
f y y
y y R y sup
22
.
for 0 < r < 1 and all ( , )y y1 2 ∈ .R2
Proof. Let ( , )y y1 2 ∈ .R2 be a fixed point and f C R∈ 1( )2 ∩L Rp( ).2 We have:
f z z f y y
u f u z du
v f y v dv
y z
y z
( , )1 2 ( , ) =1 2 ( , ) ( , )
1 1
2 2 2
− ∂ 1
∂ + ∂
∫ ∫
∂for all ( , )z z1 2 ∈R2. Let us denote:
λy τ
y z
y
y z
z z u f u z du z z
v f y v dv
1 1 2
1 1
2 2 1 2
2 2
( , ) =
∫
∂∂ ( , ) , ( , ) =∫
∂∂ ( , ) .1Observe that:
λy
y y
z z z y f y y
y
1 1 2 1 1
( 1, 2 ) 2
1 2 1
( , ) ≤ − ∂ ( , ),
∈R ∂
sup τy
y y
z z z y f y y
y
2 1 2 2 2
( 1, 2 ) 2
1 2 2
( , ) ≤ − ∂ ( , ).
∈R ∂
sup (3)
From (3) and Lemma 1, we obtain:
A r y y A r y y f y y
y y y
y y
λ1 1 2 ϕ1, 1 1 2
( 1, 2 ) 2
1 2 1
; , , ; , , ( , )
( )
≤( )
sup∈R ∂ ∂≤ +
−
+ + −
+
− ⋅ − + 2
1 1 1
( 1) (1 )
1 2
1
2 1
2 2
4 12 2 2
1
2 2
2 12
r r
r r
r y
r
r r y
exp
(
++y22)
( 1, 2 ) 2y ysup∈R ∂f y y( , )∂y11 2 ,A
(
τy2 ; , ,r y y1 2)
≤1+2 2 11−+ +( 1)(1−+ ) − ⋅12 11−+ 22
4 22 2 2
1
2 2
2 12
r r
r r
r y
r
r r y exp
(
++y22)
( 1, 2 ) 2
1 2
2
( , ).
y y
f y y
∈ y
∂
R ∂ sup Hence:
A f r y y
(
; , ,1 2)
− f y y A r y y( , ) 1; , ,1 2(
1 2)
≤+ − ⋅ −
+
(
+)
2 1
1 2
1
2 1
2 2 12
22
r r
r
r y y exp
× −
+ + −
+
∂
∈ ∂ 1
1
( 1) (1 )
( , )
2 2
4 12 2 2
1 2
( 1, 2 ) 2
1 2
r r
r y
r
f y y
y y R y sup
11
+ −
+ + −
+
∂
∈ ∂ 1
1
( 1) (1 )
( , )
2 2
4 22 2 2
1 2
( 1, 2 ) 2
1 2
r r
r y
r
f y y
y y R y sup
22
and the proof of the lemma is completed.
We are now in a position to prove the approximation theorem.
Theorem 2 Let f C R∈ ( )2 ∩L Rp( )2 , 1 ≤ ≤ ∞p . Therefore A f r y y( ; , , )1 2 − f y y A r y y( , ) (1; , , )1 2 1 2
≤ −
+ + −
+
−
+ + −
+
6 ; 1
1
( 1)
(1 ) , 1 1
( 1) (1 )
2 2
4
2 2 12 2
2
4 2 2 22
ω f r
r r
r y r
r r
r y
for 0 < r < 1 and all ( , )y y ∈R .1 2 2
Proof. Let ( , )y y ∈R .1 2 2 be a fixed point and fδ δ1, 2 be the Steklov mean defined by:
fδ δ y y f y u y v dudv y y R
δ δ
δ δ δ
1, 2 1 2
1 2 0 1 0
2
1 2 1 2 2
( , ) = 1
∫ ∫
( + , + ) for ( , )∈ , 11,δ2> 0.From this definition, we conclude that:
fδ δ y y f y y u vf y y dudv
δ δ
δ δ
1, 2 1 2 1 2
1 2 0 1 0 2
, 1 2
( , )− ( , ) = 1
∫ ∫
∆ ( , ) ,∂
∂y f y y
∫ (
vf y y − vf y y dv)
1 1, 2 1 2
1 2 0 2
1, 1 2 0, 1 2
( , ) = 1 ( , ) ( , ) ,
δ δ
δ
δ δ ∆δ ∆
∂
∂y f y y
∫ (
u f y y − u f y y du)
2 1, 2 1 2
1 2 0 1
, 2 1 2 ,0 1 2
( , ) = 1 ( , ) ( , ) ,
δ δ
δ
δ δ ∆ δ ∆
where
∆u v, f y y( , ) = (1 2 f y u y v1+ , 2+ −) f y y( , ).1 2
Hence, if f C R∈ ( )2 ∩L Rp( )2 , then fδ δ1, 2 ∈C R1( )2 ∩L Rp( )2 . Moreover
( 1, 2 ) 2 1, 2( , )1 2 ( , )1 2 ( ; , ),1 2 y y R
f y y f y y f
∈
− ≤
sup δ δ ω δ δ
( 1, 2 ) 2 1 1, 2 1 2 11
1 2
( , ) 2 ( ; , ),
y y R y f y y f
∈
∂ −
∂ ≤
sup δ δ δ ω δ δ (4)
for all δ δ1, 2 > 0. Observe that
A f r y y( ; , , )1 2 − f y y A r y y( , ) (1; , , )1 2 1 2
≤ A f f( − δ δ1, 2; , , )r y y1 2 + A f( δ δ1, 2; , , )r y y1 2 − fδ δ1, 2( , ) (1; ,y y A r1 2 yy y1, )2
+ fδ δ1, 2( , )y y1 2 − f y y( , )1 2 ⋅A r y y(1; , , ),1 2 ( , )y y1 2 ∈R2, ,δ δ1 2 > 0.
From Lemma 2 and (4) we obtain
A f( δ δ1, 2; , , )r y y1 2 − fδ δ1, 2( , ) (1; , , )y y A r y y1 2 1 2
≤ + − ⋅ −
+
(
+)
− + 2 −
1
1 2
1
1 2 ( ; , ) 1
1
2
2 2 12
22 11
1 2
r 2
r
r
r y y f r
exp δ ω δ δ
rr
r y
r
2
4 12 2 2
1
( 1) 2
(1 ) + −
+
+ −
+ + −
+
2 − ( ; , ) 1 1
( 1) (1 )
21
1 2 2 2
4 22 2 2
1
δ ω f δ δ r 2
r
r y
r
≤ −
+ + −
+
+ −
− −
2 ( ; , ) 1 1
( 1) (1 )
1
1 2 11 2
2
4 12 2 2
1 2
21 2
ω f δ δ δ r δ
r
r y
r
r 11
( 1)
(1 ) .
2
4 22 2 2
1 2
+ + −
+
r
r y
r
Using (4) we have:
fδ δ1, 2( , )y y1 2 − f y y( , )1 2 ⋅A r y y(1; , , )1 2 ≤A r y y(1; , , ) ( ; , )1 2 ω f δ δ1 2 ≤≤ ω( ; , )f δ δ1 2 and
A f f( − δ δ1, 2; , , )r y y1 2 ≤ −
−∞
∞
−∞
∫ ∫
∞r K r y z K r y z( , , ) ( , , ) | ( , )1 1 2 2 f z z1 2 fδ δ1, 2( , ) |z z dz d1 2 1 zz2≤ −
∈ −∞
∞
−∞
∫ ∫
∞( 1, 2 ) 2 1, 2( , )1 2 ( , )1 2 ( , , ) (1 1 y y
f y y f y y r K r y z K r
R
sup δ δ ,, , )y z dz dz2 2 1 2
≤A r y y(1; , , ) ( ; , )1 2 ω f δ δ1 2 ≤ω( ; , )f δ δ .1 2 Finally, we get:
A f r y y( ; , , )1 2 − f y y A r y y( , ) (1; , , )1 2 1 2
≤ + −
+ + −
+
+ −
− −
2 ( ; , ) 1 1 1
( 1) (1 )
1
1 2 11 2
2
4 2 2 12
1 2
21
ω f δ δ δ r δ
r r
r y rr
r r
r y
2 2
4 2 2 22
1 2
1
( 1) (1 )
+ + −
+
for all ( , )y y1 2 ∈R2, ,δ δ1 2 > 0. Choosing:
δ1 22 2 2 14 2 δ
1 2
2
2 2
= 1 4
1
( 1)
(1 ) = 1
1
( 1) (1
−
+ + −
+
−
+ + −
+ r
r r
r y r
r , r
rr2 2 y22
1 2
) ,
we obtain the desired estimation for A.
From Theorem 2, we can derive the following result.
Corollary 1 Let f C R∈ ( )2 ∩L Rp( ),2 1 ≤ ≤ ∞p . Then it holds
A f r y y f y y f r
r r
r y r
( ; , , ) ( , ) 6 ; 1 1
( 1)
(1 ) , 1
1 2 1 2 1
2 2
4
2 2 12 2
− ≤ −
+ + −
+
− ω +
rr r
r y
2
4 2 2 22
( 1) (1 )
+ −
+
+| ( , ) |f y y1 2 ⋅A r y y(1; , , ) 11 2 −
for 0 < r < 1 and all ( , )y y ∈R .1 2 2
R e f e r e n c e s
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