Survey of the Polish veterinary parasitology in last three years (1958-1961)

WIADOMOŚCI PARAZYTOLOGICZNE T. VII, NR 4/5/6, 1961

SURVEY OF THE POLISH VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY IN LAST THREE YEARS (1958-1961)

BY

EUGENIUSZ ŻARNOWSKI

Department of Parasitology, Veterinary Faculty, Lublin

The Vllth meeting of the Polish Parasitological Society being, as each of the previous meetings, a

generał

summing up of the acti vity of the domestic

parasitołogy

in a certain stage of its life, and a guide of direc- tions in which the further current of ideas and activities should be carried on to guarantee our science

its proper

devełopment

- falls on the period in which the Polish pa- rasitology entered the age of full maturity. Using this metaphor, I do not intend to demonstrate that all sections of our work

devełop

pro-

perły

and that all the branches of our

knowłedge

became an subject of inter.sive and mature investiga- tions. As we make yet many mista- kes, in many fields we are taking our first steps, many things

shouł<l

be

changed and reformed. Howe- ver, I have many reasons to main- tain that these deficiencies can be compared with (using once more a m etaphor) a certain temporar y r e- mainders of the childhood in a ma- turing individual in the form of naivety and ingenousness; for we

are observing a vital, nu merous,

fot. J. Waluga

Paper read at the 7th Congress of the Polish Parasitological Society. Olsztyn- Kortowo, 11-14 VI 1961.

\\"iado1ncści Parazytologiczne z. 4. 5, 6 7

and different research activity. Our investigations are deeper and deeper, and a slow, but constant, disappearance of superficiality in the scientific publications is being observed. Many of the research works are concentra- ted around the problems drawn by the Parasitological Committee of the Polish Academy of Sciences in a close cooperation with the Polish Parasi- tological Society, what is indicated by the unification of inv estigations of the so called „Particular Important Problems". Already now some of the problems seem to be, in the present moment, elaborated in a proper way . At the same time, as never before, the Polish Parasitological Society is in a period of abundant and universal activit:,es. The last year' s success- ful International Trichinosis Conference, the initiative of the Polish Parasitological Society concerning the international paras~tological or- ganization, as well as the numero'..ls acknowledgements in the professional foreign publications, indicate that our parasitology is gaining its :mpm·t- ance and range.

There is a question whether the

generał

good position of the Polish parasitology in its last period of development is equaled by the veterinary branch? I would like to answer this question in the present report.

During the last three years between two m eetings, th e published

materiał

of the veterinary parasitology comprizes 102 papers, without taking into account many popular and propaganda reports , destined for the broad groups of readers. The above mentioned number includes also 29 preliminary reports for the present meeting. Taking into account a one-year longer period between the meetings, this small number of reports should be explained, first of all, by an increase of the requirements of preliminary notes for the meeting. The reason was that only thos e materials were accepted which discussed the works practically fin ished.

If

I am starting the s:irvey of the publications for 1958-1961 with

the analysis of investigations of problems of the parasitic pasture diseases

of domestic animals, it happens not only because of the tradition, but

first of all because (at the time of establishing of the 5-year-plan of

scientific investigations in this country) just this problem, with the

question of liver fluke disease in the front, was raised for the veterinary

parasitology as a problem particularly important for the national eco-

nomy. At the previous meeting I called the Parasitological Committee of

the Polish Academy of Sciences, as an planning and coord:nating institu-

tion, to take in its hands the second stage of coordinated investigations

on the control of liver fluke disease. Today I can stress with satisfaction

that it was, first of all, the Parasitological Committee, with the collabo-

ration of our Society, that coused that the problem of liver fluke disease

achieved t he priority in the national plan of scientific investigations

w'thin the veterinary parasitology. There was elaborated a

generał

plan

PARAZYTOLOGIA w~:TERYNARY.JNA W LATACH 19:;n-1su

of inv€stigation with a detailed division into problems. A

materiał

basis was secured, many laboratories were gain

ed for collaboration, a special

body, which took care on the realization

of

th€ intended work, was es- tablished, in short: a proper climate for the realization

of

duties was created. Thus, the second stage of action "M", i.

e.,

of investigations on the control of the liver fluke disease, could start.

If

the

survey of

the publications of the discussed problem in

the

last three

years

does not yet reflect a new

stage of

investigations,

this should

be

explained

by the recently initiated works which will last for

a

long time. The results of those works will be summed up and determined

at the future meetings.

The majority of the preliminary reports p

ossesses the

character of the 1-st period

of

investigations on the problems

of

liver

fluke,

in which the so called „field picture" had to be determ:ned. Of

a

great value are still the data

on

invasion of domestic ruminants in the particular · regions

of

this

country, and

therefore

the corresponding

informations from Byd-

goszcz

Palatinate

(K.

Romaniuk), Olsztyn Palatinate (S. Wadowski), and

·

Elbląg (J.

Luchs)

should

be accepted positively. And

so such an

informa- tion of destroying in the first half

of

1960 21 744 kg of

cattle

livers of

a

value

of

352 252 zlotys in the

slaughter-houses

in Olsztyn Palatinate is of great importance. In the last three

years one observes

the

research

on ecology and biology of larvae

of

the liver fluke and its intermediate host, the

snail

Galba truncatula (S. Bednarz, W. Chowaniec), what is a continuation of investigations

of

the 1st period, discussed at the last meeting. A particular attention should be paid to the

work of

W. Chowa- niec in which the author, investigating the

influence

of

environment

on the development

of

larvae in the intermediate host, proves that in our natural conditions the only factor

which

regulates

the

speed

of

develop- ment of the parasite is the temperature

of the

environment, and that the degree of humidity influences the numerousness of population of separate developmental

stages.The

time

of the

development

of

the parasite in the intermediate host lasts on the average 55 days, and during long h

eat

even 35 days; this statement has a pretty big importance to understand the dynamics of the liver fluke invasion in Poland.

The next publications concerning the liver fluke problem bear al- ready the character of the second, presently carried on stage of research.

M. Kuprowski et J . Lipanowicz,

as

well as J.

Dróżdż,

W. Chowaniec

and

M. Wertejuk, basing on their

own

observations, prove

the

necessity of a com'Plex control of the liver fluke. The last three authors also carried on the so called selection

of

pastures, what has a decisive in- fluence

on

the

specificity of

the

anti-liver-fluke

action in

a

given area.

The problem

of

therapy is represented by

the

preliminary

report of

W. Chowaniec, M. Wertejuk

,

E.

Żarnowski

et J. Darski concerning

the intramuscular injection of carbon tetrachloride m sheep. Furth2r investigations on this problem seem to prove that this medicine should be better analysed hefore used commonly. C.

Marański

informs about the therapeutic action in the Warszawa Palatinate carried on for severa}

years.

The question of the infravital diagnosis of the liver fluke invasion in ruminants is reflected in the B. Siedlecka's investigations on the applica- tion of hemagglutination test.

It

seems to me that in this case a deeper elucidation of results, and their verification on a broad field

materiał

is necessary, hecause now this question is bearing exclusively a theoretical character.

The investigations of T.

Zioło,

showing the disappearance of chole- sterol and vitamin C in the suprarenal cortex of sheep with cirrhosis hepatis caused by the liver fluke, are one more contri'bution to the know- ledge of the pathogenic influence of the parasite on the host.

Generally, our achievements in the prdblem of liver fbke in last three years seem to be fairly moderate. However, this state is exclusively a reflection of the transitional period, in which many organizational works were carried on, rendering possiible the practical beginning of investigations of the second period.

It

is naturally to early to report the results of them in the present survey.

At the last meeting in 1958, the problem of the lung worm di, sease of ruminants was represented by a number of papers. A special attention was paid to the paper of M. Swietlikowski, wha worked on the biology of the larvae and on dynamics of invasion. However, in the years 1958-1961 these investigations show an alarming regress. Only

świetli­

kowsk1 is carrying further experiments on the field control of dictyo- caulosis of cattle be means of various preparations, such as hydrazide of cyanacetic acid.

Tt

is very difficult to explain this situation only by a domination of the liver fluke problem in the veterinary-parasitological investigations. After all not all veterinary parasitologists are dealing exclusively with the elaboration of methods for the control of liver fluke.

Besides, that would not be desira!ble at all, the more that in the Jung worm problem in r.iminants there are yet many questions which should

be

solved. Till now we do not know an efficacious therapeutic method, and the question of a complex control of this invasion is still open.

There arises the question whether those two problems should not in- fluence some parasitologists to be more familiar with this so economically important invasion, in the exploration of which an alarming stagnation is seen.

The warble fly of cattle, one of the most important and widely distri-

buted pasture invasion in this country, was not represented in the last

PARAZYTOLOGIA WETERYNARYJNA W LATACH 1958-1961

7

4\ł

three years at all. This lack of interest puts our veterinary parasitology in a faidy bad light. We can not be apologized, in my opinion, either by a concentration of attension on the liver fluke problem by a fairly large group of veterinary parasitologists, or by the fact that - as to the conventional methods of warble fly control - in the previous years there has been clone quite much. This situation does not grow better if we know that in one of the research centres the dbservations on dyna- mies of this invasion are being carried on. The warble fly of cattle is still causing big economical losses in this country. In n~merous parasito- logical centres abroad this problem is still being ela:borated, and the questic!"l of medicines effecting the migrating larvae of the parasite in the host budy is still far from the

finał

solution. Is it possible that our research initiative, so intensively developed before, in elaboration of this problem should be exhausted in half a way?

The pasture as a source of parasite invasions has been reflected in the

J. Dróżdż's

report on the exchange of parasites between Cervidae and domestic ruminants, as well as in the report of S. Patyk on the helminths of lambs pastured on

Wrocław

pastures irrigated by town waters. A. Rajski is continuing a very interesting work on Oribatei, the intermediate hosts of tapeworms of the suborder Anoplocephalata. Owing to this author we are informed that out of 30 species, being intermediate .hosts of these parasites, a fairly important role is played in this country by 15 specf.es, among which forest and pasture forms are differentiated.

Although the above menrtioned three papers are dealing with some elements of epizootology of verminoses of the alimentary tract as pasture diseases, there are not any more concrete and broader studies in this field in the last three years. Fearing some objections as to the lack of objectivism in the judgment of achievements of the veterinary parasito- logy in the discussed period of time, I want to limit myself to the recollec- tion that thes e problems are dealt with in the foreign parasitological journals.

The therapy of verminoses of the alimentary tract was carried on by S. Furmaga, who investigated the action of Neguvon on the gastro-inte- stinal nematodes of sheep. It was stated that this medi·cine was effective in 1000/o against Haemonchus contortus, hut did not show any effective- ness against other nematodes. M. Swietlikowski investigated the effecti- veness of Alumbrin (sodium fluorosilicate} in the therapy against Ascaris suum in swine. S. Kossakowska et S. Grabowiec inform .about the re- sults of applying piperazine against the intestinal worms of dogs, A. Fa-

gasiński

et B. Machnicka prove the effectiveness of b enzine by the con-

trol of the intestinal worms of bred foxes, and K. Werda positively esti-

mates the tobacco dust in the therapy of A scaridia in hens. Comparing

these investigations with similar works carried on in other countries I come to the conclusion that in the majority of cases old medicines are the subject of o:.1r interest.

As to the therapy of other parasitic diseases , the following authors should be mentioned: K. Werda and

A. Dziżyński

on the treatment of cocc-idiosis in chickens and rabbits, J. Kotarba on the control of thela- ziosis in cattle, T. Dubicki et A. Malczewski on the control of creno- somatosis in blue foxes, and R. Niemczuk on the preventive action, but no therapeutic action, of sulfathiazole by nosematosis in bees .

The wor'ks on toxic action of medicines applied for animals are direc- tly connected with the group - of therapeutic investigations. T. Juszkie- wicz, Z. Madejski et K. Gorzelewska discuss the influence of natrium fluoride on the

minerał

establishment in swine, T. Szuperki describes the anatomo-pathological changes in silver foxes after application of big doses of piperazine, A. Malinowska et Z. Tomnicki show the increase of activity of peptidazes in the blood serum of dogs poisoned with carbon te- trachloride,

A. Fagasiński

et B. Machnicka discuss the observed changes in the picture of the blood serum in silver foxes after application of pi- perazine adipate and ethyl tetrachloride. Very interesting investigati : .ms on the mechanism of the action of anthelminthic drugs on the parasite organism are presented by B.

Kadłubowski,

S. Kosmatka and U.

Chyzińska,

who worked on the influence of many medicines on the activity of dehy- drogenaze of succinic acid of the liver fluke in vitro. These inves tigations are a continuation of similar research in relation to Ascaris suum.

The presence of the last rnentioned papers among our pablicati,ms should

be

appreciated, because they have, beside their theoretical valu- 2, many elements of a direct application. The presence of works which bear a biochemical character enjoys especially, because such experiments were so far very seldom included in the veterinary parasitology.

In this experirnents on the application of the microprecipitation test for indication of nematode larvae of the genus Strongylus parasitizing horses, L.

Grzywiński

had probably in mind a diagnostic nature of r2- search. Unfortunately, the nonspecific group reaction does not enable the practical use of these investigations.

The traditional Polish veterinary parasitology invest. ;gations on the trichomoniasis of cattle are repres ented this time by a fairly large num- ber of works. The therapy is represented by the work of

J.

Romaniuk,

1.\.

Markowski, L.

Jaśkowski

et R. Hoppe on the effectivenes s of t,-icho-

monadicide ointments in bulls infected with Trichomonas bovis; the most

effective was found to b e the composition of acriflavin e with m et.h yl

vi olet

(0.250/o

of each of the compounds). Searching for the trichomona.:Ji-

cide drugs,

J.

Starzyk, D .

Wacławek

et R. Haslinger described the in flucnc2

PAHAZYTOLOGIA WETERYNARYJNA W LATACH 1958-1961

of the aqueous extract of Pulsatilla pratensis (it contains protoanemonin and anemonin) on Trichomonas foetus in vitro. R. Romaniuk, in connec- tion with the artificial insemination, payed the attention to a big influence of collecting sperm on the occll.rrence of trichomonads in the ejaculate in infected bulls. As to the diagnosis of trichomoniasis, the matter of sero- diagnosis has been raised by S.

Stępkowski,

who described his own method of the agglutination tube test with animal trichomonads, and gave very interesting own observations on the convenience of the collodion phagocytic test for the investigation of antigenic properties of tricho- monads. With connection with the diagnosis of trichomoniasis by means of the culture of protozoans en artificial media, J. Romaniuk et L.

Jaś­

kowski studied the influence of temperature, hypertony and hypotony, pH , shaking, centrifugation, and drying on the vitality and multiplication of trichomonads , cultures; J.

Gałuszka

showed a hampering action of my- costatin on the growth of mould in the cultures of Trichomonas f oetus, and in another preliminary note he stated that in the Schneider medium the serum can not be substituted by cholesterol.

S.

Stępkowski,

studying comparatively the morphology and physiolo- gy, as well as the antigenic properties of 30 strains of trichomonads iso- lated from swine and 11 strains of Trichomonas foetus, carne to the con- clusion that the trichomonads of swine and cattle probably represent the same species.

Finally J.

^Gałuszka

has given the statistic data concerning the occur- rence of trichomoniasis in bulls in the Katowice Palatinate in 1954-1960.

In the

generał

summing up of the investigations on trichomoniasis in 1958-1961, the attention should be paid to interesting works of S.

Stęp­

kowski concerning serodiagnosis, as well as the conception of this author that trkhomonads of swine and cattle form the same species . On the othe r hand it must be stressed that there were very few publications on th e control of trichomonads in the last three years. Is is possible that the existing till new m ethods , in the elaboration of which the Polish specialists took a big part, are sufficient?

The problem of trichinellosis was never as popular among the Polish

investigators as in the last three years of our scientific activity. There

w ere many r easons for that, but first of all the organizational activity of

the Parasitological Committee of the P olish Academy of Sciences and of

the Polish Parasitological Society; these institutions elaborated a basie

direciion of investigations, gained for the collaboration a fai r ly big group

of parasitologists and representatives of related branches, and organized

the trichinellosis conferences. The still existing in this country trichinel-

losis endemics told about the importance of the problem and the diffi-

culties in selvi ng it, and were constantly acting as stimuli for the action.

Beside many re search publications there appeared numerous articles in the professional press and in the publications devoted to the broad rea- ders groups which deal with the basie elements of trichinellosis or po-- pularize this problem . An achievement in this respect was the Interna- tional Trichinellosis Conference held last year in Warsaw where, beside a very valuable exchange of experiences among a numerous group of specialists from many countries , an internatiomrl · commision of the control of trichinellosis was created. As the problem of trichinellosis found a pro-- per elucidation at this conference, and the full materials, the

generał

dis- cussions and the resolutions fo:.i.nd their place in a special publication, separately from the already pU!blished preliminary notes in

Wiadomości

Parazytologiczne, I want te limit myself to the survey of those publica- tions which represent the veterinary parasitology in the discussed period.

The question of carriers of Trichinella spiralis in domesti-c and wild ani- mals has been raised in the following works:

J.

Dorosz,

Z.

Kozar et L. War- da, J.

Umiński

et M.

Stroczyński,

M. Uszacki, and D.

Żebrowska.

Dogs, cats, foxes, wolves, rats, and small field mammals (rodents and insecti- vores) served as the subject for those investigations. A negative result of investigations in the small insectivores is to be stressed. E. Prost has compared the value of trichinoscopic and digestic methods in discovering trichinellosis in slaughtered swine, and A.

Trawiński

has published a new method of mass investigations of swine on the presence of Trichinella larvae by means

of

flocculation test in gel. J. Zarzycki has given the re- sults of research on the distri:bution of nucleic acids and inorganic com- pounds in muscle fibres invaded with Trichinella larvae, and

A.

Seniów has discussed the changes in the level of proteins in the blood serum of rabbits invaded with Trichinella. Finally Z. Kozar et M. Kozar have pre- sented the results of experiments on the influence of the day work of muscles and the temperature on the course of Trichinella invasion in mice.

The problem of hygiene of food products of the anima} origin has been discussed in the following preliminary notes: that of S.

Smoliński

on the question of cysticercosis in cattle and tapeworms in man, and K.

Malwińska

on a case of demodecosis in swine.

The investigations of anatomopathologists and histopathologists , which have :been much appreciated by the veterinary parasitologists, on the pathogenic influence of the parasite on the host body have been repre- sented in the discussed period of time by 5 works. M. Kuprowski has affirmed once more the fungous etiology of monihasis in turkeys, and has differentiated at the autopsy 3 forms of this parasitic disease,

i.

e.

soor, typhlohepatitis (black head), and a toxic form.

A. Kądziołka

has

presented the results of his investigations on the ti:ssue reactions in the

PAHAZYTOLOGIA WETF:RY"ARYJNA W LATACH 1958--19<,1

course of ascaridiasis in poultry, M . Lewandowski et B. Rubaj have de- scribed a case of the connective tissue hypertrophy in the ligamentum nuchae of a horse caused by a parasite, and J. Zadura, describing a post- mortem picture of stags which di· ed because of invasion with Paramphi- stomum cervi, has added one more detail to our scanty knowledge as regards the migration of this parasite within the body of the

finał

host, namely the presence of young forms of flukes under the mucous mem- brane of the rumen. Finally H. Szwejkowski presented in details the sec- tional picture of dioctophymeosis in dogs.

Thi:s superficial survey of the above mentioned papers shows a great value of this research to get acq:iainted with the pathogenesis of the pa- rasitic invasions and the defense reactions of hosts, with the migration of the parasite within the host, as well as with the proper etiological fac- tor of the disease. That is why I want to ask the anatomopathologists to be mare and more interested in the parasitological problems.

The faunistic problems in the last three years have been represented by a very interesting J. Pastuszko's preliminary note which is a summary of a precise study on the fauna of parasitic protozoans of the genus Eimeria i-n rabbits and hares. Showing a separableness of Coccidia in both investigated animals, the authoress has presented a distinct speci- ficity of parasites to their hosts. The lack of Eimeria stiedae in the na- tura! conditions in hares is of particular importance. E. Pinkiewicz has reported a case of coccidiosis in a · cat caused by Isospora felis, and E. Dzi-

żyński

has discussed a question of occurrence of sarcosporidiosis in horses in Poland .

J.

Gałuszka,

T. Nazar, J. Szaflarski et D.

Wacławek

received 3.14 O/o of positive results in the investigations on the toxoplasma Sabin-Feldman dye test in dogs from Cracow.

In the sphere of 1Jhe so characteristics for -the Polish parasitologists' in- vestigations on the helminth fauna, there should be mentioned the report of D.

Żebrowska

on the helminths of cat from Warsaw and environments, in which a list of 12 found species is given. A.

Fagasiński

et W.

Piusiński

have reported an invasion of Tetrathyridium elongatum in dog.

The detailed and broad investigations on the parasitic fauna of fur animals is very much appreciated. A spedal attention should be paid to the worik of A. Malczewski on the helminths of bred foxes and European minkes from 7 Palatinates of aur country. This author has given a relative list of 31 helminth species in foxes and 4 species in European minkes.

Many of them were found in Poland for the first time in these hosts, and

some of the trematodes have been so far discovered only in birds , being

their natura!

finał

hosts. L.

Grzywiński

also reported the h elminth para-

sites in bred foxes in West Poland.

S. Patyk has presented 19 species of helminths in the alimentary tract of cattle in West Poland, and after through investigations has proved the separableness of nematodes of the genus Haemonchus in cattle and sheep.

Finally J.

^Dróżdż,

investigating the helminth fauna of Cervidae (deers, roe-deers, fallow deers) has described 26 species, seven of which were found for the first time in Poland.

The newly issued in " Parasitological Monographs" B.

Czapliński's

pu- blication on poultry verminoses and their control represents a special item in our parasitological literature. This useful work, written first of all for parasitologists and veterinary surgeons, will he surely appreciated by them.

Positively estimating this section of our research, I must reproach a relatively big onesidedness of our interest in faunistic investigations.

I am doing it, besides, not for the first time. Still the fauna of parasitic protozoans and arthropods is represented in our field too scanty. How- ever, we have done very much in the registration and distribution of the parasitic fauna in this country and therefore it seems to me that the proper time carne to undertake a

generał

summing up of our existing till now results in the form of authoritative and original list of parasites occurring in Poland. There exist now a conception to organize in the next year a special symposium concerning these affairs. I am calling now for the full realization of this project.

In the investigatiorus on the regularities of the host~parasite relation- ship, the main subject of interest for the veterinary parasitology was so far first of all the host organism. However, in the present report there shall be mentioned several preliminary notes in which, bearing in mind the same purpose, the reciprocal relationship between either part- hers from the point of view of the parasite is examined. It is may plea- sure to notice that such kind of investigations has been recently carried on by the veterinary parasitologists. For only an universal study of the phenomenon of parasitism can give an answer to the question being constantly raised by us: "What are the factors influencing the presence of the parasitic disease?"

Thus, S.

Tarczyński

investigated the influence of the intensivity of

invasion, the host species, and its living conditions on the variability of

the structure of population of Oesophagostomum dentatum in swine and

wild hoars.

J.

Darki presented the resu}, ts of experiments on the influ-

ence of age, sex, race, and diet of hens on the extensiveness and inten si-

vity of invasion and on the propagation of Ascaridia galli. A. Guttowa --

basing on the observati:ons on the intensivity of invasions, the percentage

of developing plerocercoids, the daily growth of strobila, the

generał

sizes ,

the life span, and the time of maturation of Diphyllobothrium latum

PARAZYTOLOGIA WETERYNARYJNA W LATACH 1958~196!

in man and dog - comes to the conclusion that man is the main

finał

host of this parasite, and dog and other mammals of prey are the secon- dary or vicarious

finał

hosts.

The problem of adaptation of the parasite to the nonspecific host is the subject of interest of B. Bezubik. Using for his experiments a sheep ne- matode Strongyloides papillosus and a rabbit (nonspecific host), this author has observed and adaptative process of the parasibc strain from the na- tural host in a nonspecific host, and a retrograde process,

i.

e. the return of the strain of S. papillosus which has been passed through rabbits to the natural host - the sheep. The result of the adaptative changes of the parasite is in those investigations the variability of the level of its virulence in relation to the host. The results of those experiments have been presented by B. Bezubik in three preliminary notes.

At the end of the present report here should be mentioned the typical investigations on the problems of mutual relations and interdependence between the infection and the invasion in the host organism. That direc- tion of research, initiated in this country by S.

Stefański,

was represented in the previous years by the investigations on the role of parasites as car- riers of bacteria and viruses into the host body. Here should be mentio- ned the papers of W.

Stefański,

S. Majdan et M. Wertejuk, and of L.

Grzywiński,

published in the last three years but reported at the last meeting. The investigations carried on at the present time seem to ini- tiate a new chapter of research which - in consequenoe of the lack of any role of parasites in carrying various infections from the alimentary tract of the host into its body - shall answer the question whether the parasites and their larvae possess the antibiotic properties in relation to the bacterial flora. Here should be mentioned the works of W. Ste-

fański

et Z. Przyjalkowski whose observations concern numerous species of nematodes, tapeworms, flukes, thorny-headed worms, and larvae of the warble fly of cattle on the hand, and numerous strains of bacteria, mainly pathogenic ones, on the other hand. In a separate preliminary note, Z. Przyjalkowski compared the bacterial flora in the organisms of parasites and hosts. Finally W.

Stefański:

in one of his works generally summarized and systematized the nomenclature of the discussed problems basing on his own investigations and on the data of domestic and foreign literature.

The present achievement of the Polish veterinary parasitology in the

last three years reflects the numerous directions of our research acti-

vity. This fact proves in a sense our vitality and maturity and should

be estimated most positively. On the other hand, however, a deeper ana-

lysis of individual ways, on which our ideas and our activities develop,

shows often surprising disproportions. As I had the chance to preser..t it, some of the directions characterizes a correct and rich development, but in the other fields we are still taking the first steps (prablems in proto- zoology and arachnoentomology) . There are also such ways, along which in the previous years we have shown an intense activity, but now we observe a distinct unjustified stagnc1tion because the existing till now efforts were very far from the total solution of the undertaken problems (e. g. lung verminoses of cattle, warble fly of cattle, verminoses of the alimentary tract, etc.). This condition induces me to look for the real reasons which caused the undesirable situation.

Our achievement of the last three years consist of works both of in- vestigators for whom parasitology is the only sphere of research acti- vity, and of those scientists who are working in related, but other fields and often are interested in the parasitological problems. The analysis of works made and presented by veterinary parasitologists sensu stricto shows specific manners in our activities.

On the one hand the theoretical, laboratory side of some problem is immediately included into our interest and here we show a very big vitality and orientation as to the actual needs, but on the other hand the practical, field aspect of some problems are very often left for elabora- tion to other people. Thus, there arises a question: "To whom?".

"A break in half a way" - it is perhaps the best expression which characterizes our activities in many fields of our work. I am not alone in this opinion. In numerous, private discussions with the representatives of the veterinary parasitology of other countries, many times I was able to listen to the opinions about our achievements which, in a lapidary way, can be explained in one sentence: "You are showing many ideas and putting much effort into the theoretical solution of the problem, but you are avoiding the practical questions".

Is this only a fault of ours? Of course, there exist many objective rea- sons. The Departments of Parasitology at our Universities, in spite of their name "DepartmenJ of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases" are still considered as theoretical units. They do not possess even a substitution of a clinic and the possibilities of • experimentation on big domestic animals are mostly very limited. In fact the

generał

profile of those units shows a lack of a proper proportion between the theory and the practice, so necessary to the specificity of the veterinary parasitology, of course with a disadventage for the practice. There is also q:ii:te a lot of objective diffi- culties in the scientific management of the fie}d investigations, and the actual possibilities of our chemical and pharmaceutical industry do

n:Jt

influence, in a high degree, the modernity and novelty of aur actions.

I suppose that there can be added many more reasons of that kind. How-

PAHAZYTOLOGIA WETERYNAHY.TNA W LATACH 1958--1961

757

ever, it would be unfair to assert that we could not improve the present situation. It is high time to change the way of our work. For the theare- tical considerations without a broad verification in the practice will not

enable to reach one of the basie aims of the veterinary parasitology, that is the control of the parasitic diseases among animals. This is a truth which should be not forgotten by the veterinary parasitologists.

Author's address : Lublin, Akademicka 11

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J'AfL'\ZYTOLOGIA WETERYNARYJNA W LATACH 1958-1961 j;J\)

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PARAZYTOLOGIA WETERYNARYJNA W LATACH 1958-1961 761

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